DE3409991A1 - High performance molecular filter including diverse applications - Google Patents

Abstract

Published without abstract.

Description

STATE OF THE ART:

Molecular filters are known means of separating very small particles. This usually works in the swing process.

The performance is very limited, which limits the application possibilities will.

REVIEW: The cycle times affect usage. The yield at Filter products is very low. The systems are very voluminous and heavy. Of the So far, its use has been very limited.

TASK: Molecular filters sellen are used in the powerful Use to filter out traces of constituents from mixtures, either, to purify these mixtures or to get the individual components in higher concentrations to win than these occur in the mixture.

The components obtained are used in subsequent processes in a higher concentration run more effectively (burns with purer oxygen instead of air, extraction of carbon dioxide from air e.g. for the purpose of environmental protection or for greenhouse crops, Breathing air recycling, oxygen production for biological or technical purposes, Tuning of internal combustion engines and the like

SOLUTION: Make the active surface of the filter as large as possible. The stability against the pressure gradient required for the filter process is by means of to produce a filler material that is porous and permeable (felts, open-pored Foams). At the same time, the pressure gradient decreases with the proportion of to be eliminated To reduce constituents.

A bilateral support and a symmetrical structure of the filter allows the filtering process to be reversed. After a short backwash time, there is a switchover the removal openings possible if the gaps and thus the amount to be flushed around Material can be kept small.

Both effects are achieved in both proposed systems. Either filter foils are arranged in a zigzag between filling layers arranged, which clamp the foils on both sides in a shear-proof manner and which, after that, to filter mixture on the surfaces for the purpose of diffusion of the finer components with flows along decreasing pressure differences due to flow resistance, which Collect more concentrated residues in drainage-like cannulas or they become capillaries used as a bundle, through which the mixture to be filtered under the same physical Conditions is pressed.

Multi-layer arrangements with different porosity allow Breakdown of the mixture into different components.

A modification of the molecules improves the effectiveness if necessary, by first converting molecular oxygen into ozone, for example, whereby the Differentiation to molecular nitrogen is improved.

In the application there are many possibilities for high-performance Filter. The use for breathing air supply in aircraft is in Connection with turbochargers or turbines, possibly also with pitot tubes for generation the pressure difference is particularly useful where the supply in pressure bottles is weight- and impairment of use.

In welding technology, there is also no need to transport oxygen bottles, by using a filter unit operated by a compressor.

The performance of combustion engines is improved, as less nitrogen flows uselessly through the combustion chamber. The higher firing temperatures can be converted into pressures by injecting fluids, which as a result Change in the aggregate state. The creation of environmentally harmful nitrogen oxides is reduced.

In the case of furnaces, a fuel-dependent oxygen supply is used optimal combustion with minimal gas throughput and thus minimal waste heat loss achieved.

Here, too, pollution is reduced.

The area of application can be in practice on all selection and Expand combustion processes.

DESCRIPTION: A hermetically sealed container is replaced by a Filter filament divided into two chambers. Chamber I is through an inlet opening a mixture filled, which is opposite to chamber II under increased pressure.

The filter film is microporous and reacts selectively to different ones Molecules. Films of different brands with different separation properties according to the area of use are available on the market.

The film is stretched in a zigzag shape inside the container. A porous layer is inserted between the layers to support the filter film and which should absorb the filling pressure. This filling layer e.g. made of felt with soft Fibers should flow through mixture, concentrated filtrate and filtered product permit. The filter roll is pressed in between the filling tubes without tension in order to not to be shifted in the event of pressure changes and thus being destroyed.

The filter product is derived from chamber II, which is in a collecting layer is collected, which connects all intermediate layers of filling material and at the same time gently the edges of the filter filament in front of the rear wall of chamber II keep away.

Chamber I becomes as opposed to the The concentrated residual mixture is taken from the inlet opening.

A symmetrical structure according to SUBCLAIM 1 results when the Chamber II is designed in the same way as Chamber I, the working direction of the Filter becomes reversible.

After the filling process has been switched off for a short time, it builds up Pressure gradient to chamber II decreases, chamber I is then due to the pressure reversal and cleaned by backwashing, as well as the filter film. The work process can in reverse direction by reversing the filling / emptying and discharge opening run off.

The use of multi-layer filters sIT intermediate filling layers according to SUBSTITUTION 2, which are emptied individually, 'allows. the use of foils with less good selection properties but higher passage. This type is makes sense if the desired product occurs in chamber II as a filter product. Correspondingly SUBClaim 3 is a filler layer on the feed side of the filter Distribution of the mixture applied, Bn which the mixture flows in. This is going through one of the filling layers is passed along the filter layer and is the constituents diffusing through the filter film to chamber II. The concentration of the filtrate of constituents that do not pass through the filter increases. The pressure gradient to chamber II is less due to the flow loss within the filling layer whereby the tendency is reduced that now also highly concentrated filter residues diffuse. These are located in the most distant parts of the chamber, namely where the wrap-around edges of the filter film are collected in cannulas, dei from stirring consist of large-pored walls. These are embedded in the filling layer. The cannulas are on the sides where the filter sheets with filling layer and Container wall are glued, outwards. Behind a valve that controls the discharge pressure controlled and keeps this higher than the static pressure in chamber II, can concentrated filtrate can be removed.

A single or multi-layer structure for a system according to UNDER CLAIM 4 is possible by using capillaries instead of foils with a porous and permeable filler material, in which in the case of a multilayer structure finer capillaries are stored. The mixture to be filtered gets into the capillaries pressed, the filtering components collect in the stored capillaries or in the container through which the capillaries are passed. The materials can as well as in a system according to SUBSTITUTE 2 from different filter material Properties exist whereby two different filtering processes are carried out in one operation Products can be obtained. However, the multi-layer structure can also be used serve to represent a multi-stage filtering process, the mixture being the inner capillaries from which it is fed into the cavities and thus into the The interior of the second enclosing capillary crosses over and finally further concentrated diffuses through this second capillary and collects in the container, if not further stages follow.

Due to the introduced filler material, this is also a reversal and backwashing of the filter material possible without destroying the capillaries may occur.

A system according to SUBCLAIM 5 is characterized in that filter material is used in the constructions, which is characterized by different selection behavior e.g. characterized by different pore sizes.

In this way, zOB. large molecules in front of the first layer as residues are obtained in higher concentration (e.g. sulfur dioxide, Carbon dioxide), while in the next stage oxygen and nitrogen possibly from Water vapor can be separated.

The use of a system according to SUBSTITUTE CLAIM 6 differs in the Essentially in that the mixture to be filtered contains vapors that are emitted by the Filter process are concentrated. As a result of higher degrees of saturation, these are tend to condensation. This process can be achieved by cooling the chamber in which the condensate is supported. The result is a change in pressure. This pressure reduction is intended to be used to reduce the pressure differential between the two Generate or support sides of the filter. At the same time the effectiveness the system is increased by preventing diffusion in the opposite direction because the condensates have considerably less kinetic energy than those that filter through Fumes. This process is particularly suitable for the extraction of substances of lesser magnitude Dense and hollow condensation temperatures than those of the filtrate residues, the chamber I stay.

This makes these different diffusion properties meaningful because the mixture to be separated is heated in chamber I. The solution is proposed the use of an absorption apparatus, which both the KUhlung as the heat can also be extracted. However, other conventional chillers are also used usable.

The filtering of oxygen 4us air poses bigger problems since Oxygen and nitrogen have very similar molecular weights. According to UNDER CLAIM 7 it is therefore suggested to initiate the following steps: When using the above-described Filters or other molecular filter systems are first removed from the air, if necessary. with simultaneous retention of oxides (see SUB-CLAIM 5) dried nitrogen-oxygen mixture won. This is passed through a chamber in which under constant electrical Discharge oxygen is converted into ozone.

Ozone is easier to remove than nitrogen and therefore with smaller filters By cascading their ozone filters you can get a greater yield separated from nitrogen by means of oxygen "thickened" to form ozone and recovered. The ozone occurs as filter residue in chamber 1, while nitrogen and Unreacted oxygen diffuses, resulting in a rapid discharge of the ozone from the A filter chamber is required because it quickly decomposes into oxygen.

Multi-stage systems are recommended because this process is used primarily only the oxygen converted into ozone is recovered as a residue, while the unconverted or already disintegrated portion together with the nitrogen diffuses and thus before the next stage against a conversion stage with electrical discharge or some other adequate means (e.g.

Irradiation) must be interposed.

Is the conversion of oxygen into ozone by means of UV rays etc. completed, the filter can consist of several layers of UV-resistant and UV-permeable material can be built up and irradiated immediately.

According to SUBCLAIM 8 this can be stable for a short time ozone used directly for processing e.g. the condensates obtained according to SUBSTITUTION 6 either to keep them sterile by placing the ozone in the collecting container is fed, in which it bubbles through the condensate in small bubbles (discharge at the bottom of the container through porous material) or around the condensate or a to oxidize another product.

A system according to SUBCLAIM 9 consists of a molecular filter system, which is installed in an airplane. The pressure gradient required for the filter process is created by introducing compressed air into the filter. Compressed Air can be drawn off: a) behind the turbocharger b) behind the compression stage a turbine, c) on a pitot tube, d) behind a separate compressor.

A separate compressor can also be used in addition to one Compressor stage can be installed as described under a-d. In this case it will the less powerful compressor by means of a non-return valve from the filter inlet separated.

In aircraft in which the so obtained is enriched with oxygen Breathing air is inhaled in a room that is not artificially kept under pressure there will always be a pressure gradient from the filter system into the cabin.

The breathing air obtained in this way can be used by means of the known methods Mask to be applied. An additional storage tank would not be absolutely necessary, possibly.

however, desirable for security reasons.

Aircraft with a pressurized cabin will require a compressor to switch behind the filter, e.g.

as a membrane compressor - compresses the breathing air to a value that at least the same as the air pressure of the additional oxygen should be applied. The system will then only operate if there is a partial pressure drop work. In these cases, too, there is a pre-compression of the intake air because of the Effectiveness of the filter system desirable, especially since those described above Filter systems tolerate higher pressure differences as a result of the support of the filter tape can.

If a system is operated according to SUBSTANTIVE CLAIM 10, the filter system a collecting container is connected in which the product to be collected (e.g. oxygen) is charged by means of the 'compressor connected to the filter system.

In relation to the aircraft oxygen system, this means that the system is already filling the buffer tank when the aircraft is still on the ground or in the lower layers of air, i.e. in zones of relatively high external pressure. The collecting container can be equipped with an elastic membrane behind which a preload pressure is built up by means of a gas filling, which ensures a complete Container emptying guaranteed under the conditions prevailing at altitude, in which oxygen is still to be applied.

By means of a non-return valve, if necessary with additional protection by means of an electric valve that is controlled by a pressure sensor, this is Backflow after filling the container and after the pressure drop has dropped prevented. The electric valve can be controlled via a pressure sensor, via the after the additional electrical units also reach a specified value in the collecting container (additional electrical compressors) can be switched off.

A combination of the conventional oxygen supply via oxygen flanges is possible if the pressure at the filter outlet is higher, possibly due to an additional compressor is kept as the discharge pressure behind the pressure reducer of the with steel cylinders loaded conventional system.

Alternatively, the outflow pressure of the conventional system can be used can be modified so that the discharge pressure is controlled relative to the cabin pressure in which the oxygen is to be applied.

As with all other systems, a warning system can either in connection with a flow meter or by means of a pressure-controlled switch acoustically and / or optically. Such circuits are known. you will be controlled depending on the discharge pressure or flow.

According to a system according to SUBCLAIM 11 is in one Oxygen (possibly also ozone) obtained from a molecular filter is fed to a welding machine. A special feature here is that the feed pressure of the Filters is controlled depending on the removal pressure.

Corresponding valves are known. This is how the pressure difference is constant within the filter system regardless of the operating pressure of the welding unit. The filter housing must be designed to be correspondingly more pressure-resistant.

The use of a system according to SUBSTITUTE CLAIM 12 opens up in combination a molecular filter for the extraction of oxygen with one burning point numerous Possible applications. In special cases where burns are under pressure run, the system is dependent on the discharge pressure as under SUBClaim 11 to load.

If the burns take place under atmospheric conditions (e.g. Heaters), the combustion chamber is closed against the normal air and with Provided an exhaust gas outlet, which is smaller compared to conventional systems. The dosage of the fuel and the enriched combustion gas has from assume a slight overdose of oxygen. The too too combustion temperature will be higher than with conventional burners. The residence time of the reaction products for the purpose of heat exchange, after the condensation point of the exhaust gases is conventional Readjust exhaust gas elimination.

The amount of exhaust gas is around the non-reacting nitrogen and other Shares reduced. This means that the exhaust gas heat loss is significantly lower than with conventional ones Plants, on the other hand, the relative humidity increases. For retrofitting conventional systems it is advisable to mix fresh air with the exhaust gases outside the combustion point at the chimney inlet, as is common with gas heating.

The conventional method is recommended for this modification a new type of burner, in which the dwell time and the operating temperature the focal point a cooling of the exhaust gases to temperatures that only slightly above the return temperatures of the connected heating circuits lie. This cooling is achieved by passing the exhaust gases through a chamber that exchange heat with return water or even with cold fresh water for hot water supply. The exhaust gases are cooled down to below the condensation point. The exhaust gases are then possibly mixed with fresh air and thus relatively drier. As such, they will - if necessary. by means of a blower release.

The pollutant content of the exhaust gases is considerable as a result of this measure diminished. The pollutants (acids) are collected as condensate. The cauldron must be made of acid-resistant material in the condensation area.

For machines that use combustion to generate pressures, which are put into motion SUBJECT 13, is. a molecular filter system installed, which supplies combustion air enriched with oxygen. This will brought to reaction with the fuel by a known method, although higher combustion temperatures arise because the cooling effect of the reduced nitrogen content is missing. It is therefore provided that a liquid is added to the combustion chamber feed, which only reduces the temperature as a result of evaporation and thereby builds up additional pressure without necessarily using the fuel or oxygen to have to react.

In a special case there is a modification of conventional machines makes sense when it comes to piston-driven machines as the compression enriched air according to the above procedure to uncontrolled reactions with the Would lead to an oil film on the cylinder walls. The machine is therefore designed in such a way that that it has an antechamber to the cylinder into which oxygen shortly before reaching the top dead center is pressed in. Then, or at the same time, there is fuel injected. The mixture burns by self-ignition or as a result of ignition sparks. In addition, the temperature-reducing liquid (e.g. water) is injected. The piston converts the pressures into work according to a known method.

The development of special, turbine-like low-pressure motors offers at.

The use of molecular filters is recommended in healthcare for the inhalation of oxygen-enriched air. Specially using the high-performance filter described here can breathe such air on a large scale to be provided. According to SUBCLAIM 14 this is through a nozzle in a Chamber blown into which one (with larger chambers possibly several) people can go. The oxygen is taken from the fresh air. The filter exhaust air is returned to the outside air if possible, or a well-ventilated room in where the treatment chamber is located.

if a small cabin is used, it is opposite to the surroundings completed by means of a sliding door or swivel hood. In this way, the Gas exchange kept as low as possible when opening. With round constructions (double bed. Working capsule) is also a swivel hood to recommend that resembles a spherical section and thus closes with the smallest gap. the The closing hood can optionally be tinted in color or mirrored on one side.

The discharge of carbon dioxide takes place either through increased influx enriched air (ventilation effect) or through a separate filter system for carbon dioxide, which is also produced from a molecular filter or conventionally can be.

The capsule can be used for relaxation or for concentrated work be equipped with corresponding conventional devices. Electronic devices are if necessary, in the event of a high oxygen concentration, gas-tight from the interior by means of a disk shield. The installation rooms for such devices can, if necessary, by means of the Exhaust air from the filter system must be flushed through.

The same procedure is recommended if entire rooms - e.g.

in clinics - should be charged with oxygen. Because of The lamps and other electrical devices pose a fire hazard in relation to the oxygen atmosphere encapsulate and ventilate with filter exhaust air.

For air conditioning both a treatment capsule and possibly one The use of absorption chillers is recommended in the room. These should be turned on in two ways. Gen. SUBClaim 15 becomes the cooling side of the absorber is used to keep the air we breathe fresh. The waste heat can be used to be in the area of condensation of the absorber via a heat exchanger essential oils, herbal extracts, etc. to evaporate and to the patient via the breath to be administered for inhalation.

Furthermore, the overall waste heat can be used to heat the capsule or the Space can be used. This can be done through circulation, possibly through the circulation to filter the carbon dioxide. Hyperthermia can make an inhalation successful favorably influence. Heating by means of an infrared heater is also possible.

If the system is installed in offices, bedrooms or in clinics, in this way, it makes sense to separate the oxygen preparation and the room from one another The aggregate can then e.g.

be housed in an adjoining room while the fortified Air is supplied through nozzles at the workplace, bed or treatment chair. A connection of this system with a time switch and a warning system (see above) is it makes sense in any case.

When using capsules, the mechanism for opening and Closing the 'swing door if necessary' can be operated electrically and with the warning system be connected in such a way that the capsule opens automatically as soon as the Oxygen supply fails or as soon as the treatment time has expired.

According to SUBSTITUTION 16 is in the capsule or in the room in addition A sound system is built in, via which the patient can, for example, use a microphone or a tape recorder Receives instructions for therapy.

According to SUBJECT 17, the nitrogen-rich exhaust air is the filter used to ventilate the housings of electrical devices, lighting, etc. In order to becomes the fire hazard encountered a mixing with the oxygen-rich Air should be avoided, but an absolute gas-tight seal is not absolutely necessary to reduce the risk of fire. It's installing on it Make sure that the pressure of the exhaust air is higher than the pressure in the oxygen-rich Space.

In a system according to SUBSTANTIVE CLAIM 18, a breathing mask is used for anesthetic purposes Oxygen supplied or at least air enriched with oxygen. The dosage takes place either manually or automatically depending on the arterial measurements Oxygen values, with very precise dosing, depending on the difference between arterial and venous oxygen. Dosing takes place in the two in the last cases via electronically controlled flow valves. he control should cause the patient (or in the case of births that of the mother and that of the child) is optimized, causing damage as a result Undersupply of oxygen, e.g. infarcts during dilatation, avoided or at least reduced will. The same applies to brain damage, radiation damage, etc.

In special cases, the oxygen can alternatively be used in a system artificial lungs are supplied, where appropriate

the same control criteria can be made.

Claims (1)

HIGH PERFORMANCE MOLECULAR FILTEB CLAIM 1: characterized, that a thin-walled, selectively acting filter material as a membrane a chamber divided into two parts. The foil is laid in a zigzag shape and the spaces in between will be with a. fine-pored, stable filler material that both the filter product as well as the medium to be filtered through. The filling material absorbs the forces which act on the filter surface as a result of the pressure difference. Chamber I that fills is, has an inlet and outlet, which with a. Outflow volume limiter or pressure limiter closes. Chamber II has a removal opening for the filter product. SUBClaim 1: System according to claim 1, characterized in that both chambers are designed the same as chamber II according to claim 1. The filter can work alternately in both directions. SUBClaim 2: system according to claim 1 or dependent claim 1 thereby characterized in that the filter is constructed in several layers. The layer with the coarser one Sieve effect is on the side to be filled. For systems according to subclaim 1 the layers are built up symmetrically on both sides of the chamber. SUBClaim 3: system according to claim 1 or subclaims 1-2 thereby characterized in that the chamber I of the filter at the envelope edges. the filter foils within the filling layer a collecting cannula with a porous surface and a higher one Has wall stability that lead out of the chamber. SUBClaim 4: system according to claim 1 or SUBClaim 2 thereby characterized in that the filter material is designed as a capillary with a Filling material according to claim 1 is filled, correspondingly in the case of a multilayer structure with nested capillaries. SUBClaim 5: system according to claim 1 or subclaim 1.4 thereby characterized in that the filter is multi-stage -ggf. with different porosity being constructed. SUBClaim 6: System according to claim 1 or subclaims 1-5 thereby characterized in that gaseous substances with different densities are separated, the chamber operated as chamber II being cooled, the chamber let into chamber I. 6aSe can be heated if necessary. In chamber II, condensation may even be caused and as a result of the change in volume, an increased pressure gradient compared to chamber I built up. SUBClaim 7: System primarily according to subclaims 5 and 6 thereby marked that those of vapors (e.g. Water vapor frees gas residues that contain e.g. oxygen , molecularly restructured into a space of constant electrical discharges (ozone) or split up in order to continue the filtering process by changing the molecular structure to be more effective. SUBClaim 8: Plant for the production of liquids from unsaturated Steaming primarily using a system according to dependent claims 5 and 6 there characterized in that the condensed liquid with the help of oxygen or the ozone, which by means of a system according to dependent claim 7 in a second filter layer produced or obtained in a second filter stage, oxidized, purified or is enriched. SUBClaim 9: System for generating oxygen for flights in greater heights, especially in connection with a filter corresponding to a system according to claim 1 or dependent claims 1-7, characterized in that a molecular filter in connection with a turbocharger, a pressure stage of a turbine, a compressor or a pitot tube as a unit to generate the pressure difference between the two Filter pages is used. The high concentration oxygen becomes the supply network of the aircraft and applied in a conventional manner. SUBCLAIM 10: System according to dependent claim 9, characterized in that that the generated oxygen is stored in a collecting container and when required 0 SUBClaim 11: Plant for the production of oxygen for stationary or mobile welding stations or burning points, especially in connection with a Molecular filter in particular according to a system according to claim 1 or dependent claim 1-7 characterized in that a molecular filter in connection with a compressor Filters high concentration oxygen from air. possibly in an intermediate container collects and a burner (e.g. Welding torch) of conventional type. The filling pressure of the filter is preferably controlled as a function of the withdrawal pressure. For other combustion processes the principle of the Daniell cockerel is also to be preferred. SUBCLAIM 12: Plant for the production of oxygen for combustion purposes in particular in connection with a filter according to claim 1 or dependent claim 1-7 characterized in that the oxygen or an oxygen-enriched Mixture of a combustion point over a in connection with the fuel variable quantity and pressure control valve is supplied. SUBClaim 13: system according to subclaim 11 for combustion purposes, in which the heat of combustion is converted into motion as a result of pressure difference generation is to be characterized in that an additional one in the combustion chamber Liquid is injected. UNDER CLAIM System for inhalation of oxygen primarily in Connection to a system according to claim 1 or sub-claims 1-7, characterized in that that in chambers or rooms or through nozzles, e.g. on beds, oxygen of high concentration and, if necessary, ozone is provided for breathing. At the same time, if necessary, by circulating the room or cabin contents middle molecular filter the carbon dioxide content in the breath can be reduced. SUBCLAIM 15: System according to dependent claim 14, characterized in that that the inhalation chamber is tempered, in particular using an absorption heating unit, Its waste heat can also be used to heat the air we breathe to supply essential substances in the condensation area of the absorber, as well as to to cool the breathing air if necessary. SUBClaim 16: System according to subclaim 14 or 15, characterized in that that the inhalation chamber (room) is also equipped with a sound system, about which instructions are given for the therapeutic support of the treatment will. SUBClaim 17: Fire protection system characterized in that in a system according to dependent claims 14-16, the exhaust air of the filter is used to to ventilate electrical equipment (lighting, etc.) with low-oxygen air. SUBCLAIM 18: Anesthesia device characterized in that the The patient's breathing air is pure oxygen or one that has been enriched with oxygen Air is added, which is possibly inhaled together with the anesthetic gas. The oxygen is preferably taken from a molecular filter system, such as in claim 1 and dependent claims 1-7 described. An admixture depending on the oxygen level the patient can be done automatically by controlling the dosage from a dispenser which measures the arterial oxygen content, or the difference between arterial and venous oxygen measured and controlled by a flow valve that supplies oxygen-rich air. Alternatively, the oxygen is not supplied via a breathing mask but via the Blood supplied through a membrane outside the body (artificial lung).