DE2250026A1 - BALL CALCULATION GRAPH - Google Patents

Description

BALL CALCULATION GRAPH

This instrument is used in determining the location on Sea, in the air and on board a plug stuff or on the land by observing the stars and using a sea horizon sextant or sextant with an artificial horizon (in this case, the electronic sextant preferably).

Its main principle is to solve the triangle a position (spherical triangle) by a mainly graphical-mechanical method - dragging Lines of a position, circles on the surface of a sphere.

We can only observe two stars, but the observation of at least three stars removes our indeterminacy, if we only observe two stars in which there are only two points of intersection of the lines of position. One The third observed star eliminates this vagueness because it intersected only one of those two points.

I.

The components of the instrument

*) A sphere, preferably hollow, but independent of the rigid system of the instrument

Although this sphere belongs to the instrument, it is free and we can either face it or stare at it Withdraw whole easily and quickly if necessary. It can be made of metal (if possible, an alloy made of aluminum), from pressed material or from another, hard material, which very small changes ahead of the ambient temperature.

The difference between the outside and the inside

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The diameter must be twice the thicket of the annulus of the rigid system which will be described earlier in I-2-c.

The outer diameter of the sphere for seafaring will have to be greater than 860 mm. For aviation can that diameter should be reduced because the strict tolerance in aviation allows a greater error. It there is nothing against it, since the horizon has always been a lot is bigger. The sphere corresponds to the materialation of the celestial sphere and on its surface there are lowest circular cavities, the center of which corresponds exactly to the relative positions of the next points:

a) A whole star, according to its size, visibility and correct relative position selected so that there are the best possible intersections of the position lines for any observer allowed on the surface of the earth.

b) The North Pole and the South Pole in their correct smock relative positions for a given year (as you know, their position with the movements of rewind and Mutation of their axis changes).

c) The vernal equinox (Aries), which is represented on the surface of the sphere at the imaginary equator.

d) In an important position opposite the centers of the cavities existing on the surface of the sphere (and which are described in each of the previous Alineas) become circular cavities with the same Shape, the same depth, the same circumference (this is measured on the surface of the sphere). the Centers should be exactly and opposite to the others indicated in Alineas a), b) and c).

It is a major fact that the surface of this sphere is white.

2) J2äs_Ganze de r s ta rr en elements (ni CHT independently wiedie sphere)

a) Basis

This piece serves as a frame for the whole, whether the sphere is placed on it or not. Your dimensions should

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just follow the rigidity of a platform and it should be circular or square. She is allowed out made of any resilient and durable material.

b) support pole

This connects the core part of the instrument with the Basis and will probably be the same material, resistance and durability conditions of the basis follow.

c) Core pieces of the rigid system of the instrument

A. A closed orbital movements s ring, d e r 'with the designated in b) support means of a single pole piece is connected.

This piece should be made of the same material as the sphere and of the same thickness as the hollow one Be the sphere of the system.

The diameter of this ring will be slightly larger than that of the sphere, so that it allows:

a) that a runner who slides past on the higher right quadrant of the ring has a lower one Has tolerance as to the leeway not to touch the sphere when it is set up.

b) that a mobile, transparent rear sight mounted on the poles of the sphere, which we see further ahead will be described in a specific section, some tolerance regarding the margin between its Edge (when the sphere is set up) and the inner surface of the ring marked in A.

In a side cut, this ring should have a square shape. On top of it and perpendicular to the ring he must have set up a pivot system or a bolt, the axis of which is perpendicular through the center point of the ring, should be strictly centered.

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This pivot system includes:

a) a protruding bolt, strictly inserted in any of the open cavities of the sphere, which we have designated in I-1-a / b / c / d.

b) This bolt pierces the ring and has a head which allows on the opposite side and outside the ring, that we can put two fingers - the index and the ring finger - on it to pull the pivot system.

c) A system installed in a small housing enables the pivot to be positioned normally along the same axis. In this cylindrical housing, a helical spring seldom functions on the inner surface of the rigid ring and an annular brake which is connected to the bolt on the side of the outer surface of the rigid ring. At the top and bottom of this housing we have some rollers that are in direct contact with the bolt and that allow it to rotate freely around its axis. This housing is rigidly connected to the circumference ring; since it is cylindrical, its axis is exactly perpendicular to the center of the annulus . For its part, this is concentric with the sphere set up on the system (within the circular ring).

Opposite the upper pivot that we just referred to, there is a similar pivot, but since it is not removable it does not need a top or spring system. However, the same role system is required. The shape and dimensions of the protruding lower bolt of the perimeter ring are absolutely identical and, strictly speaking, its axis is opposite the upper pivot. The perimeter ring is rigidly connected to the support pile identified in I-2-b and the plan of the ring should strictly contain the axis of the support pile.

An observer to the left of the instrument will see the support pole on the left and the circular ring, that is, the Umkrel -

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see ring (there is some thickness) on the right. The plan this ring is exactly perpendicular to the base (I-2-a).

The same observer will see the higher right graduated quadrant of the ring, which is graded from pointing zero to 90 degrees from the right end to the top. This quadrant is divided into 90 equal parts and each part corresponds to a degree of arc.

The quadrant has the next pieces and features:

a) Along its circular extent there is a gap that defines its symmetry plan of the outer cheek and Edge contains. The width of this gap depends on the diameter of a threaded drum, which is placed on the Runners of the quadrant and will be described earlier. This gap allows one to see the position lines on the surface of the sphere and describe the points marked out on it by means of two cylinders, the alternately placed on the runner of the quadrant, can read accurately.

b) On the cheek of the left edge of the quadrant we have the scale divided into degrees. On the opposite The cheek consists of 90 gear teeth, 'covering the same circular extent of the quadrant's scale. Strictly speaking, the teeth are also removed, although they do not collapse on the scale. This interlocking? - system is similar to that of the sextant with a micrometric drum, which is interlocked and works relevant worm of the rotor micrometer.

c) A runner placed on it slides along the quadrant when we squeeze the micrometer screw with a pair of tweezers turn off the toothing. The drum of the micrometer is divided into equal parts and each part corresponds to one Arc minute. The drum is in connection with a screw without end, which is on the in the preceding alinea

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written interlocking works.

In order for the rotor to slide freely on it, the tweezers are pressed together, which ^{disengages the endless screw (worm) from the 1} toothing. In this way the runner is released and can slide along the quadrant in either direction of the ring. It slides just like a drawer.

If you relieve the pressure on the tweezers, the worm meshes again in the teeth and the runner hears to slide on. But when you drive the drum of the micrometer, the runner slowly moves in the quadrant along in one direction or in the other after the rotation of the drum of the micrometer. The whole of the tweezers and the micrometric drum allows us to regulate the runner in a very precise position.

There is a window to the toe of the runner that allows us to see the scale of the quadrant.

An arrow that is also visible through the window and perpendicular to the tangent at that point on the ring is that Reference point to read arc in degrees and minutes. We read these arc minutes on the relevant micrometer of the Runner.

This one, which has the same center as the quadrant on which it slides, has an open cavity on an axis, which is perpendicular to the curvature of the quadrant, on its upper platform. This cavity, cylindrical and helical, allows us to screw a cylindrical drum into it in a manner similar to a screw. In We can screw in two cylindrical drums alternately in the same cavity, which have the same external dimensions and have the same thread shape (passe de rosca). There is only one difference between them: one is dense and has an opening along its axis, into which a pencil is inserted from one end to the other. The outer hospital allows us to replace or sharpen the sharp point. The inner tip is as sharp as possible so that

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one position lines on the surface of the sphere in very can draw thin but visible lines. The pencil should be pretty hard so that you don't keep using it must be sharp.

The other drum is hollow and inside there are two lenses set up, which are coordinated according to the theoretical principles of optics and on the surface of the On the sphere set up on the instrument, illuminate a point that corresponds exactly to the drum axis. This axis is accurate in the same position as that of the other drum in which the pencil works, and both fall completely in alignment with the arrow dug on the left cheek of the runner, which we drilled through the one on it See window. This arrow shows the scale of the quadrant. In this cylindrical drum that matched a couple Lenses are still made up of two tiny wires perpendicular to each other at a point which is the axis of the Cylinder exactly.

It goes without saying that this drum and its devices are (the lenses and the wires) are designed to read the latitude and longitude on the surface of the sphere.

d) The whole of the parts of the runner is for two Purposes intended:

1) Drawing of the position lines

After the sphere is set up on the system

and perpendicularly supported on the two opposing pivots of the perimeter ring, the sphere rotates freely around the axis of the pivots in one direction or the other. Then the observed star is made to correspond to an open cavity on the surface of the sphere. The sphere is placed on the ring so that that cavity is inserted on the upper pivot and the opposite cavity on the lower pivot. Then you move the rotor so that you can adjust it to the size of the arc · the correct height of the star being observed. The correct height is called the first height,

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after their mistakes have been corrected. Then you screw the drawing drum into the runner. While the sphere rotates about the vertical axis on which it is supported, a circumference is designated on the surface of the sphere, which is a line of position of the observer. ²⁾ Since the Bo s esen L ^ s

To read an arc, we will

Place the sphere on a different axis, the pole axis assuming. In advance we will the Remove the drawing drum from the runner to screw in the reading drum.

If we move the sphere around the vertical axis of the instrument, what it is based on, and if we do We gradually succeed in making the runner slide by means of the tweezers and the drum of the micrometer marked point on the surface of the sphere with the cutting track to adjust the wires of the reading drum. You can strictly adjust and read it because you have those crossed wires and that Lens system used in the housing of the reading drum.

d) Setting up and removing the sphere from the rigid system of the instrument In order to set up the free, hollow sphere (with or without the accessories specified in 1-3) on the circumference of the rigid system of the instrument, the lower bolt or pivot of the Ring into one of the openings of the spherical surface and the upper bolt into the opposite opening by means of the head and spring provisions of the upper bolt. The selected cavities are related to the intention of the first phase, the drawing of position lines on the surface of the sphere, with regard to the observed heights of the stars. Others are used with regard to the second phase, the reading of the arcs latitude and longitude - a certain point that has been marked on the surface of the sphere as a result of the first phase.

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With a view to the ultimate intention of determining the coordinates of the position under observation, one must do the constellation or repeat the withdrawal of the sphere from the ring of the instrument. To withdraw the sphere from the ring one should pull the head of the upper bolt with the fingers, the ring and the index finger, which the The spring system drives and removes the bolt inserted in the cavity of the spherical surface.

After this bolt is withdrawn from the upper cavity has been, the sphere rests inconsistently on the lower bolt. To pull them out of the system, should you give it a little nudge from the bottom up and along its vertical axis. '

3) Movable rear sight in full semicircle

- ι

One can place this accessory of the sphere on it; or pull it out whenever needed to read or determine the length of the point being observed. This accessory consists of a full semicircular ring that is concentric with the sphere, although its diameter is about 4 mm larger. The rear sight must be made of a transparent material, 2 or less millimeters thick and torsion resistant. Along its plan you can see a very thin line that realizes the upper local meridian. At the two ends of this ring there are two pivots, which have two bolts like those of the rigid system \ h = so that the ends of the accessories can be raised to the two heights.

lungs corresponding to the poles of the sphere.

The bolts on this accessory work like those on the rigid ring: one is rigid and the other is removable. If you press on the head of the removable bolt he moves away from the cavity, which permits the erection or withdrawal of the accessories of the sphere. ';

Since these accessories share the same fastening system as the pi- ' has vots of the rigid ring, you can do it to any '

ORlON INSPECTED 309817/0 2 44

Move in the direction of rotation around the axis of the ball poles. In the head of the PIgot, which has the spring device, there is a fastening device to the effect of the To nullify the rolling of the bolt. So the ring can be guided to any point on the surface of the sphere, if you spin the ball. It is fixed on this point after having set the points in the same perpendicular direction and made it collapse.

This accessory is the materialization of the upper meridian and has the individual intention of establishing the Length of the observed point, which can be obtained after drawing the position lines during the first phase has achieved.

This ring has to be like a spherical sector and as thin as possible and on its plan you have to see the very thin line that realizes the upper local meridian.

**) function ting and Benut zung_des in s trum ents

To make it more understandable, let's assume the premise of observing three stars at the same time. Therefore we need a sea horizon, an artificial horizon or, preferably, an electronic sextant. Everyone An officer observing at the same time must have a sextant and an emergency officer must be free to use a seconds counter to throw in the middle time and with the Compare a chronometer whose clock you wrote down when you started it up and before you started observing. As the When observers have adjusted their sextants and ready to measure the height of the stars, the assistant officer counts the seconds loudly, says "Done!" for a certain number of seconds (10, 20, 30, 40) and says "Get out!" presumably 20 seconds the one after that without stopping to count them out loud. This action guarantees the simultaneity of the operations. if If this simultaneity is not achieved, these operations must be repeated. The electronic sextant is a

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important tool so that you can measure about 60 heights of the same star in 2 minutes.

For the assumed condition you only need the following data:

a) The clock of the chronometer, which corresponds to the start of the seconds counter.

b) The clock of the seconds counter when you say "Get out!" said that corresponds to the exact moment of the observations.

c) The state (estado) of the chronometer.

d) The observed heights of the three stars after correcting them.

It is asked:

a) The coordinates of the observed point, latitude and longitude.

b) At what time the observed point concerns in relation to the spindle in which one goes to sea.

The operations to solve this problem exist from three phases in the following order:

1) Drawing the position lines on the surface of the free sphere specified in 1-1. First draw the three position lines on the surface of the sphere of the instrument, one line for each star observed. For this there are the points that have already been drawn on the surface of the sphere and correspond to the materialization of those stars on the sphere of the instrument in relation to their exact positions on the celestial sphere. A tiny round cavity, the center of which corresponds to the exact position of the star, is the realization of the observed star on the sphere. Opposite there is another cave.

The sphere is set up on the rigid ring of the instrument so that the star concerned is concerned Cavity on the top pivot of the ring and the opposite 'Cavity are inserted on the lower pivot. As a result, the sphere can be rotated with complete freedom.

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tion movement set up around the vertical axis of the ring whose upper end corresponds to the observed star.

Then one adjusts the runner of the graduated quadrant in order to observe a certain number of degrees of the correct one Height and in the cylinder of the micrometer a certain number of minutes of the corresponding arc can be read.

There is an opening in the upper surface of the runner, in which you screw in the cylinder that has the pencil. You put the pencil point on the surface of the sphere stir, which is set up on the instrument. If the ball is given a rotational movement around the axis of the pivot, what it is based on, a circle is described on its surface, which is the geometric location of all observers, who see that star with the same correct height, that is, a circle is described which is a position line of the observer. After you have this position line on the sphere (it is always a circle with a spherical radius, which is equal to the real zenith distance of the observed celestial body) one takes the ball back out of the rigid system of the instrument. The cylinder with the pencil remains in the runner.

Then the position line is drawn that corresponds to the second star. The ^first sphere is set up again on the rigid ring of the instrument so that the bolt of the upper pivot is in the position of the second observed star.

matching cavity and the bolt of the lower pivot of the: ring are inserted in the opposite cavity. Man j also repeat the following operations until you get the; second line of position on the surface of the sphere Has. Both circles intersect in two points. The ,

The result is an ambiguity in the position of the observer, which could be nullified by an estimated position ¹ . But observing a third star and describing a third line of position resolve these two-

3 0 9 8 T 7/0 2 U OWOINAl inspected

clarity. So the last circle enables the intersection of the three position lines in a single point, the observed positions.

When you have designated the three circles, you take them Remove the sphere from the instrument and then you can read the bow ". The cylinder with the pencil is unscrewed because the drawing work is over.

For the next step, the reading, you screw it up the other cylinder into the same opening - the one lens system and has two tiny wires cutting through at a single point on the axis of the cylinder.

2) The process of reading the arches

a) Determination of the latitude

The name of the latitude is the same as the pole, which stands above the visible horizon and which one can easily recognize when one looks at the sky and the constellations observed. In a practical way it can be viewed as north when the Pole Star is above the visible horizon and consider it to be south when it is below the horizon.

To determine the arc of latitude, one sets the Sphere on the hanging of the instrument so that the bolt of the upper pivot of the king is in the one concerned with the upper pole Cavity and the bolt of the lower pivot in the other Pole concerned cavity are inserted. So is the sphere with complete freedom from rotational movement around the axis the Pole around.

During the gradual adaptation phases you do slowly turn the sphere around the axis until the observed point, which has already been drawn on the sphere, is under the upper right quadrant of the ring.

At the same time and by means of the tweezers, which the Toothing of the worm of the micrometer drum of the rotor loosens * the rotation of the drum in both directions,

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after the tweezers are relieved, the reference point is made of the rotor's reading cylinder (the reference point is the intersection of the two vertical tiny wires that one has in the cylinder) and the observer point (point of intersection of the three position lines) coincide exactly.

The arc of latitude is shown exactly in degrees on the scale visible through the runner window and in minutes read on the micrometer drum.

b) Determination of the degree of longitude

To determine the length of the observed point, we pull the sphere back out of the ring of the instrument after we have determined the width. \

The accessory described in 1-3, the movable ', diopter in full semicircle, is attached to the free sphere! and leaning on their poles. Since the diopter has a \ free rotation about the axis of the poles, we bring the diopter by gradual adjustment phase to the correct meeting between its visible line and the observed point. We hold the diopter on this point and so the upper meridian of the observed point is realized on the sphere. In the strict mean of the line that realizes the upper meridian, there is another short line that intersects that perpendicularly. This intersection is the reference point by which we will measure the arc that will determine the length.

After we have set up the accessories on the sphere, we will attach them to the rigid hanging of the instrument always with the axis of the poles perpendicular to the plan of that ring put up.

The position according to which we are to put the sphere is relying on the conditions of one of two possible cases:

Case A

The equatorial arc that we think of on the sphere and between the upper meridians at and, which is encompassed in the equator with 'the *' * ■ '■' ■ reference "Aries", is less than 9Q degrees . .

309817/02 4 4 originally inspected

In this case the sphere is attached to the rigid ring of the | Instrument set up so that the bolt of the upper pivot in which the reference point "Aries" (spring point) is | matching cavity and the bolt of the lower pi'-ot in the ' opposite cavity are inserted. · '

We make the sphere around the axis of the pivots around \ rotate, so that the movable side of the rear sight to the j-obe ren right quadrant graduated faces. With gradual adjustment phases one makes the intersection of the line that realizes the upper local meridian, and the off! boundary line, which is perpendicular to it on average, traction point of the runner4; meeting. The point of reference of the runner is the intersection of the two tiny lines inside the cylinder screwed into the opening in the upper face of the runner. To achieve this setting! We turn the sphere very slowly around its axis and at the same time move the runner along the graduated quadrant by means of his tweezers, which toothless the worm from the micrometer drum, and the rotation of the micrometer drum in both directions.

When the observer is turned to the instrument with the stake on the left and the graduated quadrant on the right, the direct reading of the arc is considered an angle,

a) to which one counts 270 degrees to determine the hourly angle of the location of the vernal equinox (aries), \, hl, when the observer sees the North Pole in front of him:

] J hl =? 7O + bow measured in the instrument

b) from which one subtracts 90 degrees to the hourly angle of the place of the spring point (Aries), J) 'hl determine when the observer sees the South Pole:

φ 'hl = 90 - arc measured in the instrument

The angle D of Fig. 1? and 13 illustrates these two Alineas.

30 981 7/02 U OWflttNAL

Case B

The equatorial arc, which one is conceives on the sphere and between the upper and the local meridian en imÄquator mi t the reference "Aries" designated P oint to summarizes is large he than 90 degrees. .

In this case the sphere is attached to the rigid ring of the Instrument placed in the inverted position in relation to that of case A. Do the same as in case A. we the correct setting of the intersection of the midpoint of the meridian with the reference point of the runner.

With the observer facing the instrument with the stake on the left and the graduated quadrant on the right, git the direct reading of the arc at an angle,

a) which one counts 90 degrees to, around the hourly angle to determine the location of the vernal equinox (Aries) when the observer sees the North Pole in front of him:

hl «90 degrees + arc measured in the instrument

b) from which one subtracts 270 degrees in order to determine the hourly angle of the location of the springtime point (aries), when the observer sees the South Pole in front of him:.

hl - 270 degrees - arc measured in the instrument

The angle D in Figs. 14 and 15 illustrates these two Alineas.

Longitude arcs and their names

In these two designated cases, one always obtains the hourly angle of the location of the vernal equinox (aries) to determine. By the written clock on the chronometer? which is counted to the seconds of the seconds counter and the state of the chronometer, we get the mean time of Greenwich Mean Observation (MZG) to which the observed point corresponds.

If we get this halfway through Greenwich in a navigational almanac use as evidence (argumento), he

let's find the corresponding hourly angle in Greenwich of the vernal equinox (Aries) - X hg - for that exact time. If we compare this hourly angle in Greenwich of the vernal equinox (Aries) with the hourly angle of the location of the springtime point (Aries), which we have already determined in any of the cases described in this Alinea 2), we obtain the longitude: Longitude = hourly angle of the place of the PrühlingspunktEß. - hourly angle of the springtime in

Greenwich, ^ ed.

If the arc obtained by the same formula is - and less than 90 degrees, this arc becomes the

Longitude will be JH.

If the arc obtained by the same formula - and is greater than 90 degrees, we subtract 360 degrees from that and the resulting arc will be longitude [JJ.

3) Billing cycle of time

The time to which the observed point relates corresponds to the simultaneous instant of the three observations. Since the Greenwich mean time of that moment and the observed length has already been determined, we determine the time spindle in which we go to sea Reason of the observed length and the corresponding legally valid time, whereupon the coordinates of the observed point referring to is reached on the basis of that Greenwich Mean Time, if we have their corresponding spindle on it use.

III) Influence of the coordinated return and alternating movement of the poles of the celestial sphere One thought of considering the mean values of the positions of the poles and the points TU lying in the imaginary equator for a certain year as those that

for their representation on the free sphere of the instrument would be fundamental. However, since the coordinated movements of return and change of the axis of the pole from year to year Year a mean error of O Λ minutes in the position of those] Points and the equatorial plan as a result of their change of location Relative position in relation to that of the stars! Causes, it has the consequence that only the sphere in that position is to be corrected or by another for should be replaced the next year if it is not possible to correct it.

However, we can extend the use of the same sphere if we consider that there is at most one One mile error for the extreme years has occurred since we opened the prepared sphere for the third of the 5th Years of use.

IV) Price and "material

1. Both the sphere and the rigid ring of the instrument can be made of a white, durable pressed material as well as the pressed fabric sextants EBBCO made in England.

Their price and manufacture become more affordable than they would be made of metal. In this instrument the expansion changes resulting from the ambient temperature are not significant in relation to the strictness of the dimensions, because the expansion that occurs Changes are proportionate and so there is one Mutuality in these changes. Just keep in mind that the graduated quadrant is divided into 90 equal parts is precisely divided, which correspond to the exact grades, and the micrometer drum is precisely divided into 60 equal parts which correspond to minutes of arc. Except for this fact, since the pressed fabrics are poor conductors of heat their expansion changes resulting from the surrounding temperature naturally be smaller than those of metals

The pressed fabric has another advantage: if it suffers a blow, it resumes its previous shape because it is pliable, while the metals are in constant danger of being misshapen.

2. In order to make the instrument out of aluminum, it should be made of an alloy with another metal, which can give the aluminum durability and resistance, but since then it has the following characteristics, lightness and handiness, retained. But its price is higher than that of the instrument made of molded material and has no significant advantages.

V) accuracy

1. It has already been explained in IV that the «from the Changes in expansion of the accessories resulting from differences in the ambient temperature do not constitute an error in the functioning of the instrument, because there is a proportionality and a reciprocity among the parts of the instrument, which does not appear in a sextant, in which there is no reciprocity between the angles of the mirrors there, which are constant, and the scales, the extent of which, on the other hand, change according to the temperature.

2. The dimensions of the accessories are important, in proportion as the larger the sphere, the greater the accuracy; which can be achieved in the results. So that the instrument is handy and takes up little space, you have to Reduce the ball diameter as much as possible without removing the necessary level of accuracy.

The dimensions of the other parts that belong to the instrument depend on the possible dimensions of the sphere.

If you wanted absolute accuracy in determining the point being observed, without optical instruments to aid in reading the dimensions and without any tolerance or allowance for error one would have a sphere with such a diameter

} 1/0 2 UK

must have that you could notice the intersection of two bundles of parallels, 1 millimeter from each other are away.

In such circumstances, calculating the ball diameter would be like it:

Diameter χ Pi = 1 millimeter

360 degrees χ 60 minutes (Pi = 3.1416)

_Dl . _{m 6} Q _{78 garbage meters}

3.1416

Of course it would not be possible to work with such a sphere.

Ever since one has the cylinder described in I-2-c-C, which is screwed into the upper runner surface and two matched lenses and two tiny vertical wires has, this device allows a dimensional accuracy of a quarter of a millimeter and so one achieves a to have four times the diameter:

D2 «- ^ i-. - £ | £ 8 “1720 millimeters

Although this second diameter (D2) is much shorter, it is still not adequate to practically close the sphere treat. However, since one has not allowed any margin of error for the observed point, one can have a margin of two miles still with advantage over the tolerance of the analytical Admit methods. This tolerance reduces the previous diameter by half:

D3 ₌ 1720 _b g _{6o garbage meters}

This diameter is, because, the shortest, which gives us an error tolerance; of two miles. One can hand consider a ball with such a diameter to be acceptable and their error of two miles is smaller than that of the analytical methods used for observation

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three stars as 95 # likely assume that the observer can stand at any point on the circumference of the globe with a radius of 5 miles.

This is the advisable diameter for an instrument used in seafaring, but the space it takes up is smaller than what a gyrocompass needle or radar can fill.

In aviation, because the visible horizon is wider one can allow an error of five miles. Danr the diameter of the sphere will be a fifth of D2:

D4 = - ψ, = =} 44 millimeters

5 D

a) Errors that arise from the analytical calculations and that do not occur with the spherical calculation graph

1) Errors in the extension of the difference between heights:

a) at Greenwich Mean Time;

b) when approximating tables and almanacs;

c) at the inserts;

d) in the case of invoice approximations.

2) Setting errors in the azimuth of the star:

a) at the difference between the correct azimuth and the one that estimated or is tabular;

b) when approaching in the elaboration of the Ä zimuth tables;

C-) if the azimuth line is viewed as a loxodromy instead of an orthodromy.

3) Errors in the transfer of the heights and the straight lines of the estimated .point s ■

a) the use of marker cards and those resulting from them arising errors!

b) Errors in sighting.

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3) The alternate use of two cylinders »those in the same opening of the upper runner surface can be screwed, allows an extreme accuracy in the Drawing and reading the sheet.

VI) Advantages of the instrument

1. It is sufficient to have an instrument on board.

2. The cherished position, which is chief to analytical methods, becomes pointless.

3 The instrument has a mechanical test system, that assures the maritime officer the confidence level that corresponds to the observed point, without him for comparison recourse to the results of the calculations carried out by other officers at the same time. This procedure is essential for analytical methods. According to the experimental procedures of the instrument, the three position lines of three observed stars should by necessity intersect at a single point on the surface of the sphere. If this condition does not occur, then know man «that an error or an oversight has occurred.

4. The only equipment you need is:

a) a chronometer;

b) a sextant;

c) a radio set to hear the time signal.

d) some nautical charts with their accessories.

5. While with the unified methods, the time it takes for the calculation is 30 minutes for 3 stars it only takes 5 minutes at most to use the instrument.

6. The accidental, incessant errors and oversights inherent in analytical methods become only with the exception of the correction errors of the observed heights completely eliminated.

7. The errors arising from tables, almanacs, insets and approximations of the analytical calculations are also eliminated.

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8. The level of accuracy achieved for the point has that allows you to get $ 95 probabilities has to drive in a circle of error with a radius of two miles, while that circle of error with the analytical one Methods has a radius of 5 miles for three observed stars.

9. The price of the device is negligible when compared to that of a radar or rotating compass compares.

10. The ease with which one attains the observed position enables a sea pilot or a Plugzeugflieger is enabled without having to study astronomy, navigation and mathematics thoroughly, which is un- j is permissive using the analytical method.

11. In the event of an emergency and without having to go to the radio, steurten seafaring takes refuge, the instrument enables the position in less than five minutes determine. ·

12. In aviation, receiving the invoices already prepared in advance in order to make the observations a certain amount of time to do, the time it takes the officer to complete the accounts is the same as he does in fact needs to do it with the sphere computation graph. Yet the instrument has the advantage of being completely to be independent without waiting a certain amount of time beforehand to have to, which may pass unnoticed or which is irrelevant to us at a certain moment.

13 If the officer observes three stars at the same time, he may completely disregard his own position on the surface of the earth. In deijiat, the spherical calculation graph determines this position in the simplest possible way.

14. In a long sea voyage one usually corrects the course of the ship two or three times a day. It is not corrected more often because of the analytical calculation methods are boring. By using the instrument karryfnan the course of the ship is more often corrected

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15 · As the instrument allows one to get the most valued Does not need to know the position of the observer, so it allows an observer a route into a ^ desert or in an area with no reference point, if it is also curved. He can correct them very often, which is made possible by the rapidity of solving the observed point.

This advantage is given to the forex traveler by unexplored Countries and especially useful for military uses.

VII) Disadvantages

1. It takes two or three observers to achieve two or three stars, respectively, at the same time. However, only an officer can solve the problem through the sphere calculation graph.

2. The manufacturing difficulties are eliminated when the boundaries and openings of the spherical surface in a late phase and by means of the drawing and reading devices.

3098 1 1 / 02ÜI *

LEGENDS OF THE FIGURES

Fig. 1. A hollow sphere, from the rigid part of the instrument independent. The positions of the three stars and the South Pole are shown on its surface.

Fig. 2. The sphere is set up on the instrument:

A - basis; B - perimeter ring; C - runner; D - Upper Bolt; E - lower bolt; F- connection of the perimeter ring with the pile; G - pile; H - graduate Quadrant of the perimeter ring.

& U1R provided Fig. 3. Perspective of the instrument with the sphere on it. ·

Fig. 4. Upper bolt and its puncture system:

A - spring; B - upper roller system; C - head of the bolt; which one pulls to the sphere from the instrument to withdraw; D - The cavity opened on the spherical surface and the way of inserting the upper bolt; E - spring brake; F - Lower roller system. '

Fig. 5. A - ground base; B - perimeter ring; C - "small lightbulb, which illuminates the housing of the reading cylinder. This is screwed into the opening in the upper runner surface; D-- Right edge of the graduated Quadrants; E - Left edge of the graduated quadrant, on the side of which one graduated Scale exists; F - micrometer for reading the minutes of arc; G - Visible part of the stake that is behind the perimeter ring stands; H - space between the two edges of the graduated quadrant; I - superior Bolt; J - 90 equally spaced teeth; each gap between two teeth corresponds to one degree; K - opening in which one draws the cylinder or screw in the reading cylinder. Fig. 6. Part of the ring of the graduated quadrant on which you can see the buyer's figure:

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A - A pair of tweezers that allow the snail to be withdrawn from the micrometer; B - reading cylinder; C. - Two wires with an infinitesimal cross-section that intersect perpendicularly at a point called zui Axis of the reading cylinder belongs; D - micrometric drum; E - toothing of the micrometer worm (90 Teeth, which are also removed on the extent of a quadrant); P - Small light bulb, di « the housing of the reading cylinder illuminates; G - Laufei H - scale of the quadrant; I - Right diopter of the graduated quadrant; J - space between along the two parallel diopters and the graduated quadrant.

Fig. 7 · Runner who graduated on the two diopters of the Quadrant is set up (only the left diopter ii is graduated and contains the teeth of the worm of the Runner micrometer on the cheek placed next to it 'A window, through which the scale can be seen, B tweezers; C - drawing cylinder; D - micrometer drum; E - scale in degrees; P - upper tip of the Pencil sticking in the opening of the threaded cylinder is introduced to describe the position lines; G - spherical surface; H - reference point, base dei Dimensions that can be seen through the window. This point lies in the same alignment with the axis dei two cylinders; I - Lower tip of the pencil that draws the positioning lines on the sphere.

Fig. 8. Drawing cylinder and projected perspective on the basis.

A - Lower tip of the pencil in the cylinder aacha B - upper tip of the pencil in the cylinder axis C - thread of the cylinder,

Fig. 9 Reading cylinder:

A - upper lens; B - lower lens; C positions

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Claims (4)

of the two infinitesimally thin wires which intersect at a point on the axis of the cylinder; D thread. One also sees the drawing of the perspective on the base j E - opening, whereby the light bulb illuminates the housing of the cylinder. Fig. 10. Movable rear sight in full semicircle, an accessory to the sphere so that one can read the arcs of longitude: A - rear sight; B - perpendicular to the meridian, which determines the exact center position of that arc; C - bolts and associated system that allow the rotation, fixing or retraction of one of the ends of the rear sight in relation to one of the poles of the sphere. D- Opposite bolt that corresponds to the other end of the rear sight. Fig. 11. Sphere surface and three position lines which intersect in a single point, the observed point, which one wants to determine. Fig. 12. Schematic drawing to determine the length vei 13 / ΊΛ / 15 by means of the hourly angle of the location of the vernal equinox. In Figs. 12 and 1Λ the observer sees the North Pole in front of him and in Figs. 13 and 15 he sees the South Pole in front of him. Aries or vernal equinox at the equator. B - Upper local meridian. C- Bow measured by the instrument. NOVELTY CLAIMS 1. The spherical computation graph is an instrument that shows the coordinates of the position of an observer at the sea in which Air or on land by observing two or more stars by means of a sextant. 2. It is through a free and preferably hollow sphere made out, which also metal or a strictly speaking 3 0 9 8 1 7/0 2 should be light and resistant fabric. On this sphere the correct positions of a whole become stars denoted by cavities centered on it. These stars are according to their appearance and relative position in the celestial sphere selected what this free sphere is the materialization of. The middle positions of the poles and the vernal equinox at the imaginary equator for realized over the next five years. In the points, the positions of the marked stars and the vernal equinox are opposite, and allow the sphere to be placed on the system of the instrument. The sphere is supported vertically by two opposing pivots. After the sphere is placed, allows their freedom of rotation about the axis of the pivots around so that ^one circle, the position of the observer lines, descriptions on it: are represented by dimensions to astronomical observations; can be achieved. [ After the sphere expediently around the axis of the pivot is set up, it is possible to determine the latitude and 'the length of the observed point which indicates on the sphere> is. This position reached concerns the time of the simultaneous observations. After the written time of the Chronometer, to which one counts the time of the seconds counter, which on the moment of the simultaneous observations the time of the spindle of the observer is obtained after looking at that result the state of the chronometer and has obtained the time spindle. The spindle is reached by the length already indicated by the sphere calculation graph had been determined. 3. After the stresses 1 and 2 is the spherical calculation graph riurcli a rigid whole with fixed components kennge70j el inet. The rigid whole consists of: A. a foundation with the necessary resilience; s- and easy! ßkoi. tsbedbedingungennn, r> o (Jaos they the Feslipkfii t abfu j guilds of a platform b <ifc2p; t .. 3 Π <} 817/02 /, / < B. A post connected to a point on the base edge and made of the same material. He
should follow the strength conditions of the other components that it connects to the base. C. A ring and a fixing arm, which is connected to the ι support pole. The ring and the arm are made of \ the same material as the sphere, so that resulting from the surrounding temperature Ausdehnungsveränderun- j gen be eliminated since, if all components have the same
Thickness, their changes will not affect the dimensions according to the scale in the upper right quadrant. For the accuracy of drawing and reading arcs on the sphere, the scale is marked with a runner; permitted who has the following accessories: | a) a cylindrical drum that can be screwed into one of the upper cavities of the rotor surface and into
holds a pencil along its axis, with which one can draw the lines of position on the surface of the sphere after the [sphere has been correctly set up on the rigid ring of the instrument ' . j b) A second cylindrical drum, which has two differences in relation: to the previous one: it is hollow and in it ί are two aligned lenses, so that its only focal ^{point: is} simultaneous with the axis of the drum and a point; the surface of the sphere collapses when the sphere is at its star-; ring of the instrument is in place. The grain tips consist of two tiny wires which intersect perpendicularly in a pole _{1 of} the axis of the cylinder close to the focal point of the lenses. This device is intended only for the reading of j arcs corresponding to the points marked out on the sphere. For this you make the axis of the grain with the
Coincide with the point whose arc you want to measure. c) A drum micrometer that is divided into 60 parts is (one part corresponds to a minute of arc). The ■ micrometer 3098 17/0244 drum is in connection with a worm, which in turn meshes in the split teeth of the quadrant, the _; Area of the quadrant that is next to the graduated area.! Between two following teeth there is a gap (exactly 1/90 of the quadrant), which corresponds to a minute of arc / As you can easily see, it is precisely the position of the worm that makes the row of split teeth extend beyond the limit of 90 degrees. ι d) The tweezers that allow us to get the snail! Toothless from or to gear on the micrometer drum can to set the runner along the quadrant or j slide or make j freely. When the snail j is geared, the small adjustments are made by the micrometer drum carried out, which one gives the correct rotation according to the need. After one has designated the observed position on the sphere, which one can do by means of the position lines achieved, which in turn result from the observed heights, the runner no longer draws and begins the coordinates of the observed point. The first phase, j the drawing phase, is defined by the cylindrical! drical drum carried out and the second phase, sheet reading phase, is carried out by means of the in b) designated cylindrical; Drum running. After the sphere is set up on its poles, the latitude of the point is immediately obtained when you upper pole is in the overhead position of the vertical. The length of the point is obtained by the arc measured at the equator between the local meridian and that the vernal equinox is embraced, with the assistance of the movable diopter, accessory of the free sphere. Of the Arc read directly on the quadrant and micrometer of the runner turns into an hourly 309817 / 02A4 Converted angle of the location of the vernal equinox (Aries). Then you compare this angle with the hourly angle of the vernal equinox in Greenwich, which one from the navigational almanac through the mean time of Greenwich des The moment of simultaneous observations. Achieved by comparing these two angles one the Lärigenbogen and its respective name, east or west. 4. After the stresses 1, 2 and 3 the spherical calculation graph becomes also marked by a movable diopter. This diopter in a full semicircle should be made out of transparent Substance can be made and placed on the free sphere so that it passes through any point of theirs Surface while realizing the local meridian on the sphere. This rear sight is intended for that To enable adjustment of the rotor in the plane of the equator up to the position of that local meridian. After "the has determined the observed position and has marked it on the sphere, the length of this position can be conveyed of the bow, which by setting the Sphere and reading the scale with the help of the in use>. designated rotor devices for reading is measured. END 309817 / 02U