DE202023103877U1 - A system for removing transition ions from water - Google Patents

Abstract

A system (100) for removing transition ions from water, the system (100) comprising:
a reactor (102) made of an insulating material and composed of a pair of electrodes (102a, 102b), an inlet (102c) and an outlet (102d), each electrode of the pair of electrodes (102a, 102b) being wrapped with a bamboo stick attached to a nylon tie wire and suspended from the reactor (102);
a submersible pump (104) connected to a reservoir (106) and the reactor (102) via inlet (102c) and outlet (102d), respectively, for inducing a flow of water from the reservoir (106) to the reactor (102). wherein a pH meter (108) is connected to the reservoir (106) to measure the pH of the raw water, wherein a stock solution of fluoride and arsenic is prepared from the raw water;
a pair of control valves (110) connected respectively to the outlet (102d) and the inlet (102c) to regulate the flow of water; And
an electrolytic cell (112) consisting of positive and negative electrodes (112a, 112b) connected to the pair of electrodes (102a, 102b) for passing a direct current through an electrolyte to convert fluoride and arsenic ions in the formation of hydroxides to remove pairs of electrodes (102a, 102b), determining fluoride and arsenic by preparing appropriate reagents.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of cleaning systems. In particular, the present subject matter relates to a system for removing transition ions of fluoride and arsenic from water.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The most important source of drinking water in many parts of the world is groundwater. Groundwater contamination by geogenic components such as chromium, arsenic, fluoride, etc. poses serious problems that require special attention. The presence of arsenic in drinking water is a worldwide problem and poses a major threat to human health. Continuous exposure to arsenic can cause skin cancer or damage to kidneys, lungs, gallbladder, etc. Most of these transition ions exist in the +III and +V oxidation states, depending on the redox conditions and biological activity. Another threatening geogenic pollutant in many groundwaters is the presence of fluoride in the aquifers. Many groundwater sources around the world have fluoride concentrations in the range of 1 to 30 mg/L. It has been reported that consuming a concentration of fluoride in water can cause dental (from 1.5 to 2 mg/L) and skeletal fluorosis (above 2 mg/L). These types of diseases are irreversible and there is no treatment. It is important to remove toxic transition ions from the water before consumption. Fluoride and arsenic in groundwater cause many serious health problems when permitted levels are exceeded. Ingesting excess fluoride, most commonly found in drinking water, affects teeth and bones. This leads to serious health disorders such as dental fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis and non-skeletal fluorosis. Again, long-term exposure to arsenic can cause bladder and lung cancer in addition to skin cancer.

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified arsenic and arsenic compounds in water as carcinogenic to humans. Therefore, before consuming water that contains excess amounts of fluoride and arsenic, it must be removed from the water.

Adsorption, chemical coagulation, membrane filtration, electrodialysis, biological oxidation, electrochemical processes, etc. are the techniques commonly used to remove transition ions such as arsenic and fluoride from water contaminated therewith.

The electrochemical process is one of these techniques, which is considered one of the most important cost-effective water treatment methods in developing countries with a high concentration of arsenic and fluoride in the water. The metal hydroxides formed in an electrochemical process can act as a coagulant in aqueous solutions and help remove pollutants from the environment.

US9719179B2 discloses the systems and methods disclosed herein that process produced water/reflux water, such as water having a high total dissolved solids content, to produce high purity, high quality products with little to no waste. High purity, high quality products produced include caustic soda, hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hypochlorite. In addition, the methods and systems disclosed herein produce high quality brines for electrolysis through the systematic removal of impurities such as, but not limited to, suspended solids, iron, sulfides, barium, radium, strontium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, fluoride, heavy metals, organic carbon, recoverable hydrocarbons, silicon dioxide, lithium and/or nitrogenous compounds. Additionally, some products produced by the systems and methods disclosed herein can be recovered and reused or sold for other uses, such as carbon dioxide, calcium oxide, chlorine, magnesium oxide, calcium carbonate, and/or barium sulfate.

US20200296991A1 discloses a method comprising: providing a crustacean catch; adding fresh water to the crustacean catch; crushing the crustacean catch with a disintegrator in the fresh water to produce a crushed crustacean catch comprising shell and carapace particles, the particles having a size no greater than 25 mm; addition of one or more proteolytic enzymes; hydrolyzing the ground crustacean catch with the one or more proteolytic enzymes to produce a hydrolyzed crustacean material; and separating the shell and shell particles from the hydrolyzed crustacean material with particle removal direction to produce a proteinaceous crustacean fraction with a fluorine content reduced by at least 85% compared to 1500 ppm fluorine content in a conventional crustacean meal.

There are certain problems with most existing sewage treatment plants. Some of the key observations are: The adsorption process is pH dependent and requires a pretreatment step. The treatment lasts longer and the distance after each regeneration cycle decreases after each regeneration cycle. The coagulation method requires a large amount of chemicals, a large treatment area, and generates secondary sludge. Operating costs, need for skilled labor and formation of concentrated sludge are the major disadvantages of membrane filtration technologies. Biological processes are mainly used to treat industrial effluents rather than drinking water, as they require various types of pathogenic microorganisms such as algae, yeast, fungi, bacteria, etc. to produce a range of hydrocarbons such as carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide and phosphorus acid. In addition, the selectivity of biological processes depends on the type of pollutants to be removed.

Therefore, in order to overcome the limitations of the above prior art, there is a need to develop a system for removing arsenic and fluoride using electrochemical techniques at different flow rates using a continuous flow reactor with iron and aluminum as electrodes.

The technical advances disclosed by the present invention overcome the limitations and disadvantages of existing and conventional systems and methods.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to a system for removing transition ions from water.

An object of the present invention is to provide a system for removing arsenic and fluoride ions from water.

Another object of the present invention is to use a continuous flow reactor with iron and aluminum as electrodes for ion removal.

Another object of the present invention is to study the influence of temperature on the removal of arsenic and fluoride.

Another object of the present invention is to study the oxidation and reduction during the treatment and the purity of the aluminum and iron electrodes.

• einen Reaktor, der aus einem isolierenden Material besteht und aus einem Elektrodenpaar, einem Einlass und einem Auslass besteht, wobei jedes Elektrodenpaar mit einem Bambusstab und einem Nylonbindedraht umwickelt und am Reaktor aufgehängt ist;
• eine Tauchpumpe, die über einen Einlass bzw. einen Auslass mit einem Reservoir und dem Reaktor verbunden ist, um den Wasserfluss vom Reservoir zum Reaktor zu induzieren, wobei ein pH-Meter mit dem Reservoir verbunden ist, um den pH-Wert des Rohwassers zu messen, wobei eine Stammlösung von Aus dem Rohwasser wird Fluorid und Arsen hergestellt;
• ein Paar Steuerventile, die jeweils mit dem Auslass und dem Einlass verbunden sind, um den Wasserfluss zu regulieren; Und
• eine Elektrolysezelle, die aus positiven und negativen Elektroden besteht, die mit dem Elektrodenpaar verbunden sind, um einen Gleichstrom durch einen Elektrolyten zu leiten, um Fluorid- und Arsenionen bei der Bildung von Hydroxiden durch das Elektrodenpaar zu entfernen, wobei Fluorid und Arsen durch entsprechende Vorbereitung bestimmt werden Reagenzien.

In one embodiment, a system for removing transition ions from water, the system comprising:

• a reactor made of an insulating material and composed of a pair of electrodes, an inlet and an outlet, each pair of electrodes being wrapped with a bamboo stick and a nylon binding wire and suspended from the reactor;
• a submersible pump connected to a reservoir and the reactor via an inlet and an outlet, respectively, to induce water flow from the reservoir to the reactor, wherein a pH meter is connected to the reservoir to measure the pH of the raw water , whereby a stock solution of fluoride and arsenic is produced from the raw water;
• a pair of control valves connected to the outlet and the inlet, respectively, to regulate the flow of water; And
• an electrolytic cell consisting of positive and negative electrodes connected to the pair of electrodes for passing a direct current through an electrolyte to remove fluoride and arsenic ions in the formation of hydroxides by the pair of electrodes, fluoride and arsenic being removed by appropriate preparation reagents are determined.

In one embodiment, the insulating material used to form the reactor is selected from glass material.

In one embodiment, the electrode is made of aluminum sheets and sheet iron and the tubing is made of silicone tubing.

In one embodiment, the reactor is equipped with the inlet pipe at a height of 1-5 cm from the bottom of the reactor tank and an outlet pipe at a height of 10-15 cm from the bottom of the reactor tank.

In one embodiment, a power source is connected to the electrolytic cell to induce chemical changes, with the positive and negative electrodes kept separate and immersed in an electrolytic solution whereby when an electrical current is applied to initiate electrolysis, current flows through negatively charged cells enters the electrode, with the positively charged particles migrating to the negatively charged electrode and the negatively charged particles migrating to the positively charged electrode.

In one embodiment, the fluoride and arsenic ions are adsorbed onto the hydroxides of aluminum or iron for removal.

• 220-225 mg wasserfreies Natriumfluorid in 800-1200 ml Leitungswasser im Messkolben auflösen, um die Fluorid-Stammlösung herzustellen;
• Verdünnen Sie die Stammlösung, um eine Standardfluoridlösung zu bilden.
• 15-20 mg Natriumarsenat in 800-1200 ml Leitungswasser auflösen , um eine Stammlösung von Arsen herzustellen; Und
• Verdünnen Sie die Stammlösung, um eine Standard-Arsenlösung zu erhalten.

In one embodiment, a first piston connected to the reactor is configured to:

• Dissolve 220-225 mg of anhydrous sodium fluoride in 800-1200 mL of tap water in the volumetric flask to make the fluoride stock solution;
• Dilute the stock solution to form a standard fluoride solution.
• Dissolve 15-20 mg of sodium arsenate in 800-1200 ml of tap water to make a stock solution of arsenic; And
• Dilute the stock solution to obtain a standard arsenic solution.

• Mischen Sie 500 ml destilliertes Wasser mit 900-1000 mg Natrium-2-1,8-dihydroxy-3,6-naphthalindisulfat (SPADNS), um eine SPADNS-Lösung herzustellen;
• Lösen Sie 130-135 mg Zirkonylchlorid-Octahydrat in etwa 20-30 ml destilliertem Wasser, um das Zirkonylsäurereagenz herzustellen.
• 300-400 ml konzentrierte Salzsäure (HCl) zum vorbereiteten Zirkonylsäurereagenz hinzufügen, um eine Lösung herzustellen, wobei destilliertes Wasser zugegeben wird, um die Lösung zu verdünnen; Und
• Fügen Sie das gleiche Volumen SPADNS und Zirkonylsäurereagenz hinzu, um das Zirkonyl-SPADNS-Reagenz für die Fluoridbestimmung vorzubereiten.

In one embodiment, a second piston connected to the reactor is configured to:

• Mix 500 mL of distilled water with 900-1000 mg of sodium 2-1,8-dihydroxy-3,6-naphthalene disulfate (SPADNS) to make a SPADNS solution;
• Dissolve 130-135 mg zirconyl chloride octahydrate in approximately 20-30 mL distilled water to prepare the zirconyl acid reagent.
• Add 300-400mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) to the prepared zirconic acid reagent to make a solution, adding distilled water to dilute the solution; And
• Add an equal volume of SPADNS and Zirconylic Acid Reagent to prepare the Zirconyl SPADNS Reagent for fluoride determination.

• 100 ml destilliertes Wasser mit 15 g Kaliumiodid mischen, um eine Kaliumiodidlösung herzustellen, und in einer Flasche aufbewahren;
• Mischen Sie 40 g arsenfreies Zinnchlorid (SnCl₂.2H₂O) mit der konzentrierten HCl, um eine Zinnchloridlösung herzustellen.
• Mischen Sie 10 g Bleiacetat [Pb (C₂H₃O₂)₂.3H₂O] in 100 ml destilliertes Wasser, um eine Bleiacetatlösung herzustellen.
• 200 ml Chloroform in 410 mg 1 Ephedrin mischen, anschließend 625 mg Silberdiethyldithiocarbamat hinzufügen und die Menge mit Chloroform auf 250 ml erhöhen, um Silberdiethyldithiocarbamat-Reagenz zu bilden;
• 1 g Silberdiethyldithiocarbamat in 200 ml Pyridin auflösen und in einer braunen Flasche aufbewahren; Und
• Lösen Sie 1.32 g Arsentrioxid in 10 ml destilliertem Wasser, das auch 4 g Natriumhydroxid enthält, um 1 mg Arsen-Stammlösung herzustellen, wobei 5 ml Stammlösung mit destilliertem Wasser auf 500 ml verdünnt werden.

In one embodiment, a third piston connected to the reactor is configured to:

• Mix 100ml of distilled water with 15g of potassium iodide to make a potassium iodide solution and keep in a bottle;
• Mix 40 g of arsenic-free stannous chloride (SnCl ₂ .2H ₂ O) with the concentrated HCl to make a stannous chloride solution.
• Mix 10 g of lead acetate [Pb(C ₂ H ₃ O ₂ ) ₂ .3H ₂ O] in 100 mL of distilled water to make a lead acetate solution.
• Mix 200 mL of chloroform in 410 mg of 1 ephedrine, then add 625 mg of silver diethyldithiocarbamate and increase the amount to 250 mL with chloroform to form silver diethyldithiocarbamate reagent;
• Dissolve 1 g of silver diethyldithiocarbamate in 200 ml of pyridine and store in a brown bottle; And
• Dissolve 1.32 g of arsenic trioxide in 10 mL of distilled water also containing 4 g of sodium hydroxide to make 1 mg of arsenic stock solution, diluting 5 mL of stock solution to 500 mL with distilled water.

In order to further clarify the advantages and features of the present invention, a more detailed description of the invention will be given with reference to specific embodiments thereof illustrated in the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that these drawings represent only typical embodiments of the invention and are therefore not to be considered as limiting the scope thereof. The invention is described and explained in greater detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

character list

• 1 zeigt ein Blockdiagramm eines Systems zur Entfernung von Übergangsionen aus Wasser.
• 2a zeigt eine grafische Darstellung der Standardkurve für Fluorid.
• 2b zeigt eine grafische Darstellung der Wirkung der Anfangskonzentration.
• 3a zeigt eine grafische Darstellung der Standardkurve für Arsen und
• 3b zeigt eine grafische Darstellung des Effekts der Anfangskonzentration.

These and other features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will be better understood when the following detailed description is read with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which like reference characters represent like parts throughout the drawings, wherein:

• 1 Figure 12 shows a block diagram of a system for removing transition ions from water.
• 2a shows a graphical representation of the standard curve for fluoride.
• 2 B Figure 12 shows a graphical representation of the effect of initial concentration.
• 3a shows a graphical representation of the standard curve for arsenic and
• 3b shows a graphical representation of the effect of initial concentration.

In addition, skilled craftsmen will recognize that elements in the drawings are presented for simplicity and may not necessarily have been drawn to scale. For example, the flowcharts illustrate the method with key steps that help improve understanding of aspects of the present disclosure. Moreover, regarding the construction of the device, one or more components of the device may have been represented in the drawings by conventional symbols, and the drawings may only show the specific details relevant to understanding the embodiments of the present disclosure around the drawings not to be obscured by details that would be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the description herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION:

For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the invention, reference will now be made to the embodiment illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same. It should be understood, however, that no limitation on the scope of the invention is intended thereby, as variations and further modifications to the illustrated system and further applications of the principles of the invention illustrated therein are contemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art Technique to which the invention relates.

Those skilled in the art will understand that the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory of the invention and are not intended to be limiting.

Reference throughout this specification to "an aspect," "another aspect," or similar language means that a particular feature, structure, or feature described in connection with the embodiment is in at least one embodiment of the present invention is included. As such, the phrases "in one embodiment," "in another embodiment," and similar phrases throughout this specification may, but do not necessarily, refer to the same embodiment.

The terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof is intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion such that a process or method that includes a list of steps includes not only those steps, but may include other steps not expressly listed or inherent in that process or method. Likewise, any device or subsystem or element or structure or component preceded by “includes...a” does not exclude, without further limitation, the existence of other devices or other subsystems or other elements or other structure other components or additional devices or additional subsystems or additional elements or additional structures or additional components.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which they relate Invention belongs to be generally understood. The system, methods, and examples provided herein are for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to be limiting.

Embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

• einen Reaktor (102), der aus einem isolierenden Material besteht und aus einem Elektrodenpaar (102a, 102b), einem Einlass (102c) und einem Auslass (102d) besteht, wobei jede Elektrode des Elektrodenpaars (102a, 102b) umwickelt ist ein Bambusstab mit einem Nylonbindedraht befestigt und am Reaktor (102) aufgehängt;
• eine Tauchpumpe (104), die über den Einlass (102c) bzw. den Auslass (102d) mit einem Reservoir (106) und dem Reaktor (102) verbunden ist, um einen Wasserfluss vom Reservoir (106) zum Reaktor (102) zu induzieren, wobei ein pH-Meter (108) mit dem Reservoir (106) verbunden ist, um den pH-Wert des Rohwassers zu messen, wobei aus dem Rohwasser eine Stammlösung aus Fluorid und Arsen hergestellt wird;
• ein Paar Steuerventile (110), die jeweils mit dem Auslass (102d) und dem Einlass (102c) verbunden sind, um den Wasserfluss zu regulieren; Und
• eine Elektrolysezelle (112), die aus positiven und negativen Elektroden (112a, 112b) besteht, die mit dem Elektrodenpaar (102a, 102b) verbunden sind, um einen Gleichstrom durch einen Elektrolyten zu leiten, um Fluorid- und Arsenionen bei der Bildung von Hydroxiden zu entfernen Paar Elektroden (102a, 102b), wobei Fluorid und Arsen durch die Herstellung entsprechender Reagenzien bestimmt werden.

1 shows a block diagram of a system (100) for removing transition ions from water, the system (100) comprising:

• a reactor (102) made of an insulating material and composed of a pair of electrodes (102a, 102b), an inlet (102c) and an outlet (102d), each electrode of the pair of electrodes (102a, 102b) being wrapped with a bamboo stick attached to a nylon tie wire and suspended from the reactor (102);
• a submersible pump (104) connected to a reservoir (106) and the reactor (102) via inlet (102c) and outlet (102d), respectively, for inducing a flow of water from the reservoir (106) to the reactor (102). wherein a pH meter (108) is connected to the reservoir (106) to measure the pH of the raw water, wherein a stock solution of fluoride and arsenic is prepared from the raw water;
• a pair of control valves (110) connected respectively to the outlet (102d) and the inlet (102c) to regulate the flow of water; And
• an electrolytic cell (112) consisting of positive and negative electrodes (112a, 112b) connected to the pair of electrodes (102a, 102b) for passing a direct current through an electrolyte to convert fluoride and arsenic ions in the formation of hydroxides to remove pairs of electrodes (102a, 102b), determining fluoride and arsenic by preparing appropriate reagents.

In one embodiment, the insulating material used to form the reactor (102) is selected from glass material.

In one embodiment, the electrode (102a, 102b) consists of aluminum sheets and iron sheet and the tubing consists of a silicon tube.

In one embodiment, the reactor (102) is equipped with the inlet (102c) at a height of 1-5 cm from the bottom of the reactor tank (102) and an outlet (102d) at a height of 10-15 cm from the bottom of the reactor (102).

In one embodiment, a power source (114) is connected to the electrolytic cell (112) to induce chemical changes, the positive and negative electrodes (112a, 112b) being kept separate and immersed in an electrolytic solution, with an electric current being applied, to initiate electrolysis, current enters through the negatively charged electrode (112b), with the positively charged particles migrating to the negatively charged electrode (112b) and the negatively charged particles migrating to the positively charged electrode (112a).

In one embodiment, the fluoride and arsenic ions are adsorbed onto the hydroxides of aluminum or iron for removal.

• 220-225 mg wasserfreies Natriumfluorid in 800-1200 ml Leitungswasser im Messkolben auflösen, um die Fluorid-Stammlösung herzustellen;
• Verdünnen Sie die Stammlösung, um eine Standardfluoridlösung zu bilden.
• 15-20 mg Natriumarsenat in 800-1200 ml Leitungswasser auflösen, um eine Stammlösung von Arsen herzustellen; Und
• Verdünnen Sie die Stammlösung, um eine Standard-Arsenlösung zu erhalten.

In one embodiment, a first piston (116a) connected to the reactor (102) is configured to:

• Dissolve 220-225 mg of anhydrous sodium fluoride in 800-1200 mL of tap water in the volumetric flask to make the fluoride stock solution;
• Dilute the stock solution to form a standard fluoride solution.
• Dissolve 15-20 mg of sodium arsenate in 800-1200 ml of tap water to make a stock solution of arsenic; And
• Dilute the stock solution to obtain a standard arsenic solution.

• Mischen Sie 500 ml destilliertes Wasser mit 900-1000 mg Natrium-2-1,8-dihydroxy-3,6-naphthalindisulfat (SPADNS), um eine SPADNS-Lösung herzustellen.
• Lösen Sie 130-135 mg Zirkonylchlorid-Octahydrat in etwa 20-30 ml destilliertem Wasser, um das Zirkonylsäurereagenz herzustellen.
• 300-400 ml konzentrierte Salzsäure (HCl) zum vorbereiteten Zirkonylsäurereagenz hinzufügen, um eine Lösung herzustellen, wobei destilliertes Wasser zugegeben wird, um die Lösung zu verdünnen; Und
• Fügen Sie das gleiche Volumen SPADNS und Zirkonylsäurereagenz hinzu, um das Zirkonyl-SPADNS-Reagenz für die Fluoridbestimmung vorzubereiten.

In one embodiment, a second piston (116b) connected to the reactor (102) is configured to:

• Mix 500 mL of distilled water with 900-1000 mg of sodium 2-1,8-dihydroxy-3,6-naphthalene disulfate (SPADNS) to make a SPADNS solution.
• Dissolve 130-135 mg zirconyl chloride octahydrate in approximately 20-30 mL distilled water to prepare the zirconyl acid reagent.
• Add 300-400mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) to the prepared zirconic acid reagent to make a solution, adding distilled water to dilute the solution; And
• Add an equal volume of SPADNS and Zirconylic Acid Reagent to prepare the Zirconyl SPADNS Reagent for fluoride determination.

• 100 ml destilliertes Wasser mit 15 g Kaliumiodid mischen, um eine Kaliumiodidlösung herzustellen, und in einer Flasche aufbewahren;
• Mischen Sie 40 g arsenfreies Zinnchlorid (SnCl₂.2H₂O) mit der konzentrierten HCl, um eine Zinnchloridlösung herzustellen.
• Mischen Sie 10 g Bleiacetat [Pb (C₂H₃O₂)₂.3H₂O] in 100 ml destilliertes Wasser, um eine Bleiacetatlösung herzustellen.
• 200 ml Chloroform in 410 mg 1 Ephedrin mischen, anschließend 625 mg Silberdiethyldithiocarbamat hinzufügen und die Menge mit Chloroform auf 250 ml erhöhen, um Silberdiethyldithiocarbamat-Reagenz zu bilden;
• 1 g Silberdiethyldithiocarbamat in 200 ml Pyridin auflösen und in einer braunen Flasche aufbewahren; Und
• 1.32 g Arsentrioxid in 10 ml destilliertem Wasser mit 4 g Natriumhydroxid auflösen, um 1 mg Arsen-Stammlösung herzustellen, wobei 5 ml Stammlösung mit destilliertem Wasser auf 500 ml verdünnt werden.

In one embodiment, a third piston (116c) connected to the reactor (102) is configured to:

• Mix 100ml of distilled water with 15g of potassium iodide to make a potassium iodide solution and keep in a bottle;
• Mix 40 g of arsenic-free stannous chloride (SnCl ₂ .2H ₂ O) with the concentrated HCl to make a stannous chloride solution.
• Mix 10 g of lead acetate [Pb(C ₂ H ₃ O ₂ ) ₂ .3H ₂ O] in 100 mL of distilled water to make a lead acetate solution.
• Mix 200 mL of chloroform in 410 mg of 1 ephedrine, then add 625 mg of silver diethyldithiocarbamate and increase the amount to 250 mL with chloroform to form silver diethyldithiocarbamate reagent;
• Dissolve 1 g of silver diethyldithiocarbamate in 200 ml of pyridine and store in a brown bottle; And
• Dissolve 1.32g of arsenic trioxide in 10mL of distilled water with 4g of sodium hydroxide to make 1mg of arsenic stock solution, diluting 5mL of stock solution to 500mL with distilled water.

Flow Rate and Hydraulic Residence Time Calculation: To measure the flow rate, the flow through the tube is regulated using the flow controller. A 100 ml beaker is removed and the time required to fill the beaker is noted using the stopwatch.

Development of the standard curve: For fluoride: The fluoride standard sample was prepared by mixing the appropriate amounts of standard fluoride solution with distilled water to achieve a concentration between 2,4,6,8 and 10 mg/L. 5 ml SPADNS solution and 5 ml zirconylic acid solution are pipetted into the volumetric flask for each standard. To obtain readings of the absorbance of the standard, the spectrophotometer is adjusted to zero absorbance with the reference solution. For optimal absorption values, λ _max = 540 nm for fluoride was taken into account.

Preparation of trivalent arsenic: A clean generator bottle is filled with 35 ml of sample using a pipette. After each addition, mix thoroughly with 5 mL of strong hydrochloric acid, 2 mL of potassium iodide solution, and 8 drops of tin chloride. The reduction of arsenic to its trivalent form takes 15 minutes. Preparation absorber and scrubber: Glass wool is impregnated with acetate solution in the scrubber. Too wet condition was avoided as water is transferred into the reagent solution. 4 ml silver diethyldicarbamate reagent are pipetted into the absorber tube. Arsine Generator and Measurement: 3g of zinc is added to the generator and a scrubber-absorber assembly is immediately attached. The connections are all properly secured. It was held for 30 minutes to allow the arsenic to be fully evaluated. To ensure all of the arsine is released, the generator is slightly heated. The solution is poured directly into a cuvette 1 cm from the absorber and the absorbance at λ _max = 535 nm is measured using the reagent blank as a reference. Preparation of the standard curve: Standard solutions with µarsenic concentrations of 0, 20, 70, 100, 143, 200 and 285 g/L are prepared and treated as described above. The absorbance versus arsenic concentration was recorded and analyzed.

The arsenic concentration of the unknown solution can be determined using the following formula: $$\text{arsenic conc}\mathrm{.,}\text{mg/L}=\frac{\text{M}}{\text{V}}$$

where M = mass µg of arsenic in 4 mL of final solution and V = sample volume in mL.

Determination of Discharge: The experiments were conducted under two conditions, namely, fully open valve and half open valve. Outflow is measured by measuring the volume in a 100 mL beaker and recording the time it takes for the beaker to fill. The outflow is then calculated by dividing the volume of the beaker by the time. Table 1 lists the outflow in relation to the corresponding valve opening percentage. S.I. NO Valve opening (%) Volume used ( V _b ) (mL) time(s) discharge (l/min) 1 100% 100 10 0.6 2 50% 100 20 0.3

Determination of the hydraulic residence time: To calculate the hydraulic residence time (HRT), the volume of the tank is divided by the discharge determined from Table 1. HRT data are presented using Table 2. Table 2: Reactor hydraulic residence time S.I. NO Valve opening (%) Volume ( Vr ₎ (L) discharge (l/min) HRT (minimum) 1 100% 9 0.6 15 2 50% 9 0.3 30

Based on the hydraulic parameter estimation experiment (Table 1), the HRT was found to be between 15 and 30 minutes. The HRT of the reactor is given in Table 2.

Figure 12 shows a graphical representation of the standard curve for fluoride: From Table 3 it can be seen that fluoride absorption decreases with increasing initial fluoride concentration. Table 3: Development of the standard curve for fluoride S.I. NO . Initial Fluoride Concentration (mg/L) absorption measurement 1 2 0.3407 2 4 0.2907 3 6 0.2402 4 8th 0.2224 5 10 0.2095

Influence of the electrode orientation: Different electrode material and electrode combinations affect the performance of the electrochemical process and are considered to be significant factors. An initial concentration of 8 mg/L, an applied voltage of 24 V, a current of 2 A, a pH value of 7 and a reaction time of 30 minutes are assumed for this test. Table 4: Influence of electrode orientation on fluoride removal SL NO . orientation Initial Concentration (mg/L) Final Concentration (mg/L) % Distance 1 (+) Fe-Al-Fe-Al (-) 8th 2.32 71 2 (+) Al-Fe-Al-Fe (-) 8th 0.88 89 3 (+) Fe-Fe-Al-Al (-) 8th 2.64 67 4 (+) Al-Al-Fe-Fe (-) 8th 1.12 86

Table 4 shows that the fluoride removal is highest for the electrode array (+) Al-Fe-Al-Fe (+), removing 89% of the fluoride, while the lowest removal is observed for the array (+)) Fe-Fe-Al-Al (+), with 67% fluoride removal, suggesting that for the present work (+) Al-Fe-Al-Fe (+) is the best electrode placement pattern for maximum fluoride removal is out of the solution.

Effect of Response Time: For this experiment, an initial fluoride concentration of 8 mg/L, an applied voltage of 24 V, a current of 2 A, and an electrode arrangement (+)Al-Fe-Al-Fe(-) are assumed. To determine the effect of reaction time on fluoride elimination, a series of experiments over 15, 30, and 45 minutes are performed. Here the arrangement is bipolar and aluminum is connected to the positive DC supply and iron to the negative. Table 5 shows that maximum fluoride removal is achieved after 30 minutes of treatment time, with 87% of the fluoride being removed. After 30 minutes there is no increase in fluoride removal. Table 5: Effect of reaction time on fluoride removal S.I. NO . time (minimum) Initial Concentration (mg/L) Final Concentration (mg/L) % of distance 1 10 8th 4.01 49 2 20 8th 2.56 68 3 30 8th 1.04 87 4 45 8th 1.2 85

Effect of the applied voltage: A DC meter with a voltage range of 0-30 V and a current of 0-3 A is used as the current supplier. Fluoride removal in the reactor is studied at 12, 18, 24 and 30 V, respectively. The applied current is kept constant at 2 A and the electrode arrangement as (+) Al-Fe-Al-Fe (-). The effect of the applied voltage is studied by withdrawing 9 L of a solution with a fluoride concentration of 8 mg/L with a reaction time of 30 minutes and a distance between the electrodes of 2.5 cm. From Table 6 it can be seen that at 24 V a maximum of 84% of the fluoride is removed. The reason for this is that with higher voltage on the electrodes, ion production increases, which leads to the formation of metal hydroxides, ie Al, (OH) ₃ in the solution, which leads to an increase in the removal efficiency. But after some time the O content increases, H ^- which leads to an increase in the pH of the solution and, as a result, a decrease in the distance. Table 6: Effect of applied voltage on fluoride removal S.I. NO . Applied voltage (V) Initial Concentration (mg/L) Final Concentration (mg/L) % of distance 1 12 8th 3.6 55 2 18 8th 2.4 70 3 24 8th 1.28 84 4 30 8th 1.84 77

2 B shows a graphical representation of the effect of starting concentration: For this purpose, fluoride solutions with concentrations of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg/L are prepared and analyzed for their removal capacity. Other parameters considered for the experiment were an applied voltage of 24 V, a current of 2 A, an electrode arrangement as (+)Al-Fe-Al-Fe(-), a distance between the electrodes of 2.5 cm and a pH of 7. Table 7 shows that the maximum removal capacity of the system was found at an initial fluoride concentration of 8 mg/L with 85% removal. This can be explained by the dilute solution theory. In dilute solution, the formation of the diffusion layer near the electrode results in a slower reaction rate, but in concentrated solution, the diffusion layer has no effect on the rate or migration of metal ions to the electrode surface.

The influence of pH on fluoride removal is studied for an initial fluoride concentration of 8 mg/L under applied voltage of 24 V, current 2 A and electrode arrangement as (+)Al-Fe-Al-Fe(-). The removal of fluoride in the reactor is in the pH range of 5-9 at room temperature and with a reaction time of 30 minutes. The pH of the solution is regulated by adding 0.1 M HCl or 0.1 M NaOH solution. From the results (see Table 8) it can be concluded that fluctuations in pH significantly affect the removal efficiency of the reactor, with a maximum removal of 88% at neutral pH 7 and under both acidic and alkaline conditions Removal was minimal, due to the formation of a large amount of Al-(OH) ₃ flakes, which attract fluoride ions, resulting in large removal. Table 8: Effect of pH on fluoride removal S.I. NO . PH value First Concentration (mg/L) Final Concentration (mg/L) % of distance 1 5 8th 3.12 61 2 7 8th 0.96 88 3 9 8th 2.87 64

3a shows a graphical representation of the standard curve for arsenic.

Arsenic absorption was directly proportional to initial arsenic concentrations. The results are shown in Table 9. Table 9: Absorption value for arsenic S.I. NO . First Concentration (mg/L) absorption measurement 1 0.000 0.000 2 0.020 0.087 3 0.070 0.114 4 0.100 0.202 5 0.143 0.232 6 0.200 0.235 7 0.285 0.399

Influence of the electrode orientation: Different electrode material and electrode combinations affect the performance of the electrochemical process, which we have already seen in the case of fluoride removal. An initial arsenic concentration of 700 µg/L, an applied voltage of 24 V, a current of 2 A, a pH value of 7 and a reaction time of 30 minutes are now assumed for the arsenic removal. The effect of electrode orientation on arsenic removal is shown in Table 10. S.I. NO . orientation First Concentration (µg/L) final concentration (µg/L) % of distance 1 (+) Fe-Al-Fe-Al (-) 700 241 66 2 (+) Al-Fe-Al-Fe (-) 700 44 93 3 (+) Fe-Fe-Al-Al (-) 700 259 63 4 (+) Al-Al-Fe-Fe (-) 700 70 90

Table 10 shows that the maximum arsenic removal for the (+) Al-Fe-Al-Fe (-) orientation was achieved with 93% arsenic removal while the lowest removal was achieved for the (+) electrode orientation. Fe-Fe-Al-Al (-), removing 63% arsenic. Similar results were also observed with fluoride removal.

Influence of reaction time: The following parameters were selected for this experiment: initial arsenic concentration 700 µg/L, applied voltage 24 V, current 2 A, electrode orientation (+) Al-Fe-Al-Fe (-). In order to determine the influence of reaction time on arsenic elimination, a number of Experiments performed for different time intervals, viz. 15, 30 and 45 minutes. Here the orientation is bipolar and aluminum is connected to the positive DC supply and the iron. Table 11: Effect of reaction time on arsenic removal S.I. NO . Response time (min) First Concentration (µg/L) final concentration (µg/L) % of distance 1 15 700 364 48 2 20 700 217 69 3 30 700 56 92 4 45 700 77 89

3b shows a graphical representation of the effect of the initial concentration: Arsenic concentrations of 400, 500, 600, 700 and 800 g/L are prepared and the effects on arsenic removal are checked. The applied voltage is 24 V, the current is 2 A, the electrode arrangement is (+) Al-Fe-Al-Fe (-), the distance between the electrodes is 2.5 cm and the pH is 7. Table 12 shows that that arsenic removal increases gradually from 400 µg/L and the maximum arsenic removal was reached at the initial concentration of 700 µg/L, after which the removal decreases beyond this concentration. This can be explained by the dilute solution theory. While the diffusion layer forms near the electrode in dilute solution and slows the reaction rate, it does not affect the rate at which metal ions in concentrated solution migrate to the electrode surface. Table 12. Effect of initial concentration on arsenic removal S.I. NO . First Concentration (µg/L) Final Concentration (µg/L) % of distance 1 400 308 44 2 500 427 61 3 600 553 79 4 700 602 86 5 800 581 83

Effect of Applied Voltage: The effect of applied voltage is studied in the laboratory. The current supplier used is a DC meter with a voltage range of 0-30 V and a current of 0-3 A. The removal of arsenic in the reactor is examined at 12, 18, 24 and 30 V, respectively. The applied current is kept constant at 2 A and the electrode arrangement as (+) Al-Fe-Al-Fe (-). The effect of the applied voltage is studied by taking 9 L of a solution with an arsenic concentration of 700 µg/L with a reaction time of 30 minutes and a distance between the electrodes of 2.5 cm. Table 13 shows that when the applied voltage is 24 V, almost 89% of the arsenic is removed and there is no increase in the removal of the arsenic concentration when the applied voltage is further increased. This is because with higher voltage on the electrodes, ion production increases, resulting in the formation of metal hydroxides, i.e. Al(OH) ₃ Fe(OH) ₃ in the solution, resulting in an increase in removal efficiency. But over time, the O content increases, H ^- causing the pH of the solution to rise, so the removal is also reduced. Table 13: Effect of applied voltage on arsenic removal Effect of pH S.I. NO . Voltage (V) Initial concentration (µg/L) final concentration ( µg/L) % Distance 1 12 700 253 64 2 18 700 162 77 3 24 700 79 88.7 4 30 700 94 86

The influence of pH on arsenic removal is studied for an initial arsenic concentration of 700 µg/L at applied voltage 24 V, current 2 A, electrode arrangement as (+)Al-Fe-Al-Fe (-). The removal of arsenic in the reactor is investigated in the pH range of 5-9 at room temperature and a reaction time of 30 minutes. The pH of the solution was regulated by mixing 0.1M HCl or 0.1M NaOH into the solution. Arsenic removal is highest at neutral pH, 91%, and arsenic removal is low in both acidic and alkaline conditions. At a neutral pH of 7, Al-(OH) ₃ flakes are heavily formed, resulting in significant arsenic removal. Table 14: Effect of pH on arsenic removal S.I. NO . PH value First Concentration (µg/L) final concentration (µg/L) % of distance 1 5 700 177 75 2 7 700 65 91 3 9 700 213 69.5

• Aus der Analyse der Ergebnisse geht hervor, dass für die maximale Entfernung von Fluorid (89 %) und Arsen (93 %) die folgenden optimalen Parameterbedingungen entscheidend waren, die wie folgt zusammengefasst werden: Elektrodenausrichtung: (+) Al-Fe-Al- Fe (-), wobei die Anordnung bipolar ist und Aluminiumblech als positive Elektrode und Eisenblech als negative Elektrode mit einem Abstand zwischen den Elektroden von 2.5 cm, einer angelegten Spannung von 24 V, einem Strom von 2 A und einer Anfangskonzentration von 8 mg/L fungiert pH-Wert wie 7.

The following conclusions can be drawn from the present work and analysis of the data:

• Analysis of the results indicates that the following optimal parameter conditions were critical for maximum removal of fluoride (89%) and arsenic (93%), which are summarized as follows: Electrode orientation: (+) Al-Fe-Al-Fe (-) where the arrangement is bipolar and aluminum sheet acts as the positive electrode and iron sheet as the negative electrode with a distance between the electrodes of 2.5 cm, an applied voltage of 24 V, a current of 2 A and an initial concentration of 8 mg/L pH like 7.

The reaction time required for maximum removal of fluoride (87%) and arsenic (92%) is 30 minutes at an initial concentration of 8 mg/L, an applied voltage of 30 V, a current of 2 A and a pH of the water sample of 7 and an electrode arrangement (+) Al-Fe-Al-Fe (-).

The applied voltage for the maximum removal of fluoride (84%) and arsenic (88.7%) is 24 V, other parameters are initial concentration 8 mg/L, current 2 A, pH 7, electrode arrangement (+) Al-Fe-Al-Fe (-).

The required optimal initial concentration for maximum removal of fluoride (85%) and arsenic (86%) is 8 mg/L, with applied voltage 24 V, current 2 A, pH value 7, reaction time 30 minutes and electrode arrangement like (+) Al -Fe-Al-Fe (-).

The maximum removal of fluoride (88%) and arsenic (91%) occurs at pH 7, other parameters such as initial concentration 8 mg/L, applied voltage 24 V, current 2 A, electrode arrangement as (+) Al-Fe -Al -Fe (-), reaction time 30 minutes.

In conclusion, the use of electrochemical methods was found to be a competitive and effective method for removing harmful transition ions from water. This method can be used practically to remove harmful chemicals and minerals from groundwater.

The drawings and the above description give examples of embodiments. Those skilled in the art will recognize that one or more of the elements described may well be combined into a single functional element. Alternatively, certain elements can be broken down into multiple functional elements. Elements of one embodiment may be added to another embodiment. For example, the orders of the processes described herein may be changed and are not limited to the manner described herein. Additionally, the actions of a flowchart need not be implemented in the order shown; Not all actions have to be carried out. Actions that are not dependent on other actions can also be performed in parallel with the other actions. The scope of the embodiments is in no way limited by these specific examples. Numerous variations, whether explicitly stated in the specification or not, such as B. Differences in structure, dimension and material use, are possible. The scope of the embodiments is at least as broad as indicated by the following claims.

Advantages, other benefits, and solutions to problems have been described above in terms of specific embodiments. However, the advantages, benefits, problem solutions, and any component that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced, should not be construed as a critical, required, or essential function or component of any or all of the claims.

Reference List

100

A system for removing transit ions from water.

102

reactor

102a, 102b

pair of electrodes

102d

outlet

102c

inlet

104

submersible pump

104

ph meter

106

reservoir

110

Pair of control valves

112

electrolytic cell

112a

positive electrode

112b

negative electrode

114

power source

116a

First Piston

116b

Second Piston

116c

Third Piston

QUOTES INCLUDED IN DESCRIPTION

This list of documents cited by the applicant was generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

Patent Literature Cited

• US 9719179 B2 [0006]
• US20200296991A1 [0007]

Claims (9)

A system (100) for removing transition ions from water, the system (100) comprising: a reactor (102) made of an insulating material and composed of a pair of electrodes (102a, 102b), an inlet (102c) and an outlet (102d), each electrode of the pair of electrodes (102a, 102b) being wrapped with a bamboo stick attached to a nylon tie wire and suspended from the reactor (102); a submersible pump (104) connected to a reservoir (106) and the reactor (102) via inlet (102c) and outlet (102d), respectively, for inducing a flow of water from the reservoir (106) to the reactor (102). wherein a pH meter (108) is connected to the reservoir (106) to measure the pH of the raw water, wherein a stock solution of fluoride and arsenic is prepared from the raw water; a pair of control valves (110) connected respectively to the outlet (102d) and the inlet (102c) to regulate the flow of water; And an electrolytic cell (112) consisting of positive and negative electrodes (112a, 112b) connected to the pair of electrodes (102a, 102b) for passing a direct current through an electrolyte to convert fluoride and arsenic ions in the formation of hydroxides to remove pairs of electrodes (102a, 102b), determining fluoride and arsenic by preparing appropriate reagents. system after claim 1 wherein the insulating material for forming the reactor (102) is selected from glass material. system after claim 1 , wherein the electrode (102a, 102b) consists of aluminum sheets and iron sheet and the pipeline consists of a silicon tube. system after claim 1 , wherein the reactor (102) is equipped with the inlet (102c) at a height of 1-5 cm from the bottom of the reactor tank (102) and with an outlet (102d) at a height of 10-15 cm from the bottom of the reactor (102 ) removed. system after claim 1 wherein a power source (114) is connected to the electrolytic cell (112) to introduce chemical changes, the positive and negative electrodes (112a, 112b) being kept separate and immersed in an electrolytic solution. wherein when an electric current is applied to cause electrolysis, current enters through the negatively charged electrode (112b), the positively charged particles migrating to the negatively charged electrode (112b) and the negatively charged particles to the positively charged electrode (112a) hike. system after claim 1 , where the fluoride and arsenic ions are adsorbed to the hydroxides of aluminum or iron for removal. system after claim 1 wherein a first flask (116a) connected to the reactor (102) is configured to: dissolve 220-225 mg of anhydrous sodium fluoride in 800-1200 mL of tap water in the volumetric flask to prepare the fluoride stock solution; Dilute the stock solution to form a standard fluoride solution. Dissolve 15-20 mg of sodium arsenate in 800-1200 ml of tap water to make a stock solution of arsenic; And dilute the stock solution to get a standard arsenic solution. system after claim 1 , wherein a second flask (116b) connected to the reactor (102) is configured to: Mix 500 mL of distilled water with 900-1000 mg of sodium 2-1,8-dihydroxy-3,6-naphthalene disulfate ( SPADNS) to create a SPADNS solution. Dissolve 130-135 mg zirconyl chloride octahydrate in approximately 20-30 mL distilled water to prepare the zirconyl acid reagent. Add 300-400mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) to the prepared zirconic acid reagent to make a solution, adding distilled water to dilute the solution; And add equal volume of SPADNS and zirconyl acid reagent to prepare zirconyl SPADNS reagent for fluoride determination. system after claim 1 wherein a third flask (116c) connected to the reactor (102) is configured to: mix 100 ml of distilled water with 15 g of potassium iodide to prepare a potassium iodide solution and store in a bottle; Mix 40 g of arsenic-free stannous chloride (SnCl ₂ .2H ₂ O) with the concentrated HCl to make a stannous chloride solution. Mix 10 g of lead acetate [Pb(C ₂ H ₃ O ₂ ) ₂ .3H ₂ O] in 100 mL of distilled water to make a lead acetate solution. Mix 200 mL of chloroform in 410 mg of 1 ephedrine, then add 625 mg of silver diethyldithiocarbamate and increase the amount to 250 mL with chloroform to form silver diethyldithiocarbamate reagent; Dissolve 1 g of silver diethyldithiocarbamate in 200 ml of pyridine and store in a brown bottle; And dissolve 1.32 g arsenic trioxide in 10 ml distilled water with 4 g sodium hydroxide to make 1 mg arsenic stock solution, diluting 5 ml stock solution with distilled water to 500 ml.

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