DE2910568A1 - Hollow synthetic polymer filament with membrane layer - Google Patents

Abstract

In parent patent hollow synthetic polymer filaments have 10-90 Vols. % of inter-communication pores, and a surface of open pores, where the fraction of orifices on the surface is 10-90%. In this addn. the filaments carry a layer which acts as a membrane, opt. impermeable to fluids. - The filaments are used partic. in heat-transfer devices and heat pumps. They are also used in micro-filtration, for sepn. of bacteria, for filtering or oxygenating blood, as supports for membranes, or as adsorbents. They may be impregnated, e.g. with antistatics. The new fibres have better heat conductivity and better heat transfer properties.

Description

A3GW31871 / A

Porous hollow fibers made from synthetic polymers and their use in Devices in which heat is transferred.

Addendum to DE patent ......

(P 28 33 493.2}

A k ζ ο GmbH Wuppertal

Subject of the invention of the main patent

(P 28 33 493.2} are porous hollow fibers made of synthetic polymers, a process for their production and their use, in particular as a filter or membrane carrier for separation purposes, as substrate carriers or as oxygenators, the hollow fibers being connected to one another by 10 to 90% by volume standing pores and a flat surface having open pores, the proportion of the openings in the area 10 to 90% are marked. In the process according to the main patent, polymers can easily be converted into an extrudable Spinning mass can be reshaped and this can be extruded and solidified at the same time without having complicated spinning techniques or spinning baths worked must become. Furthermore, this method makes it possible simply by varying the method parameters

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Threads with adjustable porosity, permeability or permeability to win. The porous hollow filaments produced by this process are distinguished from the known ones Filaments through a convenient open surface, with both the outer and inner walls of the hollow filament being a with open pores but still has a flat structure. Let the porous hollow filament according to the main patent therefore work in the textile, technical as well as medical sector, e.g. in separation processes and are particularly suitable as filters, microfilters, membrane supports and as a carrier substrate for certain substances.

The method for producing porous hollow filaments according to The main patent is characterized in that a homogeneous mixture of at least two components, the one component is a fusible polymer and the other component is a liquid inert to the polymer and both components form a binary system, which in the liquid state of aggregation is an area more complete Has miscibility and a region with a miscibility gap at a temperature above the demixing temperature extruded into a bath containing the inert liquid of the extruded component mixture and a temperature below the demixing temperature, and the formed Solidified hollow fiber structure.

According to the main patent, the hollow fiber structure formed can after solidification with a solvent, in particular acetone, washed out and / or can between the exit surface of the extrusion tool and

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the surface of the bath adhere to an optionally heated air gap and / or extrude the homogeneous mixture directly into the bath and / or use a temperature-graded bath that can consist of one or more parts that have a temperature gradient such that the temperature from the beginning of the Spinning bath decreases continuously up to the outlet end and / or two or more separate baths can be used, each of which has a different temperature, and / or the bath can have a temperature that is at least IQO ⁰ C lower than the demixing temperature of the binary composition used, and / or the homogeneous mixture can also first be extruded into a spinning tube filled with the bath liquid upstream of the bath and / or homogeneous mixtures of 10 to 90% by weight of polymer and 90 to 10% by weight of inert liquid can be extruded and / or is used as the polymer polypropylene and as the inert liquid NN-bis- (2-hyd roxyäthyl) -hexadecylamine used and / or the two components, namely the melted polymer and the inert liquid, preferably continuously mixed before extrusion, it is advantageous if the mixing takes place immediately before extrusion, and / or the mixture can be be homogenized prior to extrusion, a pin mixer being particularly suitable for mixing.

For the implementation of the process and for the production the porous hollow filament according to the main patent can per se

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common, especially fiber-forming macromolecular substances, mainly synthetic polymers are used, which 2.B. by polymerization, polyaddition or polycondensation with the prerequisite that the polymer is meltable, i.e. in the liquid state of aggregation can pass without decomposition and forms a binary system with a liquid that is inert towards it, which in the liquid state of aggregation has a range of complete miscibility and also still in the liquid state of aggregation has an area with a miscibility gap.

For the process according to the main patent to be feasible, it is not absolutely necessary that in the two-phase range the two components still each have a considerable solubility compared to the other component. Multiple it is sufficient if marginal solubility is present in the liquid two-phase region. However, it is essential that the two components in the liquid state still form two liquid phases side by side. In this respect, they differ Systems that can be used according to the main patent, of those systems in which the dissolved polymer in a Lowering the temperature directly as a solid precipitates without initially changing the liquid state of aggregation during cooling to go through. -

After the main Patent usual fusible polymers can _be: used, such as the polymers obtainable by polymerization of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyacrylates, polycaprolactam and corresponding copolymers and .. others; Polycondensation polymers, such as polyethylene tere-

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phthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyamide-6.6, polyphenylene oxide and polyaddition polymers such as polyurethanes and polyureas.

As an inert liquid are basically after Main patent all those liquids that contain the polymer in the liquid state form a binary system of the kind mentioned above. Inert to the polymer means that the liquid does not cause significant degradation of the polymer within a short period of time or reacts with the polymer itself.

Even if the state diagram of the aniline / hexane system given by way of example in the description of the main patent reproduces the ratios for a binary mixture which in and of itself only consists of two essentially pure, uniform substances, the main patent does not use the term binary system be strictly applied to mixtures of only two pure uniform substances. The average person skilled in the art knows that a polymer substance is composed of a large number of molecules of different molecular weights, therefore such polymers with a corresponding molecular weight distribution are to be regarded as a component according to the main patent, the same also applies to mixed polymers, under certain circumstances even polymer skeletons can look like a uniform one Behave component, form a single-phase mixture with an inert solvent and separate into two liquid phases below the critical temperature. However, only one polymer is preferably used.

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The liquid also does not necessarily have to be completely pure and represent a completely uniform substance. So it often does not do any harm, even if small amounts of impurities, possibly also proportions of homologous ones Compounds, as they are due to large-scale production, are present.

For the practical implementation of the process according to the main patent, the two components are required for the Temperatures produced a homogeneous mixture. This can be done by using the inert liquid the comminuted polymer mixes and heated to appropriate temperatures, with appropriate mixing is taken care of.

Another suitable method is to bring the two components separately to the required temperature and the two components are only continuously mixed with one another in the desired ratio shortly before the extrusion. This mixing can take place in a pin mixer, which is expediently between the metering pumps for the individual Components and the spinning pump is arranged '. A subsequent homogenization can be recommended. Farther It is often recommended * to vent the homogeneous mixture by applying a suitable vacuum before extrusion.

The ratio of polymer to inert liquid in the spinning mass can be varied within wide limits. By adjusting the ratio of polymer to inert

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Liquid can to a large extent the pore volume inside and also the surface texture like the number of open ones Pores on the surfaces of the hollow fiber obtained can be controlled. This can be used for. the most diverse uses win suitable hollow thread.

In general, it is sufficient if the temperature of the homogeneous Mixture before extrusion only a few degrees above the critical temperature or above the demixing temperature according to the respective composition.

By increasing the difference between the temperature of the However, the homogeneous mixture to be extruded and the demixing temperature can also have interesting effects with regard to the structure of the threads obtained.

The homogeneous spinning mass is then extruded into a bath, which contains the inert liquid of the extruded component mixture and has a temperature below the segregation temperature door. Preferably there is the bath completely or for the most part from the inert liquid, which is also present in the extruded equipment. The temperature of the bath is below the mixing temperature of the binary mixture used, i.e. below the temperature above which the two components fully are homogeneously miscible with one another. The temperature of the bath is preferably at least 100 ° C. below the separation temperature of the mixture used ..

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The temperature can also already be so low that one can find oneself in accordance with the state diagram that applies to the binary system already moved in the area in which a solid phase occurs.

If the temperature of the bath is so high that it is still in the liquid two-phase range, it is necessary to to solidify the resulting thread structure as soon as possible, which can be done by following a certain Stretch inside the bath reduces the temperature accordingly. It is important that the extruded mixture before it penetrates the bath, is still single-phase, i.e. that there is essentially no separation in two phases is.

It has proven to be advantageous if, in certain cases, a spinning tube is connected upstream of the bath, which likewise is filled with the bath liquid and immersed in the spinning bath. The spinning tube can be at its inlet opening have a conventional spinning funnel, at its lower end the tube can be curved to allow the thread to be drawn off through the bath to facilitate.

The spinning tube can be filled via a level vessel surrounding the spinning tube through overflow into the spinning tube; For complete filling and maintenance of the level in the spinning tube, it is necessary to add more bath liquid to this level vessel to be supplied from a main reservoir than drained through the spinning tube; the excess amount of bath can

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through a second overflow to the ISivan in the main reservoir are returned. Shark aptx reservoir at the edge of the Mivea "- vessels can be thermostatted.

After it has come out of the spinning bath, the thread can: ■ Washed out a »appropriate extraction agent will. To extract are a rope of Iuosimgsniifctein such as acetone, C ^ clohexam, ethanol and others as well as Geeische such liquids are suitable.

In some cases it is not necessary to wash out the thread, in particular if the inert liquid used is intended to give the thread additional properties or to perform a function itself for the subsequent area of use. For example, liquids may be used, the atisiäben an antistatic effect saa £ the thread or which act as Scheiemaittel. It has been found to be useful that, for a number of uses, an air gap is maintained between the base surface of the extrusion tool, ie the base surface, for example a hollow thread nozzle corresponding to the surface of the thread. By varying the seam gap it is possible to influence the shape of the hollow thread obtained, in particular its surface.

It has been found that the limftspalifces the number of open forums in the surface reduced, -by Shortening - the same can be increased, depending on the minfflit Itorche eater - the pores with no growing air gap.

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BATH ORIGINAL

The air gap: can be heated, preferably on one

above the demisctaingsteiiiaeratar of the extni- © esaisch.es.

Generally the air gap is at least about 1 mat wide And depending on the working conditions, a length of up to about Accept IO on. It is important that in the air gap: before entry No or at least no clicks in the bathroom. mtisemung occurs in two liquid phases, this comb like said by the short distance or by heating can be controlled, but it is also! »by increasing the Step speed at the nozzle of premature segregation to counteract.

In a special execution of the procedure made in the main patent, however, the hoüsogene Geiiiscli becomes. τηπτΜίϊ u-frip HTHair is extruded in the bath, with open pores pitting unit maxiiiialeiHi diameter on <äer surface.

The hollow filaments obtained can be used particularly well as filters !Use. You can especially use microfiltration be used. The threads are particularly suitable for the medical field, where e.g. because of their selectivity they separate yoa bacteria, in the filtration ^ mn blood e.g. zram cutting off blood platelets ^ are used. They are also very suitable as oxygenators where oxygen through the inside the hollow filament flows, while the outside is bathed in blood.

Can Fix atz purposes a number of one, the hollow fiber even when ^{JSeebranträger:} used werätemu on their guano mervor-

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protruding flat surface structure with open pores, they can be combined extremely well with a firmly adhering one cover a thin layer of a material acting as a membrane, often by coating or spraying with corresponding film-forming solutions happens. Because of its excellent surface properties, the the resulting membrane layer on the hollow fiber does not only very good, but the coating solution can be. · Without any penetration or even dripping through the Solution comes into the interior of the hollow fiber, apply very evenly as a thin skin, so that very effective membranes can be produced for a wide variety of applications.

Due to their special surface structure and structure inside, the hollow filament they are excellent too suitable as a substrate for certain substances. So the threads can be soaked with antistatic agents that already come into use as an inert liquid during the spinning process or it can only be used at a later point in time Manufacture of the thread, the agent can be introduced into the thread structure by treatment, e.g. by soaking. It is also possible to introduce the active substance into the inner continuous cavity of the thread;

In this way, bodies with long-term effects can be obtained, which slowly restore the ingested active ingredient the other way round, the hollow fibers can also be used for absorption of fabrics serve.

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According to the main patent, hollow filaments are within a large one Dimension range accessible. So can outside diameter up to several millimeters can be achieved, the wall thicknesses are also largely variable and can, for example, between 20 microns and about 1 to 2 millimeters.

The pores in the hollow fiber according to the main patent can be very diverse Have shapes. They can be round or elongated and are connected to each other, partly through small connecting cavities, partly because they merge directly into one another. Even with hollow fibers made from mixtures with a content of only about 30% polymer have been obtained, the polymer can still be the matrix in which the individual pores are distributed and form more or less discrete, but interconnected cavities. Vice versa Structures can also arise in which the cavities form the matrix and the polymer substance, similar to nonwovens is arranged quasi-fibril-like. The transitions between these two structures are fluid and partly come. mixed before; the structural shapes can also be influenced by further process parameters such as take-off speed, cooling speed or warpage below the nozzle will.

The hollow filaments according to the main patent are also particularly notable characterized by a high level of permeability to gases such as nitrogen or air. The permeability can be determined by the so-called Permeability coefficients K can be given as described in the book Flow of Fluids through Porous Materials by R.E.

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Collins published by Reinhold Publishing Corp. , New York 1961, page 10 will be discussed in more detail. K is defined as

0 * TL

K = ' ^w ° k ^e i- Q is the volume flow in the unit of time

(e.g. m / s) , T ^ the viscosity of the flowing medium (Pa-s), Ä the mean area through which the gas exits, AP is the pressure difference (Pa) and h is the wall thickness of the threads.

The permeability coefficient of the hollow fibers according to the main

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at least 22 * 10 cm, values over 100 · 10 cm can be used can be achieved.

The coefficient is measured in the following way:

31 cm long hollow fibers are curable with the help of a Polyurethane compound embedded at both ends in two 5 cm long PVC tubes. After the polyurethane has cured a PVC hose is cut, and the exposed Openings are connected to a nitrogen bottle via an inlet, the end of the other hose is tightly closed with a stopper. With the help of a flow meter, the air escaping through the threads is measured measured.

In the case of hollow fibers according to the main patent, which are made from a mixture of 30% by weight of polypropylene and 70% by weight of NN-bis (2-hydroxyethyl) hexadecylamine and maintaining an air gap between nozzle and bath, the following values were found will:

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K (ICf ¹² Cm ² ) air gap (mm)

99 3

22 20

The hollow fibers can also be used as insulation and on textlien Areas of application are used.

A suitable device for producing the hollow filament according to the main patent is a thermostattable container, from which the inert liquid via a double piston pump and a second heater is dosed into a mixer. A first heater is used for preheating. From a schnitzel container Polypropylene enters the mixer via an extruder and a first gear pump, from which a second Gear pump a hollow fiber nozzle is fed, which supplies the required amount of nitrogen via a rotameter will. The emerging mass passes through an air gap into a spinning tube equipped with a spinning funnel, which overflows a level vessel is supplied with inert liquid from a main reservoir. The spinning tube points at its lower At the end of a curve, the threads are wound up after leaving the bath.

The invention according to the main patent can be explained in more detail by the following example:

In an extruder at heating temperatures of 260 ° 280 ° C Polypropylene with a melt index of 1.5 g / 10 min melted and transferred via a gear pump into a very effective one Pen mixer dosed.

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At the same time NJJ-bis (hydroxyethyl) hexadecylamine is means a double piston pump in a water heater to 135 ° C preheated, also metered into the mixer via a separate line.

The mixing ratio of polypropylene: amine is at 30:70. The mixer speed is set to 400 rpm.

After passing through the mixer, the two substances that have become homogeneous are fed with a quantity by a gear pump of 15 g / min into a hollow fiber nozzle with a clear diameter of 2000 Aim and a free annular gap of 400 ^ m pressed. By adding 4 l / h of nitrogen into the gas capillary of the nozzle, the formation of the hollow fiber is achieved.

The emerging molten thread dips after one free fall distance of 3 mm into the one with amine as the precipitation bath A filled spinning funnel flows with the precipitant through the subsequent spinning tube with a diameter of 8 mm and 400 mm Length and is wound up on a winding unit after passing through a subsequent spinning bath of 1 m length at 7 m / min. The hollow thread obtained is extracted with alcohol and freed from amine. The hollow thread has an outer one Diameter of 2200 µm and an inner diameter of 14OO µm.

For the production of stable hollow fibers with large external dimensions and very small wall thicknesses can create a hollow space during the spinning of the hollow fiber from the nozzle.

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The fluid, in particular a pore-forming liquid or a gas, can be blown into the hollow filament.

It has now been found that the porous cabbage threads according to Main patent (P 28 33 493.2) except for

For the purposes already mentioned, it is also particularly good for transmission of heat, especially if they have properties and / or a shape that allows them to conduct heat vnd / or increase their heat transfer and / or their heat transfer, and if they take advantage of their Flexibility are arranged such that the devices made from such porous hollow fibers have a greater resistance to external mechanical stresses, so that they also after ensure an undiminished heat transfer performance for longer operational use.

In the case of a flow through the porous hollow fibers to be cooled Liquid is particularly advantageous: when in addition to that caused by the non-porous parts of the hollow fiber wall taking place heat transfer by conduction a part of the liquid flowing through the porous hollow fibers passes through the pores to the outside and there - i.e. on the outer surface of the porous hollow fibers - evaporates, whereby the evaporation energy required for this is withdrawn from the part of the liquid remaining in the hollow fiber interior and this is thereby cooled.

The present invention is therefore based on the object of the heat conduction, heat transfer and heat transfer properties of the porous hollow fibers according to the main patent

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(P 28 33 493.2) to improve and fixtures./ in which Heat is transferred to provide the - what both their production and their properties and heat transfer performance - not the disadvantages of the conventional heat exchangers made from the known hollow filaments own.

This object is achieved according to the invention in that

the porous hollow filament fillers, stabilizers, additives, Soot, color pigments or the like. included, and / or

the porous hollow filaments have a substantially circular shape Have cross-section and / or

the outer diameter of the porous hollow filament in the range of preferably 0.1 to 4 mm and / or

the wall thickness of the porous hollow filament in the range of preferably 0.02 to 0.5 mm and / or

the porous hollow filaments are profiled inside and / or outside and or

the porous hollow filament is steady in its longitudinal direction or have a discontinuous shape and / or size, and / or may have a periodically changing cross-section

The porous hollow filament is made up of two or more components of which only a part may be porous, and that:

these hollow fibers and / or the hollow fibers according to the main patent in Devices are used in which heat is transferred, in which, according to the invention, each individual

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ne porous hollow filament on the greater part of its length, preferably over its entire length and / or the greater part of all porous hollow fibers, preferably the entirety of all porous hollow filaments is arranged in the form of regular and / or irregular loops.

Such devices according to the invention, in which heat is transferred, do not have the disadvantages of the known ones Heat exchanger made of hollow fibers, in which the hollow fibers in a straight line, parallel to one another and at a distance from one another. This known arrangement namely, The manufacture of such heat exchangers is also customary in the case of metal tube bundle heat exchangers from hollow fiber difficult and expensive. In addition, in this known arrangement of the hollow fibers Hollow fiber bundles due to minor external mechanical Effects damaged, for example kinked.

To increase the heat transfer performance of the devices according to the invention, it is particularly advantageous to use such to use porous hollow filaments that contain substances that conduct heat well, such as metals, graphite and the like in dust or powder form, these substances being contained in the polymer forming the hollow fibers and / or embedded in the pores could be. The porous hollow filaments can also or additionally fillers, stabilizers, additives, carbon black, Color pigments or the like. contain.

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When using porous hollow filaments according to the main patent with devices according to the invention with a high heat exchange capacity are obtained with a small wall thickness.

For the production of devices according to the invention can porous hollow filament with an, for example, elliptical or three-, four-, five-, six- and polygonal cross-sections can be used, but in particular those with a round one Cross-section, since it is made of porous hollow fiber with a Circular cross-section produced devices according to the invention with intersecting porous hollow filaments these are in the essentially only touch them punctually and thus only a minor one Share of the total heat exchange area through these points of contact are lost.

The porous hollow filaments to be used advantageously can over it also be profiled inside and / or outside. Two, three or more porous hollow fibers can also be placed in parallel lying to each other at their respective contact surfaces, for example by fusing, welding, Gluing or the like. be firmly connected to each other. as well porous hollow filaments with a continuous or discontinuous shape and / or in their longitudinal direction are suitable Size, possibly periodically changing cross-section. Such porous hollow filaments can be used in various ways and way the mode of operation of the devices according to the invention beneficial influence. For example, porous hollow fibers profiled on the inside and / or outside can be used the inner and / or outer heat transfer surface

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increases the buckling strength of the porous hollow filament and / or the contact area of the intersecting porous hollow filaments can be reduced. Furthermore, the Heat transfer capacity increased by the fact that on the profiled surfaces of the porous hollow filament Heat transfer is improved by the formation of eddies in the respective fluid. Can also be made of 'porous hollow fiber with produce a non-circular cylindrical shape in part more compact and / or dimensionally stable devices.

To ensure good heat conduction through the porous hollow filament, the wall of the same should be as thin as possible sized, but still thick enough to accommodate the mechanical Requirements to meet. Porous hollow filaments have proven to be advantageous for most purposes proven, the wall thickness of which is in the range from 0.02 to 0.5 mm. To achieve good heat transfer (k-number), the cross-sections of the porous hollow fibers used should also be dimensioned accordingly.

The loop-shaped or partially loop-shaped arrangement of the porous hollow filaments in devices according to the invention is in a simple manner according to the invention in particular thereby achieved that one or more endless porous hollow filaments by means of a winding or rewinding device with a or several thread guides moved to and fro parallel to the axis of rotation of the winding device, for example onto one perforated tubular bobbin (also called sleeve or coil) are wound up and in this way a single

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or form multi-layer bobbins or bobbins.

This arrangement is particularly advantageous since the porous hollow fibers are in the usable state of the devices have the shape of a spatially expanding helix, with the aim of achieving an easily permeable and thereby dimensionally stable package, the porous hollow filaments are advantageously arranged in several layers in such a way that the porous hollow fibers of each layer the porous hollow fibers of the touch adjacent layers, and, if necessary several times, cross. This arrangement of the porous hollow fibers ensures a large heat transfer surface in a small space, because the porous hollow fibers are at the crossing points touch, but only an insignificant proportion of the heat transfer surface is lost through this mutual contact.

The bobbin holding the bobbin or bobbin does not necessarily need a circular cross-section to have, but the cross section of the same can, for example, also be elliptical or polygonal, in particular as Rectangle with rounded corners. The used to manufacture the bobbin or bobbin can also be used Coil carriers also have a cross-section that becomes larger or smaller along its longitudinal axis. So can his Outer surface, for example, conical, diabolo-shaped, truncated pyramid-shaped be designed with rounded side edges, barrel-shaped, etc., so that on such a shaped bobbin wound porous hollow filaments generally one in its shape of the shape of the respective

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Form bobbin corresponding bobbin or bobbin.

In a further embodiment of the devices according to the invention the porous carbon threads have the shape of a spiral lying in one plane.

However, the devices according to the invention can also consist of one or more sheet-like structures are produced by a weaving, knitting, knitting or laying process have been manufactured. Such flat structures, like the bobbins or bobbins, can also be swiftly and easy to manufacture.

In order to produce devices according to the invention from bobbins or wound bobbins, both of them can be used on the end face Ends on a - measured in the longitudinal direction of the winding body - short section, for example in a hardenable potting compound such as casting resin, polyurethane and the like penetrates the winding body completely and, if necessary, one flange-like each outside of the winding body Forms approach, which have a larger scope than. -The bobbins itself. Such a (flange-like) approach can, however, also only on one of the two end faces of the winding body are provided. By removing part of the front of each of these (flange-shaped) approaches into the area of the porous hollow filament are the arc-shaped reversal sections lying on the end faces of the winding bodies the individual winding body layers are removed and placed on them

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Wise made from deP- original winding bodies, which consist of a multiplicity of helically formed multi-layered, multi-intersecting hollow filament pieces, the openings of which are on the outer, generally perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the winding body, the remaining part of each of the above-described (flange-like) end faces. Approaches open from a potting compound.

To produce devices according to the invention from flat structures, one or more edges can be used the sheet-like structures, which may also be placed one on top of the other, are cast in a suitable manner, for example in casting resin and the openings of the porous hollow fiber in analog Way, as already described above for bobbin "or bobbin, are then exposed.

By corresponding winding, laying or otherwise Arranging the porous hollow filaments and correspondingly cutting open the winding package, it is possible according to the invention Manufacture devices in which the inlet openings and the outlet openings of the porous hollow filament in a and lie in the same plane, but for example offset by 180 each and / or in each case of the same size or different large distances from each other and are arranged so that all inlet openings in one half this level and all outlets in the other Half of this level.

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It is also possible to use devices according to the invention . produce that allow any number of fluids to participate in the heat transfer without that a mixing of the individual fluids takes place with one another.

The devices according to the invention made from bobbins or wound bobbins can be equipped in this way, for example be that the inlet openings and the outlet openings for a first fluid on the one end face of the devices and those for a second fluid are on the other end face of the devices.

To produce a variety of smaller devices, it is possible to use the Devices determine bobbins or wound bodies or flat structures in units, i.e. strips, discs or the like. Like. To divide the desired size, the porous hollow fibers in those areas in which the division should take place, expediently beforehand in a suitable manner, for example as already described by pouring into Cast resin or the like., Are fixed in their shape and position and thus exposed their openings effortlessly by dividing them can be.

In the context of the present invention it is also possible the porous hollow filaments into a well-conducting heat Pouring in material in order in this way to transfer heat from a fluid to the said material, which conducts heat well,

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to transfer or vice versa. Inventing in such a way accordingly designed devices that also have, for example, two separate circuits for two from each other Have fluids to be kept separate, allow heat, for example from the first fluid first to the heat to transfer well conductive cast body and from there to deliver it to the second fluid. It is also possible with such Devices, for example, those absorbed by the cast body, which conducts heat well, for example by radiation To give off heat to two fluids at the same time.

The devices according to the invention are suitable for the solution even the most demanding heat transfer problems, such as they can occur, for example, during evaporation or condensation. In particular, those according to the invention are suitable Devices wherever only relatively small temperature differences are available to generate energy stand, which inevitably require large heat transfer surfaces make which understandably as possible are to be accommodated in a small space. Due to the favorable corrosion properties of the invention for the production of the The devices according to the invention are particularly suitable for porous hollow filaments which can be used for devices for aggressive media such as acids, alkalis, etc. With a suitable selection of the porous hollow filaments that can be used, it is due to the known different surface properties the same possible to use devices according to the invention · also for those fluids that are used in conventional Metal tube heat exchangers tend to form deposits on the tube walls.

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The invention. Devices are therefore suitable equally for chemical processes, in energy generation or conversion, in refrigeration technology, in air conditioning technology, in the food industry, for living and working space heating, in land, water and air vehicles, in particular as an oil cooler, as a water cooler to dissipate the engine heat or to warm up the heat fed into the vehicle interior Fresh air, as a condenser and as an evaporator, in particular as an expansion evaporator. Most notably the devices according to the invention are suitable for heat pump devices in which, for example, heat from the ambient air or from the ground is used to heat living spaces, or as a means of absorbing solar heat Collector, with such embodiments of the devices according to the invention in particular being proven for this purpose in which the porous hollow fibers are arranged in only one layer and are also black.

The devices according to the invention are therefore suitable for Solution of most heat transfer problems with, if necessary, simultaneous mass transfer, i.e. for heat transfer from gaseous fluids to gaseous, from liquid to liquid, from liquid to gaseous fluids and vice versa, from solids to gaseous and / or liquid fluids and vice versa, although it should be noted that the temperatures of the heat exchange

involved substances through the physical and chemical Properties of the porous hollow filament used are limited accordingly.

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about the suitable ones already mentioned in the main patent In addition to polymers, the polyamides are also used according to the invention, especially polyhexamethylene adipamide, the polyester as well as the polyolefins used.

Because of their chemical resistance, for example to food, carbonated liquids or the like. polyesters, especially polyalkylene terephthalate, are preferred. If chemical resistance is required in addition to good temperature resistance, hollow filaments are preferred made of polyolefins, in particular made of polypropylene. If higher strength values are desired, the hollow filaments from polyamides, in particular from polyhexaraethylene adipamide manufactured.

When dimensioning the devices according to the invention it must be ensured that the unit of volume available per unit The achievable heat transfer area is all the greater the smaller the diameter of the porous carbon threads to be used is selected. The amount of heat to be transferred

with constant total flow cross-section of all porous and

these hollow fibers / constant amount of fluid generally increases also with decreasing thread diameters, It should be noted, however, that in this case the pressure loss in the porous hollow filament also increases. It should also be noted that the buckling strength of the porous hollow filament generally increases as the diameter increases decreases with the same wall thickness. With a suitable selection and dimensioning of the devices according to the invention

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gen usable porous hollow fibers, it is possible to achieve specific heat transfer capacities that are better, in some cases can even be considerably better than those achievable with conventional metal tube heat exchangers. the Selection of suitable porous hollow filaments should, if possible, be made in such a way that the heat transfer resistance passes through the wall the porous hollow filament is essentially negligible compared to the inside and outside of the porous hollow filament occurring heat transfer resistances. This means that porous hollow filaments made of a material with relatively good Thermal conductivity properties may have a greater wall thickness than those with very low thermal conductivity values.

A "hollow thread" in the sense of the present invention is a hollow cylindrical structure of any length for example circular or elliptical cross-section with a generally in the longitudinal and circumferential directions in substantial constant wall thickness.

Under cross-section of the porous hollow filament, the winding or In the context of the invention, the bobbin or bobbin is understood to be the cut surface that is obtained when one a porous hollow filament, a bobbin or winding body or a bobbin on any or specified Place perpendicular to its longitudinal or axis of rotation. In the case of a round, porous hollow fiber, this is obtained Way a circular cross-section. In the case of a coil carrier with a rectangular cross-section, for example with rounded corners wound bobbin or

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By definition, the wound body is rectangular Ring cross-section with rounded corners,

For the purposes of the present invention, loop shape is understood to mean any shape deviating from a straight shape, in particular, any type of planar or spatial curvature, the radius of curvature being large enough to produce a Avoid buckling of the porous hollow filament. In general, the radius of curvature is smaller than Im, but it can also to be taller. To solve the problem underlying the present invention, it is not necessary that all porous hollow filament over its entire length. Length. Schiaufenforxn it is sufficient if the greater part of the porous hollow filament is in the form of loops, i.e. if each individual porous hollow filaments of the devices according to the invention has a loop shape over the greater part of its length and / or when straight and loop-shaped porous hollow filaments available as long as the total length of all in Schiaufenforia present porous hollow filament and / or hollow filament pieces is greater than the total length of all rectilinear present porous hollow filaments and / or hollow filament pieces.

This loop shape of the porous hollow thread is achieved that the porous hollow filament is in essentially short intervals optionally cross several times and support each other in this way, so that each porous hollow thread in the generally only on relatively short lengths is unsupported, as a result of which the risk of kinking the porous hollow fibers is considerably reduced.

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Although generally only through the arrangement according to the invention of the porous hollow fibers in devices in which heat If the advantages mentioned are achieved, as described above, it is nevertheless fundamental possible to arrange the porous hollow fibers in a known manner, for example in a U-shape or in Form of a bundle of straight, parallel and spaced porous hollow fibers and the same.

Can also be used with other porous hollow filaments than the According to the invention and as those according to the main patent usable devices produce that optionally deliver satisfactory to beneficial results.

Finally, according to the invention, it is possible and in many ways Cases advantageous for the production of the invention Devices to use such porous hollow fibers, in which in addition to the heat transfer and / or the evaporation of part of the liquid flowing through the porous hollow fibers on the outer On the surface of the porous hollow fibers a filtering, a microfiltration, a material transfer or a material exchange takes place according to the main patent. In general, such porous hollow fibers are particularly suitable for this purpose, which does not act as a membrane, possibly fluid-

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Have an impermeable layer and thus an open-pored one Have surface.

On the other hand, it is advantageous in many cases for such, but also other, areas of application to use such hollow fibers that only have an open-pored surface in sections and on the other sections have the membrane-like layer already described in more detail above.

Finally, according to the invention, it is possible to use the Devices also with heat tones, such as when mixing, dissolving, diluting, chemical reactions etc. multiple reactants often occur, to use, for example, a part of a fluid through the reaction partner flowing through the hollow fibers the pores of the hollow fibers exit and flow into a second fluid reactant.

The invention will now be explained in more detail with reference to the drawing.

Show it:

Fig, 1 to 7 cross sections of differently shaped porous Hollow fibers,

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8 and 9 are longitudinal sections through a non-circular cylinder formed porous hollow fibers /

10 and 11 in a simplified schematic representation the Production of a multi-layer bobbin from a porous hollow thread

Fig. 12 in a simplified schematic representation

a longitudinal section through a bobbin made of porous hollow filament with on its end faces cast flange-type approaches from a casting compound,

13 to 15 in a simplified schematic representation

Longitudinal sections through differently shaped bobbins made of porous hollow fibers with on their end faces cast flange-type approaches from a casting compound,

16 shows a bobbin in a simplified representation porous hollow fibers with only one flange-type attachment made from a potting compound,

17 shows, in a simplified schematic representation, a bobbin with cast on both of its end faces flange-type approaches from a casting compound,

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18 to 21 in a simplified schematic representation

Execution forms of the devices according to the invention using one each Bobbin made of porous hollow filament,

22 to 24 in a simplified schematic representation

the production of a bobbin from two porous hollow filaments,

25 shows a simplified schematic representation

Embodiment of a device according to the invention using an according to

22 to 24 produced bobbin,

26 to 31 in a simplified schematic representation

different embodiments of hollow fiber bundles, made from bobbins each with a different cross-sectional shape,

32 to 37 in a simplified schematic representation

the manufacture of an embodiment of the devices according to the invention from a substantially disc-shaped winding, body made of porous hollow fibers.

Figures 1 to 5 show possible cross-sections of profiled porous hollow filaments, as they are for the invention Devices are suitable.

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In the form shown in FIG. 1, the porous hollow thread has an essentially circular cylindrical cavity 27, while on its outside it has a rib-shaped elevation 26 running in its longitudinal direction, which may consist of a different material than the hollow fiber sheath

The porous hollow thread shown in Fig. 2 also has a substantially circular cylindrical cavity 27 and four rib-shaped elevations 26 extending in its longitudinal direction, optionally made of different materials.

The porous hollow thread shown in FIG. 3 has an essentially trilobal cross section, the cavity has a shape similar to that of the hollow fiber jacket 28, so that this porous hollow fiber has a substantially on its circumference has constant wall thickness.

The porous hollow thread shown in Fig. 4 has an outside substantially circular jacket 29, which has four on its inside running in the longitudinal direction of the porous hollow fiber, Rib-shaped elevations 26 protruding into its cavity 27 may have different features than the jacket 29 Material.

Fig. 5 shows a porous hollow thread in which the jacket a hexagonal ring cross-section and the cavity 27 a has a hexagonal cross-section.

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Fig. 6 shows a cross section through a hollow filament structure, which can be produced, for example, that three porous hollow filaments with a round cross-section at their common Lines of contact are fused together.

7 shows a cross section through a porous hollow thread with a centrally arranged inside the porous hollow fiber and web 29 running in its longitudinal direction. This porous hollow thread therefore has two of each other through web 29 separate cavities 27 of the same size, which run parallel to one another and have a semicircular cross-section.

FIG. 8 shows a longitudinal section through a porous hollow thread with an optionally in its longitudinal direction regular intervals increasing and then decreasing outside diameter or circumference and a decreasing in its longitudinal direction at regular intervals if necessary and then increasing again Inner diameter or cavity circumference. As a result, the porous hollow thread has a jacket 28 in the longitudinal direction of the porous hollow fiber with changing wall thickness.

FIG. 9 shows a longitudinal section through a porous hollow thread with an optionally in its longitudinal direction regular intervals increasing cross-section, the wall thickness of the porous hollow fiber in its longitudinal direction remains constant.

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10 and 11 is a simplified schematic representation a known device for producing bobbins suitable for the devices according to the invention shown. The supplied endless porous hollow thread 1 is moved over a thread guide 2 that moves back and forth wound onto a rotating perforated bobbin carrier 3! kelt, whereby a bobbin 4 is formed, which consists of several Were helical sections of the endlessly supplied material that intersected at a previously determinable angle and wound porous hollow fiber 1 is constructed.

Fig. 12 shows a longitudinal section of an example with a bobbin 4 manufactured according to FIGS. 10 and 11. The bobbin 4 is on both of its End faces 5 are provided with flange-like projections 7 made of a hardenable potting compound, which is centrifugally cast has been brought into the desired shape. By severing part of the flange-like lugs 7 along the lines A and B can be the openings of the porous hollow filaments of the Spool 4 are exposed. The perforated bobbin carrier 3 allows a radial flow through the bobbin 4th

The bobbin 4 shown in longitudinal section in FIG. 13 is made by uniformly winding up an endless porous hollow thread originated on a conically shaped coil carrier 3 and thus has a conical shape itself. With this bobbin 4 are the ends of the individual hollow fiber sections by severing part of the flange-like extensions 7 (as already described for Fig. 3) exposed.

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The bobbin 4, shown in longitudinal section in FIG. 14, is made by uniformly winding an endless porous Hollow thread on a diabolo-shaped bobbin carrier 3 and thus has diabolo shape itself. at this bobbin 4 are the ends of the individual hollow filament sections by separating part of the flange-like projections 7 (as already described for FIG. 3).

The bobbin 4 shown in longitudinal section in FIG. 15 is made by evenly winding an endless, porous hollow thread onto a barrel-shaped bobbin 3 and is therefore barrel-shaped itself. In this bobbin 4, the ends of the individual hollow thread sections are by separating a part of the flange-like lugs 7 (as already described in FIG. 3).

The bobbin 4 shown in Fig. 16 is formed by uniformly winding an endless porous hollow thread a circular cylindrical bobbin emerged and has thereby even circular cylinder shape. This bobbin 4 is provided with a flange-like extension 7 only at one end, in this case the ends of the individual hollow filament sections of the bobbin 4 by the severing of one already described Part of the flange-like extension 7 only on this one Side are exposed.

The flow path of a fluid through the porous hollow filament such a bobbin runs similarly to that of a U-shaped tube. That means the in and

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Outlet openings for the fluid are in this bobbin in one and the same plane.

Fig. 17 shows a bobbin, as it results when the flange-like lugs 7 partially, for example as in 12 along lines A-A and B-B, respectively.

18 shows the use of one according to FIGS. 10 to 12 produced bobbin 4 in one according to the invention Contraption. The bobbin 4 with the flange-like projections 7 is in the correspondingly dimensioned housing 10 arranged. A first fluid 8 passes through the inlet connection 11 into the distribution space 16 of the device and passes from there into the inlet openings of the porous hollow filament arranged in the bobbin 4 and flows through them and leaves it on the opposite end face of the bobbin 4, arrives in the collecting space 17 of the device and leaves it through the outlet connection 12. The flow through the porous hollow filament is also reversed Direction possible. A second fluid 9 passes through the inlet connection 13 into the core space 18 of the bobbin 4, which is sealed at its end 15, flows through the bobbin 4 in the radial direction from the inside to the outside and succeeded * into the annular cylinder-shaped collecting space 19, from where it leaves the device through the outlet nozzle 14.

The first fluid 8 can in this case, as also in the case of the FIGS. 19 to 21 and 34 to 37 described embodiments of the device according to the invention a liquid and the second

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Fluid 9, for example, be a gas or air, which in the Use of evaporative or evaporative cooling the the outer surface of the hollow fiber sections Absorb liquid vapors and drag them along. The first fluid 8 can have a higher or lower temperature have as the second fluid 9. However, if the passage of fluids through the wall of the porous hollow filament is not desired / Thus, according to the invention, the devices can be encased in a membrane-like, fluid-impermeable layer porous hollow fibers are produced.

19 shows a device according to the invention in which the bobbin 4 is provided with a partition wall 21 which, however, is arranged in such a way that the free flow cross-section of the individual porous hollow fibers is not interrupted. A first fluid 8 flows through this device dde i _n the same manner as already described in FIG. 18th A second fluid 9 passes through the inlet connection 13 of the device into the annular cylinder-shaped distributor space 20, then flows through the right half of the bobbin 4 in the radial direction from the outside to the inside and reaches the core area 18 of the bobbin 4, which is at its two front ends is locked. Then the second fluid 9 flows through the left half of the bobbin 4 in the radial direction from the inside to the outside and reaches the annular cylinder-shaped collector chamber 19, from where it the. Device through the outlet nozzle 14 leaves.

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Fig. 20 shows a device according to the invention at de ^ the porous hollow filaments of the bobbin 4 according to FIG. 16 are provided and cut open only on one side with a flange-like extension 7 and the inlet openings and the outlet openings of the individual porous hollow fibers are each offset from one another by 180 ° C, So face each other, i.e. are arranged in a similar way to conventional heat exchangers with a U-shape Pipes is known. In this device, a first fluid 8 passes through the inlet connection 11 into the distributor space 16, from there into the interior of the porous hollow filaments of the bobbin 4, flowing through them first in one direction and then in the substantially opposite direction and then arrives in the collector space 17, from where it leaves the device again through the outlet nozzle. A second fluid 9 occurs through the inlet nozzle 13 in the annular cylinder-shaped distributor space 20, from where it the bobbin 4 in a radial Direction from the outside to the inside flows through and arrives in the core space 18 of the bobbin 4, which is on the end face is sealed, and leaves from there through the outlet port 14 of the device.

In Fig. 21 there is one according to the invention. Device shown, the essential features of the in Fig. 19 and shown bobbin 4 combined. The first fluid 8 flows through the porous hollow filaments of the bobbin 4 such as in FIG. 20, the second fluid 9 flows around the porous hollow filaments of the bobbin 4 as described in FIG. 19.

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Figures 22 to 23 show a simplified schematic Representation of a device for producing a bobbin 4 from two of two bobbins 6 supplied separately, but at the same time on a common bobbin 3 wound porous hollow filaments 1- through in the longitudinal direction of the bobbin 4 offset arrangement of the thread guides 2, As can be seen from Fig. 23 and 24, it is possible to produce a bobbin 4 in which the respective layers of two porous hollow fibers 1 in the longitudinal direction of the Spulkkörefs 4 are wound up offset from one another, so that an area 22 is formed on each of the end faces of the bobbin 4, which is formed by only one of the two porous hollow fibers. Removing these two areas 22 results a bobbin with the inlet and outlet openings for a first fluid on one side and the opposite side Front side has those for a second fluid.

The use of such a manufactured according to FIGS. 22 to 24 The bobbin in a device according to the invention is shown in FIG. It is also located with this in Fig. 25 shown embodiment of the bobbin 4 in a highly heat conductive solid or liquid substance 23. Such a device allows, for example, the heat of a transferring the first fluid 8 to a second fluid 9 using the good thermal conductivity properties of the substance 23, wherein the fluid 8, the corresponding layers of the bobbin 4 formed from the porous hollow thread at ^ for example in the manner shown in FIG. 20, in FIG. 25 this flow path is shown schematically as

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indicated by a dashed line, while the second fluid 9 takes a flow path that is a mirror image of this, which is indicated in FIG. 25 by the solid line.

In FIG. 26, a bobbin 4 is shown with flange-like projections 7 arranged on its two end faces, the flange-like projections 7 (like those of the bobbin 4 shown in FIGS. 12 to 21) have a larger one outer circumference than the bobbin 4. The flange-like approach .; 7 and the bobbin 4 here, however, have one elliptical ring cross-section.

Fig. 27 shows that a bobbin 4 can not only be poured in at its end faces and cut open accordingly as described above, but also along one or more of its surface lines. In the embodiment shown in FIG Accordingly, the porous hollow filaments open into two circular cylinders, one of which is made, for example, of cast resin existing wall surrounding cavities 24 and 25, which, as explained in the figures already described above, as Serving distribution or collector space for the fluid flowing through the porous cavities.

Fig. 28 shows a cross section through a bobbin 4, which is obtained when the porous hollow fibers on a Coil carrier 3 winds with a rectangular cross section with rounded corners.

29 shows a cross section through a bobbin 4, which is obtained when a bobbin 4 according to FIG. 28 is used

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along two of its surface lines as in FIG. 27 described, for example poured in resin and then in the manner already described Uncovered openings of the porous hollow fibers.

3O shows a cross section through a bobbin 4, which can also be found in the bobbin shown in FIG 4 can be produced, and FIG. 31 such as can be produced in the same way as described in FIG. 27 from a Spool body 4 receives with a circular ring cross-section.

The illustrated in Figures 27 to 31 according to the invention designs are ideal for heat transfer from a liquid medium to a gaseous medium (see e.g. as a car cooler) or vice versa, whereby the liquid The medium expediently flows through the porous hollow fibers and the gaseous flows around the porous hollow fibers, whereby also depending on the type of porous hollow fibers used, as already described above, with or without evaporative cooling can be worked.

32 shows a cross section through an annular winding carrier 31, as is used for producing a disk-shaped one Winding body made of porous hollow fibers is suitable.

33 shows a possible arrangement of the individual thread sections for example an endlessly wound porous hollow fiber on the annular winding support 31. The hollow fiber sections can in this case be arranged in several superimposed layers that cross each other several times.

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By potting the outer part of the annular winding support 31, for example, into a hardenable potting compound and then removing part of the annular potting compound approach up to the area of the reversal sections the hollow fiber section becomes the initially endless, porous one Hollow filament 1 into a multitude of hollow filament sections of equal length arranged in several layers and intersecting multiple times. te divided and the openings of the individual hollow fiber sections are exposed at each separation point. Of the The outer diameter of the unprocessed part of the annular casting compound is therefore generally the same or slightly smaller than the outer diameter of the annular winding support 31.

Fig. 34 shows in section along the line XXXIV-XXXIV in 35 shows a disk-shaped embodiment of the Device according to the invention, in which a winding body 4 according to FIG. 33 was used. By arranging accordingly the inlet nozzle 11 and the distributor spaces 16 as well as the collector spaces 17 and the outlet nozzle 12 for a First fluid 8 or the inlet connection 13 and the distribution spaces 20 as well as the collector spaces 19 and the outlet connection 14 for a second fluid 9 are obtained Device with a total of two inlets and two outlets for the two fluids 8 and 9. In each case, the divided by the one inlet in the device entering fluid flow, so that only half of one each partial flow of the fluids 8 and 9, the two respective outlets communicating with the corresponding inlet reaches and there unites with one of the half of the other partial flow of the fluids 8 and 9, respectively. In Fig. 34 is

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this flow course by arrows and four as thick lines Illustrated solid hollow filament sections.

35 shows a section along the line XXXV-XXXV through FIG. 34. The ring-shaped winding carrier can be seen 31, the annular projection 7 made of a hardenable casting compound, the winding body 4 and the two opposite distributor spaces 16 for the first fluid 8.

36 shows a further possibility of arranging an endless porous hollow thread 1 on an annular winding carrier 31 for the production of a hollow filament winding for disc-shaped Execution forms of the device according to the invention.

37 shows a cross section through one according to the invention Device, in which a winding body according to FIG. 36 was used. The openings of the individual hollow fiber layers were hereby exposed, as already described in FIGS. 32 to 35. In this embodiment, this occurs first fluid 8 through the inlet nozzle 11 into the distributor space 16, then flows through the porous hollow filaments of the Winding body 4, enters the collector space 17 and leaves the device 'through the outlet nozzle 12. The other parts of this device correspond to their position numbers according to the parts described in FIG. 34, for example. For example, one that participates in heat transfer The second fluid flows through the device shown in FIG. 28 in an essentially axial direction same.

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While the device shown in FIG. 37 is thus suitable for transferring heat from one medium to another, in the case of de. ^{In the} device shown in FIGS. 34 and 35, a total of three media take part in the heat transfer. In the device shown in FIGS. 34 and 35, the third medium could be, for example, a solid or liquid substance which conducts heat well and which surrounds the porous hollow fibers from the outside, or a third fluid flowing through the heat exchanger in its axial direction.

The use of the disk-shaped winding bodies described by way of example in FIGS. 33 and 36 is limited Not only does it relate to the manufacture of essentially disc-shaped devices, but it is in accordance with the invention possible to arrange a large number of such bobbins one above the other and in this way any one Allow number of fluids to participate in the mass and / or heat transfer.

, 030039/0304 I.

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Claims (21)

A3GW31871 / A patent claims addendum to DE patent (P 28 33 493.2) 1. Hollow fibers made of synthetic polymers with 10 to 90 percent by volume intercommunicating pores and a flat surface having open pores, wherein the proportion of openings in the area IO is up to 90% according to the main patent (P 28 33 493.2), thereby characterized in that a membrane is used on the hollow fibers acting, optionally fluid-impermeable layer applied is. 2. Hollow fibers according to the main patent or according to claim 1, characterized characterized in that the hollow fibers are graphite, metal particles, fillers, stabilizers, additives, carbon black, color pigments and / or the like. 3. Hollow fibers according to the main patent or according to claim 1 and 2, ' characterized by a substantially circular cross-section. 4. Hollow fibers according to the main patent or according to claim 1 to 3, characterized by an outside diameter in the range from 0.1 to 4 mm. 030039/0304 ORIGINAL INSPECTED 29105 - 2 - A3GW31871 / A 5. Hollow fibers according to the main patent or according to claim 1 to 4, characterized by
lying wall thickness. characterized by one in the range from 20 to 500 / am 6. Hollow thread according to the main patent or according to claim 1 to 5 / characterized in that the hollow filaments are profiled inside and / or outside. 7. Hollow thread according to the main patent or according to claim 1 to 6, characterized by a cross-section which changes continuously or discontinuously in its shape and / or size in the longitudinal direction of the hollow thread - optionally periodically. 8. Hollow thread according to the main patent or according to claim 1 to 7, characterized in that the hollow filaments consist of two or more components. 9. Hollow thread according to the main patent or according to claim 1 to 8, characterized in that only some of the components are porous. 10. Use of hollow filament according to the main patent or claim 1 to 9 in devices in which heat is transferred. 11. Use of hollow filament according to claim 10, characterized in that that each individual hollow thread over most of its length, preferably over its entire length and / or most of all hollow filaments, preferably the The entirety of all hollow filaments is arranged in the form of regular and / or irregular loops. "~ 3 - 030039/0304 ' ORiGiNAL INSPECTED 2910 - 3 - Ä3GW31871 / A 12. Use of hollow fibers according to claim 10 and 11, characterized characterized in that the hollow filaments are in the form of a spatially expanding helix and / or one in a plane lying spiral are arranged. 13. Use of hollow fibers according to claim 10 to 12, characterized characterized in that the hollow fibers are arranged in several layers, the hollow fibers in each layer being the hollow fibers cross each of the neighboring layers several times if necessary. 14. Use of hollow fibers according to claim 10 to 13, characterized characterized in that the devices are made from multilayer bobbins or wound bobbins. 15. Use of hollow fibers according to claim 10 to 14, characterized characterized in that the devices consist of bobbins or bobbins with a round, elliptical or polygonal Ring cross-section with rounded corners are made. 16. Use of hollow fibers according to claim 10 to 15, characterized characterized in that the devices from bobbins or bobbins with a rectangular ring cross-section with rounded corners are made. 17. Use of hollow fibers according to claim 10 to 16, characterized characterized in that the devices consist of bobbins or bobbins with one along the longitudinal axis thereof larger and / or smaller ring cross-sections are made. 03C039 / 0304 - BAD ORIGINAL - 4 - A3GW31871 / A 18. Use of hollow fibers according to claim 10 to 17, characterized characterized in that the devices are made from woven, knitted, knitted or laid-down processes Fabrics are made. 19. Use of hollow fibers according to claim 10 to 18, characterized characterized in that the devices each have at least one inlet and at least one outlet for at least dr.ei have fluids participating in the heat transfer. 20. Use of hollow fibers according to claim 10 to 19, characterized characterized in that part of the liquid flowing through the hollow fibers passes through the pores to the outside and evaporated on the outer surface of the hollow fibers or evaporates. 21. Use of hollow fibers according to claim 10 to 20, characterized characterized in that in addition to the filtration, microfiltration or material separation taking place or the The exchange of substances taking place involves heat transfer and / or simultaneous evaporation or evaporation part of the liquid flowing through the hollow fibers takes place on the outer surface of the hollow fibers. 030039/0304