DE587309C - Method and arrangement for driving devices which utilize the electrostatic attraction force occurring between the contact surfaces when electrical current passes through an assembly consisting of a semiconductor and a semiconductor or conductor that touches the same - Google Patents
Method and arrangement for driving devices which utilize the electrostatic attraction force occurring between the contact surfaces when electrical current passes through an assembly consisting of a semiconductor and a semiconductor or conductor that touches the sameInfo
- Publication number
- DE587309C DE587309C DER83648D DER0083648D DE587309C DE 587309 C DE587309 C DE 587309C DE R83648 D DER83648 D DE R83648D DE R0083648 D DER0083648 D DE R0083648D DE 587309 C DE587309 C DE 587309C
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- unit
- attraction
- semiconductor
- voltage
- arrangement
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H59/00—Electrostatic relays; Electro-adhesion relays
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02N—ELECTRIC MACHINES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H02N11/00—Generators or motors not provided for elsewhere; Alleged perpetua mobilia obtained by electric or magnetic means
- H02N11/006—Motors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02N—ELECTRIC MACHINES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H02N13/00—Clutches or holding devices using electrostatic attraction, e.g. using Johnson-Rahbek effect
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R23/00—Transducers other than those covered by groups H04R9/00 - H04R21/00
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T74/00—Machine element or mechanism
- Y10T74/18—Mechanical movements
- Y10T74/18056—Rotary to or from reciprocating or oscillating
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T74/00—Machine element or mechanism
- Y10T74/18—Mechanical movements
- Y10T74/18056—Rotary to or from reciprocating or oscillating
- Y10T74/18152—Belt or chain carried member
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Electronic Switches (AREA)
- Treatments Of Macromolecular Shaped Articles (AREA)
- Micromachines (AREA)
Description
Es Ist bereits bekannt, daß gewisse Stoffe, die sogenannten Halbleiter, z. B. Achat, Schiefer, gewisse Holz- und Papiersorten, Gelatine u. a. auf berührende Leiter oder S Halbleiter eine erhebliche Anziehung ausüben, wenn ein passender Strom die sich berührenden Oberflächen durchfließt.It is already known that certain substances, the so-called semiconductors, e.g. B. agate, Slate, certain types of wood and paper, gelatine and others. on touching conductors or S semiconductors exert a significant attraction when a suitable current flows flowing through contacting surfaces.
Die Anziehung ist von der durch den Strom in der Berührungsfläche erzeugten Potentialdifferenz abhängig und bei zunehmender Spannung stark steigend.The attraction is from that created by the current in the touch area Dependent on potential difference and rising sharply with increasing voltage.
Die Anziehung ist von einem entsprechend starken Reibungswiderstand gegen Gleiten der beiden Flächen einander gegenüber begleitet. The attraction is of a correspondingly strong frictional resistance to sliding of the two surfaces opposite each other.
Es wurde bereits in verschiedener Weise versucht, diese Wirkung in der Technik auszunutzen, wobei einerseits erstrebt wurde, die beim Stromdurchgang durch ein aus einem derartigen Halbleiter und einem denselben über eine gewisse Berührungsfläche berührenden Halbleiter oder Leiter bestehendes Aggregat zwischen den Berührungsflächen auftretende elektrostatische Anziehungskraft dahin nutzbar zu machen, den einen der Aggregatteile dem anderen zu nähern, auf welchem Prinzip Elektroskope, Relais oder andere Vorrichtungen sich konstruieren lassen, während andererseits versucht wurde, durch ein derartiges mechanisches Bewegen der Aggregatteile einander gegenüber, daß sie längs eines Teiles ihrer Oberflächen stets miteinander in Berührung sind, die variierende Reibung zwischen den beiden Aggregatteilen zwecks Konstruktion elektromechanischer Vorrichtungen auszunutzen, welche durch Anwendung eines geringen Stromes (Bruchteile von Milliampere) imstande waren, erhebliche Zugkräfte auszulösen. Diese Wirkung ließ sich besonders leicht dadurch erzielen, daß der eine der Aggregatteile als ein rotierender Zylinder oder eine rotierende Scheibe, während der zweite Teil als ein Band oder eine Scheibe ausgebildet und mittels Federkraft oder in anderer Weise gegen den rotierenden Teil gedrückt gehalten wurde.Attempts have already been made in various ways to exploit this effect in technology, on the one hand, the aim was to reduce the current passage through one of such a semiconductor and one of the same Existing semiconductors or conductors touching a certain contact surface Electrostatic attraction force occurring between the contact surfaces to make usable to bring one of the assembly parts closer to the other, on what principle electroscopes, Relays or other devices can be constructed while trying on the other hand was, by such a mechanical movement of the assembly parts opposite one another that they along part of their Surfaces are always in contact, the varying friction between the to use both parts of the unit for the construction of electromechanical devices, which by applying a small current (fractions of a milliampere) were able to trigger considerable tensile forces. This effect could be achieved particularly easily by having one of the assembly parts as a rotating cylinder or a rotating disk, while the second part as a belt or a disk formed and by means of spring force or in some other way against the rotating part was held down.
Derartige Aggregate schienen für die Konstruktion einfacher und billiger Telegraphen-, Fernsprech-, Oszillograph- undSuch aggregates seemed for the construction of simpler and cheaper telegraph, Telephone, oscilloscope and
anderer Apparate zur Anwendung gelangen zu können, ,welche im Verhältnis zu anderen bekannten Konstruktionen für ähnliche Zwecke den sehr erheblichen Vorteil aufwiesen, daß die übertragenen mechanischen Kräfte nicht durch elektrische Ströme zu erzeugen waren, sondern von einem Motor, einem Uhrwerk o. dgl. erzeugt werden könnten, während die zur Steuerung besagter ίο Kräfte erforderlichen elektrischen Ströme ganz gering waren.to be able to use other apparatuses, which in relation to others known constructions for similar purposes had the very significant advantage, that the transmitted mechanical forces cannot be generated by electrical currents were, but by a motor, a clockwork o. The like. Could be generated, while the control said ίο forces required electrical currents were very small.
Während somit die auf dem Prinzip sich gründenden technischen Anwendungen beim ersten Blick von großer Bedeutung zu sein schienen, stellte es sich indessen heraus, daß die wohlgelungenen Laboratoriumsversuche in der Praxis unübersteigbaren Schwierigkeiten begegneten, indem die Eigenschaften der angewandten Aggregate sich änderten, sobald sie auch nur verhältnismäßig kurze Zeit (Stunden oder Tage) in Gebrauch waren. . Insbesondere änderten sich .die wirksamen Oberflächen dermaßen, daß die Anziehungskraft, auf welcher die ganze Anwendung beruhte, entweder bedeutend abnahm oder abnorm groß wurde und in beiden Fällen die praktische Anwendbarkeit der Vorrichtung vernichtete.While the technical applications based on the principle in seemed to be of great importance at first glance, however, it turned out that the successful laboratory experiments in practice insurmountable difficulties met by changing the properties of the aggregates used, as soon as they have been in use for even a relatively short time (hours or days). . In particular, the effective surfaces changed to such an extent that the force of attraction, on which the whole application was based, either significantly decreased or abnormal became large and in both cases the practicality of the device destroyed.
Es wurde versucht, diesem ■ Übelstand durch besondere Behandlung der Oberfläche mit Reinigungsmitteln teils mechanischer, teils chemischer Art abzuhelfen; sämtliche Versuche, Konstruktionen herzustellen, welche imstande waren, längere Zeit hindurch zu arbeiten, erwiesen sich jedoch als erfolglos. Fortdauernde Versuche und Untersuchungen der sich hier geltend machenden Verhältnisse haben nunmehr ergeben, daß die Änderung, welche die Aggregate infolge des Durchganges des Stromes erleiden, anscheinend elektrochemischen Änderungen zuzuschreiben sind.Attempts have been made to remedy this ■ problem by treating the surface in a special way remedy with cleaning agents partly mechanical, partly chemical; all Attempts to make constructions that were able to withstand long periods of time work, but turned out to be unsuccessful. Ongoing trials and studies of the conditions prevailing here have now shown that the change which the aggregates result from the passage of the current, apparently due to electrochemical changes.
Vorliegende Erfindung bezweckt nun zu vermeiden, daß beim Durchgang des Stromes elektrochemische Änderungen im Aggregat auftreten, um die, wertvollen Eigenschaften desselben zu erhalten und seine praktische Verwendbarkeit zu gewährleisten.The present invention now aims to avoid that when the current passes Electrochemical changes occur in the aggregate to the, valuable properties to preserve the same and to ensure its practical usability.
Dies wird erfindungsgemäß dadurch erreicht, daß ausschließlich wechselnde Ströme in solcher Weise durch das Aggregat geleitet werden, daß eine überschüssige elektrochemische Wirkung in der einen oder anderen Beziehung völlig vermieden wird. Praktische Versuche haben ergeben, daß es zur Erreichung dieses Zwecks nicht genügt, ganz einfach Wechselstrom zu verwenden, man muß sich vielmehr sichern, daß .die Kurvenform des Wechselstroms eine derartige ist, daß die von positiven und negativen Impulsen herrührenden wechselnden elektrochemischen Wirkungen sich völlig aufheben. Dies läßt sich in verschiedener Weise erzielen.This is achieved according to the invention in that only alternating currents be passed through the unit in such a way that an excess electrochemical Effect in one or the other relationship is completely avoided. Practical tests have shown that it is not enough to simply use alternating current to achieve this purpose, Rather, one must ensure that the waveform of the alternating current is such is that the alternating electrochemical effects resulting from positive and negative impulses cancel each other out completely. This can be achieved in a number of ways.
In der Zeichnung sind schematisch verschiedene Anordnungen veranschaulicht, welche
dazu dienen, den hier erstrebten Zweck zu erreichen.
Es zeigenIn the drawing, various arrangements are schematically illustrated, which are used to achieve the purpose sought here.
Show it
Abb. ι und 2 schematisch zwei verschiedene Anordnungen,Fig. Ι and 2 schematically two different arrangements,
Abb. 3 die durch die Anordnung nach Abb. 2 erzielte Kurvenform des wechselnden Stroms,Fig. 3 the curve shape of the alternating obtained by the arrangement according to Fig. 2 Current,
Abb. 4 eine dritte Anordnung,Fig. 4 a third arrangement,
Abb. 5 die hier benutzte Kurvenform des wechselnden Stroms,Fig. 5 the waveform of the alternating current used here,
Abb. 6 eine vierte Anordnung, Abb. 7 die durch dieselbe erzielte Kurvenform des wechselnden Stroms und Abb. 8 bis 10 drei weitere Anordnungen. Wie in Abb. 1 dargestellt, kann, um zu vermeiden, daß ein aus einem Halbleiter 1 und einem darüber angeordneten Metallband 2 bestehendes Aggregat durch infolge des Durchganges des elektrischen Stroms entstehende elektrochemische Änderungen verändert wird, in die Verbindungsleitungen zwischen dem Aggregat 1, 2 und einem Wechselstromgenerator 3 ein Kondensator 4 mit genügend hohem Isolationswiderstand, z. B. ein Glimmerkondensator, eingeschaltet werden. Dieser Kondensator verhindert das Auftreten von Gleichstrom, der infolge der Gleichrichterwirkung des Aggregats in Verbindung mit der mehr oder weniger unsymmetrischen Kurvenform des Wechselstroms sonst leicht vorkommt.Fig. 6 a fourth arrangement, Fig. 7 the curve shape obtained by the same of the alternating current and Fig. 8 to 10 three further arrangements. As shown in Fig. 1, in order to avoid that a semiconductor 1 and an overlying metal band 2 existing unit by resulting from the passage of the electric current electrochemical changes is changed in the connecting lines between the aggregate 1, 2 and an alternator 3 a capacitor 4 with a sufficiently high insulation resistance, e.g. B. a mica capacitor, to be switched on. This capacitor prevents that Occurrence of direct current resulting from the rectifying effect of the aggregate otherwise easily occurs with the more or less asymmetrical waveform of the alternating current.
An und für sich ist jedes Verfahren verwendbar, durch welches Gleichstrom verhindert werden kann, das Aggregat zu durchfließen. Dies läßt sich z. B. auch durch Anwendung einer geeigneten Kurvenform des Wechselstroms erzielen.Any method that prevents direct current can be used in and of itself can be to flow through the unit. This can be z. B. also through application achieve a suitable waveform of the alternating current.
Die variierende Spannung hat indessen eine variierende Anziehungskraft und Reibung zwischen den einander berührenden Flächen des Aggregats zur Folge. Wünscht man die hierdurch auftretende pulsierende Anziehungskraft auszugleichen, können verschiedene Verfahren verwendet werden, von denen nachstehend beispielsweise einige erwähnt seien.The varying tension, however, has varying attraction and friction between the contacting surfaces of the unit result. If you want the pulsating that occurs as a result To compensate for attraction, various methods can be used by some of which may be mentioned below, for example.
In der in Abb. 2 gezeigten Anordnung wird eine rotierende Kommutatoranordnung 5 verwendet, mittels welcher bezweckt wird, einen aus einer Gleichstromquelle 6 fließenden Gleichstrom in Wechselstrom zu umformen. Dem Kommutator kann eine Wechselspannung V entnommen werden, deren Kurvenform die in Abb. 3 gezeigte eckige Form aufweist. Eine Spannung dieser Form ergibtIn the arrangement shown in FIG. 2, a rotating commutator arrangement 5 is used, by means of which the purpose is to convert a direct current flowing from a direct current source 6 into alternating current. An alternating voltage V can be taken from the commutator, the curve of which has the angular shape shown in Fig. 3. A tension of this shape results
Claims (8)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DK402589X | 1931-11-10 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
DE587309C true DE587309C (en) | 1933-11-02 |
Family
ID=8150842
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DER83648D Expired DE587309C (en) | 1931-11-10 | 1931-12-22 | Method and arrangement for driving devices which utilize the electrostatic attraction force occurring between the contact surfaces when electrical current passes through an assembly consisting of a semiconductor and a semiconductor or conductor that touches the same |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US2025123A (en) |
DE (1) | DE587309C (en) |
FR (1) | FR745270A (en) |
GB (1) | GB402589A (en) |
NL (1) | NL34891C (en) |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE957468C (en) * | 1953-12-03 | 1957-01-31 | Gottfried Cremer Dr | Method and device for the transport of objects made of water-containing, more or less plastic masses |
DE1038205B (en) * | 1953-08-20 | 1958-09-04 | Robert Wallingford Waring | Device for generating electrostatic forces |
DE1053639B (en) * | 1956-08-13 | 1959-03-26 | August Stuke | Circuit arrangement for the protection of electrical systems |
DE1094470B (en) * | 1954-11-06 | 1960-12-08 | Continental Elektro Ind Ag | Follow-up recorder |
DE1203969B (en) * | 1963-08-16 | 1965-10-28 | F L Moseley Company | Device for holding a sheet material by means of electrostatic attraction |
DE1276354B (en) * | 1965-01-20 | 1968-08-29 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Device for moving a metallized strip of insulating material |
Families Citing this family (23)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2417850A (en) * | 1942-04-14 | 1947-03-25 | Willis M Winslow | Method and means for translating electrical impulses into mechanical force |
US2568824A (en) * | 1946-02-27 | 1951-09-25 | Rahbek Knud | Semiconductor unit for the utilization of electroadhesion |
US2661825A (en) * | 1949-01-07 | 1953-12-08 | Wefco Inc | High fidelity slip control |
US2806533A (en) * | 1949-11-10 | 1957-09-17 | Union Oil Co | Vibrational wave generator |
US2659820A (en) * | 1951-07-25 | 1953-11-17 | Sprague Electric Co | Tuning assembly |
US2897424A (en) * | 1953-11-10 | 1959-07-28 | Robert W Waring | Electrostatic apparatus |
US2897934A (en) * | 1956-08-15 | 1959-08-04 | Ibm | Electroadhesive clutch |
US2805380A (en) * | 1956-09-28 | 1957-09-03 | Sylvania Electric Prod | Electrical converter |
US2946381A (en) * | 1957-10-02 | 1960-07-26 | Ibm | High speed tape punch |
US2897425A (en) * | 1958-10-21 | 1959-07-28 | Robert W Waring | Method of and apparatus for producing electrostatic force |
US2968952A (en) * | 1959-09-21 | 1961-01-24 | John J Stalder | Force measurement system |
US3197682A (en) * | 1961-04-13 | 1965-07-27 | Pure Oil Co | Safet electro-responsive-fluid chuck |
US3233540A (en) * | 1961-11-17 | 1966-02-08 | Int Standard Electric Corp | Line-at-a-time printer |
US3132267A (en) * | 1961-12-20 | 1964-05-05 | Ibm | Photoelectrostatic apparatus |
US3195363A (en) * | 1962-02-09 | 1965-07-20 | Litton Systems Inc | Selective driving means |
US3737569A (en) * | 1969-02-26 | 1973-06-05 | Xerox Corp | Transmission device |
US3925712A (en) * | 1974-11-11 | 1975-12-09 | Simco Co Inc | Multiple copy electrostatic hold-down apparatus |
IT1031549B (en) * | 1975-02-07 | 1979-05-10 | Pagnoni Spa | HOT PRESSING PROCEDURE FOR THE COATING OF CHIPBOARD PANELS OR WOOD FIBROUSES PREFERABLY WITH PAPER IMPREGNATED WITH MELAMINE RESIN OR FEND ICA OR WITH LAMINATES OR FILM OF OTHER MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT IMPLEMENTING THIS PROCEDURE |
AT384780B (en) * | 1985-08-09 | 1988-01-11 | Goerz Electro Gmbh | Electrostatic paper holder |
US8515510B2 (en) * | 2009-03-31 | 2013-08-20 | Covidien Lp | Electroadhesive medical devices |
WO2012075269A2 (en) | 2010-12-01 | 2012-06-07 | Mattel, Inc. | Play modeling dough |
US9261336B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2016-02-16 | Mattel, Inc. | Toy projectile and method of making |
US20240195330A1 (en) * | 2022-01-06 | 2024-06-13 | Yi Huang | A cycle power generation device |
-
0
- FR FR745270D patent/FR745270A/fr not_active Expired
- NL NL34891D patent/NL34891C/xx active
-
1931
- 1931-12-22 DE DER83648D patent/DE587309C/en not_active Expired
-
1932
- 1932-11-03 US US641030A patent/US2025123A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1932-11-07 GB GB31354/32A patent/GB402589A/en not_active Expired
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1038205B (en) * | 1953-08-20 | 1958-09-04 | Robert Wallingford Waring | Device for generating electrostatic forces |
DE957468C (en) * | 1953-12-03 | 1957-01-31 | Gottfried Cremer Dr | Method and device for the transport of objects made of water-containing, more or less plastic masses |
DE1094470B (en) * | 1954-11-06 | 1960-12-08 | Continental Elektro Ind Ag | Follow-up recorder |
DE1053639B (en) * | 1956-08-13 | 1959-03-26 | August Stuke | Circuit arrangement for the protection of electrical systems |
DE1203969B (en) * | 1963-08-16 | 1965-10-28 | F L Moseley Company | Device for holding a sheet material by means of electrostatic attraction |
DE1276354B (en) * | 1965-01-20 | 1968-08-29 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Device for moving a metallized strip of insulating material |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR745270A (en) | 1933-05-06 |
US2025123A (en) | 1935-12-24 |
GB402589A (en) | 1933-12-07 |
NL34891C (en) |
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