DE202007002014U1 - Unit for generating combustible gases from pieces of wood comprises reactor with oxidation zone, in which air or oxygen jets are mounted which have at least two gas outlets, one of which is at end of jet and other in its side - Google Patents

Abstract

A unit for generating combustible gases from pieces of wood comprises a reactor with an oxidation zone (10), in which air or oxygen jets are mounted. These have at least two gas outlets (60, 61), one of which is at the end of the jet and the other in its side. An independent claim is included for an electricity generating system comprising the reactor, an IC engine and a generator.

Description

The The invention relates to a device for producing a combustible Gas mixture of a carbonaceous starting material, in particular from lumpy Wood, according to the preamble of claim 1.

State of technology

Already For decades, wood gasifiers for engine combustion in use. For example, 1923 was the descending carburetor developed in direct current, the so-called "Imbert wood gas plant." Corresponding plants were especially with gas engines already in the first half of the year 20.Jahrhunderts example in tractors, cars, motorcycles or Power plants installed for power, electricity and / or heat generation. Besides are e.g. also rising carburetor systems in countercurrent and cross-flow carburettor common.

The "Imbert-Holzgas-Anlage" or comparable devices work in co-current, whereby particulate wood in particular is supplied to the reactor of the gas generator DE 198 30 069 A1 . DE 196 43 109 A1 or EP 137 461 A2 disclosed.

The Wood generally becomes thermal in a first stage decomposed into different components. This is done especially in the reactor in a range of appropriately arranged air nozzles or the like by means of substoichiometric Combustion or oxidation, whereby heat is released and temperatures of a few hundred degrees, e.g. about 800 ° C, can be achieved. By ascending Heat is The wood in the upper part of the reactor partially pre-dried.

The oxidation zone produces, among other things, coked wood or coal, water and other combustion products that already contain flammable gas components as well as non-combustible gaseous intermediates, such as carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ).

The Charred wood or coal is generally moving from the oxidation zone down into a reduction zone on and reduces some of the combustion products to more combustible gas components. For example, carbon dioxide is used by the coal u.a. to additional Carbon monoxide is reduced, causing a relatively high proportion below to carbon monoxide in the generated combustible gas mixture can be achieved. The combustible gas mixture is combustible Components mainly carbon monoxide, hydrogen and methane.

The Volume of wood is greatly reduced during coking, so that for forming a comparatively compact reduction zone a constriction of the reactor in the transition region the oxidation zone is provided to the reduction zone. This constriction occurs often by means of firebricks or the like. The compact reduction zone allows advantageously a reduction of the gas stream and at least partially a filtration of solid components of the combustion products from the oxidation zone.

Out The reduction zone becomes the combustible gas mixture produced above all derived to a gas engine, gas storage or the like or aspirated. With the help of a movable grate becomes coal dust or if necessary, excess ash, etc. separated from the coal or the outflowing gas mixture.

in this connection flows the gas mixture substantially in the vertical direction through the Rust or its openings and / or through at least one opening, which is formed by the grate and the side wall of the reactor. The so-called "shaking" of the grate essentially leads to move the lower portion of the reduction zone, thereby Clogging of the flow of the reduction zone and / or the existing openings should be prevented.

at Wood gasifiers according to the prior art can, under certain operating conditions, in particular when using lignocellulosic biomass such as wood from spruce, Firs or the like and / or with a supply of so-called "false air", the gasification are impaired.

adversely Here is that, above all, the quality of the gas mixture produced reduced and over Be tar or tar gas is formed. The relatively hot, gaseous tar optionally condenses on mechanically moving parts, in particular a supply unit for feeding of the wood in the reactor, whereby they are covered with tar and a severe impairment the functioning or a seizing of the corresponding parts arises.

The Feed of the wood is generally made above the oxidation zone. According to the state the technique is the supply unit, with or without lock device, arranged above the reactor, so that the supply by opening a Flap, a slider, a paddle wheel or the like takes place. In this case, however, disadvantageous "false air" is introduced into the reactor, which greatly affects the gasification of the wood.

The so-called "false air" is generally introduced during the loading of the wood gasifier. For these reasons is in wood gasifiers according to the state the technique of a continuous or automatic loading only limited possible or is a common one and costly removal of tar on especially stuck Parts of the supply unit necessary. If necessary, the corresponding parts are replaced.

Furthermore is the use of economically favorable and particularly environmentally friendly Waste wood, e.g. Wood chips, bark, sawdust, Sawmill by-products or the like, from the woodworking sector and / or the Forestry through the possible Tar formation severely limited.

moreover is due to the comparatively low quality of the gas mixture of the Wood gasifier downstream gas engine affected or by relatively high Tar contents in the gas mixture destroyed. The gas engine can be used, for example, for a vehicle for generating of heat, et al by means of a corresponding generator for generating electricity and / or heat and / or the like. For this, the tar content in the Wood gas containing less than about 50 milligrams per cubic meter, since otherwise residues the Occupy or glue valves of the gas engine. The consequence is that then block them and cause the motor to stop. Out these reasons becomes common a gas wash upstream of the gas engine with cyclone separators, filters or the like.

In addition, the reveals DE 102 24 531 The intermediate storage device can be used as the second storage unit of the wood gasifier in addition to the reactor, which also stores the starting material, by means of the method known as "Joos carburetor" For example, it is possible to realize a substantially continuous supply of the starting material to the reactor and an optionally discontinuous, ie only temporary, in particular relatively short-time, feed of the starting material to the apparatus.

The largely continuous feed of the starting material to the reactor allows a gasification of the starting material or wood, so that qualitatively high quality gas mixture can be produced. The discontinuous, in particular comparatively short-term supply of the starting material to Device according to the invention allows the largest possible reduction of the "false air" amount by the Charging the device. The storage device is in an advantageous Way towards the reactor is generally gas permeable and designed for charging largely gas-impermeable sealable. At the time of application already two appropriately trained "Joos carburetor" in operation, the as the only wood gasifier known in the art, continuously Generate wood gas.

adversely however, these were individual disorders continuous operation due to non-optimal oxidation, in particular at comparatively large Reactors, piling of pieces of wood in the upper part of the reactor etc.

Task and Advantages of the invention

task the invention it is in contrast, a Apparatus for producing a combustible gas mixture from a carbonaceous starting material, in particular of chunky wood, wherein a reactor at least one oxidation zone for the oxidation of the Starting material and a reduction zone for the reduction of at least an intermediate of the oxidation, wherein in the region of the oxidation zone at least one, in particular a plurality, at least one first outflow opening having air nozzle for introducing oxidizing agent, in particular oxygen or Air, is arranged to suggest that the state of the art clearly improved.

These Task is, starting from a device of the introduction mentioned Art, in particular by the characterizing features of claims 1 and / or 10 solved.

By in the subclaims mentioned measures are advantageous embodiments and further developments of the invention possible.

Accordingly a device according to the invention is characterized in particular characterized in that the air nozzle at least one second outflow opening for Introducing oxidizing agent. With the help of this measure can the oxidation, especially in relatively large reactors can be improved. Correspondingly better is the oxidizing agent, in particular air, better, especially more even in the oxidation zone distributable.

advantageously, has the air nozzle at least one third outflow opening to Introducing oxidizing agent. This can be the distribution the oxidizing agent even more evenly.

Preferably, at least five outflow openings per air nozzle are present. This measure allows a particularly advantageous distribution of the oxidizing agent, in particular in the longitudinal direction of the air nozzle. For example, in each case an opening can be provided in the front or inner and / or in the rear or outer region of the air nozzle.

According to the invention Zoning of the oxidation zone is prevented especially in the radial direction.

Preferably is the outflow direction the oxidant of the second and / or the third, etc. outflow opening transversely, in particular substantially perpendicular to the outflow direction the oxidizing agent of the first outflow opening aligned. Be here e.g. also areas between two air nozzles advantageous with oxidizing agent versogbar.

In a particular embodiment of the invention is the outflow direction the oxidizing agent of the first and second and / or third, etc. outflow opening in Essentially on the horizontal plane. This is achieved that the oxidation zone is almost perfect over the entire cross section of the Reactor is formed.

advantageously, is the first outflow opening at the front at the vent and / or the second and / or third outflow opening on the circumference of the air nozzle arranged. It has been shown in practice that such Training is particularly easy to implement. For example is called an air nozzle a pipe is used so that the feed opening for feeding the Oxidizing agent to the air nozzle and the frontal discharge opening through the two ends of the tube are formed. According to the invention, the further openings made by one or more cross holes circumferentially on the pipe become.

Prefers are several air vents essentially arranged radially. This optimizes the formation of the oxidation zone.

In Advantageously, the number of air nozzles with the diameter and / or the cross-sectional area adapted to the oxidation zone. With this measure, almost any Size and / or Cross sectional area the reactor and / or the oxidation zone can be realized. This is especially for Systems with higher performance really important. For example, do not have several smaller ones Reactors with each other to produce fuel gas, but it may possibly just a single big reactor be used.

at a device according to the preamble of claim 1, is alternative or in combination with the aforementioned measures advantageous that at least in the region of the reactor inlet and / or the oxidation zone one Guide device is provided for conducting the starting material. With help this measure can be very coarse starting material and / or starting material with very different sizes pieces be processed or used in an advantageous manner. So far has with such starting material again and again individual pieces in the reactor hogged, causing it to interfere is. Dis comes with this measure effectively prevented.

Preferably has the guide device in the flow direction of the starting material a rejuvenation and / or a funnel and / or truncated cone. It has shown, that such Leitvorrichtung the starting material almost optimally when entering the reactor and within the reactor advantageous lead, without this jamming or pinning can.

Basically, especially when using lumpy needle and / or deciduous wood such Wood chips or the like, with the aid of the device according to the invention a reactor can be realized which has an approximately constant level, a largely constant amount of coal in the reduction zone, a glowing, relatively hot, e.g. about 800 ° C name is, Coal in the reduction zone, almost no waste, except where appropriate relative small amounts of coal dust, generally no so-called hollow burning or burning through and, above all, as far as possible no tar or tarry gas having. The coal dust is the oxidation zone in an advantageous Way fed again, allowing a largely waste free operation of the device according to the invention possible is.

A particularly advantageous device according to the preamble of the claim 1 is for the solution the task of the invention characterized in that at least one level sensor for measuring the filling degree or the level of the reactor substantially horizontally adjacent to the oxidation zone and / or horizontally adjacent to a drying zone of the reactor for at least partially drying of the starting material is arranged. It has been shown that with a fill level sensor arranged according to the invention a more accurate and trouble-proof Control or operation of the reactor can be achieved.

Preferably is the detection range of the level sensor viewed in the vertical direction above an air supply device arranged to supply air. This is the amount of starting material particularly easy and precisely adjustable in the reactor.

For example, the level sensor is as Transmitter with receiver for advantageous waves, in particular ultrasound and / or electromagnetic waves such as radar or the like, optical waves such as visible and / or infrared light formed. Preferably, the level sensor is at least partially designed as a mechanically scanning level sensor, in particular as an impeller.

As a general rule is the device according to the invention largely encased with at least one thermal insulation device, so that thermal losses can be largely prevented. This allows an advantageous thermal management of entire device according to the invention, whereby the gasification of the starting material is advantageously implemented can be. In general, the reactor has an operating temperature from about 800 ° C on. This ensures both a favorable oxidation and reduction in the corresponding Zones of the reactor.

Basically the reduction zone of the reactor to an operating temperature, the in addition to a reduction of carbon dioxide and / or the like in particular, a reaction of dust generated in the oxidation zone or similar allows. With this measure especially the quality of the gas mixture to be generated for the application or combustion in addition to a gas engine improved.

As a general rule can for certain measures such as Maintenance, repair, conversion or the like may be a resealable reactor or a cover element are provided, which in particular largely To seal gas-tight, so that thereby reach no adverse "false air" in the reactor can.

Preferably The tar is in the reactor for forming again the or the reaction zones supplied so that the energy contained in the tar of the inventive device is usable. As a result, the overall efficiency of the device according to the invention significantly increased.

With the device according to the invention is at relatively high reliability in an advantageous manner a largely continuous and / or automatic mode of operation the device according to the invention realizable. This is a preferred, economical use the device according to the invention in power plants for the production of electrical energy or in combined heat and power plants, Vehicles or the like also under high operational and environmentally relevant requirements for corresponding plants possible.

According to the invention will, without impairment the functioning of the supply unit and / or without relatively frequent or extensive maintenance of the feed unit, a use of any carbonaceous Starting materials, in particular renewable biomass, or any Woods possible. For example, you can Conifers and / or hardwoods as wood chips, sawdust and / or pellet, other renewable resources such as straw and sewage sludge or the like or corresponding mixtures. Ensures the use of multiple accumulating refuse or residual wood a particularly economically favorable and Environmentally friendly operation of the device according to the invention.

Preferably is a control unit for almost fully automatic Control or regulation of the device according to the invention provided. This allows in particular a controlled and metered supply of the starting material, inter alia, in cooperation with the level sensor of the reactor. For example, a largely constant filling level can be regulated in the reactor. Optionally, the air supply to the reactor is controllable or dependent to the filling level of the reactor and / or supply amount of the starting material or the amount produced the combustible gas mixture, u.s.w. adjust. These measures are for the gasification or the transformations in the reactor of advantage, so that high-quality combustible gas mixture can be produced.

Possibly can one or more purification stages or devices between the gas engine and the device according to the invention arranged For example, gravitational separators, inertia cleaners such as. Centrifugal separator or cyclone or baffle plate cleaner, wet scrubber, oil bath, gravel or sand bed, electric, adsorption filters such as e.g. Cloth or Tissue, cork, activated carbon or ceramic filters, catalytically active Cleaning elements, u.s.w .. Preferably, the cleaning device regenerated trained.

As a general rule can For example, a wide variety of sensors in the device according to the invention, especially in the reactor. Especially sensors for Measurement of temperatures, moisture contents, weights, types of starting material, single or multiple gas components, pressures, optical parameters like permeability, filling grade or fill levels or like. These sensors act in particular with a corresponding one Evaluation and / or control unit for largely automatic operation the device according to the invention together.

Advantageously, an air supply is provided Direction for supplying air to the oxidation zone at least one heating unit for heating the supplied air. As a result, an advantageous preheating of the air to be supplied to the reactor can be realized. This improves the gasification of the starting material or of the wood and additionally increases the quality of the combustible gas mixture.

As a general rule is in addition to the humidity in particular the oxygen in the Air for the gasification crucial, so that in a special variant of the Invention almost pure oxygen are fed to the reactor can. Optionally, a humidification unit for control or loading and / or Dehumidification of the supplied Provide air.

Preferably is the heating unit as a heat exchanger element for heat exchange to be supplied Air is formed with the reactor. Advantageously, the Air supply device arranged substantially along the reactor circumference. With Help of these measures is a far-reaching energy management of the device according to the invention realizable. Especially at the gasification of wood is the temperature in the reactor of crucial importance, so that by means of a far-reaching Energy management a particularly advantageous gasification is possible.

In A preferred variant of the invention is the air supply device arranged at least in the upper region of the oxidation zone. Herewith is guaranteed that the relatively hot upper portion of the reactor, i. in the area of the oxidation zone, to relatively hot preheating the air or the like can be used. This will the conversion of the starting material additionally improved, resulting in a especially high quality of the combustible gas mixture leads.

embodiment

One embodiment The invention is illustrated in the drawing and is based on the Figures in more detail below explained.

in the Individual shows:

1 a schematic representation of a device according to the invention and

2 a schematic cross section through the reactor in the range of air nozzles.

In 1 is a reactor 1 , a supply unit 2 and only a section of a storage silo 3 shown.

As a starting material are in a manner not shown, for example, wood chips from waste or residual wood in the storage silo 3 saved. The storage silo 3 includes a much larger storage volume than a volume of a storage device 4 the supply unit 2 , The comparatively large volume of the silo 3 allows a stocking of wood chips for a relatively long operating time of the device according to the invention, such as one or more weeks or months.

Preferably, the wood is in the silo 3 by means of heat, in particular waste heat from the reactor 1 , pre-dried. The silo 3 is optionally as silo open at the top 3 , Bearing with a feeder for feeding the device according to the invention or the like formed. The storage device 4 For example, it has a volume sufficient for the reactor 1 about several hours or about one day without opening a nearly gastight flap 6 or without loading from the silo 3 to operate. The gas-tight sealing of the storage device 4 Alternatively, it can be realized by means of a slider or the like.

The chips are eg by means of a screw feeder 5 supplied to the device according to the invention. To feed the largely gastight occlusive flap 6 open. The loading phase can take several minutes, especially until the storage device 4 is largely filled and the flap 6 again almost gas-tight to close.

A level sensor 22 may detect the level of the storage device 4 , For example, a rotary panel, ultrasonic sensor or the like. Preferably, the flap 6 hydraulically, pneumatically, mechanically and / or electrically actuated, wherein a largely automated controllable and operable flap 6 is beneficial.

The wood chips are produced by means of a worm drive 7 from the storage device 4 in the reactor 1 transported or supplied. Advantageously, this is an electric motor 8th intended.

At the worm drive 7 is arranged in a manner not shown, both a heat exchanger for cooling the combustible gas mixture produced and a heat exchanger for heat recovery of the heat contained in an exhaust gas stream of not shown gas engine. Preferably, the two heat exchangers are arranged as a shell-like elements arranged around the worm drive and / or as tube elements around the worm drive 7 arranged. In this case, among other things, one more gradual heating of wood chips in the area of the worm drive 7 feasible with different temperature levels.

The from the reactor 1 produced combustible gas mixture is from the reactor 1 by means of a gas connection 9 derived to a gas engine, not shown, wherein the gas mixture is generally previously cleaned by means of a cyclone, impact, cloth filter or the like and mixed by means of an air mixer with air. Optionally, the worm drive 7 additionally have an electrical heating of the screw element. Already in the area of the worm drive 7 the woodchips are partly pre-dried and preheated under certain operating conditions.

The reactor 1 in particular comprises an oxidation zone 10 and a reduction zone 11 , where firebricks 12 or the like as a constriction 12 in the transitional area of the two zones 10 and 11 is provided. In general, they are largely above the firebricks 12 glowing or oxidizing wood chips 10 in sub-stoichiometric combustion and largely below the constriction glowing coal 11 according to the invention during operation of the reactor 1 intended. On the glowing wood chips is about 10 to 20 cm thick, the glowing chips largely covering, not glowing woodchip layer formed, in particular the glow zone 10 thermally insulated and at the same time provided as a drying zone or warming up zone for the chips.

To determine the filling level of the wood chips, the reactor 1 a level indicator 15 on, according to this 1 on a side wall 18 of the reactor 1 in the region or slightly above the oxidation zone 10 is arranged or fixed. The level indicator 15 can as a mechanical sensor 15 eg impeller sensor 15 the filling level of the reactor 1 detect and generate at a predetermined filling level an electrical signal for a control unit for largely automatic operation of the entire system, so that by means of the worm drive 7 Wood chips the reactor 1 be supplied. Here, both a phase-wise and almost continuous feeding of wood chips can be realized.

The oxygen supply to the reactor or to the oxidation zone 10 takes place in particular by means of several, for example about five air nozzles 16 , The use of individual air nozzles 16 has the advantage that the air flowing through them to an advantageous cooling of the air nozzles 16 is to be used, whereby an optionally complex cooling of the nozzles 16 and / or relatively low heat resistant materials for the air nozzles 16 can be provided.

The the reactor 1 air to be supplied flows through advantageous air ring 17 , which provides a nearly uniform or uniformly heated supply of air by means of all radially arranged air nozzles 16 to the oxidation zone 10 allows. The air ring 17 is preferably in the region of the relatively hot oxidation zone 10 and / or in the circumferential direction largely completely in the shell region of the reactor 1 arranged.

Contrary to the illustration in 1 can the air nozzles 16 comparatively close to the constriction 12 of the reactor 1 be arranged so that a particularly advantageous operation of the reactor 1 can be realized.

According to the invention, the air vents 16 a frontal opening 60 and several transverse openings 61 or cross holes on. This improves the formation of the oxidation zone.

In 2 is an example of an arrangement of four air nozzles 16 shown in plan view according to the invention.

Furthermore, a funnel is 70 provided that prevents jamming or clogging of the starting material or lumpy wood as far as possible. The funnel 70 includes at its lower end a cylindrical portion which is slightly above the air nozzles 16 is spaced.

With the help of a vibrating grate 19 may be the lower part of the coal of the reduction zone 11 be moved so that the gas mixture produced the reactor 1 or the reduction zone 11 flow through advantageous and the gas connection 9 can flow out. The vibrating grate 19 can do this by means of a vibrator 21 to be moved. For example, the vibrator rotates 21 the vibrating grate 19 at intervals of about 25 seconds, one eighth of a turn further. With finer material more often and with coarser material rather rare.

Furthermore, the reactor 1 an isolation 20 on, which is formed according to the invention as coal, in particular fine and / or lump coal. Hereby, an advantageous thermal insulation of the interior of the reactor can be achieved, with the greatest possible sealing of the reactor 1 is reachable.

Furthermore, the isolation 20 be adapted in an advantageous manner to the comparatively complex shape of the reactor area. For example, the coal from above into the double wall region of the reactor 1 filled, with the lump coal to the shape of the double wall area adapts.

According to the invention are several firebricks 12 formed as a circle segments and by means of an advantageous holder 23 detachable in the reactor 1 arranged. This allows the firebricks 12 be replaced or replaced if necessary.

For example, the reactor 1 formed substantially in two pieces and / or comprises a two-part wall 18 so that this particular in the area of constriction or firebricks 12 is separable. As a result, the maintenance or repair of the reactor 1 particularly advantageous implemented.

Moreover, in the narrowest area of the fireclay bricks 12 a ring 24 made of metal, so that a wear or a wear of the fireclay bricks 12 is largely prevented. Due to the angled cross-section of the ring 24 this is advantageously on the firebricks 12 so that it is detachably arranged on these and can be removed or replaced if necessary in a particularly simple manner.

The vibrating grate 19 has in particular an upper grate disc 30 and a lower rust ring 31 on. In the illustrated variant of the invention, the upper grate disc comprises 30 two upper rust rings 32 and 33 , The rust rings 32 . 33 are firmly attached to the upper grate disc 30 fixed. This unit is by means of the vibrator 21 opposite the lower rust ring 31 designed to be movable or rotatable.

Advantageously, the upper grid rings 32 . 33 over footbridges 34 with the upper grate disc 30 connected so that between these passage openings 40 exist for the gas mixture. In addition, the upper rust ring 33 from the lower rust ring 31 spaced, so that here is a through hole 40 is formed for the gas mixture. According to the invention, the flow direction 50 in the area of the grate elements 30 to 33 horizontally or flows through the gas mixture in the region of the passage openings 40 the vibrating grate 19 essentially in the horizontal direction. The rust disk 30 and the rust rings 31 . 32 . 33 overlap in the area of the through openings 40 in an advantageous manner.

With the help of the vibrating grate 19 becomes the lumpy material or coal of the reduction zone 11 advantageously in the reactor 1 retained and the gas mixture with optionally coal dust and ash is from the reactor 1 discharged.

For example, the reactor 1 both a round, elliptical, rectangular, star-shaped or similar or a ribs or branches or the like having cross section, in particular in the region of the air nozzles 16 exhibit. This allows a comparatively high-performance or large-sized reactor 1 can be realized without a disadvantageous oxidation takes place.

As a general rule the device according to the invention largely with relatively ordinary Steel or the like can be realized, which in addition to a comparatively good thermal conductivity the material used, which is beneficial to the gasification also economically viable production is possible.

Basically the device according to the invention for fuel production for a gas engine, in particular a vehicle, combined heat and power, electric power generation, or the like can be used. Therefor is in particular a corresponding system with a device according to the invention together with a gas engine and optionally an electric Provide generator.

As a general rule For example, the reactor may have two or more feed units. This allows a separate supply of various raw materials such as sawdust, Wood chips, straw, sewage sludge or the like to the reactor, whereby a favorable mixing the starting materials in the reactor can be realized. One possible, Adverse demixing of the starting materials can thereby be prevented become. Alternatively or in combination with this may also be a charge different starting materials in a single feed device or storage device can be realized.

Furthermore the device according to the invention used for fuel production of a fuel cell, i.e. According to the invention, the generator or the internal combustion engine designed as a fuel cell. For example, here the Hydrogen, the methane or the like of the fuel gas or wood gas in corresponding fuel cells for generating electrical energy be provided.

As a general rule can in particular for the realization of comparatively powerful ones or large units several or numerous devices according to the invention modular with each other be coupled and operated. Optionally, one or more Gas engines and / or electrical generators are provided. At the Failure of a module can hereby advantageously another Module compensate for the failure at least partially.

Claims (13)

Device for producing a combustible gas mixture from a carbon-containing starting material, in particular from lumped wood, wherein a reactor ( 1 ) at least one oxidation zone ( 10 ) for the oxidation of the starting material and a reduction zone ( 11 ) for the reduction of at least one intermediate of the oxidation, wherein in the region of the oxidation zone ( 10 ) at least one, in particular a plurality, at least one first outflow opening ( 60 . 61 ) having air nozzle (s) for introducing oxidizing agent, in particular oxygen or air, is arranged, wherein a wall of the reactor, in particular a cover element, a bottom element and a side wall ( 18 ), characterized in that the air nozzle ( 16 ) at least one second outflow opening ( 60 . 61 ) for introducing oxidizing agent. Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that the air nozzle ( 16 ) at least one third outflow opening ( 60 . 61 ) for introducing oxidizing agent. Device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the outflow direction of the oxidizing agent of the second and / or the third outflow opening ( 60 . 61 ) transversely to the outflow direction of the oxidizing agent of the first outflow opening ( 60 . 61 ) is aligned. Device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the outflow direction of the oxidizing agent of the second and / or the third outflow opening ( 60 . 61 ) substantially perpendicular to the outflow direction of the oxidizing agent of the first outflow opening ( 60 . 61 ) is aligned. Device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the outflow direction of the oxidizing agent of the first and the second and / or the third outflow opening ( 60 . 61 ) is substantially on the horizontal plane. Device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the first outflow opening ( 60 . 61 ) at the front of the air nozzle ( 16 ) is arranged. Device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the second and / or third outflow opening ( 60 . 61 ) on the circumference of the air nozzle ( 16 ) is arranged. Device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a plurality of air nozzles ( 16 ) are arranged substantially radially. Device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the number of air nozzles ( 16 ) with the diameter and / or the cross-sectional area of the oxidation zone ( 10 ) is adjusted. Device according to the preamble of claim 1, characterized in that at least in the region of the reactor inlet and / or the oxidation zone ( 10 ) a guide device ( 70 ) is provided for conducting the lumpy starting material. Device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the guide device ( 70 ) has a taper in the flow direction of the starting material. Device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the guide device ( 70 ) is formed substantially as a funnel and / or truncated cone. Plant for the production of electrical energy and / or Thermal energy with a device for generating a combustible gas mixture from at least one carbonaceous starting material, an internal combustion engine for burning the gas mixture and / or a generator for generating electrical energy, characterized in that the device is formed according to one of the preceding claims.