DE2633749A1 - SOIL STABILIZATION COMPOSITIONS, PROCESSES FOR STABILIZING CEMENT-BASED AND OTHER CHEMICALLY REINFORCED FLOORS AND THEREFORE STABILIZED SOIL CONSTRUCTIONS - Google Patents

Description

WTENMNW ^ LTE ^ma BROSE ^Da BROSE

D-8023 Munchen-Pullach. Wiener Str 2, Tel (0S9) 7 9J 30 ⁷ 1. 1> lex 52121 ·· / bros d Cb.tä -Paieri.bus »Muncr.tr

Dip.on ¹ engineers

Case 071476 -1 * £ 2 » ²⁷ ' ^{July 1976}

Laurence LATTA, Jr., 1010 Westridge Drive, Portola Valley. California 94025, USA and

John Burton Leonard, 733 Chester Way, Hillsborough . California 94010, USA

Soil stabilization compositions, method for Stabilization of cement-containing and other chemically reinforced floors and thus stabilized floor constructions

The invention relates to soil stabilization and in particular to a method for producing substructures (sub bases), foundations (bases) and wearing courses of roads and airfield runways, stabilization of sand dunes and other things loose particulate! Material, reforestation and agricultural reclamation, being present in all In the event that the on-the-spot materials are processed.

Numerous soil stabilization methods have been developed and used economically. These procedures were but always applied to a large number of rather dissimilar end uses such as construction, land contour control, reforestation and agricultural

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social cultivation of the soil, or enjoyed one widespread adoption in only one fairly specific area, such as oil well packing. A soil stabilization system, which is applicable to a wide range of applications and which is durable, cheap and fast as well as simple with little specialist work has not yet been developed for universal use.

Petroleum derivatives are used in construction, for example in the manufacture of Substructures, foundations and wearing courses for roads, Airfield runways, canal linings, drainage ditches, industrial areas, parking areas and similar purposes. However, the material costs are almost always so high and / or the level of skilled work and the application costs are so It is high that such projects are only feasible if relatively high costs per square meter of the finished construction are justified can be. In the road construction industry, for example, there is the use of polyester and polyvinyl plastics rather extensive (expensive) but usually only as a top dressing or surface coating that is on top of applying a wear track of a road made by more conventional methods.

Petroleum derivatives are also used extensively in land outline control used. The material applied was only partially satisfactory when judged on a cost-effective basis, because cheap materials usually only require short-term protection of a few months or maybe a year at most, while highly refined products that produce longer lasting results always admit expensive for large projects, such as stabilizing some 4,000 ares (100 acres) of soil in a single operation.

The invention provides a stabilized floor structure, such as a substructure, a foundation and / or a wear

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layer of a road or airfield runway, a thin memiDran-like protective layer over a free formed foundation, such as a sand dune, or a subsurface moisture barrier in an agricultural reclamation project. The invention also provides a method of making this stabilized floor structure that is durable is economical to use and maintain, little conventional equipment and the use of a requires a low level of skilled labor and enables secondary goals to be achieved, such as color drawing or reforestation, at low or unchanged costs or type of application.

The invention particularly encompasses the conditioning of on-site particulate soils by adding a chemical composition to those soils. This chemical composition can be shipped to the workplace in concentrated form for on-site mixing with any available water source, including fresh water, salt water and brackish water, mixed in an optimal ratio with the water source. This ^comparison: ratio can is as low as one part by weight to 200 parts by weight of water chemicals have (at a pre-mix prior to application to the ground). The chemical composition can then be mixed with the soil in the presence of an optimal moisture content, applied, optionally compacted, cured and then used with or without final treatment. The finishing treatment can be the application '; a wearing course of asphalt or cement concrete or an identical or modified mixture of the chemical j of the invention. .

One form of the chemical composition of the invention can be taken as an epoxy resin ester can be described. This ester is a reaction product of a bisphenol A glycidyl ether type Epoxy resin with unsaturated fatty acids with an iodine number

$ 09886/1089

-A-

of at least about 90 °, in which the molar ratio of
Fatty acid to bisphenol A units about 0 ', 5 to 1.7 or
preferably about 0.5 to 1.5, together with 0 to
about 20 wt .-% free fatty acids and 0 to about 60 wt .-%
Fatty acid esters of lower alkyl alcohols or ~ 9ly ^k ° le, an emulsifier and water. The water is present in an amount of about a quarter to about half the total weight of the chemical in its concentrated form prior to subsequent mixing with additional water or during mixing with the soil. The chemical preferably contains an emulsifier in the concentrated form described above. Compositions in which the solids, ie
the non-aqueous portion of the chemical, 54 to 60% by weight of the emulsion, was used with success. the
Chemical can be diluted without loss of effectiveness (in contrast to other dilution) with water up to ratios of water to reaction product of at least 1: 1, or more preferably about 5: 1 or most preferably about 10: 1 up to about 1000: 1. The reaction product is im
essential unconjugated.

Dryers may or may not be used depending to some extent on the conditions of use and whether the solvent is water, in which case the dryer
is almost always preferred, or whether an organic solvent is used, in which case the dryer can often be omitted.

Briefly summarized, the invention relates to a soil stabilizer and a method for stabilizing soil, such as substructures, foundations and wearing courses of
Road and airfield pavements, sand dunes and other things
loose particulate! Material including mixing an epoxy resin ester of unsaturated fatty acids with the
Soil, preferably at the optimal moisture content of the
Soil, in proportions as little as one part of chemical

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to 200 parts of soil, the amount depending on the use. Optionally, small but effective amounts of Cement in the range of about 2 to 20 weight percent soil can be added to the composition. There is also a method for agricultural reclamation including a method for the production of a plant cover specified.

An important field of application of the invention is the construction of substructures, foundations and wearing courses for Roads, airports, helipads and other similar applications in which the final construction must carry loads directly or indirectly. Of the Expression roads and obvious changes from them are used below to designate this field of application.

The invention is well adapted to the construction of roads in dry waterless climates, such as desert areas, or in a broader sense in a terrain in which the optimal moisture content for road construction is missing during available construction periods, usually during Summer months in the northern hemisphere.

When constructing a substructure, for example for a road, the following procedure is followed.

Soil samples are taken at a number of locations along the bed. From these samples the required soil data is determined, including a sieve analysis _;

i the plasticity index, the AASHO classification, the maxi- ^;

paint dry density, the optimal moisture content and the percentage of the CBR method to determine the ^!

Soil strength (California Bearing Ratio), hereinafter referred to as CBR, after compaction of a sample with optimal,

Moisture content. ;

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From this data the correct ratio of chemical to soil is determined. It will be seen that the invention is applicable is on a wide variety of specimens, medium or fine gravel, sand, SiIt or clay species, or any Combination of these, or in general terms on any non-agricultural land. It should be noted, however, that certain applications that are similar to or support agricultural applications also lie within the scope of the invention, as will become apparent from the following description in detail.

The determination of the optimal ratio is based on various Factors including the strength required by road designers and knowledge of the relationship, for which satisfactory results have been found in the same or similar applications. When executing This determination can be made using a number of samples using different ratios of Chemical to the ground, and tests, for example for Marshall-CBR stability, tensile strength, tensile load and penetration, be made with the samples. Since the chemical is the only highly expensive element in the construction, the ratio becomes chosen from chemical to soil that requires the minimum amount of chemical that will meet the data. A good soil requires fewer chemicals than bad soil, while a base layer requires more strength than a base layer Substructure required. Good results are obtained when using the chemical in concentrated form in the area from about 0.1 to 1% by weight of chemical to soil. A typical amount range is 1 to 8 cm of chemical too 1000 g dry soil.

In the field of work, the chemical is loaded in concentrated form in any suitable size container. 208 liter barrels (55 US gallon drums) have been found to be convenient in use. The construction, e.g. a

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Road substructure can then be formed as follows.

The chemical is prepared for addition to the ground upon arrival at the workplace. The processing is done by mixing of the chemical in its state removed from the 208 liter drum or other container with water. If the chemical is an aqueous solution in concentrated form, dilution is carried out at the workplace until the final ratio of water to the above reaction product ranges from at least 1: 1 to about 1000: 1. For example, if the optimal moisture content of the soil was determined to be 15% and only 2% moisture are present in the soil at the workplace, the chemical is mixed with a sufficient amount of water to which can easily be calculated to have a final moisture content of 15% in the soil-water-chemical mixture to be provided.

The chemical is miscible with water in all proportions. All that is required is usually only a minute or two of mixing by any conventional means such as simple stirring or a circulating pump to prepare the solution for mixing with the soil. The water can be in almost any condition, hot or cold, including salt water, fresh water, or brackish water in many conditions, or it can be essentially any type of workplace water and is only sensitive to exceptional conditions, such as extremely high mineral content of the kind that can adversely affect the process. Such types of water are occasionally found in localized areas. The optimum moisture content for obtaining ■ a maximum density can vary from about 2 to 22 wt .-% of the soil. A typical ratio is 5% water, ie 50 cm water / 100 g soil. In this context it should be noted that the relationships in terms

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the weight of the water and the weight of the chemical each given weight of the soil should be expressed. In terms of ultimate on-site use, the chemical to kasser ratio delivers little or no expressive information.

Depending on the weather conditions, manganese acetate, Mn (C ₂ H ₃ O ,,) ,, * 4H ₂ O, or cobalt acetate, Co (C ₂ H ₃ O ₂ I ₂ * 4H „0, can be added to the water as a drying accelerator to accelerate drying according to the needs of the contractor. The amount can vary from 1/100 to 1/1000 desiccant weight to chemical weight in concentrated form. It has been found that for most applications the best results have been obtained using manganese acetate, which is therefore the preferred desiccant.

The web is preferably leveled and leveled by any conventional means. After that, a mixture is made formed by soil, water and chemical, such as by mixing in a pan grinder or a batch mixer, and is deposited along the leveled and leveled path.

The application of the mixture to the leveled and leveled web can be carried out using standard line equipment, e.g. Pettibone-Wood, Vögele, Barber-Green, Koehring or one similar road construction equipment. If not available, standard graders, truck mixers or atomizers followed by compactors are used. Preferably the previous layer is below Pre-compacted to the desired density using conventional compaction methods.

After laying down, the mixture is compacted as quickly as possible, preferably no later than three to five hours, to avoid water loss and a ⁵

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cure before compacting reaches its maximum density. Care should be taken to do so ensuring that the compaction pressures are substantially perpendicular and avoid pushing or pushing the loose mixture forward. This can use a rubber wheel compactor followed by a steel wheel vibrator compaction or a similar combination of a compaction system.

The raw mix can be applied and compacted in a single layer. The depth range can be from three to 30 cm walk. A typical base or sub-structure can be 20 cm, while a wearing course 3 to 5 cm although instructions may require greater or lesser depths depending on the ultimate use. If necessary, multiple applications can be carried out. However, experience has shown that in the vast majority multiple applications are not essential for the work.

The importance of compaction has been shown by experiments which have shown that a chemically stabilized soil, which was compacted to 100% of the modified AASHO, a CBR at 2.54 mm (0.1 ") of 65 and at 5.08 mm (0.2") of 52, while the identically treated soil, which was only 95% compacted of the modified AASHO, had a CBR 2.54 mm (0.1 ") from only 32 and 5.08 mm (0.2") from only 37.

The raw mixture is preferably applied in calm dry weather. Usually this is condensing The following surface is dry and resists deformation to contact within five to six hours after Apply although the time is greater or greater depending on such factors as weather conditions and the type of soil can be smaller. For a sandy bottom and under the. Acceptance of application on a hot day is five to six

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Hours a typical surface drying time.

After a curing time of 24 hours, the track is usually ready to receive a top layer, say a base course (if the structure just completed is a subgrade) or a wear course. However can the external curing depending on the temperature, the natural soil, Depending on the weather and other factors, take two to ten days. E.g. a four-day curing at 40 C or a ten-day curing Hardening at 30 C may be required.

A main road may require a 12 "(12") foundation while a back road may only require a 6 "foundation. These guidelines are changing, however from work to work. If the regulations call for a foundation layer on a sub-base, the same soil becomes used in both layers, using the same or different proportions of soil, water and chemical can be.

Typical application rates for use as road establishing vary from about 416 to 1665 1 (110 to 440 US gallons) of chemical per 33,400 m ² (4000 square yard) of a 15.2 cm (6 ") thick foundation. Dilution ratios at the building site of about 50 Up to 200 liters of water per liter of chemical have been used with excellent results, and rolling and compacting at the optimum moisture content for the soil should always be carried out to 100% minimum density.

Thereafter, any suitable wear layer can be applied to the top of the foundation layer or layers, including Concrete, asphalt, or MC-70 (a petroleum road oil).

Optionally, a top layer can be applied for formation

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an elastic, tough and abrasion-resistant surface. The resulting surface has the function of a wear layer, in which the compressive and tensile strengths of the foundation layer are further increased. The upper covering can have colors, for example green or black, can be added to achieve an aesthetically pleasing or functional appearance. After curing, the covering forms a surface that is suitable for moderate airport or motorway traffic or helicopter touchdown areas suitable.

The top pavement can be a product similar to the chemical described above in connection with the foundation layer is similar or identical. Such a connection, depending on the floor structure on which they are applied should contain penetration enhancers, hardeners or other additives, preferably with a mixed volatile solvents. Any suitable method of application can be used, including one simple spraying. For example, a liquid chemical container trolley with a spray rail can be used in which a uniform pressure is maintained by gravity or pump pressure, the amount of applied solution depends on the speed of the volume emptying from the spray rail and the speed of the Truck depends.

One or two coats can be applied for better results. For back roads, the top paving can be applied at a ratio of 833 to 1665 1 (220 to 440 US gallons) per 4013 m ² (4800 square yards) for a total of two coats. A larger amount of pavement may be required for slightly higher levels of use, such as runways for light aircraft. for example, about 2082 liters (550 US gallons) per 4013 m ² (4800 square yards). in this case the two layers can be used in a proportion of about, for example

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833 liters (220 US gallons) per 4013 m ² (4800 square yards) in the first layer and 1249 1 (330 US gallons) per 4013 m ² (4800 square yards) in the second layer. If the soil is suitable, only one layer need be applied, even at the higher application ratios just mentioned.

The following general examples of using stabilizing solutions for preparation of any kind Outline of marginal or non-agricultural land to enable its use for construction purposes the invention continues.

example 1

The chemical was mixed with water immediately from the barrel at a ratio of 5 cm chemical to 50 cm water. The water contained 0.1 g cobalt acetate. The solution was then mixed evenly into dry dune sand, AASHO classification A-I, applied to a thickness of about 20 cm and then compacted.

Before treatment, the dune sand had a CBR of 30 and a flexural strength of zero. After treatment fraud the CBR 120, while the flexural strength was the following:

2 the tensile strength was 14.0 kg / cm, the elongation was

3O-1O " ⁴ .

The resulting construction can be used as a foundation for a road or an airport.

Example 2 ;

In another application, the chemical was mixed with water

3 3

mixed in a ratio of 2 cm of chemical to 100 cm of water, to which 0.2 g of cobalt acetate was added as a drying agent. The resulting solution was covered with sandy soil

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mixes, applied to a thickness of 15 cm and then mixed according to instructions to form a substructure.

After a hardening of three days, a sub-structure was applied a foundation was laid that consisted of a 3 cm thick wearing course, which was obtained by batch mixing of a sludge made of chemical and water in the ratio of 12 cm chemical to 50 cm water for each 1000 g of sandy soil existed. After uniform compaction, the wear layer was able to harden for about eight days, before it was opened to traffic.

The resulting construction, consisting of a base layer and a wear layer, is suitable for use as a road or strip of land.

Optionally, a black coal tar emulsion can be used over the

2 wear surface in a quantity ratio of 3.8 to 15.1 l / m (1 to 4 gals / sq m) can be sprayed as additional protection against weathering and fuel spills too to serve.

Example 3

Another application was clay soil with Portland cement mixed in the ratio of 1000 g of dry untreated soil to 30 g of dry portland cement. This A solution of 8 cm of chemical mixed with 150 cm of water with 0.2 g of cobalt acetate was added to the mixture. The above composition was compacted to the design specification of 20 cm and allowed to cure.

The untreated floor had a soaked CBR of 5 and a flexural strength of zero. The treated soil had a soaked CBR of 97 and good flexural strength,

2 namely, a tensile strength of 3.7 kg / cm and an elongation

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-4
from 21 * 10. The resulting structure is suitable for use as a foundation or subgrade for a road or airport.

If cobalt acetate was also given in the above examples, the result has now been that manganese acetate is the same or gives better results.

Field experience has indicated that significant curing problems can be encountered when a dryer is not used in a small but effective amount with the chemical in outdoor applications.

In one case a soil hardened, the chemical requirements of which were determined with great accuracy in the laboratory, as it later turned out, did not work out quickly or well enough to meet a typical road code. The addition a small but effective amount of a desiccant and its use with the chemical the disadvantage of external hardening. The following test shows the results from the use of a desiccant in soil stabilization benefits to be achieved.

Cure for 28 days

Chemical and desiccant

2 tensile strength, kg / cm

-4
Elongation, * 1O

Humidity during test,%

Chemical without desiccant

Tensile strength, kg / cm

-4
Elongation, 10

Moisture in text,%

at 20th ⁰ C at 50 ⁰ C 0 10 , 3 13.9 29 23 1 zero zero 28 Days Harden 50 ^U C at 9, 35 0,

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It has been found that of the desiccant family consisting of cobalt acetate ; Cobalt napthanate, manganese acetate and lead acetate, manganese acetate for stabilizing marginal and non-agricultural soils is the preferred desiccant.

The following series of tests were carried out using a chemical in the proportion of 6.6 cm of chemical per 100 g of soil with curing at 20 ^° C. for variable periods to determine the preferred desiccant.

tensile strenght
kg / cm strain
• ίο " ⁴ test
1/100 cobalt acetate 7 days
14 days
28 days
1/200 cobalt acetate +
1/200 manganese acetate 1.2
1.5
1.5 - 7 days
14 days
28 days
1/100 manganese acetate 2.5
4.2
3.8 - 7 days
14 days
21 days 12.7
17.0
16.5 42
28
30th

It can thus be seen that manganese acetate gives much better results than the same amount of cobalt acetate or an equivalent amount of a 1: 1 mixture of cobalt acetate and manganese acetate.

Although amounts of manganese in the range of about 1/100 to about 1/1000 parts by weight, chemical in various

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gusts have been successfully applied, it has been discovered that for the mass of non-agricultural soils, in particular those of the A-I and A-3 groups, a range of about 1/150 to 1/200 gives good results in almost all cases.

In a first series of tests aimed at establishing a preferred range of manganese acetate, were observed the following results;

Tensile strength
speed strain
• io " ⁴ Uniaxial
Compressive strength kg / cm kg / cm Chemical + 1/50
Mn desiccant 1.7 8th 1.4 Chemical + 1/100
Mn desiccant 2.5 11 2.0 Chemical + 1/150
Mn desiccant 3.1 15th 2.6

Thereafter, a second series of tests on a sample of dune sand (modified drum sample) was used of 5 cm of chemical per kg of dry soil and the various proportions of a manganese accelerating desiccant specified below. The mold humidity was 10%.

A. Cure at 100 ° C for 4 days

1/100 1/150 1/200 2
Tensile strength, kg / cm
-4
Elongation, * 10 9.0
17th 10.2
31 10.8
53 Air cure for one month

Tensile strength, kg / cm

—4 stretching, · 10

Humidity during the test

3, 1 3 , 0 3 ,1 64 63 67 0, 21 0 , 22 0 , 20

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As a result of the above tests and the outdoor experience, the following was determined.

A-I floors can be vastly improved with so little like 1 cm / kg chemical plus manganese acetate, while A-3 soils, depending on the soil, are generally about 5 cm / kg plus Need manganese acetate.

For best results, manganese acetate should be in a proportion of about one part by weight of the 22% metal-containing salt from about 100 to about 400 parts of the chemical can be used, most preferably at a ratio from about 150 to about 200 parts of the chemical when the chemical is in a water emulsion at one concentration about 55% by weight of the emulsion is present.

Cobalt is not an effective uniformly deep-acting desiccant. Field experience has shown that when using cobalt desiccant, the results can be quite erratic.

The following are specific examples of road foundations built according to the above procedure:

Example 4

A sample of dune sand was obtained and tested with the following results:

Tested material: dune sand

Compressed in a 6 inch (15.2 cm) diameter cylinder

5 layers of 4.5 3 kg (10 Ib) hammer, 45.7 cm (18 in)

Height of fall

55 strokes per layer

(ASTM method D 1557-64T)

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Sieve analysis: U.S. Sieve No. Percent finer by weight

No. 20 100.0

No. 40 99.9

No. 60 96.5

No. 100 60.2

No. 200 1.2

Plasticity: not plastic

AASKO classification: A-3 (0) fine sand

Test type of to- optimal dryness C.B.R.% No. set moisture-tight penetration

Liquid content, 3 2.5 mm 5.1 mm speed g / cm (0.1 ") (0.2") (pcf)

1 water 13.5 1.69 (105.6) 22.8 33.0

2 chemical -ι-> c τ -mi λ ^ r ι \ ο ι / -, τ ^ n and water * ¹³ ' ⁵ 1.70 (106.1) 82.0

χ

The chemical was at a concentration of 5 cm / 1000g

Ground used.

After determining the optimal moisture content and chemical to soil ratio, the same chemical is used in the workplace and applied in the same manner as described above. It happened a hard, tough base layer which, when hardened, is in a condition for the application of a wear layer found.

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Example 5

A sample of excavated soil was taken and tested with the following results.

Tested material : excavator soil

Compressed in a 6 inch (15.2 cm) diameter cylinder

5 layers of 4.53 kg (10 Ib) hammer, 45.7 cm (18 in) drop height

55 strokes per layer

(ASTM method D 1557-64T)

non-plastic sand: 69%

Gravel: 30% abrasion: 1%

Test type of to- optimal dryness C.B.R.%

No. set moisture-tight penetration

Liquid / ^ 2.5 mm 5.1 mm

stability (p.cTf.) OK » ¹ ") (0.2 ")

1 water 12.0 1.88 (117.2) 27.6 42.7 ^X

2 chemical ,, ι rrmi7 Pi 44 η Ri n ^xx and water ^λ1 ' ⁰ 1.88 (117.2) 44.0 81.0

C.B.R. tested immediately after compaction Cured at 50 C for 4 days.

This soil proved by treatment with an upper support, as described above, divider as a highly abrasion resistant j paving material for use as a pavement, mid ¹ and parking area. ;

Although the above examples are directed to use as a road and application in the manner described above

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are, it is clear that as an alternative, but functionally similar working methods for the above mentioned analog applications can be used.

For example, a composition can water-chemical with the soil be mixed by using multiple disks in a few passes until the mixture is homogeneous instead of the earlier mixing drum or batch mixer process described. After mixing, as described earlier, the compaction and treatment of the upper surface can be carried out.

The following provides a suitable molding process for structures that are only subjected to intermittent loads such as road shoulders and embankments, drainage ditches, middle of road dividers and airport transition strips.

The chemical is applied in the proportion of 416 to 832 liters (110 to 220 US gallons) for every 4013 m ³ (4800 square; yards) of soil to be treated with an appropriate water content. The appropriate water content is preferably that amount which, when added to the moisture content of the soil, equates to the optimum moisture content. If a floor mixer of the multi-disc type described above is not available, the floor can be raked to a depth of 5 to 10 cm and half of the chemical-water solution sprayed on it. Thereafter, the sprayed surface is compacted using a vibrating roller. Thereafter, the remaining half of the chemical-water solution is sprayed on and allowed to cure for three or four days.

The result is a smooth, tough, abrasion-resistant surface that is suitable for the intermittent use of the above applications.

When the work regulations and external conditions enter

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Requiring batch mixes, it has been found that conventional Track machines, such as any Barber-Greene model, with a vibrating leveling screed with success can be used.

Specific examples of chemical mixtures useful in the practice of the invention are given below. The individual ingredients are given on a weight basis. The mixture is in any case in its "concentrated" State described as this term is used in the present description, i.e. in a loaded Condition and before diluting with water at the workplace.

component

Water volatile solvent emulsifier epoxy resin ester others

Emulsions

A.

40

1.5 isopropanol
1.5 Triton X100
Epoxy no. 1
Methyl linoleate

B.

40

1.5 isopropanol 1.5 Triton X100 29 Epoxy No. 2 28 methyl esters of flaxseed fatty acids

Water volatile solvent emulsifier epoxy resin ester others

C.

33

Xylene
Triton XlOO
Epoxy no. 2
Methyl ester
of flaxseed fatty acids

D.

35.5

5 xylene

2 Triton X100

57.4 Epoxy No.

0.1 cobalt

nanhthenat

Water volatile solvent emulsifier epoxy resin ester others

E.

28

toluene

1.6 Triton X100

64.3 epoxy no. 1

0.1 cobalt

naphthenate

F.

35.5

5 xylene

2 Triton X100

57.4 Epoxy No.

0.1 cobalt

naphthenate

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component 33 Emulsions Xylene 40 Ii. 5 G. 1, water Triton XlOO 5 eutyl ethers des volatile solution
middle 2 Epoxy no. 4th 1, Ethylene glycols Emulsifier 30th Methyl ester 29 5 Triton XlOO Epoxy resin ester 30th of flaxseed 28 Epoxy no. 1 other fatty acids Metyllinoleate

Water volatile solvent emulsifier epoxy resin ester other

I.

33.5

4.5 xylene

1.5 Triton X100
22.5 epoxy no. 7th
Methyl linoleate

J.

33.5

4.5 xylene

1.5 Triton XlOO 22.5 Epoxy No. 7 38 methyl linoleate 0.2 cobalt naphthenate

L.

water 33.5 35 volatile solution
middle 4.5 xylene 6 toluene Emulsifier 1.5 Triton X100 2 Triton X100 Epoxy resin ester 22.5 epoxy no. 2 25 epoxy no. 4th anaere 38 methyl ester 31 methyl linoleate of flaxseed 0.1 lead risk

fatty acids

M.

N,

Water volatile solvent

Emulsifier epoxy resin ester others

34.8

0.7 toloules

1.5 Triton X100
62.9 epoxy no. 6th
0.1 lead risk

30th

5 methyl isobutyl

ketone

2 Triton XlOO 62.9 Epoxy No. 5 0.1 lead siccative

0.01 cobalt siccative 0.05 cobalt siccative

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-η -

The hpoxy resin esters are reaction products of Uisphenol " A-glycidyl ester epoxy resin with fatty acids. The parts, Ratios and free fatty acid are the following:

Molar ratio

fatty acid Shell nis of fatty acid free Lpoxy Linoleum "Epon" to bisphenol A fatty acid No. Linseed- No. units % 1 Linseed- 828 0.45 2.8 2 dehydrated 828 0.45 3.1 3 castor oil 1001 0.49 5.3 4th 40/60 834 0.86 8.8 Soy / flaxseed 5 Linseed- 864 0.69 7.2 Linseed- 6th 1004 1.0 6.3 7th 828 0.63 5.0

Water is present in an amount suitable for one Viscosity is required for pumping and mixing, and is generally about 25%. Much higher percentage amounts are not harmful, but are much higher than those needed to meet the viscosity requirements are necessary, obviously uneconomical if it is desired to supply the user with a concentrate, that this wants to dilute with water at the time of use. The preferred water content in the concentrate is in the range from about 30 to 45% of the composition.

A volatile solvent is generally necessary. to limit the viscosity of the epoxy resin to this To make thin enough to mix and emulsify with the water. The solvents can be aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzene, toluene, xylene, etc., alcohols, ketones,

Be alkoxy glycol ethers and others. It is obvious, ; that any solvent is suitable that has the property! has the viscosity and stability of the final Limit concentrate. Practical considerations such as cost, low flammability and width Availability, make xylene the preferred liquid solution

60988G / 1G89

middle.

It should be emphasized that some emulsifying agent., your a combination of means that deir. Concert advice one give reasonable stability and allow dilution with the water to be used at the workplace, satisfactory are. There are hundreds of such remedies and combinations thereof, of course. The type of to use Means is not critical. It only has to fulfill the functions mentioned. It turns out that acceptable results are obtained v / ground with polyethoxylated alkylphenols including the polyethylene glycol ether (about 10-100 moles or preferably about 10-50 mol) of nonylphenol, polyethoxylated alcohols, such as polyethylene glycol ether (8 mol) des Decyl alcohol. Other satisfactory emulsifiers are the polyethoxylated polypropylene glycols, polycthoxylated Polyamines and the sodium salt of sulfated nonylphenoxy poly (ethyleneoxy) ethanol. The latter is the preferred emulsifier for water emulsions. The previously listed Emulsifiers are preferred for organic solvent emulsions. A number of these different emulsifiers is sold under the trade names "Triton", "Brij", "Pluronic" and "Tetronic", respectively. The invention is intended, however not be limited to these specific emulsifiers.

The processes for making epoxy resin fatty acid esters are well known in the art and need not be used here are dealt with in detail. It should be emphasized that a wide variety of unsaturated oil and drying agents semi-drying oil fatty acids in place of the fatty acids of the examples, as well as combinations of such fatty acids can be set. E.g. the fatty acids of soya, tung, dehydrated castor, cotton wool, perilla, Oiticika or sunflower oils can be used. When cooking oil blends, this is the molar ratio of fatty acid to the bisphenol-A units of the epoxy resin a maximum

609886/1069

of about 1.1, while the unrea'ii erto fatty acid a; .r mc nc more than about 10 t held v.'iru.

The Vorgenen for attaching <j _He chemicals eggs I'rfindung can be varied widely. Examples of two possible methods of preparation are given below. These procedures are applicable to Chemical Λ or Chemical B above.

Chemical A

15.4 parts of Epon! 'X) I, which is a commercially available plastic from Shell Chemical Corporation and has a melting point of about 64-76 ° C, a Gardner color of 8 or less, a Gardner-Holdt viscosity of CG, measured in a solution of 40 % by weight ■ in ethylene glycol monobutyl ether

at 25 C and an epoxy equivalent of about 450-525 ., are heated together with 13.6 parts of linseed fatty acids while gently blowing with nitrogen at temperatures of up to 260 C (500 F) until the free fatty acid content is 5.6% is calculated as flaxseed fatty acids, the total cooking time being about five hours. After cooling to about 80 ⁰ C or slightly below, 28 parts of methyl linoleate, and 1.5 parts of monobutyl ether of Diäthylenglykols (butyl carbitol) are mixed together with the Harzester at a temperature ranging from room temperature up to about 80 ° C. 40 parts of water and 1.5 parts of Triton X-100, an emulsifier with an ethoxylated alkylarylphenol with about 10 moles of ethylene oxide condensed with each phenol, are mixed together in a separate kettle. Thereafter, the rosin ester mixture is slowly added to the water solution with thorough stirring to form an emulsion which is exemplified by the chemical A given above.

BATH ORIGINAL

609886/1089

- 2t) -

chemical Ii

5b parts of Epon "1004 a commercially available from Shell Chemical Corporation dumbbell resin -is -UNC: a melting point of about 95-105 ⁰ C, a Gardrier color of a maximum of 6, a Gardner-Holdt viscosity of QU measured in a solution of 40 Gw .-% in ethylene glycol monobutyl ether at 20 ⁰ C, and having an epoxy equivalent of about 870-1025, are heated together with 44 parts of linseed fatty acids to the free fatty acid content is 7.5%, calculated as linoleic acid. the mixture is heated under bubbling with nitrogen gas in a closed vessel. the cooking time should be about five hours at temperatures up to 260 ⁰ C (500 ° F) After cooling to about 70 ⁰ C, 57.5 parts are those resulting. Resin ester mixed with 5 parts of xylene, two parts of Triton X-100 are then dissolved in 35 parts of water and this solution is heated to about 70 ° C. Then, xylene-reduced synthetic resin is slowly added to the water with vigorous stirring to produce ng of the final emulsion.

Although two possible ways of processing the chemicals in concentrated form have been described it can be seen that these procedures are given by way of example only and that other procedures are acceptable, that achieve the chemical in a form that, after dilution, is suitable for possible outdoor use.

The epoxy ester resin emulsion can be, for example, a solvent-free system. Examples of such a system follow.

In the practice of the invention, an unconjugated Epoxy ester resin of the type described in Reissue Patent 28,659 can be used. It can be a synthetic resin be used, which is formed by some

609886/1089 _O r, _Q , nal, nspected

drive 4 to C according to line 21, column 5 to line 39, Split. 6, of this patent. Of these procedures, of which All items included as a reference will be the procedure B preferred. In this process, an ester is used React of an epoxy resin manufactured in. Trade under the trademark Araldite.6Q84 is available. This epoxy resin is sold by the CIBA Products Co. of Summit, N.J. and will for. usually.for.production.of epoxy esters with an »unsaturated unconjugated fatty acid mixture is used. The starting mixture contains 50% by weight of Araldite 6084, which is known from reacting bisphenol A and epichlorohydxine Way is derived and one-weight per epoxy group from 875-1025 and a Gardner-Holdt viscosity from R to U has 40% non-volatile content in solution in ethylene glycol rionobutyl ether with 50% by weight * of fatty acids. The fatty acid: can be sold under the trademark Pamolyn 200 available blend manufactured by Hercules, Inc. and is sold and contains linoleic acid fortified tall oil fatty acids which are 81% unconjugated linoleic acid and contain about 18% oleic acid, with the remainder being small Amounts of saturated acids, unsaponifiable material and Rosin is made up. The mass is heated to 260 ° C (500 ° F) and held at that temperature for about 4 1/2 hours while nitrogen is bubbled through the batch. The product is then recovered.

The properties of the formed product are in column 8, Table V under the heading "L" in the referenced reissue Patent and are not repeated here for the sake of brevity.

To form an emulsion from the synthetic resin described above, is preferably that disclosed in U.S. Patent 3,669,900 Procedure followed. The disclosure of this patent specification is incorporated herein by reference. Suitable emulsifiers include those in line 69, column 1 to

ORiGINALINSFECTED

26337A9

^ eiie 4, column 2 are described. Been achieved with good ErgeLni.-.se polyethylene glycol ether (1-Luo mole your vorzuqsweise 10- bO mole) of nonylphenol.

As a particularly preferred example, an Lpoxydfatty acid ester, which is prepared as described above and is semi-solid at room temperature, heated to 60 C for grounding Obtaining a material with a viscosity of about 300 poise. This material can be a device like them in U.S. Patent 3,669,900 along with "Wasser and an emulsifier of the type there and in the amounts there are supplied to achieve continuous production and diluting a concentrate as described in this patent. The device should be high Speed operated v / ground. It can have a particle size controlled to an average of about 1 micron can be obtained.

Further examples of the use of the above composition in soil stabilization follow.

Example 6

A sample of fine sand was tested with the following results.

removed and with

Tested material ;
Atterberg limits

Yield point
not plastic

Fine sand

Plastic limit not plastic

Plasticity index not plastic

density

loose density = 1.5 2 g / cm "

609886/1089

ORIGf _NAL

CBR test

Shape moisture cj eh a 11%

Moisture content at the end of the Testing %

corrected CBR percentage,
soaked

Swelling percentage

3.3 t Z

untreated 7.60 8.38 24.7 0.04 treated 4.60 10.99 16.8 0 treated 7.60 8.9 3 94.0 0 treated 10.0 10.68 7.5 0.16 Note: the optimum moisture content was 7.6%

The forms were compacted in five layers with 55 strokes per layer with different water content. Unless indicated, the chemical was mixed with the molding water in the amount of 1.4 cm per 1000 g of loose soil. The molds with the chemicals were ^{cured in an oven at 40 °} C. for 48 hours before being soaked. A 4.5-3 kg (10 lb) overload was used and all molds were soaked in water for four days prior to testing.

Of particular note is the fact that a very low concentration of the chemical, i.e. only 1.4 cm / 1000 g of loose sand _{/ produced} an almost four-fold increase in the percentage of CBR, which can be seen from a comparison of the results in lines 1 and 3 the CBR test summary can be seen, which gives the results of the treated and untreated soil at optimal moisture levels, ie 24.7 and 94.0. The results also indicate the importance of determining and using the optimal moisture content.

BATH ORIGINAL

6098 86/1

Example 7

Another sample of fine sand was taken and tested with the following results.

Tested material : fine sand, yellow-red, even

Plasticity : not plastic

AASHO classification : A-3 (0)

Maximum dry density: 1.6 9 g / cm (105.5 lb./cu.ft.)

Optimal moisture content? 3.5%

609886/1089

j No. Watering before

. · ^{Des H} 2 ^ * tiem testing,

Tests% hours
.j. -

! la 5 none

, .Ib 5 none

2a 5 8

2b 5 8

3a 3.5 8

3b 3.5 8

4a 3.5 none

4b 3.5 none

5a 3.5 none

5b 3.5 none 6 a 3.5 24 6b 3.5 24 7a 3.5 24

-3Λ -

Chemical Mengenver ratio

none none

none none

3,
3.2cm ^J / kg

3.2cm_ / kg 3.2cm ^J / kg

1.03 l / m ² (1100 gal /

acre), 20 cm deep

Curing conditions

no
no

no
no

100 ⁰ C;
hours

100 ⁰ C;
hours

4 hours at room temperature; 48 hours
at 100 ° C;
Cool down on
Room temperature

1.29 l / m (1375 gal /

acre), 20 cm deep

CP.R

12.5 16.5

10.0 15.0

27.9 24.8

77.2 67.6

75.6

100

100
100
1OO

7b

3.5

24

100

The a-test was carried out at a penetration depth of 2.5 mm (0.1 inch) while the b-test was performed at a depth of 5.1 mm (0.2 inch). Samples la and Ib were tested immediately after compaction.

It should be noted that with the method and the In the construction of the invention a CBR of over 100 was achieved in contrast to a CBR of around 15 for untreated soil. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the CBR of the treated Soil if this after treatment with the chemical

609886 / 1Ö89

-BZ-

soaked, 'had a higher CBR, i.e. a larger one Puncture resistance and a greater load-bearing capacity than asphalt.

From the above examples, particularly Examples 6 and 7, it can be seen that an additional benefit of the invention consists in the ability to improve marginal soils of the type, i.e. to recondition, which before the treatment is not suitable for the road construction was of sufficient quality. This is achieved by using very small amounts of chemicals. Quantities, in the area from 1 to 10 cm of chemical to 1000 g of soil were found to be effective found.

Example 8

A landing strip with a 900m x 30m runway was constructed using the following material.

Material:

Sieve analysis: Il 4th 2.3 US sieve No. Il 10 3/4 Il 20th 1/2 40 3/8 60 No. 100 No. 200 No. No. No. No. No. Density:

gravelly sand (A-I, USHRBC), SW group of the "Unified System".

Percent finer by weight

100.0 98.5 96.1 86.2 65.6 51.3 39.7 29.2 17.0 2.6

146.2 lb / cu.ft. (g / cm), dry maximum

optimal humidity :

7.2%

609886/1089

CBR data

Test No. Chemical, rate CBR

la Ib

2a

O ' 34, 3 O 74, 5 0.21 l / m ² 62, 7th (220 gal / acre), looser Floor, 15.2 cm ("6 inches) thick

2b "96.2

Before testing, the floor was hardened for four days ^{at 60 ° C. in all cases.} The a-test was performed at a depth of 2.5 mm (0.1 inches) while the b-test was performed at a depth of 5.1 mm (0.2 inches).

The strength of the soil was noticeably increased due to the chemical treatment. The ground was put into operation as a runway for aircraft after treatment and was in continuous operation for a period of time. The US Corps of Engineers (Standard em 1110-45-302) permits the use of a base layer material with a CBR rating of 80 for tire pressures of 7 kg / cm ² (100 psi). the

The slope was built using the Khoering system as described above. After laying it became an upper one Topping consisting of a layer of solvent, such as turpentine, thinned chemical, and black coal tar through Spray applied. A hard, smooth, waterproof and wear-resistant surface resulted.

Example 9

It became another strip of land with a runway of 900m x 30m of the following material and using of the process described below.

609886/1089

Material classification :

H.R.B. classification Unified classification Uniformity coefficient

A-2-4 (0)

SP

Grain size analysis:

US sieve no. Sieve size, well Percent finer after weight 1/2 " 12.7 100.0 3/8 " 9.52 99.8 No. 4th 4.76 99.3 No. 10 2.00 95.1 No. 20th 0.84 89.3 No. 4O 0.42 77.6 No. 60 0.25 69.4 No.100 0.149 43.8 No.200 0.074 13.7

All results were the average of three tests

Atterberg limits :

not plastic

The soil was treated 15.2 cm (6 inches) deep using a Khoering machine at a rate of 1.03 l / m ² (1100 gal / acre). After treating the upper side with a covering similar to that of the track of Example 8 , a smooth, water- resistant and wear-resistant surface resulted. ^:

The quality of the aggregate structure can be further increased by using cement in small but effective amounts. Ls appears that a degree of synergistic effect is achieved when cement is in contact with the chemical

609888/1089

26337 A9

of the invention is used as a small amount of cement with a small amount of the chemical, better results than seems to produce a large amount of both.

Example IQ -

On comparable sandy, non-agricultural soils Baiken tests were carried out with the following results.

test

tensile strenght
strain

30 wt% cement

2.6 kg / cm '5 x 10 " ⁴

5 cm ^{3 of} chemical per kg of soil

1.0 kg / cm

3% by weight of cement and 3 cm of chemical per kg of soil

4.5 kg / cm '-4

10

1 »cured 7 days at room temperature, then 2 days at 100 ° C. 2. cured 2 days at 100 ⁰ C.

The better results appear to be attributable to the elasticity imparted to the basic construction by the chemical. In particular, it is known that axial overloads create cracking of a conventional concrete structure ₍ with cracking starting at the bottom of the structure and progressing upwards. Cracking is attributable to the fact that cement structures are brittle; and have little elasticity, especially against tension The thickness of the structure can be increased to avoid cracking, but this precaution significantly increases the cost of the structure, which is substantially higher than that designed.

60 98 86/1089

Using a small but effective amount of the chemical in conjunction with cement increases the elasticity of the Construction essential, thereby avoiding the formation of cracks and increasing the life of the construction, without losing its thickness and without any adverse effect on their compressive strength, i.e. their load-bearing capacity. If a construction which has been stabilized by a combination of a chemical with cement is subject to an axle overload, so will assumed that the solidified chemical matrix yields without breaking or cracking and thereby a larger one reasonable proportion of the overload as the cement absorbs. As long as the proportion of the load absorbed by the cement or does not exceed the breaking strength of the cement, cracking does not occur and the structure remains quite.

Example 11

In a further test, four parts by weight of dune sand were mixed with one part by weight of Portland cement and 5 cm of chemical were added per kg of the sand-cement mixture. The bars and printing cylinders were then formed at 5.5% moisture and ^{cured at 50 °} C. for 28 days. The cylinders were üann tested in triplicate at 10 ° C, 20 ⁰ C and 50 ° C. Similar bars and pressure cylinders were also molded using only Portland cement and were tested at 20 ° C. after curing for 28 days at 50 ^° C.

The results were as follows:

609886/1089

Cement with chemical

tested tested

Tensile strength, kg / cm

-4
Elongation 10

Compressive strength, kg / cm "

cement

tested tested

at 10 ° C at 20 ° C at 50 ° C at 20 ° C 13th , 2 9 , 0 6, 6th 5 , 4 7th 8th 8th 5 5 / 0 3 , 5 2, 8th 3 , 9

Example 12

The following tests were carried out on highly plastic road foundation soil with an untreated soaked CBR of only about 5 executed.

The road foundation soil was treated with the chemical in a proportion of 5 cm / kg dry soil together with 3% by weight of Portland cement based on the dry soil. The mix would be optimal at? ¹¹ Moisture Content Molded, oven dried at 60 ° C to approximately 3% moisture, then soaked 48 hours prior to testing. The following results were recorded:

CBR at 2.5 now (0.1 in) CBR at 5.1 mm (0.2 in) Moisture before soaking. Moisture after soaking. Swelling percentage during soaking

= 70 = 97 = 3.7 = 15.3 = none

Then the flexural and compressive strengths of the floor, treated as above and treated with only 3% cement, hardened as described and dry tested, determined and how is given as follows:

609 8 86/1089

5.0 cm chemical only 3% cement with 3% cement 1.0 3.7 12th ■ 1O " ⁴ 21 • 10 -4 1160 2400 16 20th

Tensile strenght,
kg / cm ^

Elongation at break

Deformation modulus,
kg / cm2

uniaxial compressive strength, kg / cm

The addition of a very small amount of the chemical resulted in an almost 200% increase in CBR, more than a 250% increase tensile strength, a 75% increase in elongation at break, a 107% increase in the modulus of deformation, and a 25% increase Increase in uniaxial compressive strength. All of this is particularly noteworthy as no previous investigation has given one Basis for anticipating such a result.

Example 13

Sand of the type described below was tested with the following results.

Tested material : dune sand
Sieve analysis ;

US sieve No. Percent finer after weight

2 "
1"

1/2 "
3/8 "

No. 4 100

No. 10 99

No. 40 69

No. 200 14.4

609886/1089

Sand equivalent : 20
Yield point : 23
Plastic limit : NU
Plasticity index : not plastic
AASHO classification : A-2-4
optimal moisture : 9.9%
Proctor density: 2.04 g / cm ³ (127.5 lb / cu.ft.) CBR; unimpregnated / impregnated

68/60 79/50 124/110 123/120% swelling 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.09

Samples 1 and 2 had no cement while samples 3 and 4 contained a small but effective amount, about 2%, portland cement.

It should be noted that the top or bottom covering noted above is particularly suitable for use with highly permeable soils, such as AASHO groups A-I and A-3. The coating that. may be the chemical described earlier, excluding that given in Example 8 Black coal tar is diluted on the spot with a suitable solvent, such as turpentine, and can then be used immediately be sprayed onto a base layer that has been stabilized as above to form an extremely tough, waterproof, non-slip and abrasion-resistant surface that is suitable for the heaviest traffic. The material can e.g. be colored green or black for a color drawing and an additional ultraviolet protection. The usual jobs

2 application rates vary from 1 to 4 l / m and can be increased Cure the handover to traffic for 24 to 28 hours.

A typical coating can be done with a conventional spray cart

2 applied at a speed of about 100,000 m per day will. For selected uses, such as extremely sandy

609 886/1089

Soils, the chemical can be diluted with water alone. However, in the vast majority of current applications, mineral solvents will give the best results achieved. A typical example of a preferred mineral solvent top coat may consist of a Mixture of about 4 7.5 parts by weight chemical, 47.5 parts by weight Heavy fuel (mineral spirits) and 5 parts by weight of xylene exist. The upper support can optionally be made from about equal parts by weight of chemical and turpentine plus xylene in a ratio of about one weight steep ' Xylene is made up of about 20 parts by weight of the chemical and turpentine. Such compositions have been found to be effective over a wide range of soils, particularly in conjunction with floors with less than about 15% abrasion. External experience has shown that a sufficient upper edition must be applied to achieve a penetration depth of at least about 1.3 cm (0.5 inches) to allow for vapor pressure as well withstand the temperature and humidity cycle found in many arid areas of the world.

The construction of a typical multi-layer pavement using the exact chemicals of the present invention shows the easy adaptability of the method according to the invention to the construction of roads in sandy or non-agricultural soil areas.

Example 14

For building a road, consisting of a base layer of dune sand overlaid with a wearing course, the following equipment is required:

A bulldozer large enough to build road embankments; a bulldozer; a water tank truck that works with a gravity feed spray rail with a is provided with a uniform distribution pattern; a steel

609886/1089

vibrator type wheel roller (corresponding to a minimum compression force of 25 to 30 tons); a nail ripper, preferably formed from a 1.83 m. 1.83 m (6 '· 6') frame with a cross member, built by putting two by four together with the two by four driven nails with points extending approximately 6.4 mm (0.25 inches) for tearing open roads; a finishing machine attached to the truck similar to a Barber-Green with a vibratory compactor with leveling screed; a portable dispenser similar to a Barber-Green model KH-45; Dump truck from Sufficient capacity to supply the finishing machine; and a feed pump for pumping Chemicals from standard 208 1 (55 US gallon) drums into the tanker truck.

The basic chemical should be one of those described above Type in a water emulsion, while the top pad chemical is a chemical of the type described above is, consisting of about 47.5 parts by weight of chemical, 47.5 parts by weight of heavy fuel (mineral spirits) and 5% by weight Xylene.

First, an embankment is built up by soaking and compacting 30.5 cm (12 inch) strokes to about 91.4 cm (36 inches) above the leveling level. Preferably, the first, second and third strokes compressed to 90%, 95% or 100% of the optimal density.

The base area (the third excavation) should be wet leveled, straightened, be shaped and leveled.

At the allocation system the following should be at least two Mix for minutes in the following proportions:

609886/1089

A-3 Dune sand - 2 2OO lbs (997 kg) local water - 13 US gallons (49.2 liters) Chemical - 6.1 1 (1.6 US gallons)

Then the allocated material should go straight to the finishing machine which then forms a uniform, flat, 5.1 cm (2 inch) thick wear layer relocated. The speed of the finishing machine should be set so that the vibratory compactor with Leveling screed produces 100% of the optimal density.

After filing, it should cure for three to four days under the prevailing atmospheric conditions be made possible.

After that, the chemical and heavy fuel are equal in volume (mineral spirits) mixed using a circulation pump and / or ordinary truck movement. Preferably, although not essentially, an additional solvent such as xylene can be added in the ratio of about one part by weight of xylene to about 20 parts by weight of chemical and heavy gasoline can be added.

Then the material of the upper covering should be applied evenly using the spray rail in a proportion]
Square yard).

2 ratio of approximately 2.04 l / m (0.45 US gallons each

An additional two or three days should be allowed for curing, with the road at the end of this time should be ready for use.

An approximation of the bumpy construction of a road constructed as described above can be from the following example can be obtained.

609886/1089

Example 15

Bar tests on soil, first with the chemical alone and second is treated with the base chemical, followed by an application of a material for the top pad, Consists of a mixture of 40% chemical and 60% heavy fuel (mineral spirits), applied in a proportion of 3 l / m of the surface / achieved the following Results:

tensile strenght

strain

F o rmun gation module

basic chemical only

8.4 kg / cm ⁴ 56 x lo "" ⁴

2000 kg / cm ²

Base chemical with top layer of 40% chemical and 60% heavy fuel at 3 l / min

2 over 40 kg / cm

33 · ΙΟ " ⁴

15,000 kg / cm ²

1. 6.6 cm / kg soil + 1/50 desiccant, calculated from Weight of chemical, cured for 7 days at room temperature.

2. 7.3 cm / kg soil + 1/100 desiccant, calculated on the weight of the chemical, ^{cured at 100 °} C. for 2 days.

Since previous experience indicates that the above hardening are comparable and the difference in the proportion of basic chemicals to the soil is the size of the difference in the tested Cannot produce properties, the results are considered statistically valid.

609886/1089

Example 16

tensile strenght
strain

Deformation modulus

basic chemical only

6.6 kg / cm '17 x 10 " ⁴

6200 kg / cm '

Base chemical with top layer of 40% chemical and 60% heavy fuel at 3 l / min

18.7 kg / cm ⁴ 26 · 1O ~ ⁴

9500 kg / cm '

Abrasion tests on a floor which was treated and cured essentially as described in Example 15 gave an immeasurable, if any, weight loss. These tests were carried out using a mechanical powered cup-shaped steel brush with a speed of 2100 rpm under a load of 1 kg for numerous Periods from 15 to 60 seconds.

Another advantage of the invention is that the specified road construction method, albeit in materials and Deviating from any currently used system, opt for conventional road construction theories gives away. Thus, the highway engineer is able to apply existing road design technology to the design to apply a particular road construction, and achieve a result that no understanding of new or untested Requires concepts.

This benefit can be summarized by the following example.

Assume that a motorway is to be built in an area consisting primarily of sand dunes. The highway should be built from a base layer of chemically stabilized soil above the existing subsoil and be covered by a surface layer of asphalt concrete.

609888/1089

- 30 kg / cm
■ ΙΟ " ⁴ - 80 kg / cm - 10
- 30 - 12

The traffic is given by loads of 13 t double

axles at 3.2-3.5 kg / cm (45-50 psi) tire inflation pressure an assumed highway usage of 10 million loads within a planned service life of 20 years.

Tests on the compacted subsoil and on the chemical stabilized dune sand gave the following average strength and deformation parameters:

CBR of the sub-construction floor CBR of the stabilized floor Tensile strength of the stabilized floor Elongation at break when the floor is bent uniaxial compressive strength of the soil

2 modulus of deformation of the soil - 5000 kg / cm

Let us also assume that the base layer of 20 cm of chemically stabilized sand and the wear layer should consist of 5 cm asphalt concrete.

Using the "Asphalt Institute" method, 1970, A thickness of about 16 cm of stabilized sand is required.

Using the TRRL method, 1970 is a foundation thickness of about 11 cm of stabilized soil is required.

Using the AASHO method, 1972, is a minimal one Requires a thickness of about 18 cm of stabilized soil.

Thus, the proposed design is suitable for withstanding the assumed traffic.

In particular, the actual tensile load is about

2
1 kg / cm (14 psi) at the bottom of the base layer very _p

609886/1089

small compared to the tensile strength of the material of about

2
10 kg / cm. Furthermore, the actual elongation is about

—4
1.8-10 on the underside of the base layer is very low compared to the elongation at break of the material of about

-4
30 * 10. Therefore, the proposed road section can withstand the given traffic for the intended service life without fatigue.

The superiority of a road built according to the invention over an all-asphalt road results from the following Example.

Example 17

Assume that the stabilized soil is the optimal one Chemical to soil ratio of 5 cm of chemical per kg of dry soil, and that an amount of required Water for the optimum moisture content is 5% by weight of the dry soil.

It is also assumed that bituminous material to be used for asphalt stabilization is an asphalt cement a penetration level of 70-85.

Since A-3 dune sand is the bottom material and such sand is mostly completely free of abrasion, good design requires that a neutral filler be added to the floor is before the stabilization of the sand by bitumen. Preliminary research indicated that the use of normal Portland cement in the ratio of 7.5% cement to the total weight of the material was the optimal ratio.

Conventional testing gave the following results: Marshall Stability - Asphalt - 145 kg (320 lbs.)

609886/1089

Chemically stabilized soil - 448 kg (990 lbs.) Compressive strength - asphalt - 1.6 kg / cm ² at 30 ° C stabilized chemically Sand - 23.4 kg / cm at 30 ⁰ C

Elongation at break - asphalt 8 * 0; chemically stabilized sand 36

Tensile strength - asphalt 0.60 kg / cm - chemically stabilized sand 10.2 kg / cm ² .

It can thus be emphasized that a chemically stabilized soil road is better in every important respect has physical properties as a road, from one currently used extensively in road construction typical asphalt composition.

It should also be noted that solids stabilized in accordance with the present invention exhibit Marshall stability equal to or better than asphalt concrete at the highest temperatures encountered in desert areas. In one test, a cross-section of a road made from conventional asphalt and a cross-section of a road built according to the present invention were soaked ^{in water at 60 ° C. for two days;} Thereafter, each cross section was subjected to a Marshall stability determination with the result that the Marshall stability of the chemically stabilized soil was about 100 and about 300 for asphalt.

The invention is particularly good at stabilizing Sand dunes and slopes or, in a broader sense, adapted to the preservation of natural contours. Typical applications are Airport and street banquets, sidewalks, park areas, road slopes, light traffic areas, sand dunes and traffic-free areas.

6098 86/108 9

The following are examples of the use of the invention and the applications in which the resulting surface, e.g. Airport banquets, street banquets, sidewalks or parking areas are designed to carry intermittent loads.

Example 18

The strip of land to be treated, as in the case of airport banquets, Street banquets, cycle paths or sidewalks or the area to be treated, e.g. in the case of parking areas, is first scraped off or otherwise processed to remove large stones or other items that would tend to impede good bonding between adjacent particles or grains in the final surface. The floor should preferably be scraped, leveled, and / or sifted to remove large items be condensed.

Then a solution of about 160 cm of chemical A is sprayed on every square meter of area with 2 to 3 liters of water. There is a penetration into the compacted desert soil to a depth of about 1 to 1.5 cm. After a curing time from about 1 to 3 days results in a tough, flexible membrane that is able to carry occasional loads.

Example 19

The following procedure has been used with success when applied to side slopes.

A mixture of about 80 cm of chemical A with 3 to 7 liters of water, preferably about 5 to 7 liters of water, is made sprayed over every square meter of surface. Penetration into porous sand is about 2 to 3 cm. The application will preferably carried out when the surface is dry and

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no rain has fallen recently or is not expected. To a curing time of about 1 to 2 days, a tough flexible membrane is formed, which is able to light To carry traffic.

Example 20

A large area of about 1,086,800 m (1,300,000 square yards ) sandy soil in an airfield was treated as follows.

The top 10 cm (4 inch) bottom layer was used on a Howard Unimix machine. The previous treatment was essentially an oil-based derivative layer. The tearing up broke the existing deteriorated soil layer into small particles, making the soil better for the soil The following chemical treatment has been prepared. Once torn, chemical A was sprayed into

2 a ratio of 416 1 (110 US gallons) per 4050 m applied using a Howard Unimix machine. The equipment included a 13,248 l (3,500 US gallon) tank truck, who moved in front of the Unimix machine to remove the diluted chemical before mixing with the Unimix machine to spray all over the floor.

The chemical was diluted at the ratio of 1 liter of concentrated chemical to 100 liters of water. After applying the soil was usually made with a pneumatic tire roller from 8 to 14 tons in size using several passes 5, compressed.

Then the surface was compacted with a steel roller, which gave a smooth appearance. The result was a waterproof, 7.6 cm (3 in) deep, even, stable foundation which, after hardening, is occasionally light Traffic allowed. 80% of the hardship occurred within the first

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Week after treatment, while full hardness was achieved after about 30 days.

Optionally, a soil layer of the type described above can be used in a proportion of about 416 1 (110 US gallons)

2
4050 m each are applied to the treated foundation, the chemical being mixed in a ratio of around 2 to 4 parts of water per part of chemical, depending on the requirements on site. A typical depth penetration should be about 1.25 to 2.54 cm (0.5 to 1 inch), the depth of penetration being controllable by the water content and the time between the completion of the previous treatment and the application of the flooring. The floor covering can be sprayed on by any suitable device. In one case, a large 946 l (250 US gallon) tank was mounted on the aforementioned steel roller and the spray was applied immediately after the steel roller. A color, such as green, was incorporated into the top pad so that the eventual surface was a pleasing green color. After a curing time of around 1 to 2 days, the surface was able to absorb light traffic.

Various methods of destroying or stabilizing loose accumulations of soil, such as sand dunes, are known moving, digging, planting, paving, paneling, fencing and oiling.

However, all of these methods have one or more disadvantages, mainly of cost when large-scale Projects need to be run.

Moving, for example, is simply the immediate removal of material from the particular endangered area is, impracticable for large-scale operations because of its high cost as it absolutely requires endless belt conveyors, bulldozers, dragline excavators, and other heavy equipment.

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The excavation, which destroys the dunes by means of transverse or Longitudinal cutting, for example by digging, of trenches across a dune in order to destroy its symmetry, is on one temporary basis highly effective. If the trenches are not periodically dug again, however, results under Circumstances an equilibrium profile and is the pile of sand no longer stabilized.

The planting results in the most aesthetically pleasing one Foundation treatment / is extremely expensive, requires enough Water to ensure coverage development and requires long term planning and maintenance.

The paving is also sufficient, but again pretty expensive on a large-scale project.

Paneling, which means the erection of solid barriers directly to the windward side of the objects to be protected or covers areas, is effective and durable, however, the cost is high.

Fencing is a modification of paneling and can be highly effective when used correctly. Even if less more expensive than paneling, but the costs are always too high for use in large-scale projects.

Oiling is perhaps the most widely used remedy to stabilize loose soil accumulations. However, the effect is only briefly, since the penetration is almost always quite shallow and the layer when exposed to the sun and Air becomes brittle, breaks up and is blown away. This can occur in as short a time as six months. Additionally oiling is difficult to carry out because it is unclean, does not bear any loads after its application and it is harmful to the environment is harmful as it kills plants and regenerates

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prevents subsequent plant growth until it is broken open will.

The surface treatment with the present invention is an effective and inexpensive method of achieving the fundamental goal of sand dune destruction and stabilization. It also has the further advantage of increasing the saltation coefficient over the treated surface limit flowing material. Saltation is known to be the form of sand movement caused by wind the grains that are unable to stay in a real suspension fall to the bottom and in a defined one The trajectory rebound, which depends on the relationship between the grain, the mass and the wind gradient.

The sand symmetry can be achieved through selective treatment either the center or the horns of the dune will be destroyed. This system was found to be the least expensive and the most feasible found. The objects achieved by using the invention are road, rail and road protection Container textures, in the stabilization of the floor strip, along which build-up or deflection barriers are erected, in the immediate halt of the sand dune migration and in the stabilization of exposed sand, which lies between an impoundment fence and an area to be protected.

The surface treatment by the present invention compares favorably with oiling which may be the one at the time The most widely used system is, due to the exposure to the sun and air, the advantages of not being oxidized or otherwise Going bad fast is long lasting, creates a hard surface that foot loads and other occasionally heavier ones Can take loads, can be used to almost any desired depth of penetration, the only practical one Limitation is an economic one, since the greater the amount applied, the greater the depth of penetration, and remains elastic. In addition, the surface can be a pleasing one

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green color or any other color desired the surface does not inhibit plant growth. Indeed, the surface treatment of the invention constitutes an excellent method of reforesting barren Areas.

Example 21

In a special application, 50 cm of chemical A

mixed with 4 to 5 liters of water and sprayed over an area of 1 m each will. Spraying can be done in strips. at One application used strips 2.5 m wide in conjunction with a 5 m gap of untreated sand between adjacent strips. The sand movement became complete controlled. The penetration into the dune sand with the above proportions is about 2 to 3 cm. After curing for 1 to 2 days, it is tough, elastic A membrane 2 to 3 cm thick is formed, which withstands the natural conditions of wind and heat and has sufficient hardness retains to withstand heavy loads. The lifetime of the treated sands is expected to be around 10 years old »This Lifespan should be in contrast to the lifespan of petroleum derivative products stand that is only about a tenth as long.

Example 22

The preparation of mixtures described in Example 13 was carried out together with seeds. The resulting mixture was applied as described in Example 13 above. The resulting soil mass could not be blown away by the wind and as a result the seeds were able to germinate and a soil cover was established. It should be noted that the elastic membrane when it is also continuously, the moisture absorption of occasional rains not hindered by the ground so that they ■ moisture is available to seeds available, no matter

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what precipitation occurs.

If desired, seeds of plants can be incorporated into the mixture at different speeds germinate. For example, the following can be incorporated into the same mixture: seeds of fast germinating grasses and Grains from slower germinating plants or from plants in need of shade, or best in conjunction with a manufactured ground cover. In the first stage of germination, the fast-growing grasses form. In a subsequent stage, the slower germinating plants or the plants that best combine to develop drift with a manufactured ground cover. Of course, additional stages can be provided.

Another field of application of the invention is in agriculture Reclamation.

In certain areas, the existing soil is unsuitable for agricultural purposes, either because it is so porous that due to the fairly rapid drainage no benefit can be drawn from a rare rainfall or because the soil is simply not buildable.

The system of the invention is particularly well adapted for use in connection with agricultural reclamation of the type in which the upper floor is shifted from an area to a designated area for the purpose of Creation of a cultivable area in an area where rainfall, even if it is usually rare, are sufficient to increase the harvests and can be used much more effectively, i.e. when the process speed slows down can be that a larger proportion of the precipitation is available for plant growth.

In this context, a large area is loose

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Bottom a possibly cultivable area that can be treated with the chemical of the invention to form a membrane that works as a barrier against water absorption. Chemical and water solutions are selected that have minimal porosity in the final floor structure provide. A cultivable floor is then placed over the treated surface to any desired thickness applied, preferably to a thickness that is slightly greater than the thickness to which the soil is covered by the subsequent processing is destroyed, for example by plowing or harrowing. A subsequent rainfall is better utilized as a result of that from the treated subsurface layer formed barrier the water after the absorption of the precipitation near the cultivable layer during a Lasts a much longer period of time than would otherwise be the case in the absence of the water barrier layer.

Those used in the description and claims Terms have the same meaning as what is understood by highway and ground engineers. In particular the term "soil" is used to designate any earth material that the motorway engineer encounters in his work, with the exception of embedded Feis and shale rock. This definition can be found in PCA Soll Primer (EBOO7.O4S) Portland Chement Association, 1973, page 5.

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Claims (18)

Claims Soil stabilizer, characterized by an epoxy resin ester, which is the reaction product of a bisphenol A glycidyl ester type Epoxy resin with unsaturated fatty acids with an iodine number of at least 90, in which the molar ratio of fatty acids to bisphenol units is about 0.5 to about 1.7, along with 0 to about 20% by weight of free fatty acids and 0 to about 60% by weight of fatty acid esters of lower alkyl alcohols or glycols, wherein the reaction product is dilutable with either water in the ratio of water to reaction product of at least 1: 1 to about 1000: 1 or with an organic solvent. 2. Soil stabilizer according to claim 1, characterized by an emulsifier which has the property of the soil stabilizer to provide adequate storage stability in a concentrated state and to dilute the soil stabilizer to allow with water. 3. Soil stabilizer according to claim 2, characterized in that that the emulsifier is selected from the group of polyethoxylated alkylphenols, including the Polyethylene glycol ethers (about 10-100 mol) of nonylphenol, of polyethoxylated alcohols, including polyethyleneglycol ether (8 mol) of the decyl alcohol, the polyethoxylated propylene glycols, the polyethoxylated Polyamines and the sodium salt of sulfated nonylphenoxypoly (ethyleneoxy) ethanol. 4. Soil stabilizer according to claim 3, characterized in that the water is present in an amount of about from one quarter to about one half of the total weight of the soil stabilizer after the formation of the reaction product and before further diluting to a final desired ratio. 609886/1089 5. Soil stabilizer, characterized by an epoxy resin ester, which the reaction product is a bisphenol A glycidyl ester type Epoxy resin with unsaturated fatty acids with an iodine number of at least 90, in which the molar ratio of fatty acids to bisphenol units is about 0.5 to about 1.7, along with 0 to about 20% by weight of free fatty acids and 0 to about 60% by weight of fatty acid esters of lower alkyl alcohols or glycols, the reaction product being dilutable with either Water in the ratio of water to reaction product of at least 1: 1 to about 1000: 1 or with an organic one Solvent and a desiccant. 6. Soil stabilizer according to claim 5, characterized in that that the drying agent is selected from the group consisting of manganese acetate, cobalt acetate, cobalt naphthenate and lead siccative. 7. Soil stabilizer according to claim 5, characterized in that the drying agent is manganese acetate. 8. Process for producing a stabilized floor structure, characterized by applying a soil binder solution with a solvent and a small one but effective amount of an epoxy resin ester of unsaturated fatty acids on the floor and then hardening it of the soil treated in this way by exposing it to the prevailing weather conditions up to one self-supporting solid construction is obtained that is capable of. To bear burdens. 9. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that the The solvent is water and that the solution also has a Contains emulsifier. 609886/1089 10. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that the solution contains a small but effective amount of a drying agent. 11. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that the epoxy resin ester is the reaction product bisphenol-A-glycidyl ether-like epoxy resin, the molar ratio of fatty acids to bisphenol A units is in the range from about 0.5 to about 1.7. 12. A method for producing a load-bearing structure from soil, such as a layer of road or a flight platform runway, gekennz eichn-et by determining the optimal moisture content of the soil, moving the soil particles, from which the construction is to be made, from its natural position, mixing the displaced Soil particles with an aqueous soil binder solution, which is a solvent and a small but effective Amount of an epoxy resin ester containing unsaturated fatty acids, apply the soil-binder mixture to In place for a compaction, compaction of the soil-binder mixture and subsequent hardening of the compacted Soil-binder mixture by exposure to existing weather conditions until a self-supporting solid construction is obtained, which is able to bear loads. 13. The method according to claim 12, characterized by applying a wear material to the exposed surface of the stabilized construction. 14. The method according to claim 13, characterized by applying a bottom layer to the upper exposed surface of the Construction according to claim 13, wherein the bottom layer consists of a solution of an epoxy resin ester of unsaturated Fatty acids consists of an aromatic hydrocarbon. 609886/1069 15. Process for producing a stabilized floor structure, characterized by mixing a small but effective amount of cement with soil to be stabilized, Applying a soil binder solution to the soil-cement mixture, wherein the soil binder solution comprises a solvent and a small but effective amount of an epoxy resin ester of unsaturated fatty acids, and subsequent hardening of the soil-cement mixture treated in this way by exposure to existing weather conditions up to a self-supporting solid structure that is capable of bearing loads. 16. The method according to claim 15, characterized in that the soil binder solution contains a volatile solvent and, optionally, a small but effective amount of a desiccant. 17 * Method for stabilizing loose soil, marked by forming an aqueous soil binder solution containing a small but effective amount of an epoxy resin ester of unsaturated fatty acids, application of the soil binding solution in spray form to the area to be stabilized loose soil, such as sand dunes, and hardening of the soil treated in this way by exposure to it existing weather conditions until a self-supporting solid structure is obtained that is able to to carry a foot load. 18. Methods of stabilizing soil and making a plant layer characterized by forming an aqueous soil binder solution, the seeds and a small but effective amount of an epoxy resin ester of unsaturated Contains fatty acids, applying the aqueous soil binder solution in spray form to the loose to be stabilized Soil and hardening of the soil treated in this way by exposure to existing weather conditions 6 09886/10 89 conditions until a self-supporting solid structure is formed that is able to carry foot loads, whereby the soil is hardened to a depth and hardness sufficient to produce the self-supporting solid structure for a sufficient length of time to allow the seeds to germinate. 6 0 9886/1089