DE2419467A1 - Air space monitoring and measuring method - involves dividing space in sectors each with optical system and several photoreceivers - Google Patents

Abstract

The photoreceivers are exchangeable, and operate on different wavelengths, thus producing an optimum contrast between the flying object and background; data concerning the flying object are obtained by auxiliary electronic means, and applied to a computer. A rotating disc with code marks is used as the image plane, which is electronically scanned at a preferred frequency of 50 Hz at ranges below 1000 m. and 6 Hz at 3000 m. and more; position finding equipment allocated to the sectors are tested by a (toy) balloon released at the centre of their position, after all position finding equipment has been give at the same time the same position function.

Description

Method and device for airspace monitoring and measurement.

The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for airspace monitoring and measurement.

At the moment, fighting low-level flies is only possible to a limited extent, be it that the time available is insufficient for a defense action to be successful to carry out, or that the radars, if they are at all available, a location only allow limited, or because they are shunned, disturbed or as active devices can be destroyed. Also the Viesiervorrichtungen now used are the light anti-aircraft weapons too modest to successfully carry out the Always enable the task.

Werner is still working on a device that is used to combat low-level aircraft is used, the surveillance of the airspace and the measurement of flying objects carried out with one and the same device at the same time.

The invention has the task of air surveillance and the To solve flying object survey at the same time, and so contribute to the surprise the defensive weapon is excluded by the elug object. Werner nut the immediate one and long-term operational readiness of the defense weapon ensured by the device because the time available to combat low-level aircraft is extreme is small. The reaction time of the defense system must therefore be drastically reduced.

This object is achieved according to the invention in that the air space is subdivided into sectors, that for each sector one imaging optics and one or more interchangeable oto receivers are provided, the latter with different ones Light wavelengths work and so the generation of an optimal contrast between Allow flying object and background and that with electronic aids the the data relating to the flying objects are generated and fed to a computer.

Further details and features of the invention result themselves from the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings, in which preferred embodiments of the invention are illustrated for example and are explained in more detail with the aid of diagrams.

The drawings show: FIG. 1 a schematic representation of a According to the invention, device for airspace monitoring and measurement during tracking of a flying object, FIG. 2 shows a schematic representation of an air defense system according to the invention, Fig. 3 the determination of the lateral and elevation angles, and 4 Fig. 5 the location determination with two location devices, FIG. 6 a diagram of the location device, FIG. 7 shows a re-emission difference diagram and FIG. 8 shows a diagram of the scattering coefficient as a function of the wavelengths.

Before going into more detail on the general theoretical fundamentals first, the principle of the airspace monitoring and measurement according to the invention is intended will be explained with reference to FIG. 1.

In FIG. 1, the device 1 according to the invention consists of imaging optics 2, which images the flying object 3 at 3 "on a rotating disk 4,4 ' rotating disk 4 is designed as a code disk, with the help of which by means of duty cycles formed by it between the unexposed state and period a Soto receiver 9 of the Röhenwinkel 7 (3-1-3 ') and between the partial circumference and the whole Scope of the horizontal angle 6 (x-1-3) with the aid of lighting and the larger mark 5 ', which occurs only once on the circumference of the disc 4, at the same time can be measured. The image 3 ″ of the flying object 3 on the disk 4 is shown with the intermediate lens 8 shown on the photo receiver 9. Through him the optical becomes Signal converted into a digital electrical signal. The electronics 10 evaluate the contrast ratios and, if necessary, carries out the contrast expansion for Horizon and contrast compression for zenith images, as well as signal conversion and supplies the computer 11 with the signals in the form it requires.

Since the computer 11 has the spatial positions 12 of the devices 1 and 1 ' are known, can now be measured simultaneously with the help of the device 1 and 1 ' Horizontal and elevation angles 6.6 'and 7.7' the coordinates ton 3. as well as later Angle pairs 6.6 'of t and 7.7 of flight path 13, as well as the flight object parameters are calculated will.

Taking into account the ballistic characteristics of weapon 14 and projectile 15, the computer 11 can send the necessary control commands for the weapon 14 and / or fed to the (steerable) projectile 15 so that the bombed object 3 is hit will.

The device can be used to work in the visible, invisible and / or to optional work in several spectral ranges be equipped. By choosing the suitable spectral range, an optimal contrast between the background and Flying object, as well as at least approximately the re-emission coefficient can be obtained.

The functions of parts 4, 8 and 9 can also be summarized by an appropriately designed Poto receiver to be exercised.

For the day and night operation, certain parts must be set up in such a way that that they can be exchanged automatically according to the measured external light conditions are. With the help of a Kublsystem the sensitivity of the used photo receiver 9 can be increased.

The disturbing solar radiation is, if necessary, in an image plane of the objective 2 eliminated by a mechanical light trap. The transmission device 17 allows your own flying objects or your own operations center, taking into account the electronic safeguards a part of the airspace surveillance and surveying device turn off. In this way, the endangerment of one's own flying objects can be prevented. With you can also transmit the data from flying objects 3 for the creation of air situations will.

Only the size of the computer 11 limits the number of in it at the same time monitorable flying objects, as well as the calculation methods for determining the collision location.

The described airspace monitoring and surveying device is permitted Simultaneously determine the airspace and the movements in it in one device and to measure. By combining the functions, the response time is of Device very small. Therefore it is also possible to fight against several low-flying ones Flying objects with multiple weapons possible at the same time. The device can be dormant or stabilized in moving vehicles for the control of pipe, rocket and guided missiles are used, with its use also from an extendable Platform can be made.

Ba should now be the further theoretical basis of the invention be considered more closely.

All research on the possibility of increasing performance the light anti-aircraft defense show that they can only succeed with fundamentally new measures, which by the vast majority of professionals imperative to improve performance the air defense is required. Here, positioning and straightening procedures must be technical and tactical procedures are coordinated for a sweeping improvement can be reached.

1) A distinction is made between tracking devices and straightening methods Sighting devices and the complete Peuerleiten situation. Sighting devices and full Fire control systems must comply with the given flare by the plug object as well as the take into account aviation saturation.

The attack of several flying objects is under aeronautical saturation at the same time in the same place in the Eöhe, offset from different directions to understand.

It leads to the blocking of the fire control and the use of weapons the air defense and with their outmaneuvering, mostly also to their material one Destruction. The playful mastering of the aviation satiety is for a future Air defense system crucial.

2) When it comes to shooting procedures, the transition is the most important thing Tin follow-up shooting necessary, because you have to make sure that every shot is the same Chance has to meet.

Then, and only then, for example, the very high cadences get more modern Pipe guns also have their full justification. If the transition to follow-up shooting succeeds, so the effectiveness of small-caliber anti-aircraft weapons is quite considerable improved.

3) Another improvement can be achieved if the flying object the surprise could be taken and the flying object with fire ambush and Antiaircraft surprises should be expected. Such a system would have to so work passively.

The method according to the invention leads in all three areas mentioned a turning point in the fight against low-flying attacks.

The method according to the invention is based in principle on the evaluation the contrast in two or more locating devices on the first floor and a central computer R, which determines the flight object parameters and the values for weapon control W supplies (Fig. 2).

The locating device should now be used in conjunction with FIGS. 1 and 9 will be explained using the example of the photomultiplier solution, this approach is intended to be clear is. Technically, you would probably use a low-light amplifier or another Prefer solution.

The task of the lens 2 is to look from a three-dimensional Template PF (flying object 3) a two-dimensional image PF "on the locating disc 4 to generate.

The image of the flying object PF on the locating disc 4 is made with the aid an intermediate lens 8 shown on the photoreceiver 9.

The locating disc 4 modulates by the corresponding figure design (Fig. 3) the ratio of the exposed to the unexposed Photo receiver time 9.

So unexposed = = Rb. (1) Period T0 It follows that: Rb = # (2) and 2 # T2 = α (3) T00 This becomes two determining elements for calculation the flight parameters recorded by PF. Through (2) the circular cone becomes the solid angle 180- # determined. By definition, the flying object PF lies on the mantle of the circular cone MBF. The straight line, the surface line Gp, is determined by (3), on which the flying object by definition (Fig. 4).

With these measured and calculated quantities of two or more Locating devices OG determines the computer R taking into account the storage of the Locating devices OG trigonometrically the location of the flight object PF.

The representation of the determination elements of two locating devices shows Fig. 5.

It is now possible to determine the location of PF as a function of time the other parameters of Pp, which are necessary to combat the target Pp are to be calculated.

Fig. 6 shows the scheme of the passively working locating device, which excludes the surprise of the locator by the flying object and ensures long-term operational readiness. The use of weapons is required with such tracking devices no target process and thus points to today's known optical methods have considerable advantages.

In this regard, there are some specific problems to begin with consider. These particular problems are divided into two groups: - One first group, which includes mobility and threat decision-making and is proportionate can simply be dealt with and a - second group, which requires in-depth considerations because it includes computing questions, range and background conditions.

1) The mobility of the system It essentially depends on the bezung the position and weights of the devices, as well as the set-up time of the system away. As a result of the miniaturization of electronics, only the power supply wires are significant. Only data is transmitted over the remaining lines, and they are very light and easy to handle.

The power supply wires are also thin and flexible because the electronics do not demand and possess great performances for those in question Lengths a weight of about 3-5 kg. In addition there is the weight of the dhow rolls. The cabling of the system appears to be the most complex. In contrast, may it is noted that in the time in which the air observation outposts in other systems be set up, the wiring can also be carried out. The power supply could also be ensured with battery operation as a result of the miniaturization of the electronics will. Data transmission could also be electrically wireless over these short distances or even be done optically. This means that there is no need for any cabling whatsoever. However Such solutions are likely to be much more costly than cabling. Technically, however, it is conceivable and would also have some practical advantages in terms of it of warning.

The measurement can be done relatively without special optical instruments easily, quickly and accurately. When the tracking devices are ready for use, a toy balloon is launched approximately in the middle of the setup. All tracking devices the same position function is entered at the same time. The system misses itself even if the software program is prepared for it. With that are the shelves known to the position.

The following order of weights can be set up: Calculator, Locator, power supply, weapon.

Since it is hardly possible to equip such a system with a single weapon, whether mobility is only determined by the weapon.

2) The threat decision The threat decision is made by the system, as soon as the flight object is unmasked, through the parameters altitude, Airspeed, distance and finally the flight path are determined.

The collision location is determined with these parameters.

The assessment of the importance of these quantities depends everything from the weapon or monkey assigned to this system. kin must therefore know whether it is a barrel weapon, missiles with or without proximity fuses or guided missiles acts that can only fight within the steering area. These facts will be the software is based on.

Some sizes to consider when developing soft waxes are: Association size 6 1 Flying object Type of use Saturation Maximum possible weapon impact 2000 Approx. 250 m Information accumulation low Duration of the timeliness of the information sec For example, one can first fight the target whose collision point is the quickest outside the effective range of the weapon. Or you can first start fighting the flying object for which the minimum tracking time of the weapon system is calculated.

Or you want as many flying objects as possible in the available space Fight time. In any case, these decisions can be made exactly to a computer program formulate. Finally, the threat decision can also be obtained from a simulation process and be optimized.

Thanks to the modular structure of the computer, it is also possible to make the threat decision to adapt to the weapon change. For example, the current use of guns and the later use of guided missiles are envisaged. A consideration the development of weapons and allocation to the tracking device is therefore possible. From the obtained information one can conclude that the calculator of course must be a real-time system that works as a faster processor with a relatively small one Memory works. The size of the calculator still depends on the size of the flying object association which must be taken into account when combating.

The second group of special problems includes 3) the question the range.

It is much more complex and forces you to look at the background and target (template). From this follows the transfer of the contrast, mainly in the atmosphere, receiver resolution, data volume and response time as still others, but of secondary importance compared to the topics mentioned.

All objects in flight or traces of the same are to be recorded as targets or template. Other objects whose activity consists in a possible Preventing capture are disrupters. Everything that does not belong in these categories Let the background be (sky, clouds, forests, grassy areas, mountains, snow.

The goal (information content and changes over time) can only can then be determined by optical means if it differs from the background distinguishes one or more wavelengths, i.e. if between the two, the target and a certain minimum contrast is exceeded in the background. As a contrast in a narrower sense, is the difference in emissions or re-emissions between the target and the background understood at one or more wavelengths. But Dz means extended sense Contrast of taking into account absorption, scattering, turbulence and refraction detected difference in parameters of those captured and processed by the detector Radiation components, such as the intensity as a function of the wavelength or the Polarization of the signal etc.

The information is intensity differences between the target and the target Background at one or more wavelengths. In the area of very low intensities (Residual light systems) becomes a lower limit as a result of the quantization of the radiation given for the size of the resolved picture element, which is also an ideal receiver can no longer undercut. So the Rontrastuntersehieae must be in function of the wavelengths for the various backgrounds can be investigated, as is well known the security of the identification increases very rapidly with an increasing number of channels. A review of the literature suggests that the processing of the Contrast with only one wavelength is sufficient. The extension of the proposed Locating device on two or more wavelengths is easily possible. The contrast is in front of the most diverse skies and backdrops against metals and camouflage colors to examine in scattered sunlight. From Fig. 7 it can be seen that in part even with the choice of only one wavelength, differences in contrast are quite significant exist. The three curves - a for concrete, b for camouflage paint, c for green vegetation - show the re-emission differences R in 46 as a function of the wave length.

It makes sense to use finer contrasts on the edge zone increased To distinguish between the contrast density and the zenith zones, i.e. the system with contrast stretching and contrast compression.

As is well known, five contrast levels result in an optically very good satisfactory picture. More than 10 contrast levels are only in rare cases a little more productive. From this knowledge gained from literature that should The method according to the invention work with five to a maximum of 10 contrast levels.

When working with several wavelengths, you can at least approximate determine the reflection coefficient. So nan can even under strongly changing Identify different materials according to the lighting conditions. This analysis focuses on the short-term stability and linearity of the electronics certain requirements.

The contrast ratios of the target and their transmission to the receiver depend on the atmosphere. So you can only take into account this procedure of the weather meaningfully speaking of the range, whereby it is more the meteorological View acts as un the optical view. An investigation of the weather situation in the The Federal Republic of Germany shows that in less than 2 ffi of all weather cases one Visibility from 2,000 m or less, and that in less than 0.1% of all weather situations visibility of 460 m or less is available.

The influence of the weather on the contrast is determined by the scatter coefficient determined by the atmosphere. In 98 ç of all weather situations there is a scatter coefficient which is less than 2 and in 0.1% of all cases one that is smaller as 10. The perceptible contrast is given by the formula CZ - CH Co = CH where CZ means the target contrast, 0H the background contrast and Co the perceptible Contrast.

The scatter coefficient and the weather are linked to the Contrast in the formula = e- # R, Co where Cx is the contrast that can be processed by the sensor, the scattering coefficient and R the radius.

The numerical evaluation for known from the literature Mean values (CV = 0.1 for camouflage color, CH = 0.35 for the backdrops and Cx = 0.02 for the workable Contrast of the receiver as well as # = 2 for the scattering coefficient, which in 98% of all Weather cases is smaller, results in a range of 1.8 km.

How the scattering coefficient # (km-1) depends on the wavelength can can be seen from FIG. Curve a refers to heavy fog with 2.3 g / m3 Curve b on a cloudburst with 100 mm / h curve c on haze curve d on strong Rain with 16 mm / h curve e on light fog with 0.032 g / m³ curve f on light Rain at 1 mm / h.

It is also known that practically in all parts of the world at night the weather is better than during the day.

The modulation created in the atmosphere is usually opposite that of the original, both spatially and temporally, significantly lower frequency.

The astronomical and terrestrial refraction can be neglected will. The changes in density of the air cause changes in the refractive index. Density changes are spatially long-period. Air streaks are effective briefly, however much longer than our inner ones System response time and therefore only lead to a meaningless reduction in contrast and Resolution.

When choosing the sensor for the system, one has to consider the properties such as the resolution and transmission of the objective at one or more wavelengths also for the ability to effectively separate the contrast (s) at the system entrance be concerned. The receiver can determine the radiation components from the target or from the transmission way not differentiate. The distinction is based on the information content possible.

The reduction in contrast can also come from the immediate surroundings of the detector. The ambient radiation occurs particularly with systems that working in the long wave part of the spectrum is disadvantageous in appearance. Certain Effects can be reduced by constructive measures.

To conclude the remarks on the influence of weather on the Locating device should also be mentioned that photomultiplier tubes at illuminance levels from about 10 lux, i.e. up to near civil twilight, so that practically the photomultiplier solution the use of the weapon system during the entire period of low-flying activity.

4) The range The range is determined on the one hand (independently) from weather and contrast and on the other hand (depending) from resolution, reaction time and gun.

The response time should be the time from the unmasking of the flight object until the collision object has reached the shortest distance to the flight object, understood will.

It is divided into an inner and an outer reaction time.

tR = ti + t The inner reaction time ti is the time between Unmasking of the flying object and the launching of the collision body pass. the external reaction time t is the time taken as the time between the launch of the collision body and achieving the shortest distance between the collision object and the flying object passes to understand.

3 with an assumed computing time of 7on 20 ms and a fine adjustment time a barrel weapon of 250 ms results after unmasking the flying object and five times Scan and correct a launch after about 480 ms.

The following table also shows the times for the collision distance (m) 250 800 1500 internal reaction time ti 0.5 0.5 0.5 external reaction time ta -0w3 1.0 1.9 (times in seconds) tR 0.8 1.5 2.4 Taking into account the reaction time, so you can see that the system successfully fights fire from a distance of 250 m can lead. This is not possible with any other weapon system at a distance of 250 m one finds a weather probability greater than 9g, 9 5 'of all weather cases. The scattering coefficient is about 10. That means that the system, if one dynamic behavior of the range tolerates, is practically independent of the weather.

It is known from the literature that the expected hit rate decreases with decreasing Response time increases very sharply.

With this information you can now choose the weapon, the number of tubes and you Set divergent shooting.

There are official regulations that require that the first collision location (The flying object projectile of the 20 mm weapon is said to be at 1500 m. From the literature However, it appears that this removal is at least for named guns and without automatic fire control device is much too big. Taking into account many shooting evaluations it is consistently only about 800 m.

The proposal according to the invention provides an automatic fire control device Therefore, according to the table above, a collision distance of 1500m should be expected will.

The flying object is therefore unmasked at a distance of 2.2 km (2.4 sec. 300 m. s 1 = 720 m + 1500 m).

Now you can calculate the necessary information conversions.

The formula is: NI = FK. fA. nc (4) FF where FK is the area of the hemisphere (from R = 2.2 km), the sampling frequency (10 HZ), nc the number of contrast levels (5) and FF the area of the flying object (5 m2).

For these assumptions we get 3.2. 107. 10. 5 = 3.2. 108 (5) 5 Information.

A standard AC converter converts in 12.5 ns or 8th . 107 conversions per second. Because every lens with about 1000 opening angles supplied by an AC converter, 4. 8th . 107 = 3.2. 108 Inf / sec (6) in the tracking device converted. Faster AC converters, according to the data sheet, are available on request available.

If you compare (, 5) and (6) with each other, you can see that the conversion The amount of data does not require a particularly fast converter. This result was calculated with a flight object area of only 5 m2. From this one can conclude that the amount of data is processed in the desired range. A greater range is therefore neither desirable from the point of view of hit expectation nor necessary from the point of view of the weapon. With regard to this assumed range, the weapon is used to capacity, if not even overwhelmed.

Should a longer range or higher sampling frequency be desirable so that would be the use of faster AC converters and / or the increased use Make subdivision of the "celestial hemisphere" necessary (with FF = 5 m²). The statement shows, for whatever reasons, an even greater range than the assumed one what is required is that today's technology is able to satisfy this requirement.

Werner should be noted that the electronics are one of the flying object distance dependent sampling frequency allows.

For small distances, e.g. in poor atmospheric conditions, the sampling frequency can be increased and the internal response time significantly reduced will. At greater distances, the sampling frequency can be reduced, whereby the internal reaction time measured against the external reaction time, however, only insignificant is enlarged.

The range ultimately also depends on the resolution of the lenses away. If you take the distance of 2200 m and a focal length of the lens of 20 mm and a flying object area of 5 m², you need a lens that is Edge resolves 46 lines / mm. Lenses with such a resolution and an opening angle of 120 ° are known and have been z.3 for years. used in aerotriangulation.

It should also be mentioned that in the case of detectable hits on the flying object the weapon can be blocked by human intervention so that it is not unnecessary Ammunition is fired.

As an emergency operation or for financial reasons when using The at least approximate measurement of the plug'object parameters is also guided missiles possible with just one tracking device. With the help of a measuring stick, for a not subdivided photoreceivers the distance at least under certain assumptions £ 2 can be determined by the calculator.

Taking into account the lens data and the photo current can the distance can be determined at least approximately.

The exposed unit cells are in the subdivided photo receiver in an exact relationship to the distance of the flying object. This ratio will only disturbed by the unknown size and plug position of the flying object. Anyway for guided weapons, the determination of the distance under certain assumptions about the Size of the flying object ensure their use.

It should also be mentioned with regard to the sampling frequency that this is at small Distances, e.g. 500 m, about 50 Hz and long distances, e.g. 3000 m, about still 6 Hz. The software development of the computer must meet this signal processing requirement consider.

It can thus be seen: All flight object parameters are due to the short sampling time taken into account as current and measured values when shooting.

Almost any intrusion lasting longer than the internal response time in the sphere of action of the system leads to the use of the weapon system.

The system does not need a target process of a person who is in the network as the most sensitive process only too easily the shooting success of the light attack defense calls into question and also very high demands and special features in terms of training entails.

Since no human delay element is built in and the airspace surprise and fire control coincides in one and the same device is such a short response time ensures that the successful combat of even the deepest flying objects is ensured.

The short reaction time also enables light air defense to fight fire at extremely low altitudes. Sonit brings it a multiplication their commitment and their significant upgrading.

As a passive system, it allows the attack-like opening of fire against the flying object, because there is no prior warning of the flying object.

As a result of the fire attack on the flying object, it can be expected that the anti-aircraft hypotheses are largely fulfilled and that therefore one particularly high hit expectation is given.

The dynamic relationship between response time and range ensures due to the extremely short reaction time, the fire attack even with bad meteorological conditions Circumstances.

The system can be practical with a suitable choice of photoreceiver really be made suitable for all weather conditions.

An attack by the flying object from the sun does not maneuver the system the end. At most, it shortens the realm values without endangering the fire fight.

If the system is equipped with the appropriate number of weapons, the "saturation defensive battle" can be waged.

The system shows an extremely long-term readiness for use on.

Due to its small size and passive nature, the system can be easily camouflaged.

The system can be described as fly-proof, as it is only extremely can be laboriously disturbed or put out of action.

There is no problem of coordination and communication with aerial observation outposts.

All technical problems that are currently visible can be solve with today's commercially available elements or components. Therefore one is allowed to high Expect operational reliability and cheapness.

The bills show that the data conversions are also for especially large ranges with commercially available AC converters and the increased subdivision of the Hemisphere (more sectors) as well as with the distance-dependent sampling frequency easy can be done.

The soon-to-be-occurring shortage of staff will add to this to force, the still available personnel of the 20 mm barrel weapon more effective to use.

There are many possible solutions for implementation. This creates a broad field for construction that enables cost-effective solutions and leads to major cost reductions.

The question of costs was not discussed in more detail. However, it is certain whatever assumptions one makes, that even with extremely high system costs significantly better cost effectiveness than the current 20 mm Air defense, as the expectation of hits increases by orders of magnitude and the expenses For the buffer room monitoring and their feasible use of factors are omitted increase.

After all, it offers the same idea and largely the same Technology offers the possibility of developing a device family. As limbs of this device family are: - proximity detonators - guided missile control - Air situation observation and reporting device - Mobile anti-aircraft system, the partially stabilized on tanks or armored vehicles ready for use is available.

It makes sense and cannot be emphasized enough which ones logistical simplifications and savings in development through the installation of a family of devices.

All three fundamental problem areas mentioned at the beginning are dealt with decisively improved the proposal presented. It can be expected that the proposed system is a long-awaited turnaround in the fight against flyers is able to bring about.

Claims (11)

Claims 1. A method for airspace monitoring and measurement, characterized in that that the air space is divided into sectors, that an imaging optic for each sector and one or more preferably exchangeable photo receivers are provided, which latter work with different light wavelengths and so the generation enable an optimal contrast between the flying object and the background and that the data relating to the flying objects is generated with electronic aids and be fed to a computer. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the imaging plane a circumferential disc (4) provided with aodizing marks is used. 3. The method according to claim 1 and 2, characterized in that the Imaging plane is scanned electronically, at a preferred scanning frequency of about 50 Hz at distances of the flight object of less than 1000m and about 6 Hz at distances of 3000m and more. 4. The method according to claim 1 to 3, characterized in that the tracking devices assigned to the sectors one in the middle their set up (toy) balloon are measured after beforehand the same location function was entered in all tracking devices at the same time. 5. The method according to claim 1 to 4, characterized in that for Achieving an optimal contrast worked with preferably five contrast levels will. 6. Apparatus for performing the method according to claim 1, characterized characterized in that the individual components assigned to the sectors on an adjustable Platform are spatially separated. 7. Apparatus according to claim 6, characterized in that as a photo receiver Residual light intensifiers are provided. 8, device according to claim 6 and 7, characterized in that only imaging optics with an extremely large opening are provided, their distortion corrected optically and / or electronically. 9. Apparatus according to claim 6 to 8, characterized in that the imaging optics consists of one or more rotating lenses. 10. Apparatus according to claim 6 to 9, characterized in that it is stabilized horizontally and azimuthally. 11. Apparatus according to claim 6 to 10, characterized in that the computer is a real-time computer.