DE2062225A1 - Combustion process - Google Patents

Description

Hamburg & November 14th, 1970 commissioning procedure

The present invention relates to an improved one. Combustion process .and in particular to a process for Reduction in the combustion of carbonaceous Smoke generated by fuels fosw. Soot formation,

With the warmth «· odes? To generate energy, fuels such as natural gas heating oil or solid carbonaceous fuels are burned with air or oxygen, whereby efforts are made to achieve the highest combustion temperatures by using as little air or oxygen as possible. On the other hand, for the economic use of the fuel's calorific value, a stoehiometric excess air is used _p which indeed leads to an increase in the total heat input and. a smoke * = formation decreased; On the other hand, however, the temperature of the combustion gases is reduced. The formation of smoke or soot does not take advantage of combustible components; it pollutes the atmosphere and, in ovens, the irksiness

109 8 26/1186

due to carbon build-up, Satras

Provision has already been made for the; 5öiiyß sn ϊ * · λ £% q6 & s oxygen to a bath test value "*!?.,? !! miu same htm the smoke, Ry.Senfcwisklimg to a & n tolerable Äert & u "hold since with increasing the non-participating ferbronnung Lutt-volume pörat.iir the 3esainfctei £ the Yerbpeninmgfi-gases erni sdrigt and thereby the UäsFiseübes ^ aag In furnaces barren 'iärirseaustautieheFn e ^' - siähviur-t bss-i /, at wSr-ii? oer-gr _s .ig-E'ii'i1on iiaschinen the fchernjt'tiyn ^ ßiisöhe "sfir-ksaf-keifc is verriiigsrt.: aur Yerringe ^ ung the Kauciibildiing has & a * i at äpialisneiss fuels with ^ iu ^ t;. · - <; η Tevsc-hen, Ui *; dsinn. with dera Brenna to ff in the Flatn & ia Uiiii dur «h the 3- ^? .Lariise Such Eusätssss or Berivate von!, yaätsen can be found in the combustion gas-sn f && tsstellmi Wid srhöhsn in some of the

Basically everyone has. "»! «Ü

1) "a cold zone ix izni-gven Bes ^ I-ch the Ficais« ie _p wo

the YerMsßhuin ^; of t ^ jift yncl Bifeuttfetofi 'without essential liche Vei'bresiriv-, iig ätattflr ^ ciöt;

2) a very haiß ^ 2t-ae _p w> a! '- he is keielmet as pzdjßäre Heaktions - 3one and the siel · · rna the base as? Flame ansrshli, -st, in the 5i «¥ et * i» rä? Imang extremely violently voransäCä-: re: ifcet? ^ Ώί3 ? N tier die to ^ e ^ to

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tion in the. Flame a maximum value föesitstj 3) a secondary reaittioasfcone., Which is in direction to the primary resittiosis ^ one and forms the most luminous part of the river "

At the egg of the secondary reaction® & one the smoke development takes place * and Ewar especially with insufficient air overshadow _{or similar}

Surprisingly, i-jurde nwn found "that one ErfindiJing genjäß the ¥ erbrsnnung a carbonaceous fuel" substance improve in a FXairsne dadureh _s kaiiri that a solid material in the primary Reaktion®sone the Plasime or close to the base of the Flararae fixedly arranges <> which kafcalytiseh causes the chopping up and which is not volatile when used in the '?;

Suitable catalysts include metals * Metal oxides and compounds which are under the influence of heat EU metals bsw »decompose metal oxides * and metal salts» which are essentially stable at high temperatures. Examples of such catalysts include

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BAD ORlOlNAL

Barium "magnesium", iron "tin" aluminum "vanadium" manganese * Sodium "calcium" zircon, platinum, yttrium, lanthanum, erbium " Gallium «Titanium, Chromium« Cobalt * Nickels Palladium «Rare Earth metals and oxides of these metals and compounds, which form to the oxides of these metals under the influence of heat "as well as heat-resistant compounds of these metals", Of course, numerous other metal compounds can also be used »

Furthermore, it was found that "substances which themselves act as a catalyst in this sense and reduce smoke development either slightly or sfcßrk!" Surprisingly develop an extremely effective syncrgistic effect and reduce smoke production "Typical examples of such synergistic combinations are combinations of metals or Oxides or heat-resistant compounds of barium and sodium, "of barium and yttrium, of barium and erbium, barium and zircon, aluminum and sodium * aluminum and yttrium," aluminum and lanthanum, aluminum and erbium, aluminum and platinum /, gallium and sodium, "zircon and yttrium "zircon and erbium" zircon and chromium _P sircon and manganese, zircon and iron * zircon and platinum "manganese and sodium" manganese and yttrium, manganese and titanium "manganese and chromium" manganese and iron, manganese and nickel "palladium and iron «Whereby however

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'■■ - .. ^ö 5 ■ *. '

this list is not complete »

The invention differs from previous attempts to reduce Rauehbildung fact that virtually none of the catalysts finds himself in the flue gases <> has addition to previously combustion _B in the flame-catalytically active products to Reuchverringerung in contact 'kara " . carried out with the products, which had only either contact with the entire flame or its secondary zone * although it has not been suggested so far to limit this contact between the flame and the material or materials concerned to the primary reaction zone of the Fiairane.

It is preferred _a ά®η Katalysator-- in the priraärerSRteatetionszone far from the secondary reaction zone and naheρ but to be arranged within the base of the flame as possible, so that the possibility of contact of the catalyst is reduced with the secondary zone "

Or-Gltterfli & henj, cylinder, depending on the type of catalyst and the type of equipment used kann'der-catalyst in'Form won flat cable ,, View '' of flat "Spiralen..oder. Drlschen * coils from wires or a perforated screen

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consist, wherein DI® wires or one screen Material = material consists either of the catalyst itself or of a frSge?, dor containing the catalyst or the actual hessehlehtet with the catalyst * The catalyst can also be on a porous material flamnß'eaten _β viie example asbestos ρ be impregnated. To prepare a catalyst on a carrier, one can impregnate the carrier with a solution of a suitable metal compound * dry the impregnated carrier and heat it * until the metal compound or its heat-resistant derivative is effectively bound to the carrier.

According to Mössliohkelt, however, it is preferred that the catalyst be in a form such that it does Plam picture or the flow behavior of fuel and air does not interfere and generally after aerodynamic Trained 1st.

The invention achieves the advantage that less excess air can be used than before and that not only a greater thermodynamic efficiency but also the possibility is achieved 'that one can Fuel can burn faster and without producing smoke in a given volume * so that thereby the maximum =

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performance of a heat exchanger "of a furnace or a warmth & eugenden machine wlrd wlrd »If a sulfur containing fuel is used, what mostly, the fur so furthermore, due to the smaller excess of air, "some of the corrosive sulphurous trioxide" gets into the combustion * gases generated by the oxidation of sulfur dioxide in the same way because of the lower excess of air the proportion of undesired nitrogen oxides is reduced.

In the following the invention is based on drawings be explained in more detail * show it

Figure Is A schematic drawing showing the various reaction zones in a Flaasnej

Figure 2: A schematic representation of a Torrich «= tion to investigate the combustion according to the invention?

Figure j: An experimental set-up for the "device according to Figure 2;

Figure 4-ΐ A cross section through a heating oil burner j

Figure 5; A perspective view of a flame disc of a burner according to Figure ki

FIG. 6: A perspective view of a grid or grid made of catalytically active material for a burner according to Figure ^ s

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Figure 7 s the lower part of a burner according to Figure ^

with a Flarmnenblld; Figure 8 s Uwe perspective view of a conventional one

Flammable chimney?
Figure 9 s A perspective view of a Katalsrsa--

tors for Äbflammsöhornstelnej

Figure 10 j A perspective view of the device shown in Figure 9 m on a flaming torch

stone?
Figure 11 ϊ a perspective view of a detail

the arrangement shown in FIG.

In the case of the burner shown in FIG. 1, the fuel, for example Brennga.Sf, is passed through the burner tube 20 and burned in the flame 23. At the visible sow »; the flame 23 are two electrodes 21, 22 opposite each other arranges,

The ends of these electrodes are rounded at a certain radius " so that the electrode area available for internal recording is known." For example, electrodes with a diameter of 1 mm have a radius of 0 * 5 mm. A voltage from a battery 24 is applied to the flame 23 by means of the electric 21, 22 and

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by an afcgi? eif device 85 of a potentiometer 1 »6 set. The voltage is measured by a voltmeter 27 measure “and the one running through the flame. Electricity with eänera Microamperemefcer 28 ».

The sngalegfee voltage at the flame 23 is progressively increased for each flame location until a saturation current is obtained ₃ which indicates that the maximum current for the Xenenkon jsentrafcion has been reached in the relevant position. The current flow can be reversed by a switch ^ vm an asymmetry of the fisiinnme equalizing * whereby the measuring process is then repeated in this way vslva. This measuring process is repeated for different positions of the electrodes 2t sx 82 in the flame 23 until a profile of the ion concentration, the flanune

Eb was found, "that", Flasnmenbereißh is the Brannerrohr 20 located at näehsten. "Apart from the cold Misehzone 29 for fuel and air ,, the highest lonenkonzentratiozi _P has what be the primary Eeaktioiissone = -." Draws, is " the .primäre Reaktlonsssone is always the Baa is the flame adjacent "and listen-in .ziemlieh'abrupt eäineK against OCE Plamaienbaals ßistalen area on _a De ^ flame enberfeiehA"-i'-r ar "furthest from the base of the flame

1 0 9 8 2 ^{6/1 1 5 B BÄD}

- ίο -

removed let «has the lowest conductivity and forms the most luminous fur of the flame.

In the Verauöhssnordniing roped out in FIG. 2 , a laboratory burner 30 was used, which burned ethylene oxide in air. The ethylene was discharged via line 31 through a valve 32 and a "PMrchflufimesaer 33-> a so-called Wk Rotameter _{0 of} a manure line 24 and mixed there with air, which via line 25 * the valve 36 and a flow meter 37 into the flat line reached "the Durehflußgeschwindigltelt the air was kept constant, but the feed rate of the ethylene / air mixture was raifc the" valve 38 and the DurehfluBisesser 39 regulated. the ßaagemisch was dissolved in a flaome 40, exiting the burner tube ^ O "burned and zw &. t with a measurable amount of secondary combustion which was introduced via a line 42 into a tube 41 surrounding the burner 30. The secondary air was set by means of a valve 3 and a flow meter 44 Tube 41 is surrounded by a further glass tube 45? W-elehes noöh extends considerably over the flame 40 and this gagen über draft wind

In the flame 40 sil-ah leave the 'in SviäsaiTä-appendix with Figure 1 flat lines ₀ namely the «pi'iwärä beakt ⁵ ons zone X ₁ -,

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A JIi «es ■

those from the cool base of the flame at the top of the

Brenners 50 begins “the secondary reaction EOne IX” . adjoins the primary reaction zone, and the

Determine tertiary zone IXX * in which smoke becomes visible if smoke is present «The relative size of the different zones is not shown here precisely.

The smoke reduction is shown in Figure 5 with a » direction according to Figure 2 determined as follows

Ethylene was fed into the burner 30 at a fixed flow rate of air and further became secondary Combustion air in the annulus between burner JO and Glass tube 4I introduced in a fixed amount «namely in an amount of 400 ml / min. The Sthylen / Luftgernisch was lit at the burner mouth "where determined became ρ that with 21 "5 ml of air. Each day about 94 ml of ethylene ever meows could be burned before at the flame tip or Zone IiI a noticeable puff development occurred o

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Attempt ^ b ^

To the influence of the catalyst used according to the invention To investigate, barium oxide was placed on a quartz ring 47 of a quartz rod 46 piled up. This quartz ring 47 was glowing yellow in the secondary reactions zone II of the flame 40 introduced. The flame began to smoke vigorously KU; the feed rate of ethylene was gradually reduced until the smoke ceased » It was found that the flow rate of ethylene was now about 64 ml per minute. At distance of the coated ring 4? the smoke stopped and the ethylene feed rate increased to about 94 ml per minute can be increased before smoke formation is noticed again »

Experiment c)

The coated ring 47 was placed in the flame just above the burner opening of the burner 50 and into the blue-colored primary reaction zone Ϊ. No smoke could be detected at an ethylene feed rate of 9k ml per minute; the supply of ethylene was gradually increased to the point of smoke formation * which was the case at a rate of 137 ml per minute *. When removing the

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coated Binges 47 produced a strong smoke. detected / oils only disappeared / when the supply of ethylene was lowered to 9 ^ - i "1 J © minute"

The coated ring * «■? was in the upper range * £ one III 2 _P arranged in accordance with _a visible flame In one ethylene / Z * feed runs from 9VmI wurdt per minute? No effect on the amount of smoke was observed; an increase in ethylene oxide ^{1 also} resulted in an increase in smoke formation, and this is exactly the same as in an experiment without a ring

Experiments a) to d) show * that in order to reach the limit of smoke formation, the fuel in the process according to the invention can be increased by about 37 $> compared to the flow rate of the premixed ethylene / air mixture, which is a flame just at the limit of the Smoke formation results »

The tests a) _p b) _ö ") and d) further sseigen the Matters" samsn influence the position of the Katalysatorsvder flame? they also increase in a simple manner, that with the present invention the proportion of excess air in

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Relation to the required for proper combustion Such fuel consumption can be reduced, thereby improving the combustion efficiency

Qualitatively similar results were obtained with other fuels, namely, all isomers of butene, with .Cso and N, butane, with Petrolaum _P gas oil and petroleum gases; the advantages of the invent "; SNG can be used both with diffusion flames as bsw with vorgem.isehten flame premixed with partially and diffusion flames erreichenο In each case, after the erfindungsgemäSen method JO to 60% more Brsmnatoff without an increase in the smoke or an increase in. Secondary air consumption achieved.

BeisDiel ^ g

A Versuahsanordnung according to Example i was used _f with Kthylen ,, which was premixed with a certain amount of air and analogous to FIG . The air supply was also 21 * 5 ml per minute, and the amount of secondary air was again set at 400 ml per minute . was in the following experiments with versoarledenen Meta Xoxyden ^ _s and it was coated with a K; ^j hylenasufubr of 9! snl jö minute loading

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indulge _f whereby a flaasme was obtained “in which the beginning of smoke development has not yet occurred; The increase in the feed rate of ethylene in $ s was measured for the various catalysts in the primary reaction zone of the flame compared to the fuel requirement without a catalyst, the following results being obtained?

Table 1

Attempt no * Metal or ο Me =
talloxjrd-
Coating on
the ring Increase in burning
ßof fssufuhr in vol
before entry bucket
Puffiness ι - .r ■ Ba 37 2 N / A 58 Y 35 La ■ ^ 30 5 He 35 6th Al 32 T Ga . W. Oo Yri S3 9 27 10 Cr 24 Xi m 30th 12: Fe 27 Co 29 14;: ■: - Ki 30th 15 ■■ - .. ; Pd 16 Pt

109Ä2B / -MS8-

The figures in the above table show that _p GalXiumoxyd shows the best effects. To which the noble metals platinum palladium lind Connect "

The same results were obtained in other experiments in which diffusion _{flames f} premixed flames and partly premixed flames with other hydrocarbon gases were used. The results showed the same picture "even if not always the same percent" pay "

From the standpoint of economy and effectiveness, barium and sodium were the most suitable “because they are light are available. Because of the somewhat greater volatility of Sodium oxide, which is nevertheless extremely small; became Barlum oxide used in the following experiments.

Belsgiel 5

Several attempts have been made with a light burner Heating oil carried out according to Figure 4, with one after downward facing burner 50, consisting of a fuel pump 51 «a main supply pipe 52» that in its lower one End into a nozzle 55 with several openings for atomization of the fuel passes, a centrifugal fan 54 for

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. the supply of primary combustion air and an icon = * central pipe 55, which surrounds the supply line $ 2 and supplies the secondary combustion air.The central bore 55 extends somewhat beyond the fuel line 52, era bottom of the air and fuel line 55 * 52 a baffle plate 57 is arranged. The ignition takes place by means of. an electrode $ β _ρ which is attached to an insulated support. The Staiissheibe or Plammenhalter is nzolhei in Figure 5 in its egg, ..gezeigt th and consists of an outer carrier ring 57 * in the .'leitung- the end of the air is fitted = 53, ·, and further a plurality of inwardly extending ridges 61 _P, which are generally arranged radially, but never meet in the central axis of the support ring 57. The cross-sections of the webs 61 are slightly bent so that they impart a whirling effect to the air passing through and thereby bring about good mixing of fuel and air. The flame halfcer is attached to a retaining ring on the fuel by means of struts 64 which engage in the upper area of the ring 57. The burner 50 is inserted at its lower end in a wall made of fireproof Matertal and is connected to the air supply via a lateral connection 59 on the outer housing.

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A catalytically active grid 66 was produced, as shown in FIG. 1, by covering a hanging 60 with a diameter of 11 ″ 5 ″ with a mesh made of fire-proof material made of wire-like material, the diameter of the covering material being approximately 1 * 5 mm was. The covering was carried out in such a way that one of its rectangles 25 χ 1.5 in size resulted. The covering was coated with barium oxide so that the total size of the covering now corresponded to a diameter of about 3 mm. At two opposite points of the ring 66, brackets 68 with screw threads for fastening the entire to the grid were attached.

After ignition of the burner, the air throughput was measured. In normal operation, around 20 % excess air was required for a certain fuel flow.

In Figure 7 the Flainmenblld is below the burner reproduced. The base of the flame was about> mm below » half of the flame holder or baffle, and the flame itself reached about 25 to 30 cn above the baffle downwards and had a diameter of about 8 to 10 cm.

In contrast to the JUnylenflamme £; emä <B Examples 1 and 2

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If in the present case the sizes of the primary reaction zone were visually somewhat indeterminate due to the relatively high speed of the fuel / air mixture being swirled through, it can be assumed that the primary reaction zone is no more than about 2 to 5.8 cm away from the baffle plate was ₉ while the secondary reaction zone made up the remaining flame area. This was confirmed by conductive measurements analogous to FIG. 1

Without changing the office rate of fuel or air was in the flame at different distances from it Baffle plate, the catalyst grid 66 pushed in and with retaining screws 69 at a corresponding distance from the Baffle held. By means of the adjusting screws 69, which on Neck have a retaining ring? O, the spacing of the grille can 66 can be changed compared to the baffle plate »

The smoke produced by the flame was measured according to the standard * Bacharaeh test determined.

In the following table are the values of the distance between the grille and the steep disk in cm and the smoke number according to Baoharach

BATH ORIGINAL

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Attempt no. Distance in cm Rauehzehl to Bacharach 1 Without bars 3 a 0.9 - 1.2 '"ν ο 3 approx 2.5 ^ - l approx 7.6 5 ca 15, 2 4th 6th approx 28.0 2.5 7th approx 33.0 3

These values show a considerable reduction in smoke formation and thus an improvement in utilization of the fuel, if the catalyst is placed as close as possible to the flame base, i.e. in the vicinity of the baffle plate brings bssw »into the area of the primary reaction zone of the Flame.

When experiment No. 2 in the table above was repeated with different amounts of air, it was found that the excess air required for combustion could be reduced from the normal value of 20% to 11 % before a Bacharaoh Roughness number of 3 was obtained, which is the usual The burner's tendency to smoke.

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Apart from the increase in the thermal and thermodynamic efficiency due to the reduction in the excess air of SO to 11%, it is expected that a reduction in the sulfur trioxyte concentration in the combustion gases of nearly $ 60 and a reduction in the concentration of nitrogen oxides of " stwa V *>% would take place.

Although these tests of Example 3 were carried out on a household burner * the advantages according to the invention can also be obtained on larger burners * with other advantages being achieved because of the smaller amount of excess air; namely, smaller air blower ₉ tubes and combustion chambers «Whereby the profitability of the system itself is improved. The reduction of the SO concentration leads to less corrosion and that of the nitrogen oxides leads to less air pollution. In addition, the reduced smoke formation results in less frequent shutdown of the system for cleaning.

There are also cases where carbonaceous substances are burned must be * not necessarily the highest consumption ~ temperature «but where the during the Combustion resulting exhaust gases as little smoke as possible? parts should contain,! Gravel is the case, for example, with the combustion of hydrocarbon exhaust gases or fuel »

- ■■■: ■. ■ 'BAD OR16INÄL

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gases in refineries and blast furnaces and also in the combustion of hydrocarbons or fuel gases when burning lime or oei other burning processes in the ceramic industry or in the brick industry.

The method according to the invention works particularly well Use in reducing smoke from burning hydrocarbon gases in petroleum refineries. These oasis have fluctuating compositions and fall in different amounts of; these exhaust gases have a low Value and are burned down or flared in pack towers; here it can be a chimney-like high structure or trade low ground flare systems. The flaring leads to a considerable amount of smoke, which has so far been the case in certain The size was reduced by injecting steam into the flame. However, in order to achieve a satisfactory result, relatively large amounts of steam « For example, 1 to 5 weight points of steam per weight point of refinery gas can be used, which is externally inefficient; Furthermore, the blowing in of steam is associated with considerable noise pollution.

In the conventional flaring system shown in FIG 8o the chimney or chimney 81 is connected to a floor

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Line 82 is supplied with the gas to be burned off, which is in the A flame 84 forms the outlet opening. Such a flame can be up to 20 m in length and more and always produces depending on the nature of the composition of the gas, a considerable amount Rough quantity. By a feed line 8> has so far been the Steam fed in at the top of the chimney.

A suitable catalyst according to the invention for flaring in refineries is a cylindrical coil made of an alumina silica material which has been previously impregnated with a mixture of barium and sodium compounds such as barium nitrate and sodium hydroxide and for converting the barium nitrate into barium oxide and for converting the sodium hydroxide into sodium oxide and better Connection to the carrier has been burned. It has been found that such a cylindrical coil stabilizes the flames and introduces secondary air into the flame, which considerably reduces the formation of smoke from the coil containing barium, sodium and alumina. Such a coil or helix 90 is shown in FIG. The mean diameter of the helix is preferably somewhat larger than the diameter of the flame outlet; the lungs of the helix are preferably no larger than *! 0 $ of the expected mean flame length, preferably up to 10 % of the flame length.

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Examplejl ·

The use of the invention in flaring was done in one a qualitative test simulated, whereby a pipe with an inner diameter of about 4 cm was used as a forge, while a mixture of saturated hydrocarbon gases was used as fuel * which was enriched with propane to produce smoke. The gas supply was up eo set that a smoky flame with a length from 1.5 to 1.6 m was obtained. A cylindrical barium / sodium / alumina / silica coil with the shape shown in Figure 6 and an inner diameter of about 4.4 om and a length of 22 cm was attached to the amine base. The smoke intensity was almost around that Half price reduced. In addition, it was found that the flame with the coil is considerably more stable than the Flame without a helix was. When the coil is removed from the plan, the smoke intensity returns to the previous one Value.

Although this experiment was carried out in still air, the invention can also be operated in wind use if the axis of the flame is inclined to the vertical or almost horizontal. It is most useful if the Kata.lysator impregnated

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Helix is rotatably attached, for example, to a bogie and see can rotate about a vertical axis and furthermore a rotation about a horizontal axis by * can lead, with at least one control surface directly or is connected indirectly to the catalyst coil, so that the coil is always in the primary reaction zone of the flame and the axis of the coil and that of the flame essentially coincide.

The bearings are preferably of the rotating linkage or other Fastening devices placed sufficiently far from the flame and it is useful to provide a control surface which responds to a horizontal change in wind direction, while another control surface responds to vertical changes in the direction of the wind. Preferably these baffles are arranged so that they practically at all times never come into contact with the flame. Such an arrangement is shown in Figure 10, wherein the forge or the flare tower 81 can be a chimney according to FIG. 8 or a floor flare system.

In the arrangement shown in FIG. 10, there is short Above the mouth of the food a collar 91 on which it can be rotated a ring 92 is fixed by bearings, for example

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is kept away from the collar part by ball 93 *. Preferably, you can also bearings between the ring 92 and of the forge 81, whereby the type of bearing can be chosen from can be chosen.

A control surface 94, responsive to horizontal changes in wind direction, is attached to ring 92 so as to that when the wind direction changes in the horizontal plane, a rotation of the ring 92 is effected. At right angles to the direction of the control sheet 94 are stub axes 95 provided, which lead diametrically opposite from the ring to the outside. Each stub axle 95 carries in one corresponding bearing a rod 96 with a corresponding bearing ring 97. At the lower end of each rod 96 there is a counterweight 98 to enable the rod to be held in the position shown. At every The rod 96 is located above the bearing ring 97 in a guide surface 99 which is at right angles to the guide surface 94 and is responsive to a vertical change in wind direction.

A helix 90 of the type shown in Figure 9 passes through horizontal bars arranged above the ridge of the nose, namely by means of support rods 100 which are fastened on the one hand to the helix and on the other hand to the rods 96 «Ind.

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When there is no wind, the helix 90 is within the Torch flame that burns vertically with the filament 90 contributes to the introduction of air into the flame and that the flame is additionally stabilized. The smoke reduction can be so significant that you have to can dispense with steam injection completely.

If in wind, as shown in Figure 11, the fan flame is deflected, the guide surface 9 * moves the ring in such a position that the guide surfaces 99 are essentially perpendicular to the wind direction, with the wind can then act on the guide surfaces 99 against the action of the counterweights 98, deß the helix 90 is pivoted becomes that it lies essentially in the flame 101. The flame stabilizes again at the filament, and the smoke development is, according to the invention, considerably reduced or considerably completely eliminated.

Of course, this arrangement can be used not only when flaring refinery residues, but can also be used in other areas where smoke formation in flames is to be prevented.

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Beisgiel_§

The experiments described in Examples 1 and 2 were repeated with mixtures of metal oxides / those on one Quartz thread ring according to the device of Figure 2 and> had been applied. All fuel was in turn ethylene with a fixed air velocity of 21.5 ml per minute and with a fixed flow rate of secondary air of 400 ml per minute. The following table shows the percentage increase in fuel throughput for mixtures of metal oxides existing coatings on the ring thread 47 »before smoke formation was recognizable.

Table 2 Duro skin increase
in % up to he
recognizable smoke
education 55 Attempt no. Metals (ale
Oxides) on one
Ring thread 52 1 Ba + Na 52 2 Ba + Y 45 Ba + Er 55 4th Ba + Zr 48 5 Al + Na 44 6th Al + Y 7th
* Al + La

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9 10 11 12 13 14

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 22

Al + Er Ai + Pt Ga 4 Wa Zr + Y Zr + Er Zr + Cr Zr + Jfti Zr ■ ♦ Pe Zr + Pt Mn + Na Mn · ■ ♦ Y. Mn ♦ Ti Mn + Cr Mn + Pe Mn-I-Ni Pd 4 Fe

A comparison of the values in Tables 1 and 2 shows that Mixtures of metal oxides give much better results' versus the use of individual metal oxides alone show and that with mixed metal oxides a synergists see effect taking place.

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Accordingly, it is a further part of the invention that one Mixtures of metal oxides, such as the solutions shown in Table 2, in the primary reaction zone the flame of a domestic or industrial burner or in the Flame of a waste facility or in flames of blast furnaces or Kalkb'fen or shaft ovens or in the case of ovens in the ceramic Can arrange industry and brickworks.

The present invention is also applicable to machines of Advantage if the primary reaction zone of the flame, such as in external combustion engines or in the combustion chambers of gas turbines, can be clearly defined. Furthermore, the present invention Also used on some diesel engines, where the original combustion of the fuel is in a cell which is separate from the main combustion chamber.

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Claims (1)

I.5.LL? J / Iy Process for improving the combustion of carbonaceous fuels in a flame, characterized in that one is in the primary reaction zone of the flame a solid material is arranged »which is catalytically active to reduce the roughness and that essentially contributes is not volatile to the temperatures of the primary reaction zone. 2. The method according to claim Ij daduroh characterized in that the catalytically active material is selected from metals and metal compounds from the following group: Barium »magnesium, iron, tin, aluminum, vanadium, Manganese, sodium, calcium, zircon, platinum, yttrium, lanthanum, Erbium, gallium, titanium, chromium, cobalt, nickel, palladium, rare earth metals, oxides of these metals, compounds these metals, which are under the influence of HItEe too decompose such oxides, b * w. heat-resistant compounds of these metals. >. Process according to Claim 1 to 2, characterized in that the catalytically active material consists of combina- ■ tiorjen is selected from the following compounds: - 109826 / 11S6 Barium and sodium, barium and yttrium, barium and Erbium, barium and zircon, aluminum and sodium, Aluminum and yttrium, aluminum and lanthanum, aluminum and erbium, aluminum and platinum, gallium and sodium, zircon and yttrium, zircon and erbium, zircon and chromium, zircon and manganese, zircon and iron, Zircon and platinum, manganese and sodium, meingan and Yttrium, manganese and titanium, manganese and chromium, manganese ^w and iron, manganese and nickel as well as palladium and Elsen. 4. The method according to claim 1 to 3 »characterized in that that the catalytically active material is applied as a coating on a refractory base. 5. The method according to claim 1 to 4, characterized in that the catalytically active material in the form of a £ essentially flat lattice or mesh structure is present and that this plane grid is essentially is arranged perpendicular to the axis of the flame. 6. The method according to claim 5, characterized in » that in the plane of the lattice the width of the lattice mesh is greater than the width of the primary reaction zone of flame 1st. 109826/1156 BATH ORIGINAL 7. The method according to claim 1 to 4, characterized in that that the catalytically active material in the form of an im substantial cylindrical helix is present - which with its axis essentially coaxial with the ache of the primary Zone the flame is arranged » 8. The method according to claim 7, characterized in that the mean width of the helix in each plane perpendicular to its axis is somewhat smaller than the width of the flame in every level there is » 9. device for burning carbonaceous fuel, characterized in that means are provided are to promote the carbonaceous fuel in a combustion zone in which the fuel is burned in a flame which has a primary reaction zone and a secondary reaction zone, and that one solid material is provided, at least in part placed in the flantte, and that at least one Main part of this part in the primary reaction zone the flame is arranged and that the solid material is catalytically active to reduce bulging and essentially at the temperatures of the primary Heaction tones not volatile 1st. 109 8 26/1156 10. The device according to claim 9 »characterized in that the catalytically active material is selected from the metals and metal compounds of the following elements: barium, magnesium, iron, tin, aluminum« vanadium ,, manganese _β sodium, calcium, zirconium «^ platinum» Yttrium, lanthanum, erbium, gallium, titanium * chromium, ^ bait, nickel, palladium, compounds of these metals, which transform into oxides under the influence of heat. 11. The device according to claim 9 bie 10, characterized in that the catalytically active material is a Combination of the following products is: barium and sodium, barium and yttrium, barium and erbium, Barium and zircon, aluminum and sodium, aluminum and yttrium, aluminum and lanthanum, aluminum and Erbium, aluminum and platinum, gallium and sodium, W Zircon and yttrium, zircon and erbium, zircon and chromium, zircon and manganese, zircon and elsen, zircon and platinum, manganese and sodium, manganese and yttrium, manganese and titanium, manganese and chromium, manganese and elsen, manganese and nickel and palladium and Elsen. 109826/1156 BATH ORIGINAL 12. The device according to claim 9 to 11, characterized in * that the catalytically active material with a carrier for to see this material 1st. 1>. Device according to Claims 9 to 12, characterized in that the catalytically active material is in the form of at least one wire or a similar relatively long Part is present. 14. The device according to claim 13 »characterized in that that the catalytically active material is in the form of an oitter or network of the wire-like product. 15. Apparatus according to claim 15 * characterized in that that the grid or net is essentially flat and that the network plane is essentially perpendicular to the flame axis, 16. The device according to claim 14 to 15 »characterized» that the fuel is a gaseous fuel and that means are provided to convey the gaseous fuel into the combustion zone. 109826/1156 '- 36 - 17. The device according to claim 14 to 15 »characterized in that the fuel is a liquid fuel and that means are provided to convey the liquid fuel in finely divided form into the combustion zone. 18. The device according to claim 13 »dadu.ch characterized« ^ that the wire-like structure or the relatively stretched one Part of the shape of an essentially cylindrical helix is present, the middle duo diameter of which is somewhat smaller than the mean diameter of the primary reaction zone. 19 · Vorrlohtung NaOH to claim 18, characterized in that the fuel 1st a gaseous fuel and the means for supplying the fuel into the combustion zone from an upright tube loading W is having a Auetritteöffnung for the gaseous fuel in the upper region, and that a substantially cylindrical helix is arranged opposite the pipe on supports which allow movement of the helix in three dimensions, and that means are provided which are responsive to the wind direction in the region of the upper end of the pipe for movement of the 109826/1156 To effect helix opposite the pipe opening, wherein the axis of the coil is substantially coaxial with the axis of the flame which is formed by combustion of the fuel at the upper outlet end of the pipe, 20. The device according to claim 19 *, characterized in that the responsive to the wind direction means there are guide surfaces attached to the girders " ueibs