DE102008034718A1 - Gnomonic measuring device for use in design of portable armillary sphere after geocentric conception of world, has geographical coordinates, width, length, and position displayed in light of sun or moon - Google Patents

Abstract

The gnomonic measuring device has the geographical coordinates, width, length, and position displayed in the light of the sun or the moon. The geographical length of the position produces from the place-dependent position of the ecliptic compared with Greenwich.

Description

The The invention relates to a gnomonic measuring device and measuring method in the style of an armillasphere, after the geocentric Weltbild, according to the preamble of the claim 1. In particular, the inventive allows Measuring device determining the geographical position on the In addition, the entire globe and is also considered didactic Teaching aids can be used. For the inventive Gnomonic gauge will be the basic term Apolytarios proposed and used throughout the text below. Derived from Apolytares, that's the name of the southern tip of the island Antikythera. There was in the beginning of the 20th century in a Greek Wreck, not far from the coast, the famous and well-known "mechanism of Antikythera" discovered known as the first mechanical analog computer of humanity is and, to the present state of knowledge, for calculating the cycles served in the solar system and that about 2100 years ago! The name Apolytarios is in the tradition of those developed in millennia Insights of humanity in observation and utilization in relation to the movement of the stars and especially of our earth to the sun.

The prior art is therefore very comprehensive and the description can only be limited to the essentials for the purpose of classifying the background of the invention. From excavations it is known that even in the earliest epochs of human history, the sun and the shade that it causes, with the simplest tools, was first used for simple timekeeping. That further astronomical connections and seasonal changes of the position of the sun were explored and used in structures for display is z. B. from the stone circle plant of Stonehenge in southern England, dated 2200 to 1400 BC. Chr., Known. As a result of all this accumulated knowledge, the science of gnomonic has developed as a comprehensive doctrine of sundials. A detailed description of the state of the art of sundials is from the textbook "Fascination sundial" by Arnold Zenkert in the publishing house Harri German, 2nd edition 1995 (ISBN 3-8171-1386-2) seen. The study of this publication shows that the construction of this time indicator requires the measure of latitude (φ) introduced by man. If the actual local time (WOZ) also the, actually artificial, Central European Time (CET) are displayed, so are other units, the longitude (λ) and the adaptation of the observed, natural solar movement on the so-called. Equation of time (ZG) necessary.

If first the time determination with the help of the position of the sun thematizes In the course of time people have also instruments and Methods for localization from the state of the sun or other Stars are researched and developed, especially for the Nautical or desert expeditions were necessary around to be able to move out of sight of the coasts. For navigation or location determination, altitude measurements were used first the horizon (elevation angle) of the Polaris and later the sun, first with the quadrant known to those skilled in the art the measurement of the polar star and the astrolabe, mainly for measuring the altitude of the sun.

Enough an "equinoxes" for a precise determination of the Ortsmeridians, ie the geographical North direction and also the width in connection with a sextant, so it is different with the length. The north direction thanks to the Polarstern, it is easy to get at night determine, but of course only when there are no clouds in the sky. Although this star is not exactly above the pole, but the deviation of just under 47 'is small enough for the search of the cape does not matter much. One simple nocturlab (an instrument made of wood, or even cardboard, around the WOZ in connection with the date thanks to the cushions at night - about to get enough).

h

= Höhe der Sonne

φ

= Breite

δ

= Sonnendeklination

Likewise, the height of the North Pole over the North horizon gives the geographical latitude of the place directly and with sufficient accuracy, provided the horizon is visible. Measuring the width during the day is easy with the following formula: h = 90 ° - φ + δ (true noon formula) With

H

= Height of the sun

φ

= Width

δ

= Sun declination

It follows: φ = 90 ° - h + δ (only at noon).

Read to turn off the altitude of the sun at XII o'clock WOZ (true noon), - as the Sun Declaration is known - too the width known.

The height of the sun can be obtained throughout the day with this formula: sin (h) = sin φ × sin δ + cos φ × cos δ × cos H with H = hour angle of the sun (H = 0 at the true noon).

However, measuring the degree of longitude is the greatest difficulty man has ever faced in shipping since he abandoned coastal shipping in order to develop direct maritime routes. To clarify this issue a quote from the essay "Emergency Navigation" by Bobby Schenk , (Reference in the Internet under www.yacht.de/schenk/n002/notnav.html ): "... that without geographical length can not be determined is one of the truisms of navigation since ancient times. For thousands of years, astronomers and navigators have been unable to solve this "squaring the circle" in navigation ... " Bobby Schenk is described by the Süddeutsche Zeitung as "Germany's most famous high sea sailor" designated.

The Measuring the length is a completely different problem because of the Length, in contrast to the width, which is a natural Phenomenon is (the earth is "round" and actually turns around its axis), as artificial is looked at. We will see it right here in the past a clear linguistic ambiguity existed. The width defines parallel circles. The biggest of them is called "Aquator". His extension in the room is called "celestial equator". The earth revolves around its axis in exactly 23 h 56 m 04 s. This is the sidereal day, the time that the earth needs one certain position to the distant so-called fixed stars to take again. The 24 h 00 m 00 s, which we all got used to are, define the middle day, time the earth needs to to take a certain position to the sun again. That touches from the fact that the earth turns around the sun in a year, and that on a ground plane, called an ecliptic. The earth, in one Turning around its axis, it continues to rotate on the ecliptic, in the same direction. So she needs about 3m 56s more to get her seat to take over the sun again. This time is not difficult to calculate. One turn means at the same time 24 hours and 360 °. It follows 1 ° = 4 min. And In 365.25 days (a whole year) the earth has a complete Turn more around its axis. That divides 24 hours through 365.25, d. H. 3 m 56 s per day. We will be later need this base of astronomy knowledge.

The Measuring the longitude by astronomical means is theoretically possible. There are many methods which can be used. The best known are with connected to the moon and to the Jupiter satellites. If, for example in advance, with great difficulty, the removal of the moon is calculated to earth, it is possible by measuring the lunar diameter to get the longitude. This method is theoretically correct. But she is on a ship absolutely useless, as they have very fine observations and measurements presupposes, by heeling, swell and wind be made impossible. The same problem applies for the observation of the Jupiter moons, those with mere Eye are invisible. The Venus phases do not have any at sea greater benefit. There is also a method to the length from the distance from the moon to fixed stars (or to Sun). The precision is at a ½ degree or better. The necessary tables are complicated to use and corresponding calculations are necessary.

The The only truly applicable method seemed to be measuring the Time difference between the local meridian and a reference meridian, z. As that of Greenwich to be. Several centuries passed, until John Harrison created a marine chronometer in the middle of the 18th century (1773), the precise and reliable enough to be on the Sea to be able to calculate the exact length. The Principle itself is easy to understand. It's enough, with the chronometer to take the time out of the reference meridian and use it with the local Time to compare. Since the earth is one revolution (oriented towards the sun) in an average of 24 h 00 m, it follows, as already seen, that a degree is equal to four minutes. A simple rule of three gives the difference in length and the problem is solved. However, it is necessary to measure the WOZ with a sundial or a sextant and trigonometric calculations. The equation of time is also required, which compels the use of tables and as a prerequisite the exact, safe and available Timekeeping. So there are several instruments, like sextant and chronometers, as well as with current tables a variety of Iteration steps for one-time position determination necessary. Great scholars have tried to use this difficulty other methods to solve. But it seems they are all failed due to a purely psychological problem. The length as defined here is an artificial phenomenon. This fact is undeniable, since each meridian as a reference meridian can serve. They all start at one pole to end at the other. They all have exactly the same length (180 °). It is impossible to determine from which meridian the earth begins to turn, while the equator actually real and natural is (he is the biggest the earthly parallels).

task The invention is a gnomonic measuring device or sundial (Apolytarios) and methods to create what with simple Way, while avoiding the disadvantages mentioned above, in particular without mechanical or electrical or electronic time measurement, the location of the place where you are located can be determined.

These The object is achieved according to the invention that the geographic coordinates, latitude and longitude of the Location can be displayed in the light of the sun or the moon.

In Another advantageous embodiment of the invention can be made from the location-dependent position of the ecliptic compared to Greenwich (0 ° meridian) determines the current longitude become.

In Further claims are further advantageous developments of the invention.

Below is the description of the basic ideas for and the invention:

If but the length of a man-made phenomenon is, so the difference in length is indeed real. And that's exactly what Apolytarios shows and proves. The Basic idea is easy to explain: With a special Sundial, the Apolytarios, easily lets the ecliptic Show on light day. In fact, the sun is by definition, always on the ecliptic, since this is the plane, on which the earth revolves around the sun. It is true that the ecliptic latitude of the sun is not consistently zero, but it varies very little, to about 1 '', for the Location absolutely insignificant. Consequently, it is possible this Level alone with the sun, without any other reference, in the sky to find. Two different positions can be determined but it is enough to know the date to the ambiguity to solve.

SZ

= siderische Zeit

RA

= Rektaszension

SW

= Stundenwinkel

It must now be mentioned that the sidereal time, SZ (often erroneously referred to as "sidereal time", with the deviation of one day in about 24,500 years) equals the right ascension plus the hour angle of any orb, e.g. As the sun is. This star can also be fictitious, such as z. For example, the vernal equinox at which the ecliptic intersects the celestial equator from south to north. This phenomenon is the cause of the seasons, since it determines the first day of spring, at the moment the average is the 20th of March. This results in: SZ = RA + SW With

SZ

= sidereal time

RA

= Right ascension

SW

= Hour angle

By definition, the right ascension of the vernal equinox, measured on the ecliptic, is equal to 0. Thus, this point remains: SZ = SW

These now very simple formula allows all the rest, since it is so possible, in advance the position of the ecliptic no matter what meridian for whatever time to calculate. Calculating the SZ is not very difficult, and made long ago. An Excel model (already complete available) is sufficient for tables, related on Greenwich, to create for the trip beforehand.

The mentioned conclusions have allowed a sundial, the Apolytarios, which are easily location-dependent Position of the ecliptic compared to Greenwich indicates and the it also allows to read the length of the point, where you are.

Further Advantages and embodiments of the invention will become apparent the description and the drawings. Likewise, the according to the invention mentioned above and the features further mentioned in each case individually for yourself or for several in any combination Find use. The embodiments shown and described are not meant to be an exhaustive list but rather have exemplary character for the Description of the invention.

The invention will be described below with reference to the 1 ... 3 explained in more detail, it shows:

1 A first embodiment of the invention as marine (sun measurement)

2 Embodiment after 1 extended by the ecliptic mobile meridian (lunar measurement)

3 Example of a display on the sun screens

4 Himmelsapolyter

1 shows an embodiment of the invention in a perspective view. The basic structure of the invention, according to the principle of an armillary sphere, consists of several, inter-rotatable rings. A first ring package, the mobile meridian 1 , consists of two outer rings 2 and 3 , as well as a middle half-ring 4 , In a first, inner spherical arrangement, consisting of the fixed meridian 5 and the equatorial ring 6 which are firmly connected to each other at an angle of 90 °. In a second, inner spherical arrangement within the rings 5 and 6 are in turn two 90 ° offset from each other rings, the ring 7 and the ring 8th , The point 9 is the north pole of the ecliptic. Inside the tightly interconnected rings 7 and 8th is the ecliptic ring 10 also firmly ver prevented. The ecliptic ring 10 is also executable as an ecliptic disk or ring with spokes, in this case the rings are 7 and 8th , to carry the ecliptic ring 10 , unnecessary. All rings described so far have over the central axis 11 a common center 12 and are around the central axis 11 rotatable. The ecliptic ring 10 , or alternatively the ecliptic disk or the ecliptic ring with spokes, is opposite the central axis 12 inclined by 23.44 ° (for today's time the current value). The different rings are equipped with other functional parts. With the mobile meridian 1 are the outer rings 2 and 3 firmly connected to each other via spacers. Both rings 2 and 3 have lateral recesses 13 and 14 as a circular arc with the center in the center of the ocean. In the recesses 13 and 14 Sliding is the instrument panel 15 arranged. In the instrument carrier 15 is the WOZ sun projector 16 built-in. Exactly 180 ° opposite, at the inside diameter of the mobile meridian 1 , is the sun screen 17 , The WOZ sun projector 16 is with the sun screen 17 over the middle half-ring 4 firmly coupled, the middle half ring 4 but is opposite the outer rings, in the area of the recess 13 respectively. 14 around the center 12 displaceable. The sun screen 17 , as a projection surface for the image of the WOZ sun projector 16 , is in its length and height on the projected sun image of the WOZ sun projector 16 Voted.

On the mobile meridian 1 is, in the area of the recesses 13 and 14 , a scale 18 appropriate for adjusting the sun declination. The precise adjustment of the Sonnende clinic is achieved by a per se known optical vernier arrangement, such. B. calipers with reading magnifier and is not shown in detail because of the clarity of the drawing. Another scale, the WOZ scale 19 , located on the outside of the equatorial ring 6 with a second optical vernier arrangement for precise adjustment of the WOZ. On the equatorial ring 6 there is the further scale 20 for setting the sidereal time, also with optical vernier 20.1 (shown schematically) at the spring point 21 on the ecliptic ring 10 , The ecliptic ring 10 , or the alternatives mentioned, also carries a combination of sun projector, in this case the SZ sun projector 22 , and SZ sun screen 23 , Both are on an inner ring 24 offset by 180 °, coupled together, with the ring 24 within the ecliptic assembly, relative to the ecliptic ring 10 is rotatable. To adjust the ecliptic length of the sun is another scale 25 on the ecliptic 10 , also with optical vernier.

• 1) Zuerst wird die geografische Breite, wenn bekannt, am Fix-Meridian 5 eingestellt oder mit dem Meeresapolyter selber gemessen indem der vermutete Wert an der Skala 27 mit dem Aufhängestück 26 eingestellt wird. Im zweiten Schritt wird mit der angenommen WOZ aus der Tabelle die Sonnendeklination mit dem Sonnenprojektor 16 an der Skala 18 eingestellt. Anschließend wird mit Hilfe des Aufhängestücks 26 der Meeresapolyter im Sonnenlicht aufgehängt und der WOZ-Sonnenprojektor 16 zur Sonne ausgerichtet und beobachtet ob sich auf dem Bildschirm 17 die Sonne abbildet. Bildet sich die Sonne in der Mitte des Bildschirmes 17 ab, waren die Werte korrekt. Da die Sonnendeklination sich nur sehr langsam ändert, hat sie einen geringen Einfluss auf die Ermittlung der Breite. Wird der Sonnenbildschirm 17 vom Projektionsbild des Sonnenprojektors 16 nicht getroffen, wird das Aufhängestück 27 sinngemäß korrigiert. Bei Übereinstimmung des Projektionsbildes der Sonne auf dem Sonnenbildschirm 17 kann anschließend auf der Skala 27 die tatsächliche geografische Breite abgelesen werden.
• 2) Der Mobilmeridian 1 wird mit Hilfe der WOZ-Skala 19 auf die entsprechende WOZ eingestellt. Alle notwendige Variablen sind in den Tabellen zu finden und werden am Meeresapolyter eingestellt.
• 3) Die Sonnendeklination wird am WOZ-Sonnenprojektor 16 mit Hilfe der Skala 18 eingestellt – wenn nicht schon in Schritt 1) geschehen.
• 4) Der Frühlingspunkt 21 wird mit Hilfe der Skala 20 auf die ermittelte SZ eingestellt.
• 5) Der SZ-Sonnenprojektor 22 wird mit Hilfe der Skala 25 auf die ekliptische Länge der Sonne eingestellt.

The measuring method can proceed according to the following description:

• 1) First, the latitude, if known, at the fixed meridian 5 adjusted or measured with the marine polyether itself by the assumed value on the scale 27 with the hanging piece 26 is set. In the second step, with the assumed WOZ from the table, the sun decoder with the sun projector 16 at the scale 18 set. Subsequently, with the help of the suspension piece 26 the marine polyolyte hung in the sunlight and the WOZ sun projector 16 Aligned to the sun and watching whether it's on the screen 17 the sun is shining The sun forms in the middle of the screen 17 off, the values were correct. Since the sun declination changes only very slowly, it has little influence on the determination of the width. Will the sun screen 17 from the projection image of the sun projector 16 not hit, the hanger becomes 27 corrected accordingly. When the projection image of the sun on the sun screen matches 17 can then be on the scale 27 the actual latitude can be read.
• 2) The mobile meridian 1 is using the WOZ scale 19 set to the corresponding WOZ. All necessary variables can be found in the tables and are set at the marine polyter.
• 3) The Sun Declaration will be at the WOZ Sun Projector 16 with the help of the scale 18 set - if not already in step 1 ) happen.
• 4) The spring point 21 is using the scale 20 adjusted to the determined SZ.
• 5) The SZ sun projector 22 is using the scale 25 set to the ecliptic length of the sun.

All settings are individually mechanically fixed with known quick-clamping elements and the marine polyolyte can now on the suspension piece 26 be hung up and turned in the sun until the sun image on the WOZ sun screen 17 located exactly in the middle. The sun image on the SZ sun screen 23 deviates from the middle. The deviation is measured by the scale on the SZ sun screen 23 , According to the definition of the length grading, the deviation in measurements on the Greenwich meridian would be zero. The read, actual deviation from zero results in the equation of time correction (table) the longitude on which the device is located and thus the location of the persons who use the marine polyether for the measurement. Further explanations will be given later on the basis of 3 respectively.

By extension, the marine polyether can also be used for measurements of the ecliptic by means of the moon, as shown by the 2 described below, are used. Instead of the SZ-Son nenprojektors 22 is added on the ring 24 an ecliptic mobile meridian 28 who has the Moonlight projector 22.1 used, with which, analogous to the mobile meridian 1 , the ecliptic latitude of the moon with the help of the moonlight projector 22.1 and lunar screens 23.1 , also by means of optical vernier, can be adjusted or measured. This can be the SZ solar projector 22 , now as a moon projector 22.1 , also used. Calculating the ecliptic latitude and longitude of the moon is not easy but already solved with the mentioned excel model. This model also calculates the right ascension and declination of the Moon for a given WOZ, which allows to use the Meerapolytares even at night. With the moon, the precision achieved is 10 to 12 times better than with the sun.

For suspending the marine filter during the measuring process, the same suspension piece is also used for the lunar measurement 26 at the fix meridian 5 , The hanging piece 26 is on the fix meridian 5 displaceable and is based on the scale 27 for the latitude, also using a vernier layout, set to the current latitude. It is understood that a balance of the masses of the parts to be adjusted is provided so that in each measurement setting a vertical hanging of the seawater is guaranteed.

• 1) Deklination des Mondes einstellen mit dem Projektor 16 auf der Skala 18.2
• 2) Anstelle auf die WOZ wird der Mobilmeridian 1 auf den Stundenwinkel des Mondes eingestellt, mithilfe der Skala 19.3
• 3) Der zusätzliche ekliptische Mobilmeridian 28 wird auf die ekliptische Länge des Mondes eingestellt, auf der Skala 25.4
• 4) Der Mondlichtprojektor 22.1 wird auf die ekliptische Breite des Mondes eingestellt mithilfe der Skala 29.

When the moon is visible, it will always be beneficial to use it as a measurement object. The marine polyether is also suitable for this under the following conditions: For an assumed WOZ:

• 1) Declination of the moon set with the projector 16 on the scale 18.2
• 2) Instead of the WOZ, the mobile meridian 1 set to the hour angle of the moon, using the scale 19.3
• 3) The additional ecliptic mobile meridian 28 is set to the ecliptic length of the moon, on the scale 25.4
• 4) The moonlight projector 22.1 is set to the ecliptic latitude of the moon using the scale 29 ,

Of the further sequence of the measurement now corresponds to the sun measurement, with the difference that now the moon images on the now as moon screens be observed to be designated solar screens.

In summary, the measuring principle with the Meeresapolytares.

It is possible with this invention the length too find with the precision of reading. For that you have to two things are measured at the same time, the WOZ and the local sidereal time, or rather, the WLSZ (true local sidereal Time) or WOSZ (True Place Sidereal Time). The basic idea is simple: For a certain WOZ it is simply the SZ in To calculate Greenwich. For the same WOZ on another Meridian, the SZ is different, since the earth is the implicit reference point not yet reached, or has already crossed. Of the Difference is small, just 0,65574 seconds per longitude. But for a large sundial, the Apolytarios, it remains in "theodolitic" quality reachable. Actually, this results in a circle with a diameter of about 115 cm 1 cm per degree. It gives 1 mm = 24 s. The human Reading limit is 5/100 mm, which gives 1.2 s. With a magnifying glass and a 2/100 vernier, the second becomes realistic, giving a precision from 0.5 to 1 degree in length. Of course you can the work is done several times in succession to an average to calculate. It would help a competent sailor to orient themselves, because such a difference about 50 to 100 km corresponds to the sea.

Around To find the length, it is first necessary to use the WOZ too know. It's easy once the instrument is set well, with a banal and reliable mobile meridian. As soon as the mobile meridian will cast a shadow over himself the same thing done with the ecliptic. The mobile meridian is there the WOZ, with a very good precision, thanks to the vernier. The second is really possible. As we saw before, then the spring point will be the WLSZ (WOSZ). It will be enough, this time with the one that calculates before at home has been, if need be, with an interpolation, to compare to get the length of the place.

This "time comparison" is so banal to calculate that no aids such as computer or electron. Calculators are necessary. In principle, electronics should do not matter at all and it is achieved by the invention, that there are no more navigation problems when big Accidents happen where all the electronics are destroyed would. There are only rudimentary means for the calculations necessary, the tables of the SZ for many WOZ, as well as mental arithmetic or paper and pencil to one of the Time Equation Perform dependent correction to be able to.

In short:

• 1. Adjust width and meridian;
• 2. Read the WOZ thanks to the mobile meridian;
• 3. Seek the ecliptic;
• 4. Read the WLSZ;
• 5. Calculate the length, d. H. simple subtraction the WOSZ of the SZ, with consideration of the time equation correction.

Of the Marine polyether is thus an armillasphere with an external one Mobile meridian and an ecliptic disk in the sphere, whereby the Ecliptikscheibe thus the Sonnenlaufbahn in the geocentric System represents. The equator of the sphere could reach a diameter of about 600 mm, which is still on the Ship is OK. To ensure the precision Two small telescope telescopes (viewfinder in astronomy) are used. The magnification (10x, eg) allows a simple and reliable work.

In order to determine the length more easily, the steps can be made as follows: The width is known and set (the instrument allows the width to be determined, and with a very good precision, better than a bow minute). It is set 19 for a predetermined WOZ, z. 10 hours 00 m 00 s, but this WOZ is arbitrary. A vernier 2/100 allows you to easily set the second. For this, the mobile meridian is rotated until 10 h 00 m 00 s and finely adjusted with the vernier. This step must be done before 10 am 00 m 00 s, maybe 15 minutes before, with the help of an equinoctial ring or the Apolytario. On the mobile meridian 1 becomes the telescope (solar or moonlight projector) 16 set to the current sun dec for 10 h 00 m 00 s (known to be found on a table). A 2/100 vernier is also there to use. The mobile meridian 1 like the telescope 16 are now blocked.

For this WOZ and the SZ for Greenwich is set, thanks - as already described - the vernal equinox 21 , This SZ for Greenwich is in a detailed table, which is fairly easy to calculate beforehand. As already mentioned, an Excel model is available, with efficient macros to calculate the SZ, the ecliptic length of the sun, the sun's declination, and the equation of time in Greenwich for any WOZ, for any given year. The model also allows to calculate the declination, right ascension, as well as the ecliptic latitude and longitude of the moon for a given WOZ. The problem is solved completely. The ecliptic length of the sun or moon for this WOZ is set on the ecliptic. Also here are two Nonien available, one for the SZ 20 and one for the ecliptic length 25 , On the ecliptic can be the second Peil telescope 22 turn to face the sun. When the moon is used, its ecliptic width is also finely adjusted with the telescope, on the ecliptic mobile meridian 28 on which this telescope can be moved. At the same time, depending on this or mechanically coupled, the screen becomes 23 moved, just like with the other telescope, so that the projected moonlight in each setting position of the moonlight projector 22.1 maps. Everything that now corresponds to the sun is also with the moon. But the precision is with the moon 10 to 12 better times.

Both bearing telescopes, also referred to as sun or moonlight projectors (eg, theodolite with solar prism) now project a light image of the sun (sun image, explanation in 3 ) on one screen (one screen per Peil telescope), where the sun image is displayed in sufficient size, as well as the lower and upper border of the sun image. These points will be very important to the rest. We are now talking about meridian screen 17 and ecliptic screen 23 . 23.1 in relation to the meridian telescope telescope 16 and ecliptic telescope telescope 22 . 22.1 ,

If the 4 or 5 variables (sun declination, ecliptic length, WOZ and SZ and eventual ecliptic latitude of the moon) are well set, the instrument will be hung in the sun, or in the light of the moon, and rotated until the sun's light image the meridian screen 17 is projected. The sun's image will not fall exactly on the correct sun image because it is not yet 10 h 00 m 00 s, but something to the left of it. It is important to note that the solar image of the sun touches exactly the upper and lower limits. If it were not, then the latitude (or the sun declination) would not be correct. As soon as both images of the sun coincide, the distance between the two sun images on the ecliptic screen becomes (possibly by a second person) 23 written down. This distance gives in seconds, so also in degrees (0,65574 second = 1 degree) the longitude of the place. If the sun image on the ecliptic screen falls to the left of the sun image, then Greenwich's SZ is not yet reached for that WOZ, and the length is negative, and vice versa. It becomes necessary to calculate a correction that depends on the time equation. This correction is carried out with the rectal ascension of the cerebrum.

It is also possible to wait for the light picture of the sun projects perfectly on the ecliptic screen (which happens anyway) ) and to record the distance on the meridian screen. When the photograph the sun falls right, then it is already 10 h 00 m and a few seconds in place, but not yet in Greenwich and the Length is negative (and vice versa).

Both Monoculars must have a correct quality, and of course own a sun filter to avoid that everything melts in it. You also have to be very precise be mounted in order to achieve a correct precision (Fine thread screws necessary). But this sundial can be safe reach the second, what is needed for the problem. A few improvements are still possible, such as: B. the Using prisms to control the line between the sun, the telescope and To ensure screen.

In short:

• 1. Set the width of the place (vernier and Use magnifying glass);
• 2. Use the mobile meridian to set the selected WOZ (Use vernier and magnifier);
• 3. Declination of the star (sun or moon) on the mobile meridian adjust (use vernier and magnifier);
• 4. Set sidereal time with the vernal equinox (Use vernier and magnifying glass) to find the ecliptic;
• 5. Ecliptic length of the star (sun or moon) set with the Ecliptic mobile meridian (using vernier and magnifying glass);
• 6. When the moon is used, ecliptic latitude of the moon (in the sun, this width is 0) (vernier and Use magnifying glass);
• 7. Hang the marine polyolyte and turn it, until that the photographs of the star on the screens, as mentioned, falls;
• 8. Calculate the length, d. H. simple subtraction the WOSZ of the SZ, with the time equation correction.

In the 3 a measurement state of the sun image on the sun screens is shown by way of example. A solar projector without any addition, the sun becomes a bright, sun-filled circle, the sun image 30 represent 3a , To increase the reading accuracy, it is known to combine the sun projector with a prism, so that a four-fold, overlapping sun image 31 on the sun screens, 3b , The measurement reference line is now no longer the sun's edge or the estimated sun's center, but that in the middle of the foursunner sun's image 31 looming projection rectangle 32 , The center formed by the quadrilateral diagonals, or the crossing point of the diagonals, corresponds exactly to the solar center 37 without further correction measurements or calculations of the apparent sun diameter. Like in the 3b drawn, in this illustration as a WOZ sun screen 17 If the quadruple sun image were exactly between the upper limit line 33 and lower borderline 34 imaged and thus the latitude is correctly set during the measurement process, or from a previous measurement, correctly determined. With the quadruple sun image, the theoretical center line of the sun is sufficient 37 to maintain or control the latitude. The perpendicular to the line 37 of the solar center stand de line 38 denotes the exact passage of the sun at the time of measurement of the selected WOZ or SZ. The inventive measurement of the geographical length shows 3c , On the ecliptic screen 23 there is the actual measuring scale, in this representation simplified as vertical lines. The longitude 0 ° line 35 By definition, the unit of length agreed in Greenwich corresponds to 0 °. During a measurement in Greenwich, the center of the sun would be on this 0 ° line at the time of measurement. The actual, currently measured length results from the distance of the center of the sun from the sun image 39 to the 0 ° line 35 , in the example + 45 °, so is the ship on which the measurement was made with the seawater according to the invention, in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. The heavenly olyter after 4 is an extension of the apolyter sundials previously shown and is preferably embodied as a floor-standing device and may be used in addition to didactic demonstrations and demonstrations. Three or four legs 40 are firmly connected via a ring and thus form the basis 41 of the heavenly filter. The construction of the base 41 depends primarily on the field of application of the heavenly filter and can also be designed as a tube made of various materials od. Similarly.

The apolyter in the heavenly version itself is again a transformed armillasphere, to which also the ecliptic 10 has been added and which can be rotated about an axis inclined to the earth's axis by an angle of 23.44 °, relative to the armillary sphere. On the base 41 rotatably mounted is the azimuth crown 42 , The east-west axis 43 The extended armillary sphere, in turn, is in the azimuth crown 42 stored. The already described and the same parts as in the seawater are labeled with the same reference numerals, but not described again. Additional extensions are the earth 44 , It. Definition in the center of the armillary sphere and the lunar track 45 , in turn, at an angle of 5.15 ° to the ecliptic 10 as shown. Furthermore, the height bend is additional 46 on the azimuth crown 42 built up. On the hill 46 is a light-shadow thrower 47 displaceable in a radius of the height bend 46 following leadership 48 , With the rotatable azimuth crown 42 becomes the height bend 46 until the light gap formed by the two spaced elevational arc elements rotates on the azimuth scale 49 , on the base ring 41 , and thus displays the current value of the azimuth of the sun. For lunar measurements, this would be the azimuth of the moon. In this determined position of the height bend 46 becomes the treble light shadow thrower 47 as long as in his leadership 48 in turn shifted his beam of light on the scale 50 maps and thus displays the current altitude. This function is the same when measuring the moon. The Ecliptic Mobile Meridian is also in this version as a light-shadow thrower 22.2 intended for measuring projection of a light beam. The Light Shadow Launcher ( 16.1 . 22.2 ), instead of the projectors, will not deliver such accurate readings, but are more suitable for measurements and demonstrations under didactic conditions. All measurements, including those of the Län gengrades, are just as possible as in the previously described embodiments.

The The principle is very simple now: The device must be right be set, d. H. the width based on conventional The method determined must be correct and the device must be in Meridian stand. A good compass can help, but it is not necessary, since with the Apolytarios itself this orientation after the sun is possible. The heavenly psychotherapist has in his Center an earth that rotates about its axis. She is in the center of the sky, which is also around the same axis to turn. The whole thing eats in the width with a simple tilting around the east-west axis. On the sky As on Earth, sun declination lines are engraved, from -23.5 ° to + 23.5 °. It allows at the same time, with a few samples, the to find latitude and north without other devices. Of course, everything is easier if these variables are approximately are known.

The Instrument is "self-sufficient", with an absolute theoretical precision, since natural phenomena to be used. But a good compass can come to the rescue, to get a good idea of the meridian. The width is Also mostly known, but that's not necessary. The object must be in sunlight or moonlight. And now you should with the sky apolytares the projections of the declination lines of the sky to the earth, in the middle, to be watched. Probably the declination line of the day (known) does not become the project correct line. The whole thing should then be rotated slowly and be inclined until the sky line is perfect on the earth line projected. This can happen in any position, but only for a few seconds. In fact, three objects must be Standing perfectly in one plane, these two lines that are fixed and familiar are, and the sun, which, for the observer, yet moved in the sky. The whole thing has to be done one more time and with a few repetitions, the three objects become perfect to stand on the same level. In fact it says here to find on which line the sun is apparently moving (the Apolytarios is a geocentric object) if that happens Width and meridian found automatically.

The Difficulty, the ecliptic beautiful on the sun - the essential point - to orient, is by a double Disc with a small distance below or above 1 mm solved. So it is easy to rotate the object so that a ray of light hits the double pane and the washers.

nowadays obviously the GPS is not to forget (and duty). But the invention described here Apolytarios has opposite everyone else a huge advantage, since he is completely independent of any form of electronics or clock that can fail, is. It is necessary to know the time of the reference meridian. Indeed this time is taken with the ship (or the caravan in the desert), in the form of a table of SZ in Greenwich for whatever Time. It's the only requirement that works for you as well the other systems is necessary. The sun must shine, as well that is a requirement for the other methods, since the WOZ must be known.

In conclusion There should be a lot of ships, from the hobby navigator to fishing and trade or other as well as the "desert adventurers" additional Gain safety benefits through the use of Apolytarios.

But The "ultimate" sundial could be for many People's observatories will be useful, with lessons for the visitors, as well as planetariums, but also at all schools, where astronomy is taught. And that goes for the whole world. The Apolytarios is absolutely universal, everywhere to use, without limit. Two twin cities could z. B. to build or buy such an object, and in the context of a party to the children and adults the task of the length difference between the cities to calculate.

It Apparently there is no comparable object in the world. Moreover, and it does not exist anywhere else, owns the Apolytarios an altazimutales system to easily the orthodromic street of no matter what point on the earth to calculate, as well as the distance in thousands of kilometers.

1

mobile Meridian

2

outer ring

3

outer ring

4

middle Half Ring

5

Fix Meridian

6

equatorial ring

7

ring

8th

ring

9

North Pole the ecliptic

10

Ekliptikring

11

central axis

12

common center

13

lateral recess

14

lateral recess

15

instrument panel

16

WOZ sun projector

16.1

To sunbathe- or Moon Decline Light Shadow Launcher

17

WOZ sun screen or meridian screen

18

scale solar declination

19

LAT-scale

20

scale Sidereal time (SZ)

20.1

optical Nonius SZ

21

vernal equinox

22

SZ-sun projector

22.1

Moonlight projector

23

SZ sun screen or ecliptic screen

23.1

moon screen

24

internal ring

25

scale (ecliptic length of the sun)

26

suspending piece

27

scale (latitude)

28

eclipsed Mobile meridian (moon)

29

scale for ecliptic latitude (moon)

30

Sonnenbild

31

Quadruple sun image

32

Projection Square

33

Upper boundary line

34

Lower boundary line

35

Longitude 0 ° line (Greenwich)

36

Sonnenbild in Greenwich

37

line sun center

38

Exactly pass line the sun for the WOZ or SZ

39

Sonnenbild (Measured value)

40

foothold

41

Base

42

Azimut crown

43

East-West axis

44

earth

45

Moon career

46

Hohenbogen

47

Heights light gnomon

48

guide

49

Azimut scale

50

height scale

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list The documents listed by the applicant have been automated generated and is solely for better information recorded by the reader. The list is not part of the German Patent or utility model application. The DPMA takes over no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited non-patent literature

• - "Fascination sundial" by Arnold Zenkert in the publishing house Harri German, 2nd edition 1995 (ISBN 3-8171-1386-2) [0002]
• - "Emergency Navigation" by Bobby Schenk [0009]
• - www.yacht.de/schenk/n002/notnav.html [0009]
• - Bobby Schenk is named "Germany's most famous offshore sailor" by the Süddeutsche Zeitung [0009]

Claims (15)

Gnomonisches gauge in the design of a portable armillary sphere according to the geocentric world view, characterized in that the geographical coordinates, latitude and longitude, of the location in the light of the sun or the moon are displayed. Gnomonisches measuring device according to claim 1, characterized characterized in that the geographic length of the location from the location-dependent position of the ecliptic in comparison results to Greenwich. Gnomonisches measuring device according to claim 1 to 2, characterized in that the display preferably via optical projection ( 16 . 22 . 22.1 ) of the sun or the moon on forcibly assigned screens ( 17 . 23 . 23.1 ) he follows. Gnomonic measuring device according to claim 3, characterized in that the screens ( 17 . 23 . 23.1 ) with graduations for the direct reading of the projection images ( 30 . 31 ) are provided. Gnomonisches measuring device according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that when set the latitude ( 27 ) and zero crossing of the projection image ( 30 . 31 ) on the meridian screen ( 17 ) at the same time the projection image ( 39 ) on the ecliptic screen ( 23 ) the difference to the zero-longitude of Greenwich ( 35 ). Gnomonisches measuring device according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that when set latitude ( 27 ) and zero crossing ( 35 ) of the projection image ( 36 ) on the ecliptic screen ( 23 ) at the same time the projection image ( 32 ) on the meridian screen ( 17 ) the difference to the zero-longitude of Greenwich ( 38 ). Gnomonic measuring device according to one or more of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the presetting values required for the measurement on scales ( 18 . 19 . 20 . 25 . 27 . 29 ) with vernier arrangement ( 20.1 ) are adjustable. Gnomonisches measuring device according to claim 7, characterized in that preferably optical nonias with Ableselupen ( 20.1 ) be used. Gnomonic measuring device according to one or more of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the respective settings are locked with quick clamping elements can. Gnomonisches measuring device according to one or more of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that at the fixed meridian ( 5 ) a suspension piece ( 26 ) to carry out the measuring process. Gnomonic measuring device according to one or more of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that symmetrical Weight compensation in the range of possible setting positions is provided. Gnomonisches measuring method with a gonometric measuring device according to one or more of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that after adjustment, if necessary, with the help of applicable nautical tables, the: - geographical latitude ( 5 ), - declension ( 18 ), - WOZ ( 19 ), - SZ ( 20 ), - Ecliptic length ( 25 ), - Ecliptic width ( 29 ) only with moonlight measurement, the measured value, with suspension and orientation in the sun or moonlight, the longitude determination from the difference of the position of the projection images ( 32 . 39 ) to each other or to the respective Greenwich zero lines ( 35 . 38 ). Gnomonisches measuring device according to claim 1 to 2, characterized in that the sundial as a stationary device ( 40 ) and the lights with shadow lights ( 16.1 . 22.2 . 47 ) are executed, and an azimuth crown ( 42 ), the lunar track ( 45 ) and the height bend ( 46 ) are added. Gnomonisches measuring device according to claim 13, characterized in that the light-shadow thrower ( 16.1 . 22.2 . 47 ) are made of a double arrangement of discs or arch elements at a distance of less than / equal to / greater than 1 mm and the light beam formed thereby on the associated scale ( 49 . 50 ) represents the measured value. Gnomonic measuring device according to one or more of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that the portable measuring device combined with the free-standing device is and all described measurements and location determinations and didactic lessons.