DE202014003299U1 - Studded shoe with Wechselstollensystem - Google Patents

Abstract

Exchangeable stud system for sports shoes, in particular soccer shoes, characterized in that at least one or more of these studs is located on the intended shoe and can be attached by means of a bayonet lock, can be manually changed in predefined positions and has a force absorption in at least 2 or more axes and a rotational property .

Description

In the novelty of the invention is the further development of a sports shoe with studs (preferably football boot), resp. the attachment mechanism associated with the lug development, which, on the one hand, takes into account the dynamics of directional kinetics in the area of increase in resistance and at the same time supports the transfer of the involved body joints of the wearer through different mechanisms against injuries. And on the other hand, according to the requirements individuality and playing position, as continuously personalizable proves. This is characterized by a multi-damping mounted bayonet catch, which regulates the Wider-triggering by the connective meshing of its mechanism as well as justable support of individual playing characteristics.

With carriers, resp. Players in the classic sense can be seen here football players and players of equivalent conditions, such as rugby, American football, hockey or the players other field games.

Technical area

Affects a customizable lug system with rotary bayonet and torque limiters for sports and football boots.

Situation product use

Generally, "football boots", resp. the related to them shoes to improve grip, stability and start in the mostly athletic competition (also running competition) with so-called studs provided. This is particularly necessary because it comes in the course of the game to dynamic forces with spontaneous directional and load changes and these in combination with individual game style and weather conditions of lack of adhesion to the ground and sometimes bring game crucial situations. Also, the injury potential of the shoe wearer associated with insufficient adhesion is significant and increases exponentially to decrease the adhesion and the onset resistance, or, if this does not demonstrate sufficient flexibility.

product requirements

Directional forms are owed to the approach, which - similar to the paws of a big cat - based on the requirements of claws and in 360 ° circle in all directions are cross - depending on their positioning on the shoe sole are also elastic.

The main aim of the tunnels is thus to ensure a light, adapted to the situation penetration into the surface of the surface in combination with the greatest possible, directional resistance at kinetically occurring ingress energy. The resulting secondary goals of a practice-oriented tunnel are, in addition to a quick change possibility, a simple and easy-to-maintain anchoring mechanism that almost eliminates unnecessary loss of the tunnel during the game. Ideally, in the context of its shape and arrangement on the shoe, the stud should be able to adapt to the wearer's individuality and individual kinetic characteristics. The manufacturer requires a simple, compact and space-saving mechanism in a simple production process using light materials.

In addition, the shape of a lug must not increase the risk of injury to the wearer by the fact that the - especially with shear forces - assumed positioning on the ground no longer allows "leeway" and the momentum dynamics only by z. B. the ligamentous apparatus of the wearer is compensated. In this respect, with the development of a protective mechanism of the product is required, which intercepts the forces occurring in the direction of the acting axis (leverage) and as an occurring torque (rotational movement). The fact that this is a necessary protection in 3 axes plus dynamic rotary motion shows the complexity of the solution.

development status

Previously, studded shoes were mainly used either straight standing cones or cylindrical, or conical-shaped forms - with the disadvantage that in dynamic situations there are forces with form requirements that are in conflict with the existing pin. In the meantime occasionally pegs are used, which are chamfered on one side or oblong-oval. However, this only leads to a dynamic entry of the pin into the ground is facilitated (eg when stopping), the on-resistance but still does not increase and also the risk of injury is increased in certain situations rather.

Previous studs are basically to distinguish two types of their execution; fixed tunnels and changing tunnels. The stollen shoes are different in their design and usually the intended Substrates - unchangeable - adapted. While the benefit in terms of reduced production costs and a higher-flexibility principle due to a thinner sole and associated significantly lower weight, there is no possibility of adaptation and the unrealisable possibility of a lug renewal (eg. due to wear on hard surfaces), as a disadvantage. Football boots with change studs, for example, have become established especially in the case of marked hobby activities of this kind, semi- or fully professional football.

Changing lugs are currently available in two main types on the market - as a screw and snap-action mechanism.

Commercially available products

default

Screw studs with a plug and screw mechanism have z. T. very specialized recordings, which have fine and vulnerable mechanisms, or are only time consuming to change. In addition, the production of the studs is due to their mechanism bound to systemic forms and thus includes the adaptation to kinetic - ie z. B. directional - power transmission - from. The mechanism is also sometimes very expensive and expensive to produce and brings in cumulation of the number of stollen a significant weight gain with it.

Screw-in studs in the conventional method, the thread in the shoe sole for receiving the threaded stud, are less expensive to produce than others and already established, but in turn show a design-related increase in thickness of the sole and thus loss of flexibility and weight gain. Moreover, due to their rotationally symmetrical construction, they can show no directional advantages in the kinetic transmission of forces, since the female thread of the shoe and its positioning without exception must show exact alignment with the external thread of the screw thread and its shape, because even an angular deviation of less as a degree would lead to significant problems in the shape alignment of kinetically shaped studs. Also always the exact torque would have to be ensured during tightening, as well as a use-related regrooving of the thread always be excluded to prevent such a degree deviation. In addition, previously the inclusion of the change tool for a form of bonding and an increase in thickness of the stud to the foot made (stud body, recording bed). Not necessary, and again with the side effect that the shoe will not penetrate as far into the ground as it could actually from the cleat height.

System Variations

AC spikes

A special form of the studs provide spikes and spikes as in the DE PS 1031182 as running shoes, however, for example, are either used on hard tartan tracks or as suitable by their tapered shape for football and not by their over the stud base body, tapered tip, in the individual sport, the stability in shear forces (eg tee in the Gulf).

bayonet

Existing "bayonet locks" ( DE 3242606 A1 . DE 602005005644 T2 (asymmetric)) for football cleats represent only a fixed position and secured against twisting, but not releasable lock - with the classic disadvantages of lack of power absorption, contamination, preformation and exclusion of individualization.

Fixed and Wechselstollen combination

Another variation is the combination of classical screw-in bobbins for changing - as previously described - with cleats ( DE 4417563 A1 . US 000003593436 A ), which are to catch the dynamic kinetics in the approach - with the disadvantages of changing studs described above and only a few, rather arbitrarily preformed and arranged, unchangeable configurations.

Alternating magnetic tunnel

Newer changing tunnels with magnetic mechanisms like in ( DE 10241153 B3 ) are complex in the production, represent an immediate weight gain and have due to their mechanism 'z. T. be incorporated into the tunnels, which in turn inevitably defines a given shape of the tunnel - a kinetics owed commitment is therefore very limited feasible. In addition, a shift of the mechanism 'into the shoe sole would result in a thickness increase of the sole and thus weight gain and loss of flexibility of the shoe'. Formally, this design is more likely to be seen as a cleat shoe with extension of the stud tip. Loss of the magnetic assembly tool eliminates the possibility of a change or completion by possibly lost studs.

Snap and clamp mechanisms

Also new in their designs are snap-action or clamping and latching mechanisms ( EP 1446029 B1 ; DE 29807082 U1 ; DE 10248482 A1 ; US 020060179688 A1 ) with or without tool use and disadvantages in susceptibility due to material fatigue, impressed here additionally in tearing the studs a model-specific significant risk of injury. In addition, no personalization is possible. In this group, the US 000006941684 B2 with a spreading, the US 00000356648 9A with a combined turning and clamping mechanism and the DE 102010040964 A1 as a multi-part Klippstollen and composite arrangement according to anatomical aspects special features.

The tunnel development of the past decades clearly shows the orientation, the functionality and the main purpose of the tunnel improvement of stopping and starting by further gaining in anatomical alignment and taking into account the forces acting to reduce the risk of injury. Subdivided, one can roughly classify the respective development priority in bionomy / physiology (forces, dynamics) and in function (eg change mechanism, material).

Bionomic development priority

For the developments of the bionomischen priority are the US 2004/0000075 A1 . DE OS 1 685 709 and DE 3703932 A1 called - with different, kinetic shaping of cleats and additional fogging; the US 3,127,687 in which a kinetic approach exists, the eigenvolution is invariably defined by the predefined orientation in the production process to either fixed or alternating tunnels; the DE 9214782 U1 has an axial damping with lateral tilting movement via a damping core connected to the sole; the DE OS 1685246 already has for the first time a group of studs arranged on a turntable on a turntable to facilitate rotational movements (much later also by a single central stud: WO 1987003176 A1 ); the US 000005617653 A includes in the execution of a kind of saddle joint for tilting and tilting movement of the stud; the DE 000002313646 A and DE 000029807086 U1 have incorporated spring elements on and in the lugs, which should allow axial damping; the US 000005505012 A has tipping lugs mounted on individual sole fields; the EP 000001857006 A1 has a very flexible sole, which allow a limited deflection of the studs within the sole (tilting function) and the US 2005/0172518 A1 is tilted in the longitudinal axis and tended to be more likely to run rather than football, as a tunnel execution would be more likely to promote injury in rapid changes of direction.

Functional development priority

Functionally, further developments should be mentioned, such as the DE GM 1693021 and DE PS 961153 against twisting or falling off of the stud; the DE GM 1899352 with suction cup effect, a wear-resistant material combination of the studs in the DE 2645963 A1 ; the DE 3233900 A1 with a special mix of studs and flexible sole; the screwing of studs and plates under a special sole ( DE 20122231 U1 ); a height-adjustable tunnel ( US 2006/0130372 A1 ); Stollen, which are firmly connected to individual, detachable sole / shoe elements ( GB 000002425706 A ); the US 5,361,518 , which is mainly by interposed special Ripp rubbers a dampening construction and connected with counter bearing for the lug change; the WO 002003071893 , which allows modular cleats in individual sole segments made of special slabs; Stollen with fixing anchor ( DE 000008219084 U1 ) and change lugs with side over-floor screw lock ( DE 000019850449 A1 , which provides a basic shaping of the tunnels systemically.

Stollen Shoe combination

A somewhat newer development is evident in the shoe-studded combination DE 102004011680 A1 with which a modular shoe paves the opportunity to anchor the studs directly to the exchangeable chassis, ie the insole, with a mechanism that is imperatively protected from dirt and that is fixed against rotation by means of screw fixation.

sliding cleats

With the DE 102009012153 A1 For the first time, a mobile system has been developed that uses the original idea of a movable lug (tilt and joint function) as a sliding function. Defined as a "translation and rotation mechanism", the multi-part, modular motion system is formed independently by a rail system with multiaxial sliding flexibility of individual stages through the tunnel. Due to the track-related, eccentric-elliptical movement pattern, however, this disadvantageously prevents an actual, bionomically assisting rotational movement, since the lug does not rotate with it, but merely guides it. The result of a limited shift, but in itself static Stollen is that he can help only to a limited protection with rotational forces. Due to the sliding system in There is no circular rotation possibility, nor the possibly intentional triggering of the tunnel in the event of overloading. Furthermore, the load index is predefined and can not be personalized due to the preforming of the studs themselves nor their positioning.

The above-mentioned change cleats also have the disadvantage that their stollen recording (the stud body) on or in the shoe in case of loss of the stud during the game easily sustainably polluted and z. B. lawn or earth added. A short-term replacement can often not be screwed in as quickly as the game sometimes requires.

Some of the aforementioned claims for protection have been made for a very long time, but clearly show the urge to develop, to meet today's science and knowledge through systems that are sometimes complex and complicated in design. In summary, it must therefore be summed up that each of the features described below and the properties shown or the properties either independently or in conjunction with other features and properties, resp. the protection claims, is of essential importance to the invention.

Development according to the invention with regard to the preferred embodiments

introduction

The innovation of the invention contributes to the dynamics of a directional onset mainly of field and lawn players account and supports their dynamic forces by a form owed clawing in the ground (mostly turf), so that the stability of the player significantly increased and the risk of slipping by the onset be reduced. Due to its design, it compensates for shear forces and tilting forces, which reduces the risk of injury to the wearer and can also be personalized due to its shape and variable usability, depending on the individuality of the wearer or his play positioning.

The shape of the studs and their positioning on the shoe are first owed to the fact that change the forces acting on the respective foot of the wearer continuously and individually. Thus, the individual running and shot style of the wearer needs an equally individually arranged lug pattern on the shoe. In addition, its positioning (eg left or right outside, striker or defense) is another factor which, with concomitant change in acting kinetic orientations, requires a change in the lug image by, for example, placing more emphasis on start or stop. Also, individual parameters of the wearer are to be consulted in the choice of studs (weight & fitness, possibly possible ligament loads), such as the choice of the substrate (muddy or brittle-dry).

Practicable in the shutter mechanism, the development of the invention is quickly changeable without suffering from the disadvantages of contamination and proves to be in production thanks to fewer production processes as cost-effective and also save weight and material. Also, the design can be chosen such that the entire soleplate allows replacement of the lug bearings as renewable at any time.

Generally

For the materials of the exchange system ( 1 , No. 1 ; 2 , No. 1 ) are tunnels made of commercially available (composite) materials with, if necessary, internal anchoring of likewise customary materials and manufacturing processes (eg aramids, ceramics, aluminum, plastics).

Stollen change system

Bearing support and locking mechanism

The tunnels are so-called changing tunnels and have a special mechanism that combines the bayonet and locking principle. Here is the tunnel ( 1 , No. 1 ; 2 , No. 1 ) with a T-shaped bayonet closure ( 1 , No. 2 ; 2 . 2 ) on its head side. The T-shaped bayonet lock is provided here at the lower end extensions of the "T" with a pin ("nose") ( 1 , No. 3 ; 2 , No. 3 ), in turn, a lock in the selected Arretierungslager ( 1 , No. 4 ) guarantee.

The for the locking pin ( 1 , No. 3 ; 2 , No. 3 ) provided Arretierungslager ( 1 , No. 4 ) allows this after the introduction of the bayonet lock in the tunnel warehouse ( 1 , No. 4 ) a lock by rotational movement of the stud in different angular versions between at least 5 and max. 355 ° ( 5 , No. 21 ).

The lateral shape (cross section) of the stud is freely selectable in its execution and, for example, as a conventional round tunnel ( 2 , No. 1 ) or as double-tapped lugs ( 3 , No. 5 ) executable. For special shapes of the studs, it is advisable to solve the necessary torque of the stud for the change of position by manual force by means of rotary motion to loosen the studs and to modify the studs so in its positioning or remove. Also allow the Special forms of the tunnels ( 3 , No. 5 ) the production of an as negative to the respective studs performing replacement tool.

In order to allow a change at any time, the tunnel is with a through hole ( 1 , No. 6 ; 2 , No. 6 ; 3 , No. 6 ), which by its size also allows the change by means of simple aids, such as nails. The hole is optionally round ( 2 , No. 6 ; 3 , No. 6 ) or oblong-oval ( 1 , No. 6 ). This change aid is preferably incorporated in the special forms centrally in a rectangular course to the main axis of the stollen shape ( 3 , No. 6 ). Alternatively, two terminal holes are possible at the tunnel ( 3 , No. 7 ).

4 shows an overview of the shipment of several studs according to the aforementioned Arretierungsprinzip on a sole.

The inclusion of the lug by means of the introduction of the bayonet closure ( 5 , No. 2 ) in the tunnel camp ( 5 , No. 4 ) towards the inside of the shoe (A). The tunnel bearing is either shed with the shoe sole ( 6 ), or as a separate bearing element ( 7 , No. 8th ) is connected to the shoe sole by gluing ( 7 , No. 9 ) or by screwing ( 8th , No. 10 & 11 ), by bayonet, snap or clamping mechanism ( 7 , No. 7 ) releasably connected to the inside sole sheet / sole side. In the latter case, the connection between sole-inner leaf / inner side and lug bearings represent the already firmly connected receiving unit - regardless of a lorry use. This type of permanent connection between the sole and studs is particularly advantageous to dispose of even after the loss of a tunnel over unlimited stability.

The modular lug bearing can be flush mounted ( 7 ) as well as subtotally embedded or connected as a plateau with the sole ( 8th ). The attachment takes place according to the aforementioned possibilities.

Another possibility is to design the modular tunnel bearing as an independent screwing mechanism ( 9 , No. 12 This may possibly be accompanied by a functionality restriction in the later gallery orientation.

Also possible is the alignment of the lug bearing with its abutments ( 10 , No. 13 ) for receiving the bearing pin ( 10 , No. 14 ) with its camps ( 10 , No. 15 ) in alignment of the shoe inside (A). However, this requires a counter by, for example, a threaded disc ( 10 , No. 16 ) to ensure the bearing function. It is possible, the threaded disc already with the stud as a unit ( 10 , No. 17 ) or to make the studs in several parts with screw or bayonet connection ( 46 and 49 ) to the respective threaded disc ( 49 , No. 47 ) insert or change as needed.

When used as a screwing mechanism, both the variant of the complete combination and the multi-part version must be screwed by a special key, but have the advantage that the possibility to dissolve the entire closure system, basically a 360 ° rotation in the Locked state can be done without losing the tunnel while triggering.

In the standard version, the lug bearing stiffens in the case of a top view on the sole side, with a receiving opening in the form of a single slot (US Pat. 11 , No. 17 ). The counterpart of the standard lugs is also visible from the point of view of the sole side bayonet mechanism round, with the bayonet closure corresponding to the aforementioned receiving opening in T-shape as a simple bracket ( 12 , No. 18 ), with possibly at the respective ends molded material reinforcements ( 12 , No. 19 ).

Also, significantly more pronounced proportions are the mechanism executable ( 12a ).

When closing, a rotation in the direction of choice up to locking after 90 ° occurs after insertion ( 13 ). The respective abutment ( 13 , No. 13 ) for the locking pins ( 13 , No. 14 ) is located within the lug bearing preferably outside of the sole ( 5 , No. 4 ) and the shaping is preferably at least the locking pin as a negative ( 11 , No. 20 ), up to the maximum copyable shape interpretation of the locking pin to the receiving opening ( 11 , No. 17 and 12a ).

In the standard single-slot design, the dispositions of the individual abutments of the locking pins are also in 60 ° positioning (starting from the axis of the receiving opening ( 14 , No. 21 ) with the following double adjustability of the stud ( 14 , No. 22 ) and in 45 ° steps of the same procedure and following three adjustability of the stud ( 15 , No. 23 ).

Depending on the design of the locking pins ( 20 , No. 14 ; 22 , No. 14 and 30 , No. 14 ) and their abutments ( 20 , No. 13 ; 21 , No. 13 ; 22 , No. 13 ; 27 , No. 13 and 29 , No. 13 ), the positioning of the abutments in minimum Steps of 5 ° ( 12 ; 17 ; 19 and 21 ).

A further embodiment variant takes place through the closure design in double-slot design, the receiving opening of the lug bearing having a sole-side top view having a cross-shape (ie double slot) ( 16 , No. 24 ).

The associated counterpart, the studs, has a likewise executed form in double slit in the case of a top view on the sole side ( 17 , No. 25 ), due to the design of this form, preferably a positioning of the abutments in the 45 ° offset to the axis of the insertion opening is to be selected ( 18 , No. 26 ).

A further embodiment variant is in the shape of the closure design as Dreistern, wherein the receiving opening of the lug bearing ( 19 , No. 27 ) forms an isosceles star, with a distance of the respective opening ends of 120 ° to the next. The associated counterpart, the studs, has an equivalent shape of the bayonet closure in the case of a top side view ( 19 , No. 28 ), wherein the locking pins are designed in a known manner.

The mechanism locking takes place after introduction into the receiving opening by a rotation in any direction until reaching the abutment by the locking pin after 60 °.

Depending on the design of the bayonet version ( 11 . 16 and 19 ) This is as Dreistem particularly suitable to absorb the receiving forces and rotational torques evenly and at the same time to ensure the possibility of individual adjustment by selection in the combination design between locking pin and locking abutment to an appealing extent.

The execution of the storage and locking combination can be done in two ways. Both variants differ significantly by the contact surface between pins and abutment.

An embodiment of the abutment exceeds in its receiving surface, the contact surface of the pin ( 22 ) and enables secure locking in preferred use within up to six basic positions ( 13 . 14 . 15 and 19 ). This pin ( 22 , No. 14 ) allows execution due to its shape and the elevations next to the pin (abutment bed, 22 , No. 29 ) as well as the height increase ( 22 . 25 and 26 ) to the respective tip (wave tip, ridge, amplitude height) a large margin within the required torque to solve the locking mechanism by rotational movement, respectively. to secure him.

The selected torque is dependent on the combination of required materials and their flexibility and should correspond with the respective scientific findings to avoid overloading the band apparatus of the wearer. The ongoing adaptation of the findings is also essential because not every movement the same structures of the ligaments of knee and foot are equally burdened, and there are for each, although sometimes typical - stress scenario own limit and Oberlastungswerte. In addition, the load limits between, for example, amateur and professional vary.

The abutment bed can, as already mentioned above, be formed differently. In particular, the shape and the desired function priority of the stud determine its necessary design. Thus, for example, the force development occurring an axially rotatable or flexibly elaborated pin neck ( 24A ), it is better still recommended, the locking pin also bobbin ( 24C ), mushroom- ( 24B ) or spherical ( 24D ) train.

Here, the tunnel function next to power, in particular the exponential increase in force compensation must be done without an immediate triggering of the tunnel by torque exceeded on the one hand. On the other hand, it must be ensured that the locking pin automatically recedes into its original position with a directly decreasing force due to the construction. D. h., It is an intentional and limited twisting of the stud within a predefined framework with possibly automatic repositioning executable discharge relief.

For this purpose, the abutment bed is preferably designed such that between two insertion openings for each next possible release of the stud by rotation, only one abutment is arranged and its abutment bed on both sides to the actual, central bearing depth ( 25 , No. 31 ) decreases, resp. rises ( 25 , No. 32 ).

The sinking, resp. Increase in bearing guidance can be achieved by its linear design ( 25 ) provide a constant torque increase up to the possible triggering or the function of stopping and starting by exponential height level ( 26 ) the Support absorption process and orient themselves to the dynamic increase in forces.

An alternative construction of the pin allows the same basic design, the inclusion of a ball within the locking pin ( 23 , No. 33 ), wherein the formation of the cavity of the pin, the support of the ball on the one hand by a taper to the side of the abutment ensures and on the other hand above the ball, the inclusion of a spring or a resilient medium ( 23 , No. 34 ) includes. It is also possible to feed the ball by means of a cap which is mounted on the top and provided with a screw mechanism ( 23 , No. 35 ). This design also allows the definition of the necessary solution or locking torque by selecting the spring design, respectively. the resilient medium within the pin hollow body.

Another variant of the bearing and locking combination is in the version, one with the abutment shape corresponding, but in relation to this, larger designed pin. Here, the abutment itself does not correspond to the possible contact surface of the pin in the circumference, but is in the contact radius as reduced ( 20 , No. 30 ). The size ratio itself should be chosen such that the required torque for adjusting the pin within the abutment by rotational movement and resulting torque corresponds to the respective scientific knowledge to avoid overloading the band apparatus of the wearer.

In this case, it is possible, in particular, over a freely selected multiplicity but technically realizable number of abutments ( 21 , No. 13 ) to choose a very individual orientation of a stud on the one hand, as well as above the torque required to change the pin within the abutment without triggering the studs, but this only to twist until the rotational moments occur below the predefined torque and the pin locked again at any point of the abutment. The intermediate spacing of individual abutments preferably to be used for this purpose is at least 5 ° from the depth of storage to the depth of storage ( 21 ).

In particular, it is also possible in this case, a certain number of abutments in such a way as a group in the composite ( 27 , No. 13a ; 28 , No. 13a ) execute that at the end of the respective bearing group is a storage bed, which requires by its material increase beyond the existing bearing group addition, a further increased torque for complete solution of the locking mechanism ( 27 , No. 29 ; 28 , No. 29 ). This allows an independent torque limiter by the respective abutment with the appropriate reserves to trigger the connection and remain in the bearing group, without unintentional release of the stud. It can also be ensured that the respective lugs always remain within its initially predefined position with only a slight change in degree without renouncing the principle of reduced risk of injury by torque release.

Also, the combination of abutments of different sizes can be displayed ( 29 , No. 13 ), in order to quickly restore the original position of a stud by manual force, for example, in position adjustment by exceeding the torque even within a game.

For the execution of the locking mechanism by means of the aforementioned combination, in order to obtain the desired torque and / or strength and stability of the mechanism due to the low overall height, the design of the locking pin as a double or multiple-pin ( 30 , No. 14b ) can be implemented.

The mechanism can - without being elaborated here - be configured as a slide-in closure, or exhibit the aforementioned storage properties both horizontally and vertically.

Stollen execution

The lug design concerns in addition to the standard cross-section ( 1 ) with a basic configuration of a, the main body continuous, straight hole channel ( 1 , No. 6 ; 2 , No. 6 ; 3 , No. 6 .), In particular the shape of the stud base body from a kinetic point of view. These may be of the standard type in a conventionally known manner (cylindrical or else conical; 1 & 2 ) from the flat-round tip ( 31 ) vary accordingly. Locked ready for use with the shoe, the studs can preferably be configured as follows on a preferably round designed stud bearing from the perspective of the studded roof (view of the ground contacting tip).

The shape of the lug can have a configured teardrop shape on the contact surface (from the perspective of the lug roof) ( 32 ), which on the one hand in the direction of easier penetration into the ground and on the other hand has a slightly higher lateral stability.

Another stollen shape in the embodiment has a symmetrical, slightly biconcave, resp. biconvex arched shape of a long, over the Basic body leading out rectangles ( 33 ) as a contact surface, wherein the shape is intended in particular for positioning on the shoe sole, where stop and Antrittskräfte are important.

Another cleat shape in the embodiment has a symmetrical sickle shape ( 34 ) as a contact surface, the mold in particular can support start-up and stopping operations by guiding support (directional stability) while allowing rotation without significant torque increase.

A further cleat shape in the embodiment has a long, symmetrically extending beyond the base body rectangle - with or without design of the ends - in bone form ( 35 ) as a contact surface, which should contribute in particular to the simple guide support.

Another cleat shape in the embodiment has a cross shape of the aforementioned rectangle as a contact surface - with or without a configuration in bone form - ( 36 ) in order to allow maximum support in all directions on a tunnel and at the same time to support the start and stop process.

Another stollen shape in the embodiment has an asymmetrical shape extending beyond the base body - similar to a boomerang - ( 37 ) of the contact surface, which is not or only slightly biconcave, respectively. biconvex shaped guide member preferably occupies 2/3 of the total length of the lug and behaves the splaying residual third at an angle between 15 ° and 90 ° to the longitudinal axis of the guide member.

A further cleat form in the embodiment has a symmetrical arrangement, which extends beyond the base body and has an angle-thirds of the cut-contact surface which extend diametrically but in opposite directions and which spreads apart. 38 ), wherein the respective spreading angle of the two-thirds ends between 15 ° and 90 ° to the longitudinal axis of the guide member behave and their spread angle together give the paddle wheel principle. The positioning is intended in particular for middle shoe areas of the sole, in which depending on the tread and play behavior and positioning of the wearer, diagonal to the longitudinal axis of the sole individual torques arise and depending on the carrier differently weighted injury risks in itself to minimize them; while despite significant resistance of the flu for z. B. increases the onset or diagonal stopping, rotational moments in the selected main direction, taking into account the torques form-related increases (blade principle) and the resistance in the other direction to be reduced. At the same time, the bayonet mechanism ensures, when the torque is exceeded due to the existing rotational force, that the lug rotation is triggered until it falls below the specified torque.

Another stud shape in the embodiment has a contact surface with Dreistern shape ( 39 ), which allow the 3 most frequently used load axes (eg front, side, rear) to be provided with pronounced resistance, depending on the positioning and load characterization, without significantly increasing the rotational moments.

The classic forces are basically everywhere in all directions. However, due to preferred, game-related rolling and changing behavior of the foot at each point changeable to identify a particular direction in which flows the majority of the forces. Without considering individuality of the player (left-shooter or right-shooter), his positioning (left-outside or right-outside, storm or defense) and the essential influences of the ground, one sees in 40 the directional forces with the most frequent loads (rotational forces left out).

Due to their own shape, the abovementioned stud shapes also allow them to be mounted in a mirror-inverted arrangement, so that while there are sufficient individualization possibilities for each wearer, in most of them few designs fulfill most of the requirements. Accordingly, an exemplary positioning would be with 3 of the aforementioned main lugs (5X, 6Y, 3Z) in the main as in 41 covered.

Functional and absorption components

The torque of the studs is made possible by the bayonet mechanism and by some forms of studs. A further yielding with excessive dynamic force is given in the axis of the force effect without rotation (eg spontaneous direction change in the opposite direction without rotation) by the flexible storage of the lugs.

This storage is connected in a combined damping mechanism of multiple approaches, the combination is not mandatory, but the individual versions can be implemented in isolation.

The area of the bearing element ( 42 , No. 4 ) consists of conventional, oriented to the materials of the bayonet closure, suitable for the preparation of the bearing composite materials, respectively. Materials or combinations of materials (for example, plastics, aramids, ceramics, Metals), in the contact region of the abutment preferably made of particularly resistant and loadable components ( 42 , No. 36 ).

The bearing element is preferably made of a tough and flexible, damping suitable composite material, respectively. Made of plastic, which is able to absorb forces due to necessary deformation due to flexible reception of the bayonet mechanism ( 43 , No. 4 ).

While the immediate contact points between locking pin and abutments ( 43 , No. 37 ) are preferably made of low-wear materials (steel, ceramics, aramids, etc.), their respective cores, on which the contact bearing are applied ( 43 , No. 38 ), made of a tough-flexible composite material, resp. Made of plastic, the shocks and shocks is able to absorb due to deformation conditionally. It is due to the material and the production, if this material is possibly beyond the locking pin and the abutment addition for the preparation of the entire bayonet lock and stud bearing use.

For the main absorption of kinetic forces in axial transverse directions, an absorber applied to the bottom of the stud body as a "stud foot" is used ( 42 , No. 39 ). This absorber is preferably designed in the stud base body and this completely covering shape worked out and this is immediately on. In the case of impacts, it has a damping function and, in particular with axial transverse accelerations (positive and negative), this fulfills the function of an intervertebral disc within the spinal column. As a so-called "artificial, fake joint", the absorber has a flexibility that allows him both compressive and tensile loads to a high degree by stretching, resp. compensates for compressive deformation ( 43 , No. 39 ).

In particular, the absorber will be defined by the choice of material and by the thickness of the material, its range of flexibility, and the relative load ranges should be such as to reduce the risk of injury to the wearer's ligament via the absorber.

The absorber ( 44 , No. 39 ) may be shed with appropriate material properties and with the stud body, resp. show this continuously. Likewise, it is possible to design this as an exchange disc in different material thicknesses and material densities. Depending on the condition, the center hole of the absorber ( 44 , No. 40 ) so that it can be pulled over the selected bayonet catch (locking pin) by a short stretch.

Possibly. by preforming the absorber (eg circumferential groove or edge) to ensure the predefined seat on the stud ( 44 , No. 41 & 45 , No. 41 ). When using very dense materials and necessarily larger holes ( 45 , No. 42 ), the bayonet tee at its foot is to be adapted to the hole, if necessary by an edge reinforcement ( 45 , No. 43 ; 47 , No. 43 ), which in the following makes a corresponding recess in the tunnel bearing necessary ( 47 , No. 44 ).

In combination with the sole side bearing surface and the stud base, the absorber has the function of adjustable rotation adjustment through different surfaces. While the top facing the bearing has a tendentially soft texture and strong adhesion properties ( 46 , No. 49 ), has its underside ( 46 , No. 50 ) a condition that is due to radius-segmentally diversified continuity changes by the locked system with the on top of the stud base ( 46 , No. 51 ) and corresponding surface, to ensure safe but changeable locking settings.

For this purpose, the use of a one-, or both sides smooth surface of the absorber - depending on the intensity of the execution-related locking voltage - conceivable.

If no absorber is used, these properties are only the bearing surface, resp. the threaded disc used and the stud base contacting it.

Studded body, multipart

In the case of a non-directional shaping of the stud, a screwed connection between the stud body ( 46 , No. 45a & b) and bayonet mechanism or other Arretierungsart between the elements to design (for example, not shown here Spreizverschluss or closure by means of laterally introduced split pin or fixing screw).

Compared to a threaded connection between the bayonet mechanism and lug body ( 46 ) is recommended preferably to perform the connection of these elements instead via the top side concerned counter-side of the stud tip by means of its own screw (not shown here) or for example to design a further bayonet connection ( 49 , No. 46 ), since such possibilities are conditional or to maintain the possibility of positioning all cleat shapes.

Since this connection is required primarily to change the absorber, aspects such as pollution or time required can be ranked lower here.

The execution of the lug bearing - whether with the sole flush or possibly partially flush on a mounting pad present ( 6 . 7 & 8th ), also predominantly determine the longitudinal section of the respective lugs, which - in particular in the case of directional shaping must have correspondingly shaped recess ( 48 , No. 48a & b) to ensure the rotating mechanism of the bayonet lock.

When inserting the stud in the insertion of the bayonet closure - depending on the configuration of material properties and strength - a certain pressure with the studs in the direction of the shoe sole must be overcome to lock the studs by means of rotational movement in the desired position. Depending on the combination of the damping mechanism and its design, this initial pressure can be included in the calculation of the torques or due to the separation of the forces of torsional and tilting moments, an independent calculation subject, since in axial tilting moments other frame parameters burden the ligamentous apparatus of the wearer, as at torques.

summary

• • Erster Stollen, der in 3 (!) Achsen dämpft
• • Kompensation des Drehmoments und Reduzierung klassischer Bänderverletzungen
• • Richtungsgebundene Haftungssteigerung
• • Bei Überlastung sogar auslösbar; verletzungsverhindernd
• • Flexibel in der axialen Kräfteeinwirkung und belastungskompensierend
• • Erleichterung eines Richtungswechsels des Spielers bei gleichzeitiger Entlastung
• • Individualisierbar am Schuh (je nach Spieler, Position und Hauptbelastungen)
• • Individuell notwendige Formgebung mgl., je nach Positionierung am Schuh
• • Wechselstollen; ohne Werkzeuge zu wechseln
• • Günstig in der Herstellung
• • Gewichtssparende Ausführung möglich
• • Einfach und robust in der Handhabung
• • Unkomplizierte Mechanik, nicht wesentlich durch Schmutz beeinflussbar
• • Platzsparendere Ausführungen als bisher möglich (geringe Bauhöhe im Schuh)
• • Ausführung auf Wunsch auch mit Wechsel-Bett im Schuh möglich
• • Je nach Nutzung (Hobby, Profi etc.,) sind unterschiedliche Dämpfungsansprüche umsetzbar
• • Kann wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen in Biomechanik und Kinetik stets angepasst werden
• • Gestaltbar in allen gängigen Materialen (Verbundstoffe/Aramide, Keramik, Alu ...)

In summary, the developments according to the invention with respect to the product requirement result in the following combined advantages and innovations compared to previous, marketable versions:

• • First tunnel, which dampens in 3 (!) Axes
• • Torque compensation and reduction of classic ligament injuries
• • Directional liability increase
• • even triggered in case of overload; verletzungsverhindernd
• • Flexible in the axial forces and load-compensating
• • Facilitate a change of direction of the player with simultaneous relief
• • Customizable on shoe (depending on player, position and main load)
• • Individually necessary shaping may be necessary, depending on the positioning on the shoe
• • changing tunnels; without changing tools
• • Favorable in the production
• • Weight-saving design possible
• • Simple and robust to handle
• • Uncomplicated mechanics, not significantly influenced by dirt
• • Space-saving designs than previously possible (low height in the shoe)
• • On request also possible with a change-bed in the shoe
• • Depending on the use (hobby, professional, etc.), different damping requirements can be implemented
• • Can always be adapted to scientific findings in biomechanics and kinetics
• • Can be used in all common materials (composites / aramids, ceramics, aluminum ...)

The following drawings as an attachment:

1 ) Horizontal sectional sketch with locked bayonet catch and standard studs

2 ) Perspective model sketch with standard studs and lock and lock piece in simple T-shape

3 ) Sketch outline Side view of a tunnel in possible design

4 ) Sketch with placement overview of arrested change cleats on the soccer shoe

5 ) Sketch with closing mechanism

6 ) Sketch with encapsulated locking bearing in sole bed

7 ) Sketch with locking bearing as in shoe sole clamp-connected bearing module

8th ) Sketch with partially lowered over-floor locking bearing and screw connections

9 ) Sketch with sole-bonded locking bearing as screw-in module

10 ) Sketch with opposite alternative bearing with screw connection

11 ) Sketch Top view with locking bearing in single slot insertion opening

12 ) Sketch top view with standard lugs in single-locking

12a ) Sketch Top view with alternative version Single locking

13 ) Sketch top view with locked studs single-locking

14 ) Sketch Top view with locking bearing with double abutment design

15 ) Sketch Top view with locking bearing with triple abutment design

16 ) Sketch Top view with locking bearing with Phillips insertion opening

17 ) Sketch top view with standard lugs with cross-lock

18 ) Sketch Top view with locking bearing with quadruple abutment design

19 ) Sketch Top view with locking bearing Dreistern insertion opening and corresponding arrangement of the abutment

20 ) Horizontal section sketch with locking pins on fan-shaped abutment

21 ) Sketch Top view with opened locking bearing with locking and locking piece and diversified abutments

22 ) Horizontal section sketch with solid locking pins in simple abutment

23 ) Horizontal sectional sketch with hollow locking pin with spring retainer

24a ) Horizontal sectional sketch with elastic locking pin (barrel-like) in abutment

24b ) Horizontal section sketch with locking pin mushroom-like

24c ) Horizontal section sketch with locking pin

24d ) Horizontal section sketch with locking pin spherical

25 ) Horizontal section sketch abutment with linear shape

26 ) Horizontal section sketch abutment with exponential shape

27 ) Horizontal sectional sketch with diversified abutment and terminal tripping limit

28 ) Sketch top view three-star lock bearing with diversified abutments ("open")

29 ) Horizontal sectional sketch with diversified abutments

30 ) Horizontal sectional sketch with locking pin in double-head design

31 ) Sketch top view: Studs with cut contact surface cylindrical / pointed cone

32 ) Sketch top view: Studs with cut-contact surface drop shape

33 ) Sketch Top view: Studs with cut contact surface biconvex / biconcave

34 ) Sketch top view: studs with cut-up foot sickle-shaped

35 ) Sketch top view: Studs with incision footprint rectangle / bone shape

36 ) Sketch Top view: Studs with cutting contact surface double cross shape

37 ) Sketch top view: Stollen with cut-up area boomerang shape

38 ) Sketch top view: Studs with cut footprint Paddle wheel shape

39 ) Sketch Top view: Studs with cut footprint three-star shape

40 ) Sketch Top view Sole outline with main forces

41 ) Sketch Top view Sole outline with cleat selection in preferred standard arrangement

42 ) Horizontal sectional sketch with system dynamics under force

43 ) Horizontal sectional sketch (detail) with damping disc and design of the bearing contact surfaces

44 ) Perspective model sketch (detail) with damping disk

45 ) Perspective model sketch (detail) with damping disk and centering ring

46 ) Perspective model sketch of a stud part screwing (exploded view)

47 ) Sketch outline side view System with centering ring

48 ) Sketch outline Side view Storage module in partial overpass and lintel adjustment

The following protection papers are noted consideration and / or subject to interpretation, or recitation.
DE PS 1031182
DE 3242606 A1
DE 602005005644 T2
DE 4417563 A1
US 000003593436 A
DE 10241153 B3
EP 1446029 B1
DE 29807082 U1
DE 10248482 A1
US 020060179688 A1
US 000006941684 B2
US 00000356648 9A
DE 102010040964 A1
US 2004/0000075 A1
DE OS 1 685 709
DE 3703932 A1
US 3,127,687
DE 9214782 U1
DE OS 1685246
WO 1987003176 A1
US 000005617653 A
DE 000002313646 A
DE 000029807086 U1
US 000005505012 A
EP 000001857006 A1
US 2005/0172518 A1
DE GM 1693021
DE PS 961153
DE GM 1899352
DE 2645963 A1
DE 3233900 A1
DE 20122231 U1
US 2006/0130372 A1
GB 000002425706 A
US 5,361,518
WO 002003071893
DE 000008219084 U1
DE 000019850449 A1
DE 102004011680 A1
DE 102009012153 A1

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of the documents listed by the applicant has been generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited patent literature

• DE 1031182 [0013, 0144]
• DE 3242606 A1 [0014, 0144]
• DE 602005005644 T2 [0014, 0144]
• DE 4417563 A1 [0015, 0144]
• US 000003593436A [0015, 0144]
• DE 10241153 B3 [0016, 0144]
• EP 1446029 B1 [0017, 0144]
• DE 29807082 U1 [0017, 0144]
• DE 10248482 A1 [0017, 0144]
• US 020060179688 A1 [0017, 0144]
• US 000006941684 B2 [0017, 0144]
• US 000003566489 A [0017, 0144]
• DE 102010040964 A1 [0017, 0144]
• US 2004/0000075 A1 [0019, 0144]
• DE 1685709A [0019, 0144]
• DE 3703932 A1 [0019, 0144]
• US 3,127,687 [0019, 0144]
• DE 9214782 U1 [0019, 0144]
• DE 1685246A [0019, 0144]
• WO 1987003176 A1 [0019, 0144]
• US 000005617653 A [0019, 0144]
• DE 000002313646 A [0019, 0144]
• DE 000029807086 U1 [0019, 0144]
• US 000005505012 A [0019, 0144]
• EP 000001857006 A1 [0019, 0144]
• US 2005/0172518 A1 [0019, 0144]
• DE 1693021 U [0020, 0144]
• DE 961153 [0020, 0144]
• DE 1899352 U [0020, 0144]
• DE 2645963 A1 [0020, 0144]
• DE 3233900 A1 [0020, 0144]
• DE 20122231 U1 [0020, 0144]
• US 2006/0130372 A1 [0020, 0144]
• GB 000002425706 A [0020, 0144]
• US 5361518 [0020, 0144]
• WO 002003071893 [0020, 0144]
• DE 000008219084 U1 [0020, 0144]
• DE 000019850449 A1 [0020, 0144]
• DE 102004011680 A1 [0021, 0144]
• DE 102009012153 A1 [0022, 0144]

Claims (40)

Wechselstollensystem for sports shoes, in particular football boots, characterized in that at least one or more of these studs is on the shoe provided and fasten by means of bayonet lock, can be locked manually adjustable in predefined positions and shows a force absorption in min. 2 or more axes and turning property , Wechselstollensystem according to claim 1 and characterized in that the bayonet lock consists of a preferably sole-side locking bearing and the preferably cleat-side bayonet mechanism. Wechselstollensystem according to claims 1 and 2 and characterized in that the locking bearing is outside, partially recessed or within the sole with preferably flush conclusion. Wechselstollensystem according to claims 1 to 3 and characterized in that its Arretierungslager potted in the sole or fixed by means of gluing or vulcanization or as a separate recording module solvable by clamping, plug, screw, bayonet mechanism or partial or total screw-in with the Sole is connected. Wechselstollensystem according to claims 1 to 4 and characterized in that the locking bearing is made completely or proportionally of elastic-flexible medium. Wechselstollensystem according to claims 1 to 5 and characterized in that the shape of the stud base with the base of the receiving bearing on the sole subtotal or totally corresponds. Wechselstollensystem according to claims 1 to 6 and characterized in that the sole side bearing side with the contacting medium has a surface quality, which ensures the adjustability of the bayonet system accordingly. Wechselstollensystem according to claims 1 to 7 and characterized in that the locking mechanism is rotatably mounted even after the connection. Wechselstollensystem according to claims 1 to 8 and characterized in that the rotating locking by at least one or more locking points in each radial intervals between 5 ° and 355 ° has. Wechselstollensystem according to claims 1 to 9 and characterized in that the bayonet lock can be within the bearing preferably in the rotational range of 0 ° to 360 ° move. Wechselstollensystem according to claims 1 to 10 and characterized in that the sole-side locking element has at least one central feedthrough hole or one or more insertion slots in the subtotal or total diameter. Wechselstollensystem according to claims 1 to 11 and characterized in that the insertion slot is preferably designed as a single slot, Phillips or Dreistern slot. Wechselstollensystem according to claims 1 to 12 and characterized in that the locking mechanism can be adjusted only by overcoming pressure and / or torques. Wechselstollensystem according to claims 1 to 13 and characterized in that the locking element is preferably a total flat-cylindrically shaped cavity or consists of 2 diametrically opposed or more, each comprising 45 ° and 110 °, flat-cylindrical pitch circle segments. Wechselstollensystem according to claims 1 to 14 and characterized in that the preferably located in the sole and / or worked out by the sole locking bearing with the shape of the bayonet mechanism, preferably by shaping receiving the T-mechanism with and / or without pins corresponds. Wechselstollensystem according to claims 1 to 15 and characterized in that the preferably located on the studs locking and closure piece is prepared in side view preferably in at least one or more T-equivalent T-equivalent form. Wechselstollensystem according to claims 1 to 16 and characterized in that the locking and closure piece in preferably simple T-type, double T-type (in top view cross-shape) or in partial triple form (in top view Dreistern) is present. Wechselstollensystem according to claims 1 to 17 and characterized in that the locking and locking piece at the ends or foothills on at least one or more, terminal heads per Arretierungsarm or Arretierungsansatz has, which preferably do not lead beyond the lug base and their preferably embodiment in tons, shield, hemisphere, bobbin, mushroom or spherical preparation is done. Wechselstollensystem according to claims 1 to 18 and characterized in that the locking and closure piece proportionately or completely consists of solid and low-wear to elastic-solid media. Wechselstollensystem according to claims 1 to 19 and characterized in that the contact surfaces of the locking pins are made of solid and low-wear medium. Wechselstollensystem according to claims 1 to 20 and characterized in that the locking pin for receiving a joint ball (ball bearing ball) together with spring or other elastic medium in hollow construction can be done. Wechselstollensystem according to claims 1 to 21 and characterized in that the ball-guided Arretierungszapfen on the counter-ball-receiving side via a closure mechanism for changing the ball, preferably designed as a screw cap, may have. Wechselstollensystem according to claims 1 to 22 and characterized in that the preferably located in the sole Arretierungslager in the horizontal plane is circularly subtotal or totally continuous. Wechselstollensystem according to claims 1 to 23 and characterized in that the locking element has at least two diametrically opposed or more abutment preferably on the inside of the sole with upwardly directed base and / or on the soles side with directed to the cleat tip base. Exchange set system according to claims 1 to 24 and characterized in that the possibly aligned to the sole inside bearing is closed on the sole side with a lockable by click or bayonet lock counter plate or preferably threaded threaded plate. Wechselstollensystem according to claims 1 to 25 and characterized in that the footsole-side counter plate or threaded plate with the cleat at a corresponding point releasably, firmly and / or movably mounted. Wechselstollensystem according to claims 1 to 26 and characterized in that the locking bearing has at least two or more abutment whose Arretierungsbetten increase (storage reason) for each following and / or previous abutment and / or outlet linearly and / or exponentially at cutting height Wechselstollensystem according to claims 1 to 27 and characterized in that the abutments are preferably located in the middle of the Arretierungsbetten and preferably have a cut-deepest point on a prepared locking for pin receiving. Wechselstollensystem according to claims 1 to 28 and characterized in that the abutments in Arretierungsbett Arretierungslagers in a fan-out arrangement with a preferred distance fan-out between 5 ° and 120 ° to the next and / or previous abutment show or are diametrically. Wechselstollensystem according to claims 1 to 29 and characterized in that the diversified abutments have a circular arrangement. Wechselstollensystem according to claims 1 to 30 and characterized in that the abutments can be arranged in an oval or parallel arrangement to each other. Wechselstollensystem according to claims 1 to 31 and characterized in that the abutments can be aligned both horizontally and vertically. Wechselstollensystem according to claims 1 to 32 and characterized in that the locking mechanism can also be worked out as a circular insertion system. Trolling system according to claims 1 to 33 and characterized in that the stud body can have over 90 ° to the longitudinal axis of the central main shape located through holes in round, rectangular or oval-oblong shape for receiving the locking and loosening tools. Wechselstollensystem according to claims 1 to 34 and characterized in that the stud base consists proportionally or completely of solid to solid-elastic medium. Wechselstollensystem according to claims 1 to 35 and characterized in that between the stud body and locking element can be a flat-round or in execution and shape with the contact surface shape of the stud body corresponding perforated plastic disc with damping elasticity. Wechselstollensystem according to claims 1 to 36 and characterized in that the damping effect plastic disc on the surfaces of the top and bottom has such a nature that the connection with the intended contact medium has a solid but low-wear as possible, corresponding to the rotation principle of the system locking. Wechselstollensystem according to claims 1 to 37 and characterized in that the lug base has a sole-related surface quality, which ensures both with the surface of the plastic disc and the surface of the locking a firm but low-wear, corresponding with the rotation principle of the system locking. Wechselstollensystem according to claims 1 to 38 and characterized in that stud body with the locking and closure piece can be releasably connected to each other by clamping, bayonet or screw. Wechselstollensystem according to claims 1 to 39 and characterized in that the studs correspond by their formation in particular biodynamic and kinetic forces requirements and preferably in cylindrical or pointed cone-shaped elaboration ( 31 ), Drop shape ( 32 ), biconcave / biconvex ( 33 ), Sickle shape ( 34 ), Rectangle / bone shape ( 35 ), Cross shape ( 36 ), Boomerang shape ( 37 ), Paddle wheel shape ( 38 ) or three-star form ( 39 ) in the preparation of their cut-surface appearance.

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