DE4102176A1 - Vehicle road driving simulator - has real road images blended with synthetically generated vehicle images - Google Patents

Abstract

The road vehicle driving simulator has a training console on which a real road situation (4) is provided by a video recorder (3). The road situation represents the forward view from a vehicle that can include elements of the bonnet and the rear view mirror. A synthetically generated image (6) can be generated (5) and superimposed upon the real image. A noise generator (12) can be used to provide realistic vehicle noises. A memory (10) stores data relating to speed, position and road details. The user movements are translated into computer (9) inputs. ADVANTAGE - Realistic driving simulation against real road background.

Description

The present invention relates to methods and devices to simulate forward movements through mixed images. Under Before upward movement becomes the forward movement of a person in one Motor vehicles, aircraft conveyors such as electric carts or forklifts, construction vehicles such as excavators or bulldozers, off-road vehicles, tracked vehicles, a rowing boat, a paddle boat, on a motorcycle or bicycle, on cross-country skis, while running, climbing stairs, climbing or swimming men understood. Fading in video is shown under mixed images graphically-synthetically generated image objects in real from a video Understanding image sequences recorded by the camera. It is assumed that the dummy cab or a real cab of the concerned fenden vehicle with seat and steering wheel and for example accelerator, brake pedal, clutch pedal, gear shift lever, hand brake lever, ignition key, Turn signal lever and horn button or a sports training device ver is reversible. It is also assumed that a video screen, that is a monitor tube, a memory screen, a rear projection monitor, a screen with a top view projector or other display direction for a natural-looking video image of the outside view is cash.

The device is intended to train the user, scientific Examinations, reaction and suitability tests, accident prevention, serve entertainment and physical exercise. When used A dummy vehicle for a training device is intended to Be device, the user in handling the controls to familiarize him with concentration, prudence and responsibility to educate conscious action, the legal regulations in order to bring him close with his vehicle and vividly him on the Ge  point out driving associated with driving a vehicle.

When using a sports training device, it is intended to Be a device to make training more pleasant. At the dar Position of an auto race track is intended to train the driver, the Advertising effectiveness or entertainment, for example on a coin automaton, be the purpose of the device.

Devices of the type specified above are known.

There are driving simulators in which a television camera is used by the driver a model landscape is controlled.

There are also driving simulators with artificially created video images, where the drawing files for background landscape, road, trees and foreign road users in different sizes and angle views are saved and from the computer in the desired size, View and screen position can be called. Such simulators are, for example, in the Foerst patents: driving simulator P 27 03 025.7-52 and Foerst: driving simulator P 29 26 654.4-52 described ben.

There are also simulators with artificially created video images, the Calculate drawing files from the spatial coordinates of the objects in real time be net. Such simulators are in the Foerst patent application: Forklift simulator P 38 16 545.7-53.

There are also training devices for driving schools that use video films or optical films of real road traffic scenes from the perspective of one Drivers are played. One such device is in the US patent Aso: Driving Skill Testing Apparatus 35 37 191.

There's also a bike training device with situation programming, where video films are used. This device is in the open legend Schleicher: Bicycle training device with situation program Mation DE 321 818 086 A1 described.  

There are also sports simulators using a screen, where a synthetic identification picture and synthetic opponents images can be displayed in the surrounding image. These are simulators in the patent application Foerst: Sport simulator PCT / DE 88 00 098 be wrote.

The disadvantages of simulators with a model landscape are that Landscape model is complex that there are limited options allows and that additional effort and wear due to the motion drive and service problems occur.

The disadvantage of simulators with memory graphics is that they are larger Effort for storage hardware and video software for storing the Traffic scenes must be driven, since the objects are not only in to show many sizes but also per size in many oblique views gen. Incidentally, there is a great deal of software involved, if a sufficient variety of real situations on the Memory image should be transferred.

The disadvantages of simulators with real-time graphics are that great effort for fast computing computer hardware and transforma tion software must be driven if the images thus generated na should act foolishly or that the economic effort Image information is relatively small and not natural at all leading image leads.

The disadvantages of training devices for driving motor vehicles with pure real image using video recorders, video discs players or optical playback devices consist on the one hand in that the driver cannot steer since there is no identification in the surrounding image picture can be seen. On the other hand, the driving speed cannot be indi vidually changed by the driver when playing the film.  

A disadvantage of the bicycle training device with situation programming is also that there is no identification picture and no opponent picture can be seen. As a result, there is a lack of incentive and the feeling of Being involved in the environment shown. Another disadvantage is in that the training device is not used for such purposes in which the second track of the video signal reproducing apparatus is occupied by a sound signal. It also stays with the above Patent application open, like forward movements in other sports as cycling and replicating motor-driven vehicles are.

The disadvantage of the sports simulator mentioned above is as with other simulators in that because of the use of computer graphics the picture is not sufficiently natural with economic effort works.

The present invention is therefore based on the object to create direction in which the disadvantages mentioned above are avoided are. Rather, the device should have the following advantages: Of course acting exterior view with many details of typical environmental scenes, real Foreign situations with natural momentum, as realistic as possible Representation of the identification object, the possibilities for one Driver, his lateral position by changing direction and by acceleration lean or decelerate its longitudinal position or speed change, touch detection and evaluation, registration and coming mistreatment of the user, economy with regard to Storage hardware, computing hardware, video software and transformation Software, versatile data transmission that works even when only one sound track is available and this is confirmed by sound signals is. When simulating forward movements through physical exertion The motivation for training and the incentive to perform should improve be tested.  

According to the invention, these objects are achieved by those specified in claim 1 Features solved. Embodiments of this solution are in the subclaims 2 to 28 described. A prerequisite for these proposed solutions are Method and device for taking the real images with a Video camera. These are in the secondary claim 29 and the associated Subclaims 30 to 36 are described. The overall device can be through the design of the driver's cab, the real image, the Video software for synthetic images and computer software adapt to different vehicles or training devices. This shape tungen are by the specified in the dependent claims 37 to 51 drive solved.

This solution is based on the following findings:

• - Real images are compared to synthetic images because of their detail wealth is advantageous with little effort.
• - For the task, it is not absolutely necessary that the own speed can be freely changed within wide limits. A lot in many cases it is more than sufficient if they egg within limits nes certain distance range in the longitudinal direction is changeable or if the user through a speedometer and noise has the impression that it can be changed.
• - For the task, it is not absolutely necessary that the own track is freely changeable, for which a changeable synthe table image or a large amount of different real images would be. Rather, in many cases it is sufficient if the horizontal Image position in relation to a foreground image within limits Given a certain track range is changeable.
• - For the task, it is not absolutely necessary that order world events depend on the behavior of the trainee. Much more In many cases it is sufficient if the environmental events are in view  run at their own speeds and when the behavior driver can be evaluated in this environment.

Based on these findings, the proposed solution was based on the principle of a real simulation is waived, in which yes Image of the outside view not only with the longitudinal movement but also with the transverse movement of the vehicle to be simulated changed. Through the sen waiver it becomes possible for the representation of the outside view real to use image sequences where not even their speed must be changeable.

The use of real images instead of a real simulation lets two alternative methods to:

• a) The remote control of a resizable identification picture in Longitudinal and transverse direction from the perspective of an observer who is is located behind the identification picture and
• b) a relative horizontal shift between the real image and egg a foreground picture, which is part of your own locomotion represents from the perspective of the user.

The method a) has the advantage that marginal changes in distance from Observers in the longitudinal and transverse directions can be represented optically correctly. However, it has the disadvantage that identification is difficult for the user falls.

The method b) has the advantage that the user identification - like a real simulation - is easy, especially if if his behavior differs little from that when recording the video gives way. However, it has the disadvantage that with larger track deviations the lack of image distortion is noticeable.

Method b) allows three methods when changing lanes:  

• b1) The synthetic foreground image, if necessary together with an egg A picture frame becomes the same as the direction of the lane change postponed.
• b2) The real background image is shifted in opposite directions.
• b3) Both shifts are combined.

The invention will now be explained in more detail with reference to the figures. Show it

Fig. 1 is an overview picture of the devices according to claims 1 and 2

Fig. 2, an overview image of the devices according to claims 3, 4 and 5

Fig. 3 is a block diagram for embodiments of the horizontal shifting device 26 according to claims 6 and 7

Fig. 4 shows a memory image of an interior of a car driver's cab according to claim 8

Fig. 5 is a block diagram for the variability of the image speed according to claim 19

Fig. 6 is a high level block diagram of the apparatus for synchronous data transmission according to claim 9

Fig. 7 is a block diagram of the devices for synchronous data transmission, wherein the synchronous signal is transmitted according to claims 10, 11 and 12

Fig. 8 A block diagram for an embodiment of the synchronous data transmission using the audio track for storage Adressie tion according to claims 13 and 14

Fig. 9 is an overview block diagram for alternative data transmissions, in which the data is stored on the video tape, according to claims 15, 16 and 17th

Fig. 10 is a block diagram of the devices for synchronous data transmission, wherein the data signal is transmitted according to claim 15 via the sound track

Fig. 11 is a block diagram of the devices for synchronous data transmission, the data signal according to claims 16 and 17 being added to the video signal

Fig. 12, an overview image of the noise addition according to claim 18

Fig. 13 is a block diagram for influencing the functions of the video signal reproducing apparatus according to claims 20 and 21

Fig. 14 is a block diagram for displaying a pseudo-time according to claim 23

Fig. 15 is a block diagram of video signal generation and processing according to claim 24

Fig. 16 is a block diagram of the video signal suppression in the branches of the video signal processing according to claim 25

Fig. 17 according to a block diagram of an embodiment of the circuit Prioritätenlogik- claim 26

Fig. 18 is a block diagram of an alternative embodiment of the Priori did logic circuit according to claim 27

Fig. 19 A sketch of a vehicle with a video camera according to a reflection of the to 29 and 30

Fig. 20 is a block diagram for control of the swivel angle according to claims 31, 32 and 33

Fig. 21 is a block diagram showing devices for describing the video tape with drive data according to claim 34

Fig. 22 is a block diagram showing devices for describing the sound of a video tape with pulse trains track according to claim 35

Fig. 23 is a block diagram showing devices for superimposing pulse sequences in the video image according to claim 36

Fig. 1 shows an overview image according to claim 1 with a dummy car 1 , a screen 2 with the real image 4 of a city passage and the syn thetic identification image 6 of a car according to claim 2, a speaker 13 and a block diagram for the electronic circuit device .

The dummy car and the video image of the road traffic scene are in place Abstract blocks for better viewing, exemplary for a training equipment shown in driving a car.

The block diagram contains a video signal reproducing device 3 for reproducing the real image 4 and a video signal generator 5 for generating the synthetic identification image 6 .

According to the longitudinal and transverse position of this identification picture in relation to the position of the viewer, it must be able to be represented in a sufficient number of sizes and angle views. These different images must either be saved or calculated in real time. Accordingly, the video signal generator 5 can either be designed as an image memory-oriented generator or as a real-time computer.

The block diagram also contains a device 7 for image synchronization of real image display device 3 and video signal generator 5 . Ent neither the line and the image frequency of the real image display device 3 are rigid and the corresponding frequencies of the video signal generator 5 are to be adapted to this, which is possible, for example, with the aid of a phase-locked control circuit, or vice versa.

Furthermore, the block diagram contains a device 8 for blending the synthetic identification image 6 into the real image 4 from the video signal reproduction device 3 , a noise generator 12 for generating the engine noise associated with the identification image as a function of the data for speed and torque and the driving noise as a function of the date for its driving speed, a cable 11 for synchronous data transmission from the video signal playback device 3 to the computer 9 , a memory 10 for information contained in the recording, relevant information such as the speed, position and direction of the camera when recording, the curve profile and the gradient Profile of a street, the position and the width of a vehicle in front or a plane flying in front, the position of a traffic obstacle, the color of a traffic light, etc. and a computer 9 in particular for controlling the identification image 6 , for driving and Operator error detection and evaluation and for calculating the data for controlling the noise generator 12 .

Since the synthetically generated identification picture always has priority over the Real image has a representation with pure real image for the whole From the outside, the disadvantage that the identification picture never from one other object can be covered. This is for example the case with Maneuvering unnaturally. According to the invention it is therefore provided that the outside view still contains synthetic drawing files that always Have priority over the real image, but either priority over or can have behind the identification picture. For example, this can be a be parked car behind which the identification picture is to be parked or a traffic light behind which the identification picture has to turn.  

In an exercise program with outside view scenes in which there is only a small one ne distance in space must be overcome, that in the range of the maximum and the minimum distance of the identification picture from the viewer, the observer position may have zero speed. The camera does not move. In this special case, additional syn one-size-fits-all images of the type listed above to be represented. In this special case, the whole could even Background image can be represented synthetically. Since it is in different Priority levels can be built, this would have advantages in terms the movement of the identification image into the depth of the outside view des. This advantage would come, for example, when starting a car at an egg A traffic light crossing with or without a change of direction to be carried. Also would have this type of purely synthetic image display when reversing the advantage that the driver's outside view between the front and rear image would be easily switchable. At Real Such a switchover would only require a picture when used digestible, addressable playback devices possible. The picture quality of a synthetic exterior image could be good, since it would be so need not be changed during the entire driving exercise and therefore only needs to be saved once. Suitable digitali devices Real video images are available.

For many applications, it will suffice to use a simple video recorder with manual control as the video signal playback device 3 . For the training device, however, a video recorder or an optical disc player with electronically controllable image sequence addressing via an interface, a CD record player with video coding or the mass storage device of a computer can be used. Such devices offer the possibility to call up computer-controlled special events such as rear view, accidents, changing lanes, changing direction, changing speed or changing traffic more or less quickly. It can be achieved that the environmental events are brought depending on the behavior of the trainee. This also applies to the inclusion of a computer-guided training plan that is adapted to the individual level of training of the trainee.

The method a complete identification image according to claim 2 Remote control has the disadvantages that

• a) the principle of remote control of an identification vehicle right deviates greatly from a real videographic simulation and the half realism lacks that
• b) considerable software and video recording efforts are carried out must also during curves, inclines and bumps during to create the impression that the identification vehicle is spatially bound to the real video image that
• c) the recording drive is subject to the restriction that in front of the camera to keep a clear space for the identification vehicle is and that
• d) Panning the camera to the side when approaching intersections do not expose the view in the cross street because the camera yes, at a certain distance from the front edge of the intersection located.

As an alternative, a solution is therefore proposed in which, according to claim 3, the foreground image of one's own means of transportation is represented as a synthetic image 25 from the user's point of view and, in the event of lane deviations from the recorded original lane, is shifted horizontally relative to the real background image.

The solution given is based on the following ideas: Actually is it is wrong from a simulation theory point of view, a lane change by a simple horizontal parallel shift of real images according to claim 3 to represent. A horizontal parallel shift of the picture arises namely only with a lane rotation, but not with a lane shift exercise. Even more so it wrong, according to claim 4, the window frame to move the background image. The window frame lies together with the steering wheel and the rest of the interior of a motor vehicle rigid in the driver's field of vision regardless of steering movements. Other on the one hand, not all exercises are for a learner with large  arbitrary track shifts connected. Rather, there is - for the play when driving downtown with seamless oncoming traffic - driving situation in which the range of variation of the lane compared to the lane the recording is quite small. In such situations, the requirement arises apprentices to choose the right track behind the app requirement, correct in critical situations with the controls to respond, back. With small track deviations, however, the Replacement of the image distortion by an image shift is not yet unanimous approve on. For sports training equipment and training equipment The horizontal shift can be used to simulate rail vehicles completely eliminated.

Fig. 2 therefore differs from Fig. 1 in particular in the syn thetic image on the screen 2nd The real picture 4 of an intersection is shown as an example. This is blended with the synthetic foreground image 25 from the perspective of a car driver. This time, the car shown from behind belongs to real image 4 .

Furthermore, Fig. 2 differs from Fig. 1 by including egg ner horizontal displacement device 26 with which either synthetic image 25 according to claim 4 or in opposite directions the real image 4 is pushed ver. You can also let the horizontal displacement device 26 act on the real image 4 .

A displacement of the frame according to claim 4 before rigidly running Background image has the advantage over the shift of the real image part that the real image at all times in full size in the monitor frame stands and does not have to be restricted by side panels. Furthermore the synthetic foreground image is much less complex to move as the real background image. The human imagination The ability to adapt and adapt is included in such a way that only the Relative movement recognized and the exchange in the absolute Ver shift is overlooked. About this imaginary achievement of man to facilitate, the picture of the frame should be possible with this variant natural, extensive and with many details such as windshield wipers, rear mirror, bonnet or a field of view limitation.  

Fig. 3 shows how the horizontal displacement device 26 from the computer 9 using the data LA for the steering wheel angle during recording, LW for the actual steering wheel angle, Sch for the pivot angle of the camera in the recording and V is the actual speed is controllable.

In the alternative in claim 4, the horizontal displacement device 26 acts on the video signal generator 5 . This is not associated with additional hardware outlay, since any video signal generator can carry out horizontal shifts.

In the alternative according to claim 5, the horizontal displacement device 26 acts on the real image display device 3rd Such devices are available on the market. The video image is written into a RAM memory and moved there by influencing the memory addresses. Since the image information hardly extends beyond the edges of the screen, it must be provided either by video graphics or mechanically since aperture.

Fig. 3 shows claim 6 according to a computing unit 28. In this a steering wheel angle signal is converted into a horizontal displacement signal LV. It is advisable to give this computing unit the transmission behavior of a first order delay element or an integral behavior, the time constant being proportional to the speed V.

Fig. 3 shows further a subtraction according to claim 7 27th In this, the difference between the actual steering wheel angle LW and the steering wheel angle LA is formed when the picture is taken. This is the computing unit 28 supplied. It is advisable to equip the steering wheel on the training device with a reset device so that the driver can feel the steering wheel in the straight-ahead position.

Fig. 3 shows further according to claim 8 an adder stage 31. In this water, the sum of the steering displacement LV and the pivot angle Sch is formed, which is supplied to the horizontal displacement device 26 . This addition ensures that steering shifts of the image and swivel shifts can be carried out simultaneously.

Fig. 4 shows the memory image of a cylinder projection of the inside view of a car according to claim 8. Of this memory image is only a section of about a third of the full image width visible on the screen according to the horizontal shift. The image shown takes into account a pan of the camera from approx. -90 ° to + 90 °.

Fig. 5 shows in accordance with claim 19, a real image reproducing device 3, it is assumed from the that its playback speed can be changed by a signal input from the outside. This device is controlled by the computer 9 via an output driver 29 and a cable 30 .

When using a controllable playback device according to claim 19 the deviation of the speed from that during normal operation of the Device should not be too strong, since with every change the play speed not only changes your own speed, son also that of other road users, which is the case with, for example Pedestrians looks unnatural.

Fig. 6 shows a multi-channel according to claim 9, first Signalum setter 46th This contains an up / down counter 33 , to which the pulse sequences P 1 and P 2 can be supplied as clock signals. The output of this counter is the computer 9 as a parallel signal B 1 (byte) leads. This signal can be, for example, the steering wheel angle, the pulses P 1 being generated when turning to the right and the pulses P 2 being generated when turning to the left.

Up / down counters do not necessarily have to be used to convert pulses into parallel signals. Fig. 6 shows two serial / parallel converters 34 and 35, in which the pulses P 3 and P 4 in the parallel data B 2 and B 3 are reshaped.

For processing the relevant in the video recording There are two alternatives to information:

• a) The memory 10 is assigned to the computer, is written with the said information once and addressed by a signal for the current tape position by means of a counter.
• b) The said information is stored on the video tape - the memory 10 is thus the video tape - and processed in real time in the computer.

In Fig. 7 it is assumed according to the alternative a) and claim 10 that the trip data are stored in a special memory 10 which is addressed to synchronize pulses on the video tape. If you use the synchronous signal of the video information as a pulse train, the audio track can remain free for the transmission of spoken comments or environmental noises.

Fig. 7 shows according to claim 12 that a clock generator 42 is provided, with which a clock pulse sequence TP is formed from the synchronizing signal Sync, that a counter 43 is provided with reset input R, which can be controlled by the clock pulse sequence TP, that the output of the counter can be fed to the address input of the memory 10 and that the pulse sequences P 1 to P 4 can be taken from the data output of the memory 10 . Since the synchronous signal is contained in the composite video signal FBAS, a commercially available so-called separator is best used as the clock generator 42 .

Fig. 8 shows a block diagram of a configuration of the synchronous data transmission according to claims 13 and 14. The memory 10 is connected directly to the computer 9. From the real image display device 3 , a signal P 1 for the current tape position is transmitted via a cable 11 synchronously to the address input A of the memory 10 . This type of synchronous data transmission has the advantage of being very simple. It only serves for the synchronous addressing of the memory 10 . The amount of data to be processed by the computer 9 is contained in the memory 10 , to which the computer has direct access.

With this type of data transmission, it is sufficient to output 3 pulses of the same distance from the video signal reproduction device. A phono output of a video recorder can be used for this. Instead of a sound, tones of, for example, 1000 Hz are recorded at regular intervals. In a pulse shaper 14 , which usually consists of a rectifier, a delay element and a Schmitt trigger, who converted these tones into digital pulses. These are fed to a counter 15 as clock T. The output signal A of the counter 15 forms the addresses of the memory 10 .

This incremental type of data transfer requires zeroing. The automatic zeroing is conveniently done by transmitting special information at the beginning of the sound and image sequence. A device 16 is provided for the separation between the continuously repeating clock pulse T and the one-time reset pulse R. Since such devices are known, it is not discussed in more detail here. Instead of a one-time zero pulse at the beginning of the tone sequence, further special information for intermediate meter readings and meter reading checks can also be transmitted.

Fig. 9 is a block circuit diagram for the alternative b of the synchronous data transmission). The memory 10 is directly connected to the video signal reproduction device 3 . Via the cable 11 for synchronous data transmission, the output data of the memory 10 leads to the computer 9 . The memory 10 for the event sequence can in this case be a video tape or an optical disk or else a separate, non-volatile memory. If the video tape or the video disc is used as memory, this has the advantage over the arrangement in FIG. 8 that, in the event of a change in the video information carrier, the coded data for the sequence of events also change. In this case, no adjustment needs to be made in the computer 9 .

FIG. 10 shows how the pulse sequences P 1 to P 4 are generated when the sound vibrations TS of the video signal reproduction device 3 are transmitted via the cable 11 . Four tone filters 36.1 to 36.4 are provided, in which the sound mixture is fanned out in the manner of a crossover in four separate oscillations with a predetermined frequency range. The sound filter can be out as a resonance filter or as a band filter.

Rectifiers 37.1 to 37.4 , smoothing devices 38.1 to 38.4 and Schmitt triggers 39.1 to 39.4 are provided for converting the fanned-out sound vibrations into digital pulses P 1 to P 4 .

In the example in FIG. 2, only four sound filters are shown. When using steep sound filters, significantly more separate signals can be transmitted at the same time.

This type of data transmission via a single-channel audio cable has the Advantage of the high transmission speed.

In Fig. 11 it is assumed that the data are not transmitted via the audio track of the video signal reproduction device but are added to the video signal FBAS. This becomes possible if the entire monitor area does not have to be described with image information, but if, for example, the lower part of the image remains free for a synthetic foreground display. Information can also be accommodated in the line and image return in accordance with known methods.

Fig. 11 shows that a window circuit 40 is provided in which a plurality of window signals F 1- F 4 can be generated from the continuous line signal CY and the continuous column signal CX of the monitor by logical combination, that a threshold amplifier 41 is provided in which the video signal FBAS can be converted into digital zero and one values depending on the amplitude, that the output of the threshold amplifier can be fed to one input of several AND gates 42.1-4 , the other inputs of which can be supplied with window signals F 1- F 4 and that several smoothing devices 38.1- 4 with downstream Schmitt triggers 39.1-4 are provided, in which the outputs of the AND gates can be converted into the digital pulse sequences P 1- P 4 .

Fig. 12 shows a block diagram for noise addition according to claim 18. In a device 17 for noise addition, the environmental noise recorded on the information carrier of the video signal reproducing device 3 , which can be found in the phono output P 2 of the device, for the output of the noise generator 12 , in which the synthetic engine noise can be generated, added. Since a phono output is already occupied for the synchronous data transmission, a stereo playback device with two phono outputs P 1 and P 2 is to be used in this case. The environmental noises consist, for example, of horns, sirens, engine and driving noises, and squeaking of tires from other vehicles. The engine noise of the vehicle used for the recording should be suppressed as much as possible because it interferes with the identification.

Video memories have the option of showing a still image. This is called up using the "Pause" button.

Is in the drive computer from the operation of the controls of the off an individual speed calculated by the specified speed synchronously transmitted during the journey the camera drive can vary, software must be used for this be ensured that at least the two conditions are avoided that

• a) the default speed zero and the individual speed speed is greater than zero and
• b) the individual speed zero and the default speed is greater than zero.

Case a) can be avoided by emergency braking. Case b) can be avoided by activating the pause function.

Fig. 13 shows according to claims 20 and 21 devices which serve to activate the pause, play, fast-reverse and stop functions of the video signal reproduction device 3 from the computer 9 . For example, the computer 9 outputs a signal for activating the button 45 when the data transmitted via the cable 11 for the speed of the recording vehicle is greater than zero, and the speed calculated from the position of the operating elements 44 of a training device is zero is. In a similar way, for example, the rewind button is activated when the goal was reached.

Will a car race fade in through the real image of a racetrack Detem identification picture of a racing car or a racing car front partially replicated, so the drifting in case of too high centrifugal force ven simulated according to claim 22.

About this drifting and the driving errors triggered by the computer avoiding it is therefore the "racing driver" like a real race brake before curves. To drive a good time, he is going on straights accelerate. Since he is running the video at a constant rate rendering the real vehicle will not affect the destination proposed according to claim 23, instead of a real time a pseudo Race time to display on the screen. This then matches the Real time match when the speed driven by the user is the same as the original tracking shot. Is the actual speed slower, the pseudo clock clocks faster and vice versa.

Fig. 14 shows that a division _device 63 is provided, with which the signal of the _{preset speed} V _preset the original _{tracking shot can be} divided by the signal of the speed V driven individually by the user and that a clock 64 is provided, the clock period of which calculated quotient is dependent.

The concept of the training device requires several synthetic video pictures, so you can either use a video signal generator or be generated with several. When using a single genera This software must use software to set the visual priorities between the calculate different images. The use of multiple video signal genes rators has the advantages of making this computing effort unnecessary. There saves computing time when using real-time computers or the use of memory-oriented video signal generators possible made. Therefore, the invention includes multiple circuits Video signal generators.  

Fig. 15 shows a block diagram of the synthetic video signal generation and processing according to claim 24. The video signal generator 5 consists of several sub-generators 5 a, 5 b, 5 c, each of which a video signal Va, Vb, Vc for the image of an object or a group several objects of the same spatial depth priority and an object signal Ga, Gb, Gc are generated for their total area. A video signal contains information about area and color and is usually coded as a color number for a 4 or 8-pin color number bus line. An object signal consists of a single bit, which indicates whether an area is available or not. A device 18 for video signal suppression ensures that the ones behind are suppressed and emits the remaining sum signal to the device 8 for cross-fading. So that the device 18 for video signal suppression receives the correct information about the respective depth of the objects, the device 18 for video signal suppression is a priority logic circuit 21 connected upstream, which can be controlled by the computer 9 .

Fig. 16 shows a block diagram of the video signal suppression in the branches of video signal processing according to claim 25 as an embodiment of the device in Fig. 15. For example, the color number bus lines FNa, FNb are 4- pole, and two video signal generators 5 a and 5 b are shown which are controlled by the computer 9 . The device 18 for video signal suppression contains open collector gates 19 a 1 , 19 a 2 , 19 a 3 , 19 a 4 , 19 b 1 , 19 b 2 , 19 b 3 , 19 b 4 , of which one input has the color number Bus lines FNa, FNb of the video signal generators 5 a, 5 b, whose other input blocking signals Sa, Sv are supplied by the priority logic circuit 21 and whose outputs are supplied to a color palette module 20 via a common color number bus line FN. The resistors R 1 to R 4 serve the open collector gates as pull-up resistors. The open collector gates have the task of switching the color number bus line FN to the high-resistance state in accordance with the color black when the blocking signal Sa or Sb is active. In order to properly activate the blocking signals in accordance with the spatial depth arrangement, the priority logic circuit 21 supplies the subject signals Ga and Gb of the two video signal generators 5 a and 5 b and 4 priority control signals Paa, Pab, Pba, Pbb from the computer 9 .

Fig. 17 shows a block diagram of an embodiment of the priority logic circuit 21 according to claim 26. It contains a priority bus line P, which consists of individual lines for the blocking signals Sa, Sb with pull-up resistors Ra, Rb. It also contains open collector gate-and-gate 22 aa, 22 from, 22 ba, 22 bb, one input of which the counter state signals Ga, Gb from the video signal generators 5 a, 5 b, the other input of which are the priority control signals Paa, Pab , Pba, Pbb from the computer 9 and the outputs of which are fed to the priority bus line P.

For example, the priority control signal Pab is activated when the object generated in the video signal generator 5 a is to have priority over that generated in the video signal generator 5 b.

Fig. 18 shows a block diagram of an alternative embodiment of the priority logic circuit 21 according to claim 27. It contains an object bus line G, which consists of individual lines for object signals Ga, Gb, which are supplied by the video signal generators 5 a, 5 b . It also contains AND gates 23 aa, 23 ab, 23 ba, 23 bb, whose egg nem input the subject signals Ga, Gb, whose other input the priority control signals Paa, Pab, Pba, Pbb are supplied by the computer 9 and whose outputs the inputs of OR gates 24 a, 24 b leads, the outputs of which serve as blocking signals Sa, Sb.

The peculiarity of this design is that every video signal nalgenerator is assigned an object signal with the video signals other video signal generators can be controlled black.

Real image playback with constant playback speed has the Disadvantage that the driving speed does not want to be limited can be predetermined by the driver. However, this also helps here The driver's imagination, for example, gives him a higher speed pretends if this is the speedometer, the engine noise, the Show wind noise and vibrations of the seat. Dement the quantities calculated in the driving computer are to be output accordingly.  

In a first approximation, the size of an identification image shown from behind depends on the speed difference of the longitudinal distance between the viewer and the identification image. In the computer 9 , the longitudinal distance, and therefrom the size of the identification image from the position of the operating elements for acceleration and deceleration, and the preset speed are to be calculated.

The front part of the vehicle is used as an identification image or the frame shown from the user's perspective, there is one Similar problem: Is the running speed of the video tape constant, so are the default speed and the "driven" actual Speed mostly different from each other.

At a fixed speed of the original tracking shot, are therefore larger deviations of the actual speed from this avoid. For different tasks and different Training levels of the users are therefore for the calculation of the actual Two alternatives are provided according to claim 28:

• a) In one position of the selector switch is the actual speed true to the original at any time depending on the controls calculated. Reaches the distance of the identification object Maximum or its minimum or the value calculated in this way deviates strongly from the default value, the computer will make a corresponding one Note issued.
• b) In the other position of the selector switch when the driver neither actively accelerated nor decelerated, the one shown from behind Identification picture in a certain size according to a medium one Distance shown, which is expediently linear from the Geschwin depends on. If the driver accelerates, the distance increases The bigger it is, the smaller it will be. Will the identification picture only shown as a frame, the actual speed is simply the same the default speed set as long as the driver is not active accelerated or decelerated. A message is output from the computer  when accelerating or decelerating incorrectly. In this position selector switch, it is hardly possible to use the hand scarf to drive.

In the following, a few basic features and software requirements of training devices with a resizable identification picture are briefly stated:
A training device according to the present invention has the following type: The driver sees the identification picture of his vehicle at a certain distance from the environment. If this distance from the computer is basically proportional to the speed, all environmental events for the identification picture take place a certain amount of time earlier than when the picture was taken. As a result, the driver is forced to make decisions before the ones recognizable from the recording. The computer can immediately tell the driver whether his decision was wrong or right, and after the period of time has passed, the driver can also see in the picture how the decision was made when the picture was taken.

The horizontal position of the identification image depends on the track shift between the identification image and the position of the viewer. Accordingly, the track of the identification image in the computer 9 is to be calculated from the position of the corresponding control elements and from this using the content of a track memory for the viewer to calculate the horizontal position of the identification image. The viewing angle of the identification image depends on the horizontal position and the direction of the identification image. The contact between the identification picture and the roadside, however, depends on the curve of the road. This must therefore be saved over the entire course of the journey and taken into account in the calculation according to the geometry.

The vertical position of the identification picture depends not only on the Distance but also from the slope profile of the road. This is therefore save over the entire course of the journey and made to measure geometry in the calculation.  

If the camera is swiveled to the side, for example, the view into a To release the cross street, the identification image is created using software to move speaking.

If the identification picture is resizable, it is not necessarily him required that the height position from which the image is displayed with the corresponding position of the driver's eye in the simulated Vehicle matches. Rather, it is sufficient if the height position is off of which the image is displayed below about twice the value of the ent speaking eye position remains. So that the driver does not have a view of the exterior image is blocked by the identification image, it is the It is half recommended to place the camera higher than eye level in the simulated vehicle.

Rare and dangerous events in the form of children playing, suddenly Game, rock fall, other obstacles, slippery road surface te etc. can be created by additional computer-controlled synthetic images to improve training.

Under alcohol, the visual field narrows according to the so-called Tunnel view. This effect is intended to be used within the scope of the invention nes synthetic tunnel to be blended with a continuous color transition to gray or black can be simulated in the outer part of the image. Response time delays, such as occur under alcohol, are said to occur in Framework of the invention by software through a corresponding delay signal processing can be simulated in the computer. Distance error Estimates that they occur under alcohol should be within the Er through appropriate distance control of synthetic images for example of trees and vehicles.

It will now be considered the devices that according to the claims 29 to 36 for taking the real images and the driving or Wei movement data are provided.  

Camera panning is particularly advantageous when viewing a frame image from the user's point of view. Regardless of whether the real image 4 or the synthetic frame image 25 is shifted when steering, ge must be ensured according to the invention that when the camera pans, in which the real image shifts, the frame image moves in the same direction. After a horizontal shift between the real image and the frame image is necessary for the steering effect, you can not arrange the video camera when shooting inside the car, but you have to store it outside, so that the image remains clear of the vehicle frame and this can be artificially faded in . Camera pans have the advantage of releasing image information on both sides of the normal image without the need for additional screens. They are particularly desirable in curves and at intersections. If camera panning is not required by the task, the camera can also be attached inside a vehicle.

A position of the camera directly in front of the Au is ideal for playback to the driver. But since this is when using a typical vehicle would impair the view when taking the picture in this case an attachment

• - at eye level to the side of the driver's eye,
• - over the driver's eye axis or
• - under the driver's eye axis.

In order to ensure both the correct height and the correct transverse position of the optical axis, one can use such as a recording vehicle with a raised sitting position, whereby the driver can look over the camera mounted at the correct height. In Fig. 1, a small van is therefore drawn as a recording vehicle for training on a passenger car.

Camera panning has two advantages:

• - At intersections, the side view of the cross street can be in the state be understood.
• - When driving through bends, you can see the traffic situation be steered without the need for wide-angle optics would.

Fig. 19 shows, therefore, according to claim 30, that a video camera is mounted on a rotating stand 47 62. In order to be able to pivot the camera from inside the vehicle, an electric gear motor 48 is provided.

Fig. 20 shows in accordance with claim 31 an angle desired value sensor 49, a measuring device 50 for the swivel angle of rotation W _of the tripod, a controller 51 and the electric gear motor 48. Using this rule can circle the pivot angle W _is the nominal value W _{is to} be tracked.

Fig. 20 further shows according to claim 32 that a steering wheel angle measuring device 52 and an evaluation device 53 is provided. The steering wheel angle a _{ist of} the receiving _vehicle becomes the target value W _{solla of} the swivel angle control loop. This ensures that the camera is always aligned with the position of the direction-determining wheels of the recording vehicle. Such "steering swivel" the camera NEN the targeted view, are barely perceived by the driver in the training device and do not interfere if the frame synthetically faded in the training device is also moved.

Fig. 20 shows according to claim 33 further characterized in that a Additionseinrich tung 54 is provided in the hand-set value W _{is to hand} to the steering radwinkelabhängigen target value W _{is to} be accumulated is _a. By means of this addition device, it is possible to carry out visual swivels by hand and steering swivels simultaneously or in succession. However, it is advisable to only allow steering swivels when driving and to limit the swiveling to the position and starting.

Fig. 21 shows according to claim 34 devices for describing the video tape with trip data. When it comes to driving data, a distinction must be made between those obtained by measurement in the recording vehicle, such as the steering wheel angle, swivel angle, speed, position of the pedals, position of the indicator lever and position of the shift lever, and those that are entered manually via a keyboard, such as a prompt to Turn, start, stop and overtake. The slope of the road can be measured and entered manually. All data that are not recorded by measurement technology can also be subsequently uploaded to the video tape or stored in a separate memory.

Since some data, such as the steering wheel angle and the Ge speed, can change at the same time, it is recommended that Multi-channel data to be transferred to the training device via the video tape wear.

Fig. 21 shows according to claim 54 in particular that a steering wheel angle measuring device 52 and / or a swivel angle measuring device 50 are easily seen, in which the angles in the form of pulse trains P 1 to P 4 can be given that a speed Measuring device 56 is provided, in which the speed of the recording vehicle can be output in the form of a pulse sequence P 5 , that parallel / series converters 57 are provided, of which information I, which can also be specified manually using a keyboard 55 , in the form of a pulse sequence P 6 can be output and that a converter 58 is provided, in which these pulse sequences can be converted into audio or video signals, which can be stored on the video tape or a synchronous audio tape.

The mode of operation of the converter 58 depends on whether the data is to be loaded onto the audio track of the video tape or whether the video information is to be mixed.

FIG. 22 illustrates, in accordance to claim 35 devices with which the audio track of a video tape or a tracking tape can be written to follow the pulse. Six sine generators 59.1 to 59.6 with different frequencies are shown, which are each switched on by the digital pulses P 1 to P 6 . For example,
P 1 : speedometer pulse for clockwise rotation of the steering wheel,
P 2 : speedometer pulse for left turn of the steering wheel,
P 3 : speedometer pulse for clockwise rotation of the swivel tripod,
P 4 : speedometer pulse for left rotation of the swivel tripod,
P 5 : speedometer pulse for speed,
P 6 : pulse train from a keyboard.

The outputs of the sine generators are added in an addition device 60 . The sound signal TS at the output of the addition device is fed to the microphone input of the video camera 62 .

To reduce the number of channels and thereby the number of channels recommends that the crossover included should be easier to design it is only the swivel angle when stationary and only the steering wheel when driving kel to transmit.

It is advantageous for the training if the driving instructor speaks instructions and comments on tape. However, this is not possible if the video signal playback device has only one audio track and this is occupied by the trip data. In order to keep the soundtrack clear for the voice of the driving instructor, an alternative to the method according to FIG. 22 is therefore to mix the driving data with the video signal.

The lower part of the picture is covered by a writing board for advertisements covered, this part can be used for the recording and playback of Use light signals. One lamp is provided for each channel the pulse trains are controlled light / dark.

Fig. 23 shows six lamps according to claim 36 61.1 to 61.6, which are to be arranged in the shooting range of the camera 62 and each of which can be switched by one of the pulses P 1 to P6.

In conclusion, consider the methods and devices for some special means of transportation according to claims 37 to 52 inserted went.

First, the peculiarities in the representation of a size changeable identification picture specified.

For the design of a training device for car drivers according to An saying 37, the real scene is to be taken from a height of about 2 m. When taking the picture it should be taken into account that about 20 m in front of the camera There is space on the street for the identification picture. this applies for example for stopping the vehicle on which the camera mon is in front of traffic lights and traffic obstacles. Also the reak the driver who carries the camera with him on the road nisse such as red light, vehicle traveling, vehicle to be overtaken be delayed by a few seconds so that the trainee can Play the video strip to give yourself an opportunity within the to decide this period.

For example, comes at an intersection of two equal streets a vehicle from the right, this should take a few seconds when customers remain standing in front of the intersection while the risk of being picked up about 10 m before the intersection also remains standing. Holds up Apprentice and leaves the foreign vehicle after this time span up, he receives the instruction from the computer to correct himself have behaved and the request to accelerate now. Granted he does not give way, but accelerates within the given Time span, he receives the indication that he has behaved incorrectly. He recognizes this even after a short time by accelerating the stranger Vehicle in the picture. If the foreign vehicle comes from the left and the Auszu bildende still stops after 2 seconds, so it gets from the computer announced that he has the right of way and should accelerate.

The method entails that the driver is within a certain time span must decide how to behave. Ent does he make the right decision or make a decision within this period? he is not at all and this behavior was correct, so comes from the Com  puter a corresponding note, and the journey continues as it is was taken with the camera. He decides within this Wrong time period or he does not decide at all and this ver hold was wrong, the computer gives a corresponding message and asking him how to behave properly.

So that the driver can adjust to what time span he has to decide, this period should be independent of the Situation and its speed should always be the same, for example 2 Seconds. This means that the distance at which the identification vehicle is shown in front of the shooting position during normal driving, ge speed-dependent. The difference in distance between this normal distance and the minimum distance gives the time span for the driver’s reaction. With a period of 2 seconds the difference between normal distance and minimum or maxi painting distance:

In position b of the selector switch for the type of speed the calculation should only be done with automatic gear shifting. In this switch position is an active acceleration process as those detected by the computer when the accelerator pedal is at least about 90% has depressed, and an active deceleration process when the brake is operated.

In position a of the selector switch for the type of speed limit the calculation can also be done with manual gear shift. Will the back gear is engaged, the outside view changes to the rear image. At the same time, the identification car is shown from the front. The Driver has to look back. So that he is in this head position Picture is either a second screen behind the vehicle or a mirror is to be placed at an angle behind the driver, in which the driver recognizes the front screen.  

At a fork in the road or at an intersection, the driver is informed by text or by visual signs on the screen or by voice output to give a hint in which direction he has to drive.

The above statements about the design of a training device for Car drivers also apply to truck, bus and motorcycle trips in accordance with the An Proverbs 38, 39 and 40.

In training equipment for motorcyclists according to claim 40 comes as Be special feature is that the identification picture not only in many sizes and oblique views, but also according to the centrifugal force when cornering is to be displayed in many angles of inclination. The real picture of the environment is not turned when cornering. The motorcycle or the motorcycle On the other hand, it should be dummy if it is the economics of training device allowed, mechanically inclined when centrifugal forces occur the. A suitable device for this is in the patent application Foerst: Device for simulating a motorcycle ride P 36 12 383.8-35 described ben.

When designing a training device for forklift drivers after Claim 41 is to be distinguished between driving and stacking.

When driving, the surrounding image moves according to the movement of the camera during the recording drive. The identification picture is to be displayed in different sizes and diagonal views and with different mast inclinations and fork heights. Because of the many degrees of freedom, as a video signal generator 5, a real-time graphics computer is more suitable in this case than a memory-oriented graphics system.

When stacking, the Um 03546 00070 552 001000280000000200012000285910343500040 0002004102176 00004 03427 field image should not move. The camera can take a firm position. Accordingly, the environment can syn be generated theoretically. This has the advantage that when storing the Load these subjects partially into subjects that are not fully understandable can have visual priority over the load. The burden is in everyone To represent the trap synthetically.  

When designing a training device for electric cart drivers after In principle, claim 42 is the same method as for motor vehicles turn to. In the video recording in particular right of way scenes and obstacles that suddenly appear.

When designing a training device for an off-road vehicle according to claim 43, it should be noted that the picture does not contain any lane boundaries for maintaining a certain direction. It is to be ensured that the driver does not control the identification image outside the screen, either by text or by optical signs on the screen or by voice output or by displaying a lead vehicle. A lead vehicle can either be included in the live recording or be shown synthetically. The distance between the lead vehicle and camera should be so large that there is sufficient freedom of movement for the identification image. In particular, positions of obstacles and foreign vehicles are to be stored in the memory 10 .

When designing a training device for construction machine operators according to Claim 44 is regarding the degrees of freedom of the identification image use the same procedure as for forklifts. The movement of the Buckets must be shown in the identification picture. While driving are with respect to the track area according to the procedure for Gelän to give advice on vehicles. When shoveling, the camera should be one have a fixed position, and the environment should be created synthetically the. Here it is possible with relatively little effort to earth to represent movements in the image. So that the identification picture at Buckets shouldn't cover the actual shoveling process, should that Identification picture not exactly from behind, but diagonally from behind or shown from the side.

When designing a device to replicate a ride on a Racetrack according to claim 45 and with resizable identifiers The camera should be moved across the middle of the road. This makes roadside errors easier to trigger and the driver has free choice in driving the ideal line.  

In sports training equipment according to claims 46 to 51 one will ver on the possibility of changing the lane of the identification picture to breed. In contrast, the change in distance can be used to the Be to visually illustrate that he is compared to a comparison athletes of specified performance becomes faster or slower.

With all listed types of transportation, especially with shooting internal vehicles, the method of displaying the frame from the point of view of the user. In this case, the one from the recording vehicle driven lane the optimal adapted to the respective situation Track so that the user has no reason to deviate from this. In particular, car racing with the recording vehicle should ideal line be driven.

Claims (52)

1. The method and device for emulating forward movements by mixed images using the dummy ( 1 ) of a driver's stand of a vehicle or a training device, a video screen ( 2 ), a video signal playback device ( 3 ) and a computer ( 9 ), characterized in that

• a) from the video signal reproduction device ( 3 ) video films or other image memories with the representation of real surroundings images ( 4 ) are played back in the forward movement of motor vehicles and athletes,
• b) a synthetic identification image ( 6 , 25 ) of the user and, if appropriate, competition opponents and other synthetic object images are generated by means of a video signal generator ( 5 ),
• c) a device ( 7 ) for image synchronization of real image display device ( 3 ) and video signal generator ( 5 ) is used,
• d) a device ( 8 ) for fading the identification image ( 6 ) into the real image ( 4 ) is used,
• e) a noise generator ( 12 ) with loudspeaker ( 13 ) is used to generate the noises associated with the identification image ( 6 ) as a function of travel and movement data,
• f) transmission or movement data are transmitted synchronously from the video signal reproduction device ( 3 ) to the computer ( 9 ) in an alternative manner via a cable ( 11 ),
• g) a memory ( 10 ) for the relevant data contained in the video recording, such as the speed, the direction of the camera when recording, the curve profile and the slope profile of the route, the position and the width of a foreign object and the color of a traffic light in an alternative Way is used and
• h) the computer ( 9 ) for controlling the video signal generator ( 5 ) depending on the actuation of the control elements of the dummy ( 1 ) or a sports device, the data transmitted synchronously via the cable ( 11 ) and predetermined performance data of opponents for driving and Operator error detection and evaluation, for calculating the data for controlling the noise generator ( 12 ), for controlling other synthetic images to be overlaid on the real image ( 4 ), for simulating rare and dangerous events, for simulating failure symptoms of the driver due to alcohol or drugs and is designed and programmed in accordance with an education or training plan or a game concept.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that

• a) as a synthetic image ( 6 ) an identification image of the vehicle of the user or an athlete of the simulated sport in different sizes, diagonal views and diagonally, viewed from behind, is shown that
• b) in the computer ( 9 ), the data for the speed and the lane of the user are calculated from the positions of the controls of the dummy vehicle or the physical activity in a sports training device that
• c) in the computer ( 9 ) the distance, the viewing angle and the centrifugal force of the identification object are calculated by the viewer from the signals thus calculated for the speed and the track and that
• d) in the computer ( 9 ) the spatial coordinates calculated in this way in sizes, oblique views, oblique positions and positions of the individual identification images in the screen plane.

3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that

• a) as a synthetic image ( 25 ) the foreground image of your own means of transportation and / or the picture frame can be represented from the user's point of view that
• b) a controllable by the computer ( 9 ) Horizontalverschiebungsein device ( 26 ) is provided and that
• c) in the event of deviations between the track contained in the video recording and the track calculated in the computer ( 9 ), the real image ( 4 ) can be displaced relative to the synthetic image ( 25 ) by means of the horizontal displacement device ( 26 ).

4. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that by means of the Horizontalverschiebungsein direction ( 26 ), the synthetic image ( 25 ) is shifted. 5. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that the real image ( 4 ) is additionally shifted by means of the horizontal displacement device ( 26 ). 6. The device according to claim 3, characterized in that the computer ( 9 ) contains a computing unit ( 28 ) in which from the steering wheel angle (LW) the amplitude (LV) of the displacement between the real image ( 4 ) and the synthetic image ( 25 ) can be calculated taking into account the speed (V). 7. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that the amplitude (LV) of the horizontal displacement from the difference formed in a subtraction stage ( 27 ) between the steering wheel angle (LW) and the stored in the memory ( 10 ) th steering wheel angle (LA) the recording can be calculated. 8. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that when panning the camera

• a) the swivel angle (Sch) is stored in the memory ( 10 ) that
• b) the synthetic image ( 25 ) can be represented as a cylinder projection with a width according to a multiple of the monitor width, that
• c) the swivel angle (Sch) can be added in an addition stage ( 31 ) to the steering displacement (LV) and that
• d) by means of the horizontal displacement device ( 26 ), the synthetic image ( 25 ) is shifted in direct dependence on the swivel angle (Sch) of the camera.

9. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that a multi-channel signal converter ( 46 ) is provided in the digital pulse trains (P 1- P 4 ) from the video signal reproduction device ( 3 ) or from the memory ( 10 ) with the help of forward / Down counters ( 33 ) and / or series / parallel wall learn ( 34 , 35 ) in the computer ( 9 ) readable signals (B 1 , B 2 , B 3 ) can be implemented. 10. The method according to claim 1 and 9, characterized in that the memory ( 10 ) is connected directly to the computer ( 9 ) that a signal for the current tape position is transmitted via the cable ( 11 ) for synchronous data transmission and that this signal is used to address the memory ( 10 ). 11. The method according to claim 10, characterized in that

• a) as a cable ( 11 ) for synchronous data transmission from the real image display device ( 3 ) the line for the synchronous signal of the real image display device ( 3 ) is used and that
• b) the vertical synchronous signal of the video recording can be used as a signal for the current tape position.

12. The apparatus of claim 9 and 11, characterized in that

• a) a clock generator ( 42 ) is provided with which a clock pulse sequence (TP) is formed from the synchronous signal (sync),
• b) a counter ( 43 ) with a reset input (R) is provided which can be controlled by the clock pulse sequence (TP),
• c) the output of the counter can be fed to the address input of the memory ( 10 ) and
• d) the pulse sequences (P 1 to P 4 ) can be taken from the data output of the memory ( 10 ).

13. The apparatus according to claim 9, characterized in that the cable ( 11 ) for synchronous data transmission to a phono output (P 1 ) of the video signal playback device ( 3 ) can be connected in that the sound carrier of the video signal playback device ( 3 ) with a number of short tones is recordable that a pulse shaper ( 14 ) is provided in which the sound vibrations can be converted into digital signals, that a dual counter ( 15 ) is provided, to which these digital signals can be supplied as a clock (T) and that the outputs of the counter ( 15 ) can be fed to the memory ( 10 ) as addresses (A). 14. The apparatus according to claim 13, characterized in that at the beginning of the picture and sound sequence on the sound carrier of the video signal reproducing device ( 3 ) a sound or a sequence of sounds can be played, which was distinguishable by frequency, length or from the other sounds is that a Vorrich device ( 16 ) is provided for pulse separation, in which a digital starting pulse can be generated and that this starting pulse the reset input (R) of the counter ( 15 ) can be fed. 15. The apparatus according to claim 13, characterized in that a plurality of sound filters ( 36.1-4 ) with downstream rectifiers ( 37.1-4 ), smoothing devices ( 38.1-4 ) and Schmitt triggers ( 39.1-4 ) are provided, in which the Tone vibrations (TS), separately according to their frequencies, can be converted into digital pulse trains (P 1 to P 4 ). 16. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that via the cable ( 11 ) for synchronous data transmission, the video and synchronous signal (FBAS) of the video signal reproducing device ( 3 ) is transmitted with an added data signal. 17. The apparatus according to claim 16, characterized in that

• a) a window circuit ( 40 ) is provided in which from the continuous line signal (CY) and the continuous column signal (CX) of the monitor by logical combination of several window signals (F 1 ... F 4 ) can be generated.
• b) a threshold amplifier ( 41 ) is provided in which the video signal (FBAS) can be converted into digital zero and one values depending on the amplitude,
• c) the output of the threshold amplifier can be fed one input each from several AND gates ( 42.1-4 ), the other inputs of which the window signals (F 1- F 4 ) can be fed and
• d) several smoothing devices ( 38.1 -4) with downstream Schmitt triggers ( 39.1-4 ) are provided, in which the outputs from the AND gates in the digital pulse trains (P 1- P 4 ) can be formed.

18. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that a device ( 17 ) for noise addition is provided in which the environmental noise from a phono output (P 2 ) of the video signal reproduction device ( 3 ) to the output of the noise generator ( 12 ) for generating the Engine noise can be added. 19. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that

• a) such a real-time display device ( 3 ) is used with controllable playback speed and that
• b) the signal of the speed calculated in the computer ( 9 ) can be output via an output driver ( 29 ) and can be fed to the real image display device ( 3 ) to control its playback speed via a connecting cable ( 30 ).

20. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that a switch or button ( 45 ) is provided, the pause switch or button of the video signal playback device ( 3 ) is connected in parallel and which is then activated by the computer ( 9 ) when the data transmitted via the cable ( 11 ) for the speed of the receiving vehicle is greater than zero, but the speed calculated from the position of the operating elements ( 44 ) of the training device by the computer ( 9 ) is zero. 21. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that switches or buttons are provided, the switches or buttons of the video signal playback device ( 3 ) for playback, fast rewind and stop are connected in parallel and the computer ( 10 ) at the end of the trip and be activated to repeat image sequences after driving errors. 22. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that

• a) a centrifugal signal is calculated from the speed signal and the steering wheel angle in the computer ( 9 ),
• b) if a certain centrifugal force limit is exceeded, the identification image is controlled according to a drift process towards the outside of the curve and an error signal is triggered and that
• c) after triggering an error signal, the speed signal is reduced.

23. The device according to one of claims 1 or 22, characterized in that

• a) a division _device ( 63 ) is provided with which the signal of the _{default speed} (V _default ) of the original camera drives by the signal of the speed individually driven by the user (V _is ) that can be divided
• b) a clock generator ( 64 ) is provided, the clock period of which depends on the quotient thus calculated and that
• c) a number of pseudo-time units is continuously increased by the clock generator and can be displayed on the screen.

24. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the video signal generator ( 5 ) consists of several partial generators ( 5 a, 5 b, 5 c, ...), each of which is a video signal (Va, Vb, Vc, .. .) for the image of an object or a group of several objects of the same spatial depth priority and an object signal (Ga, Gb, Gc, ...) for their total area, that a device ( 18 ) for video signal suppression is provided that a priority logic Circuit ( 21 ) is seen through which the areas of the ver covered by foreground images, rear objects are black controllable and which can be controlled by the computer ( 9 ). 25. The device according to claim 7, characterized in that the device ( 18 ) for video signal suppression open collector gate ( 19 a 1 , 19 a 2 , ..., 19 b 1 , 19 b 2 , ...) contains one input the color number bus lines (FNa, FNb, ...) of the individual video signal generators ( 5 a, 5 b, ...), the other input blocking signals (Sa, Sb, ...) from the priority logic Circuit ( 21 ) can be fed and the outputs of which can be fed to a color palette module ( 20 ) via a common color number bus line (FN). 26. The apparatus according to claim 25, characterized in that the priority logic circuit ( 21 ) contains a priority bus line (P) consisting of individual lines for blocking signals (Sa, Sb, ...) with pull-up resistors ( Ra, Rb, ...), which can be fed to the device ( 18 ) for video signal suppression, that they are open-collector-and-gates ( 22 aa, 22 ab, ... 22 ba, 22 bb, ...) contains one input of the object signals (Ga, Gb, ...) from the video signal generators ( 5 a, 5 b, ...), the other input of the priority control signals (Paa, Pab, ... Pba, Pbb, ...) from the computer ( 9 ) and their outputs can be fed to the priority bus line (P). 27. The apparatus according to claim 25 characterized in that the priority logic circuit ( 21 ) contains an object bus line (G), which consists of individual lines for object signals (Ga, Gb, ...), the signal generators from the video ( 5th a, 5 b, ...) can be supplied in such a way that it contains AND gates ( 23 aa, 23 ab, ..., 23 ba, 23 bb, ...), one input of which contains the object signals (Ga, Gb, ...), whose other input priority control signals (Paa, Pab, ..., Pba, Pbb, ...) can be fed from the computer ( 9 ) and that they are OR gates ( 24 a, 24 b, ... ) contain, the inputs of which are the outputs of the AND gates ( 23 ) and the outputs of which as blocking signals (Sa, Sb, ...) of the device 18 for video signal suppression can be supplied. 28. Device according to one of claims 1 or 19, characterized in that a selector switch for the speed behavior of the identification image is provided, with which the computer software can be influenced in such a way that the speed of the computer ( 9 ) in one switch position at all times is true to the original is calculated and displayed depending on the operating elements and is displayed in the other switch position according to the default speed of the original camera movement and errors are output if the driver fails to accelerate or decelerate at the right moment. 29. A method and apparatus for emulating forward movements by mixed images, the dummy ( 1 ) of a driver's cab of a vehicle or a training device, a video screen ( 2 ), a video signal reproduction device ( 3 ) and a computer ( 9 ) being used for the reproduction of real image recordings are characterized by that

• a) the environment to be displayed with a vehicle, a sled th or a boat departed and a video camera ( 62 ) fastened thereon in such a way that the position of the camera with that of a driver's eye in the vehicle to be reproduced or an athlete of the sport to be reproduced matches and that
• b) for the simulation meaningful data such as the speed, the direction of the camera, the curve profile and the slope profile of the route, the position and the width of a foreign object and the color of a traffic light are recorded on the video tape or other memory.

30. The device according to claim 29, characterized in that

• a) a rotary stand ( 47 ) is provided, which is attached to the recording vehicle outside the driver's cab and that
• b) an electric geared motor ( 48 ) is provided with which the rotary can be pivoted.

31. The device according to claim 29, characterized in that

• a) an angle setpoint generator ( 49 ) is provided that
• b) a measuring device ( 50 ) for the swivel angle (W _ist ) of the rotary stand is provided and that
• c, a controller (51) is provided), the angle command value (W _soll) and the angle value _(W can be fed) and the Gateway to the compensation of deviations of the Elektrogetriebemo (48) acts.

32. Apparatus according to claim 31, characterized in that

• a) a steering wheel angle measuring device ( 52 ) is provided and that
• b) the actual value of the steering wheel angle (a _ist ) can _be fed to the controller ( 51 ) as a desired swivel angle value (W _soll ) after evaluation via a rating device ( 53 ).

33. Apparatus according to claim 32, characterized in that an addition device ( 54 ) is provided in which a manual setpoint (W _should hand) to the steering wheel angle dependent setpoint (W _should a) can be added. 34. Apparatus according to claim 29, characterized in that in the receiving vehicle

• a) a steering wheel angle measuring device ( 52 ) and / or a swivel angle measuring device ( 50 ) are provided, in which the angles in the form of pulse trains (P 1 to P 4 ) can be output that
• b) a speed measuring device ( 56 ) is provided in which the speed of the receiving vehicle can be output in the form of a pulse train (P 5 ) that
• c) parallel / series converter ( 57 ) are provided, of which information (I) on the gradient profile of the road, the position and width of a foreign vehicle, the position of an obstacle, the color of a traffic light, the positions of the operating elements and / or other trip-specific data, which can also be specified manually using a keyboard ( 55 ), such as the requests to turn, stop, start and overtake, can be output in the form of a pulse train (P 6 ) and that
• d) a converter ( 58 ) is provided in which these pulse sequences can be converted into audio or video signals, which can be stored on the video tape or a synchronous audio tape who can.

35. Apparatus according to claim 34, characterized in that

• a) a plurality of sine generators ( 59.1 -6) are provided, each of which can be switched on by pulses of the pulse sequences described in claim 5, that
• b) an addition device ( 60 ) is provided in which all switched-on sine waves can be added and that
• c) the output (TS) of the addition device ( 60 ) can be fed to the microphone input of the video camera or a synchronously parallel sound recording device.

36. Apparatus according to claim 34, characterized in that a plurality of lamps ( 61.1-6 ) are provided which are arranged in the recording area of the video camera and each of which can be switched on by pulses of the pulse sequences described in claim 34. 37. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 36, characterized in that

• a) the dummy of a driver's cab or a real driver's cab of a passenger car is used,
• b) real images from road traffic that are used to train a car driver are used,
• c) in the video signal generator ( 5 ) the image of a car or its front part with window frame, rear view mirror and wipers is generated from the driver's perspective and
• d) in the computer ( 9 ) software is created in accordance with the training of a car driver.

38. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 36, characterized in that

• a) the dummy of a driver's cab or a real driver's cab of a truck is used,
• b) real images from road traffic that serve to train a truck driver are used,
• c) in the video signal generator ( 5 ) the image of a truck, with or without a trailer or its window frame from the driver's perspective is generated and
• d) in the computer ( 9 ) software is created in accordance with the training of a truck driver.

39. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 36, characterized in that

• a) the dummy of a driver's cab or a real driver's cab of a bus is used,
• b) real images from road traffic used to train a bus driver are used,
• c) in the video signal generator ( 5 ) the image of a bus or its window frame is generated from the driver's perspective and
• d) in the computer ( 9 ) software is created in accordance with the training of a bus driver.

40. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 36, characterized in that

• a) the dummy of a driver's cab or a real driver's cab of a motorcycle is used,
• b) real images from road traffic, which serve to train a motorcycle rider, are used,
• c) in the video signal generator ( 5 ) the image of a motorcycle with a driver, not only in different viewing distances and oblique views, but also in different angles of inclination according to the centrifugal force or the handlebar from the driver's point of view and
• d) in the computer ( 9 ) software is created in accordance with the training of a motorcycle rider.

41. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 36, characterized in that

• a) the dummy of a driver's cab or a real driver's cab of a forklift is used,
• b) real images from a warehouse or other industrial environment in which goods are to be transported and which serve to train a forklift driver are used,
• c) in the video signal generator ( 5 ) the image of a forklift or its front part is generated from the driver's point of view with a lifting mast at various angles of inclination,
• d) in the video signal generator ( 5 ), the image of a load such as a pallet is not only generated in different viewing distances and oblique views, but in all degrees of freedom and
• e) in the computer ( 9 ) software is created in accordance with the training of a fork lift truck driver.

42. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 36, characterized in that

• a) the dummy of a driver's cab or a real driver's cab of an electric cart is used,
• b) real images from a warehouse or other industrial environment in which goods are to be transported and which serve to train an electric cart driver are used,
• c) in the video signal generator ( 5 ) the image of an electric cart or its window frame is generated from the driver's perspective and
• d) software is created in the computer ( 9 ) in accordance with the training of an electric cart driver.

43. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 36, characterized in that

• a) the dummy of a driver's cab or a real driver's cab of an off-road vehicle such as a jeep or a tracked vehicle is used,
• b) real images of a terrain that serve to train a terrain vehicle driver or a tracked vehicle driver are used,
• c) in the video signal generator ( 5 ) the image of an off-road or Ket tenfahrzeugs or their front part is generated from the driver's perspective and
• d) in the computer ( 9 ) software according to the training of an off-road vehicle driver or a tracked vehicle driver he provides.

44. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 36, characterized in that

• a) the dummy of a driver's cab or a real driver's cab of a construction machine, such as an excavator or a grading ramp, is used,
• b) real images of a building plot used to train a construction machine operator are used,
• c) in the video signal generator ( 5 ) the image of a construction machine is generated and
• d) in the computer ( 9 ) software is created in accordance with the training of a construction machine driver.

45. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 36, characterized in that

• a) the dummy of a cockpit or a real cockpit of a racing car is used,
• b) real images of a racetrack are used,
• c) in the video signal generator ( 5 ) the image of a racing car or a front part of a racing car with picture frames is generated from the point of view of the driver or several racing cars and
• d) in the computer ( 9 ) software according to the driving physics of a racing car and the typical driving style of competition opponents he is created.

46. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 36, characterized in that

• a) a bicycle training device is used,
• b) real images of a street are used,
• c) in the video signal generator ( 5 ) the image of a cyclist or several cyclists in various inclinations and with different pedal positions is generated and
• d) in the computer ( 9 ) software is created in accordance with an optimal bicycle training and / or from the point of view of performance motivation by appropriate control of opponents' pictures.

47. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 36, characterized in that

• a) a rowing or paddle training device is used,
• b) real images of a river course or a lake are used,
• c) in the video signal generator ( 5 ) the image of one or more row boats with different belt positions, seen from the front, or the image of one or more paddle boats with different paddle positions, seen from behind, is generated and
• d) in the computer ( 9 ) software is created in accordance with an optimal rowing or paddle training and / or from the point of view of performance motivation by appropriate control of opponent images.

48. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 36, characterized in that

• a) a cross-country skiing training device is used,
• b) real images of a cross-country ski run are used,
• c) in the video signal generator ( 5 ) the image of a cross-country skier or several cross-country skiers is generated in different phases of movement of the arms and legs and
• d) in the computer ( 9 ) software is created in accordance with an optimal cross-country skiing training and / or from the point of view of performance motivation by appropriate control of opponents' pictures.

49. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 36, characterized in that

• a) a crawl training device is used,
• b) real images of an underwater landscape are used,
• c) in the video signal generator ( 5 ) the image of an underwater float is generated and
• d) in the computer ( 9 ) software is created in accordance with an optimal swimming training.

50. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 36, characterized in that

• a) a treadmill is used,
• b) real images of a landscape with a running path are used,
• c) in the video signal generator ( 5 ) the image of one runner or several runners is generated in different movement phases and
• d) in the computer ( 9 ) software is created in accordance with an optimal running training and / or from the point of view of performance motivation by appropriate control of opponents' pictures.

51. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 36, characterized in that

• a) a training device is used for climbing stairs,
• b) real images of a mountainous landscape with an ascending path are used,
• c) in the video signal generator ( 5 ) the image of one or more stair climbers or climbers in different phases of movement is generated and
• d) in the computer ( 9 ) software is created in accordance with an optimal climbing training and / or from the point of view of performance motivation by appropriate control of competition opponents.

52. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 36, characterized in that

• a) the driver's cab of a rail vehicle such as a locomotive or a tram is used,
• b) real images of a track are used,
• c) in the video signal generator ( 5 ) images of signals and obstacles are generated and
• d) in the computer ( 9 ) software is created in accordance with the training of a locomotive or tram driver.