DE102013017854A1 - Reactor and process for the gasification of fuels - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a reactor (1) and to a process for the gasification of fuels, in particular of biomass, in which a muffle tube (17) arranged above the grate (5) is provided in the reactor interior, in which the fuel (36) to be gasified is received , The muffle tube (17) opens into a lower reactor region (2) designed as an autothermal gasification zone, in which the fuel to be gasified oxidizes. With an upper muffle tube region (19), the muffle tube (17) is received in an upper reactor region forming a muffle housing (21) to form an annular gap (20) opening into the lower reactor region (2), such that the annular gap (20 ) entering gas at least partially along and / or flows around the upper Muffelrohrbereich (19), so that it forms an allothermic gasification zone for heating, pyrolysis and reduction of the fuel to be gasified.

Description

The invention relates to a reactor for the gasification of fuels, in particular of biomass, according to the preamble of claim 1. Furthermore, the invention relates to a process for the gasification of fuels, in particular of biomass according to claim 18.

Reactors for the gasification of fuels, in particular of carbonaceous solid fuels (for example biomass or waste and in particular wood or the like substances), with the purpose to use the fuel gases generated in the reactor for energy production or power generation (in particular by means of internal combustion engines, such as gas engines) are well known. The gas produced from the solid fuels is referred to differently as product gas, lean gas, wood gas or syngas, wherein the gasification in the reactor provides the product gas, the main components carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, methane, water vapor and gasification with air as a gasification agent also contains considerable amounts of nitrogen. In the course of gasification, tars or condensates, ashes and dust are produced as undesirable by-products in varying amounts.

The gasification process in the reactor itself can be roughly divided into the areas of heating or drying, pyrolytic decomposition, oxidation and reduction. This is explained in more detail below on the basis of biomass:
First, the biomass is heated, whereby the water therein is evaporated to a temperature level of about 200 ° C. After the heating or drying phase of the biomass takes place at temperatures between 150 ° C and 500 ° C, a thermally induced pyrolytic decomposition of the macromolecules that make up biomass. This produces gaseous hydrocarbon compounds, steam and pyrolysis coke.

During the subsequent oxidation, parts of the resulting gaseous and solid pyrolysis products are brought to react with oxygen by further action of heat, which is introduced in an oxidation zone by means of an air supply device via the supplied air. This causes the temperature to be raised to, for example, above 1000 ° C, which cleaves much of the higher hydrocarbon compounds (tars) into smaller gaseous molecules. Partially, this can also lead to the combustion of carbon. It also produces carbon dioxide.

Components of the product gas, such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and methane, are then formed in a reduction zone adjoining the oxidation zone. In particular, in this case, the products formed in the oxidation and drying carbon dioxide and water with solid carbon to carbon monoxide and hydrogen are reduced.

In such a conventional process management, however, there is the problem that there is still a relatively high proportion of tar in the gases leaving the reactor. These tars require the use of scrubbers in order, for example, to be able to supply gases released from such residues to the downstream engines.

To avoid such tar formation beats the DE 100 37 762 B4 specifically, downstream of a gasification unit, a gas purification unit, which has catalytically active material, which is exposed directly to the gases leaving the gasification unit. Furthermore, a gas cooling unit connected downstream of this gas cleaning unit is provided, which in turn is followed by a filter. Specifically, in this case, the gas cleaning unit should have a thermally insulated, vertically from top to bottom flow-through full-room reactor, which has a supply line through which the gases exiting the gasifier unit can be introduced into the full-room reactor. In vertically downwardly directed flow direction of the gases flow channels are arranged within the full-space reactor of the gas cleaning unit, which have honeycomb-shaped flow cross sections and which are formed by a support frame on which the catalytically active material is provided. Furthermore, a discharge is provided at the full-space reactor, through which the catalytically split gases emerge from the full-space reactor, while in the floor space of the full-room reactor can accumulate flue dust, which in turn can be discharged through a drain port. Such a structure is obviously expensive and inexpensive.

In contrast, it is an object of the present invention to provide a reactor for the gasification of fuels, in particular of biomass, by means of which, in particular in conjunction with a high fuel flexibility, a very good gas quality in a simple and reliable manner can be achieved. Furthermore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a process procedure suitable for this purpose.

This object is achieved with the features of the independent claims. Advantageous embodiments are the subject of the dependent claims.

According to claim 1, a reactor for the gasification of fuels, in particular of Biomass, proposed, having a reactor interior. Furthermore, the reactor has at least one fuel metering device for adding fuel to be gasified into the interior of the reactor. In addition, a grate arranged in the interior of the reactor, preferably on the bottom side, is provided on which the fuel metered into the interior of the reactor and to be gasified rests. Furthermore, at least one air supply device is provided for supplying air into the interior of the reactor, the term "air" being understood here in a comprehensive sense and representing any suitable gasification agent (ie expressly also for those which are not air). Thus, for example, instead of pure ambient air, oxygen-enriched air or pure oxygen or steam can be supplied, to name only a few examples. Furthermore, the reactor according to the invention comprises at least one gas outlet for discharging the gas generated in the interior of the reactor from the reactor interior. According to the invention, a muffle tube arranged above the grate is provided in the interior of the reactor, which preferably extends in the direction of the vertical axis, the fuel to be gasified being accommodated in the muffle tube. The muffle tube opens with a downwardly lower, rust-side muffle tube in an indirectly or directly acted upon with air from the at least one air supply and formed as an autothermal gasification zone lower reactor region in which the fuel to be gasified or already resulting from this product gases partially oxidize.

Furthermore, according to the invention, the muffle tube is received in an upper annular region which opens into the lower reactor region in an annular upper region forming a muffle housing in such a way that the gas emerging from the muffle tube in the region of the lower muffle tube enters the muffle housing-side annular gap and there flows at least partially along with heat release along and / or around the upper muffle tube area, so that it forms an allothermic gasification zone for heating, pyrolysis and reduction of the fuel to be gasified.

Advantageously, the hot gas produced in the reactor is thus used here for heating the upper muffle tube end receiving the fuel to be gasified, thereby forming an allothermal gasification zone in the upper muffle tube region, which essentially manages without external energy and external heat input, and on the other Also, the reactor gases are already cooled to the gas outlet, so that the downstream of the reactor cooling costs significantly reduced or possibly even completely eliminated.

Due to the fact that the air supply takes place only in the lower reactor region which adjoins the allothermal gasification zone and forms an autothermal gasification zone, the temperature of the gas can be adjusted to a desired level there, for example to at least 1050 ° C., which in turn results in the tars contained in the gas can be cracked.

In connection with the solution according to the invention, the gas is thus heated again after the pyrolysis in order to crack the tars. The resulting hot gases are then advantageously cooled when flowing through the annular gap, wherein the heat extracted for heating, pyrolysis and reduction of the fuel is used in the muffle tube, as has already been explained above.

With such a construction, a reactor is provided, which also ensures a higher fuel flexibility at higher water content and is also insensitive to a certain fines. In addition, this results in a better scalability of the reactor, as well as a higher cold gas efficiency.

Although, in this case, a ring-shaped annular area extending all the way round the upper muffle tube area is advantageous in order to obtain a uniform heat input from all sides into the upper muffle tube area forming an allothermal gasification zone, it is basically also conceivable that the annular gap does not completely surround the muffle tube runs, but for example, the muffle tube rests on the associated muffle tube housing in a system connection, so that then just no completely circumferential annular gap is formed.

In the, preferably completely around the muffle tube or the upper Muffelrohrbereich circumferential annular gap at least one flow guide is preferably arranged so that the gas flowing into the annular gap a turbulent flow is impressed, resulting in a better heat transfer into the muffle tube inside. In particular, in connection with an annular gap which completely surrounds the upper muffle tube region, an embodiment is advantageous in which the at least one flow-guiding element is formed by a gas-conducting spiral spiraling at least partially and / or at least in sections in the annular gap at least around a subregion of the upper muffle tube region. Particularly preferred in this connection is a gas-conducting spiral which extends over the entire annular gap and / or upper muffle tube region. Such a gas-conducting spiral advantageously produces an excellent uniformity Heat transfer over the entire Muffelrohrumfang and over the entire Muffelrohrlänge, which has a particularly advantageous effect on the reliability of drying, pyrolysis and reduction in the allothermal gasification zone of the upper Muffelrohrbereichs.

The gas-conducting spiral can be firmly connected, for example, to an outer wall region of the muffle tube, in particular of the upper muffle tube region. However, an embodiment in which the Gasleitspirale is arranged by a stationary in the annular gap, in particular connected to the muffle housing or connected, component is formed, so that the muffle tube, in particular for cleaning and inspection work, relative to the Gasleitspirale displaced or rotatable is. Alternatively, however, the gas-conducting spiral can also be connected directly or indirectly to the grate, in particular be connected to a rotatably mounted grate and thus even be moved, for example, via the grate preferably arranged on the bottom side. For this purpose, a non-positive connection to the grid is required, a connection to the outer wall region of the muffle tube or housing is omitted in this case.

A particularly stable and inherently rigid configuration of the gas-conducting spiral is achieved in that in the direction of extension adjacent helix regions of the gas-conducting spiral are partially stiffened by supporting elements spaced apart from one another in the helical direction. These support elements may be formed, for example, by support rods having defined low flow resistance. The spacing can preferably be such that the individual support elements or support rods are also at least partially circumferentially offset from each other.

It is understood that preferably the entire reactor is provided with a thermal insulation, which is preferably formed as an outer insulation, for example of a ceramic layer and a rock wool layer. With such a thermal insulation is ensured in a simple and reliable manner that the heat is maintained in the reactor, for example in the region of the allothermal gasification zone.

According to a further particularly preferred embodiment, the muffle housing, preferably in the region of the upper end of the muffle tube, has at least one gas outlet opening opening into the annular gap. This ensures that the useful gas is withdrawn from the reactor only after complete flow through the annular gap and thus after the desired heat release to the upper Muffelrohrbereich. Optionally, however, it is also possible to provide a plurality of gas outlet openings arranged at different heights along the annular gap, for example for producing a gas mixture having a specific temperature.

The muffle housing preferably has a head-side reactor opening, via which the muffle tube can be inserted into the interior of the reactor. The muffle tube can then be suspended and fixed to the muffle housing with at least one muffle tube-side fastening device, for example with a muffle tube flange. This ensures in a simple manner that the muffle tube is a simple from the reactor on or to be removed component, which is for example particularly in cleaning or inspection work of advantage. The head-side reactor opening is then preferably closed by means of a, preferably provided with a thermal head part, in which the biomass dosing, which is formed for example by a metering screw, opens. Particularly preferred in this case is such a determination of the head part of the muffle housing, wherein the head part by means of a Kopfteilflansches under jamming of Muffelrohrflansches is fixed to a mounting flange of the muffle housing. The advantage of this definition is, in particular, that here at the same time the head part and the muffle tube by means of a single flange connection can be set reliably in or on the reactor. In particular, in the event that a Gasleitspirale formed by a separate component is provided, then the definition of Gasleitspirale can be done in this area. With such a construction, it is also possible to ensure in a simple manner that the metered addition of the fuels takes place directly into the muffle tube and thus the desired fuel layer is formed therein. Another advantage of this structure just described is that here then, for example, the headboard can be made on the inside wall side of a different material than the muffle tube itself, which increases the design flexibility.

As an alternative to this concrete embodiment just described, however, provision can also be made for the muffle housing to have an upper or head-side reactor opening through which the muffle tube can be inserted into the interior of the reactor, wherein the muffle tube projects beyond the head-side reactor opening with an upper muffle pipe end, preferably in the same way in that the upper end of the muffle tube projecting beyond the head-side reactor opening is accommodated in a head part, preferably provided with thermal insulation, by means of which the head-side reactor opening can be closed and into which the fuel metering device, preferably a metering screw, opens. Again, then the head part can be fixed by means of a Kopfteilflansches on a mounting flange of the muffle housing, which ensures a stable and reliable and easy to manufacture connection.

In addition, in such a construction, in which the muffle tube with a head end or upper reactor opening superior Muffelrohrende is received in a head portion into which the fuel metering device, ensures that the metered fuel in a simple and reliable manner directly into the desired Area of the muffle tube passes. Alternatively, however, it can also be provided that the muffle tube projects beyond the head-side reactor opening with an upper muffle tube end such that the fuel metering device, preferably a metering screw, opens directly into the upper muffle tube end projecting above the head-side reactor opening.

According to a further particularly preferred embodiment, the lower muffle tube end is guided in the lower reactor area into the region of the bottom side grate and there, that is surrounded in the interior of the lower reactor area of a reaction chamber into which opens the muffelgehäuseseitige annular gap and in the, the lower muffle tube leaving gas, preferably with deflection around the lower muffle tube end, flows in before it flows over into the annular gap.

With such a trained reaction space in the lower reactor area, the formation of an autothermal gasification zone is made possible in a simple manner, in which the Nutzgase can be oxidized by appropriately controlled or regulated air supply in the desired manner. As stated previously, the achievable in this reaction chamber high temperature of 1050 ° C and more brings with it the advantage that there the tars can be reliably cracked in the gas.

According to a particularly preferred development and further development, the reaction space formed in the lower reactor region has a broadening in a upper reaction space region, ie in the transition region to the annular gap in the vertical axis direction, in particular a widening which widens conically upwards in the direction of the muffle housing. As a result, the flow velocity of the gas is reduced and thus a partial separation occurs, as a result of which a gas stream laden with fewer particles flows into the annular gap of the muffle housing.

According to a preferred embodiment, the air supply device is designed such that air (as described above, is representative of any suitable gasification agent) can be introduced into the reaction space surrounding the muffle tube end. This can be done according to a first embodiment, for example, such that by means of the air supply a circumferentially distributed air supply via a plurality of spaced apart in the circumferential direction of the reaction space air inlet openings or air nozzles in the reaction space, in particular in the region of broadening takes place. Such a targeted introduction of air into the reaction space, in particular in the upper area of the reaction space near the annular gap, makes it possible to keep the temperature in this area very high in order to achieve the desired cracking of the tars. Alternatively or additionally, however, the air or the gasification agent can also be supplied to the grate via the air supply device.

The grate, which is preferably arranged on the bottom side in the lower reactor region, has a grate plate rotatably drivable by means of a grate drive, preferably with a grate cone projecting upwards in the direction of the muffle tube, the grate plate being mounted and / or arranged in a grate casing connectable to the lower reactor region. Particularly preferably, peripherally spaced distribution elements, in particular in the form of distribution rods, are disposed on the edge of the grate plate, by means of which the carbon remaining on the grate plate can be evenly distributed in the lower reactor region. In the event that the distribution elements are formed by distribution rods, it is preferably provided that the distribution rods protrude away from the grate plate around the lower muffle tube end up into the reaction space.

Furthermore, the grate preferably has an air supply device, by means of which the grate region air (here too the term air is representative of any suitable gasification agent) can be supplied on the rust side in order to ensure ash combustion. In addition, heat and carbon dioxide are advantageously produced for the autothermal gasification zone.

Furthermore, the grate can also be coupled to an ash discharge device or have such, by means of which the ash can then be removed from the grate.

Furthermore, at least one stirring and / or mixing device can be arranged in the muffle tube. This at least one stirring and / or mixing device is preferably arranged within the muffle tube in the region above the grate or above a grate cone and thus in the region of the lower muffle tube end. The stirring and / or mixing device is preferably elongated or cylinder-like, for example in the manner of a tower, formed, and may be designed basically arbitrary on the outer circumference, for example round, oval or angular. Furthermore, from the at least one stirring and / or mixing device protrude at least one stirring element, for example, project rod-like at least one stirring rod. The at least one mixing and / or stirring device is rotationally drivable by means of a suitable drive, preferably at intervals or at predetermined times. For example, the rotary drive from above through the muffle tube and thus done from the reactor head ago or from the bottom of the grate side. In the latter case, the stirring and / or mixing device is then preferably rotatably connected to the already already preferably rotationally driven grate plate of a grate or with the grate cone, so that at least one mixing and / or stirring device is simultaneously actuated or rotated during rotation of the grate plate is rotated.

The upper reactor area designed as a muffle housing and the lower reactor area adjoining it downwards can basically be formed essentially of the same material and / or in one piece. In particular, with regard to the simple replacement of components or the simplification of cleaning and inspection work, it is advantageous that the muffle housing is formed by a separate component by means of at least one fastening device, preferably by means of a flange, with which form a reactor housing lower reactor area is connected. Particularly preferably, it may be provided that the reactor housing has a muffle tube receiving opening, through which the lower muffle tube end projects into the lower reactor area formed by the reactor housing. Furthermore, this reactor housing can have a bottom-side grate receiving opening, via which the grate can be used on the bottom side in the lower reactor area and can be arranged in the area below the lower muffle tube end. With such a design of the reactor housing, the individual components can be assembled easily modular and also replace or disassemble.

According to a particularly preferred specific embodiment, it is provided that the reactor housing has an inner lining with an outer insulation surrounding it also in the region of the flange connection between muffle housing and reactor housing, in such a way that the Flanschverschraubung between the reactor housing and muffle housing in the cold area outside the reactor housing heat insulation , As a result, there is no significant heat conduction to the outside in this connection region and thus the screw connections are not hot.

The method according to the invention proposes a method for gasifying fuels, in particular biomass, by means of a reactor in which the fuel to be gasified is heated in the upper muffle tube region forming an allothermic gasification zone, at least partially by means of the gas flowing to the gas outlet via the muffle housing-side annular gap. then pyrolyzed and then reduced. The term "at least partially" in this context means that the heating, pyrolysis and subsequent reduction of the fuel to be gasified in the upper Muffelrohrbereich can be done both completely and only partially through the gas flowing through the annular gap to the gas outlet hot gas. The gas emerging from the muffle tube in the region of the lower end of the muffle tube then enters the ring-shaped annular gap and flows through the annular gap at least partially along the muffle tube or the upper muffle tube region and / or around the muffle tube region, as previously explained in detail is.

The advantages resulting from such process control according to the invention have already been described in detail in connection with the description of the reactor according to the invention, so that reference is made at this point to the statements made above.

Particularly preferred in this case is a process control in which the gas is deflected at the lower end of the muffle tube. Here, the remaining carbon is preferably distributed by means of circumferentially spaced distributing elements arranged on a grate plate of the grate, in particular upwardly projecting grate-side distributing rods, in the lower reactor region. If necessary, this is also possible without distribution bars, if the distance between muffle tube end and grate is increased. Here, too, the advantages that can be achieved have already been described in detail.

Furthermore, according to a particularly preferred process control according to the invention, it is proposed that an air feed in a lower reactor region forming a reaction space be controlled or controlled so that the gas leaving the lower reactor region and thus the autothermal gasification zone and flowing into the muffle housing-side annular gap has a temperature of at least 1,050 ° C has. In this context, it is preferably provided that the air supply takes place in an upper partial region, in particular in an upper widening region, of the reaction space, preferably by means of an edge air supply by means of a plurality of circumferentially spaced air inlet openings or air nozzles. Alternatively or additionally, the air or the However, gasification agents are also supplied via the air supply to the grate.

Furthermore, an ash supply in accordance with a particularly preferred process control provided an air supply in the region of the grate. Here, too, reference is made to the previously made statements with regard to the resulting advantages.

The invention will be explained in more detail with reference to a drawing.

Show it:

1 schematically a schematic sectional view of a reactor according to the invention, and

2 schematically an alternative flange connection of the muffle tube to the muffle housing.

In the 1 is a schematic sectional view of an exemplary embodiment of a reactor according to the invention 1 shown as the lower reactor area a reactor housing 2 which has a reaction space 3 partially delimiting inner lining 4 has and in the bottom side a rust 5 is recorded and arranged. The reactor housing 2 is also outside with a thermal insulation 6 Mistake.

The bottom side in the reaction space 3 of the reactor housing 2 arranged rust 5 has one by means of a rust drive 7 rotatably driven grate plate 8th with one of this upwards in the vertical direction z projecting grate cone 9 on, with the grate plate 8th in one with the reactor housing 2 connected grate housing 10 is stored.

On the edge are on the grate plate 8th a plurality of circumferentially spaced distribution rods 11 arranged by the grate plate 8th way up in the reaction room 3 protrude.

On the rust housing 10 opens an air supply line 12 , by means of the air 13 or any other suitable gasification agent in the area of the grate 5 can be supplied to ensure there in particular ash ash.

Furthermore, on the grate housing 10 nor an ash discharge device shown here only schematically 14 stored or arranged by the ashes 15 from the rust 5 can be removed.

The reactor housing 2 also has a muffle tube receiving opening in a housing region in the vertical axis direction z 16 on, over a here preferred and exemplary cylindrical muffle tube 17 with a lower muffle tube end 18 into the area of the rust cone 9 and thus the bottom side rust 5 is guided, wherein the distribution bars 11 spaced around the lower muffle tube end 18 are arranged around.

The muffle tube 17 is with a z axis in the direction of the upper muffle tube area 19 , forming one in the reaction space 3 and thus the reactor housing 2 opening annular gap 20 , in one, a muffle housing 21 forming upper reactor region of the reactor 1 added.

Also this muffle housing 21 , which here has an exemplary cylindrical shape, is with a thermal insulation 6 surround.

The muffle housing 21 is with the reactor housing 2 by means of a flange connection shown here only extremely schematically 22 connected, as, from the 1 clearly visible, the screws 23 this flange connection 22 outside the insulation 6 lie, and thus in a cool and easily accessible area of the reactor 1 lie.

The annular gap 20 that is here as completely around the muffle tube 17 circumferential annular gap is formed, opens in the muffle tube receiving opening 16 in the reactor housing 2 or in the reaction space 3 a, causing the reaction in the room 3 ultimately accumulating gases in the annular gap 20 inflow and along the muffle tube 17 or in particular the upper muffle tube area 19 to a preferred head on the muffle housing 21 arranged gas outlet 24 can flow.

The reaction space 3 of the reactor housing 2 has an example in an upper reaction space area up here towards muffle housing 21 conically widening broadening 25 which are approximately from the top of the distribution bars 11 starting in the area of the inner lining 4 up to a trained here as edge air supply air supply 26 steadily widened. This, with reference to the reaction space 3 , upper air supply 26 consists, for example, of a second air supply line formed by way of example here as a ring line 27 , Starting from the air (or any other suitable gasification agent) over a plurality of each other in the circumferential direction of the reaction space 3 spaced air nozzles 28 controlled or regulated by means of a control and / or regulating device not shown in detail in the reaction chamber 3 can be used. It is understood that by means of this control and / or regulating device or by means of a separate control and / or regulating device, the supply of air or the gasification agent via the first air supply line 12 in the area of the grate 5 can be controlled or regulated to for the autothermal gasification zone forming reaction space 3 to be able to achieve a suitable air and thus temperature management.

Like this one 1 can be taken further, is in the range of the annular gap 20 a gas-conducting spiral 29 arranged, for example, with neither the muffle housing 21 still with the muffle tube 17 but is an independent, separate component, which is for example held in the manner described in more detail below in or on the reactor, for example on the grid 5 , In principle, however, this Gasleitspirale 29 also with the muffle tube 17 and / or with the inner wall region of the muffle housing 21 be connected at least partially.

This gas-conducting spiral 29 extends here essentially over the entire muffle housing 21 recorded upper muffle tube area 19 to the head of the muffle housing 21 arranged gas outlet 24 , which ensures that the from the reactor housing 2 or the reaction space 3 in the annular gap 20 inflowing hot gas having a temperature of preferably greater than 1050 ° C, a sufficiently long flow contact with the muffle tube 17 in the upper muffle tube area 19 having. This in particular also for setting a turbulent flow along the muffle tube 17 to the gas outlet opening 24 such that a sufficiently high heat transfer between the hot gas and the upper muffle tube region forming an allothermal gasification zone 19 in which the fuel, not shown here, to be gasified as a fuel layer in the area above the grate cone 9 is taken, is ensured.

Like this one 1 can be further removed, are in the direction of extension adjacent helix regions 30 the gas-conducting spiral 29 partially by mutually spaced apart in the helical direction support rods 31 , which have a defined low flow resistance stiffened.

I'm in the 1 embodiment shown has the muffle housing 21 an upper reactor opening 32 on, over the muffle tube in the muffle housing 21 and thus can be used in the reactor interior, wherein the muffle tube 17 with a the upper reactor opening 32 towering upper muffle tube end 33 in a likewise with a thermal insulation 6 provided headboard 34 is received, by means of which the upper reactor opening 32 is closable.

In this headboard 34 opens one as a metering screw 35 trained fuel metering device, via which, for example, in turn regulated or controlled by means of the control and / or regulating device, not shown here, a defined amount of fuel 36 at predetermined times in a predetermined amount in the reactor interior of the reactor 1 can be introduced to form the muffle tube side to be gasified fuel layer.

The headboard 34 is again with an external flange connection 37 with the muffle housing 21 connected, with the headboard 34 also an upper lid 38 may be arranged, which closes a headboard-side access opening, via which an access to the mouth region of the metering screw 35 is possible.

With such a modular reactor 1 can at a distance of the head part 34 the muffle tube 17 together with this simply from the muffle housing 21 be removed. Next is after removal of the muffle housing 21 and / or the rust housing 10 also a very good access to the reaction space 3 of the reactor housing 2 possible. This results in particular in terms of maintenance and inspection work considerable flexibility, the overall to a maintenance and user-friendly reactor 1 without compromising the necessary security measures.

The formed by a separate component Gasleitspirale 29 can do this in the area of the flange connection 37 between headboard 34 and muffle housing 21 be set or possibly also be connected directly to the headboard. Likewise, the gas-conducting spiral could 29 but also with the rust 5 or the grate cone 9 be connected.

Alternatively to the above-described embodiment of the upper Muffelrohrendes 33 in the headboard 34 is received or that the inner wall of the head part 34 forms, but can also be provided that the upper muffle tube end 33 itself forms the head part or, as only very schematically in the 2 shown is that the muffle tube 17 not up to the headboard 34 is guided, but by means of a Muffelrohrflansches 39 on a mounting flange area 40 of the muffle housing 21 is fixed, preferably in such a way that the Muffelrohrflansch 39 between the mounting flange area 40 of the muffle housing 21 and a header flange 41 of the headboard 34 is jammed. In conjunction with such an embodiment can then be formed for example by a separate component Gasleitspirale 29 also be set in the area of this flange connection, which is in the 2 is shown only schematically and dashed. In conjunction with this in the 2 embodiment shown should also be mentioned that in such a separate embodiment of the head part 34 on the one hand and the muffle tube 17 On the other hand, no steps or edges arise, the metered addition of the fuel to be gasified in the muffle tube 17 affect it. Preferred here is, as in the 2 shown schematically, a in the vertical axis direction or extension direction of the muffle tube 17 seen smooth transition between muffle tube 17 and headboard inner wall. However, particularly preferred is an embodiment in which the head part 34 slightly smaller in diameter than the muffle tube 17 ,

With a reactor constructed in this way 1 is achieved that the fuel to be gasified in the allothermal gasification zone forming upper muffle tube area 19 at least partially by means of the annular gap on the muffle housing side 20 to the gas outlet or to the gas outlet opening 24 dried or heated, then pyrolyzed and then reduced, wherein the reduction is carried out with steam from the drying or heating zone.

At the bottom of the muffle tube 18 the gas is then deflected upwards and the remaining carbon with the distribution bars 11 evenly in the rust-side region of the reaction space 3 of the reactor housing 2 distributed while being over the grate 5 Air or a corresponding gasification agent via the first air supply line 12 is fed to ensure ash combustion in the reactor. In addition to heat above all, carbon dioxide is produced for those in the reaction chamber 3 of the reactor housing 2 formed autothermal gasification zone, in the corresponding controlled or regulated by the control and / or regulating device so much air through the air supply 26 and with it the air nozzles 28 in the broadening area 25 the reaction space 3 is injected, that there raises the temperature of the gas to at least 1050 ° Celsius and thus thereby the tars contained in the gas, preferably substantially completely, can be cracked. The air supply required for this purpose can in principle but also exclusively via the first air supply 12 be accomplished.

The broadening 25 of the reaction space 3 In the annular gap near area also causes the deposition of particles from the gas, so that a particle-free to a certain extent hot gas into the annular gap 20 flows in and on his way along the muffle tube 17 upwards towards the gas outlet 24 under heat to the upper Muffelrohrbereich 19 cools.

As a result, it is achieved that relatively cool and pure raw gas 43 as useful gas from the reactor 1 deducted and can be supplied to a further utilization, in particular can be burned in a gas engine for power generation.

The temperature of the raw gas 43 can be in the range of about 250 ° Celsius, so that the required post-treatment effort is significantly reduced.

Next, in the muffle tube 17 an here elongated or cylindrical and designed in the manner of a tower agitator 44 be arranged, of the example here, several stirring rods 45 protrude. The agitator 44 here is an example with the rust cone 9 rotatably connected, so that when turning the grate plate 8th at the same time also the agitator 44 is operated or rotated. This makes it possible to achieve a good redistribution or mixing in the biomass to be gasified.

With the reactor according to the invention and with the process control according to the invention it can thus be ensured that all that is possible via the rust-side ash discharge device 14 is withdrawn, is also substantially completely burned out, so that the ash is less harmful to the environment and also the efficiency of the entire system is considerably increased.

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

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Cited patent literature

• DE 10037762 B4 [0007]

Claims (20)

Reactor ( 1 ) for the gasification of fuels, in particular of biomass, with a reactor interior, with at least one fuel metering device ( 35 ) for the metered addition of fuel to be gasified ( 36 ) in the reactor interior, with a in the reactor interior, preferably the bottom side, arranged grid ( 5 ), on which the metered into the reactor interior and to be gasified fuel ( 36 ) rests with at least one air supply device ( 12 . 26 ) for supplying air into the reactor interior, and with at least one gas outlet ( 24 ) for discharging the gas generated in the interior of the reactor from the interior of the reactor, characterized in that in the reactor interior above the grate ( 5 ), preferably extending in the vertical axis direction, muffle tube ( 17 ), in which the fuel to be gasified ( 36 ), that the muffle tube ( 17 ) with a lower, rust-side muffle tube end in the direction of the vertical axis ( 18 ) in an indirectly or directly with air from the at least one air supply device acted upon and formed as an autothermal gasification zone lower reactor area ( 2 ), in which the fuel to be gasified oxidizes, and that the muffle tube ( 17 ) with an upper muffle tube area in the direction of the vertical axis ( 19 ), forming one in the lower reactor area ( 2 ) opening annular gap ( 20 ), in one, a muffle housing ( 21 ) formed upper reactor area is taken in such a way that in the region of the lower muffle tube end ( 18 ) from the muffle tube ( 17 ) escaping gas into the muffle housing-side annular gap ( 20 ) and in the annular gap ( 20 ) with heat release at least partially along and / or around the upper muffle tube area ( 19 ) flows, so that it forms an allothermic gasification zone for heating, pyrolysis and reduction of the fuel to be gasified. Reactor according to claim 1, characterized in that in the annular gap ( 20 ) around the upper muffle tube area ( 19 ) at least one flow guide ( 29 ) is arranged, by means of which in the annular gap ( 20 ) inflowing gas is a turbulent flow aufprägbar. Reactor according to claim 2, characterized in that the at least one flow-guiding element is formed by an annular gap ( 20 ) at least partially and / or at least partially spirally spiraling around a portion of the upper muffle tube region Gasleitspirale ( 29 ) is formed, preferably by a along the entire annular gap ( 20 ) and / or upper muffle tube area ( 19 ) extending gas guide spiral ( 29 ) is formed. Reactor according to Claim 3, characterized in that the gas-conducting spiral ( 29 ) by a stationary in the annular gap ( 20 ), in particular with the muffle housing ( 21 ) connectable or connected, component is formed, so that the muffle tube ( 17 ) relative to the gas-conducting spiral ( 29 ) is displaceable and / or rotatable, or that the gas-conducting spiral ( 29 ) with the rust ( 5 ), in particular with a grate designed as a rotatable grate ( 5 ), connected is. Reactor according to claim 3 or 4, characterized in that in the direction of extension adjacent helix regions ( 30 ) of the gas-conducting spiral ( 29 ) in sections by mutually spaced in the helical direction supporting elements ( 31 ), preferably by a defined low flow resistance having support rods are stiffened. Reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the, preferably cylindrical, muffle housing ( 21 ) at least one opening into the annular gap gas outlet opening ( 24 ), preferably in such a way that at least one in the region of the upper end of the muffle tube opening into the annular gap gas outlet opening ( 24 ) is provided and / or that a plurality of arranged at different heights along the annular gap gas outlet openings are provided. Reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the muffle housing ( 21 ) a head-side reactor opening ( 32 ), over which the muffle tube ( 17 ) can be used in the reactor interior, wherein the muffle tube ( 17 ) with at least one muffle tube side fastening device ( 37 ), in particular with a muffle tube flange ( 39 ), on the muffle housing ( 21 ), in particular the head part ( 34 ) by means of a headboard flange with clamping of the Muffelrohrflansches ( 39 ) on a mounting flange area ( 40 ) of the muffle housing ( 21 ) and that the head-side reactor opening ( 32 ) by means of one, preferably with a thermal insulation ( 6 ), headboard ( 34 ) into which the fuel metering device ( 35 ), preferably a metering screw, opens. Reactor according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the muffle housing ( 21 ) a head-side reactor opening ( 32 ), over which the muffle tube ( 17 ) can be used in the reactor interior, wherein the muffle tube ( 17 ) the head-side reactor opening ( 32 ) with an upper muffle tube end ( 33 ) surmounted such that the fuel metering device ( 35 ), preferably a metering screw, directly into the head-side Reactor opening ( 32 ) superior upper muffle tube end ( 33 ) and / or that the head-side reactor opening ( 32 ) superior upper muffle tube end ( 33 ) in one, preferably with a thermal insulation ( 6 ), headboard ( 34 ), by means of which the head-side reactor opening ( 32 ) and in which the fuel metering device ( 35 ), preferably a metering screw, opens. Reactor according to claim 7 or 8, characterized in that the head part ( 34 ) is accessible by at least one coverable by means of a cover access opening. Reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the lower muffle tube end ( 18 ) in the lower reactor area ( 2 ) into the region of the preferably bottom-side rust ( 5 ) and from a reaction space ( 3 ) is surrounded, in which the muffelgehäuseseitige annular gap ( 20 ) and into which the, the lower muffle tube end ( 18 ) leaving gas, preferably with deflection around the lower muffle tube end ( 18 ) flows in before it enters the annular gap ( 20 ) overflowed. Reactor according to claim 10, characterized in that the reaction space ( 3 ) in a, in the direction of the upper axis of the upper reaction space a broadening ( 25 ), in particular an upward in the direction muffle housing ( 21 ) conically widening broadening ( 25 ), having. Reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the air supply device ( 12 . 26 ) is formed so that air in the lower Muffelrohrende ( 18 ) surrounding reaction space ( 3 ), in particular by means of the air supply device ( 26 ) a circumferentially distributed air supply over a plurality of each other in the circumferential direction of the reaction space ( 3 ) spaced air inlet openings ( 28 ) in the reaction space ( 3 ), preferably in the area of broadening ( 25 ), and / or by means of the air supply device ( 12 ) air can be supplied from the at least one part of the reaction space ( 3 ) overflowed. Reactor according to one of claims 10 to 12, characterized in that, preferably arranged on the bottom side in the lower reaction region, rust ( 5 ) one by means of a rust drive ( 7 ) rotatably drivable grate plate ( 8th ), preferably with one of this up towards muffle tube ( 17 ) projecting rust cone ( 9 ), wherein the grate plate ( 8th ) in one with the lower reactor area ( 2 ) connectable grate housing ( 10 ) is stored and / or arranged, and that edge of the grate plate ( 8th ) circumferentially spaced distribution elements ( 11 ), in particular distribution rods, are arranged, wherein it is preferably provided that the distribution rods from the grate plate ( 8th ) away around the lower muffle tube end ( 18 ) up into the reaction space ( 3 ) and / or that the rust ( 5 ) an air supply device ( 12 ), by means of which the grate area air ( 13 ) is fed on the rust side and / or that the rust ( 5 ) with an ash application device ( 14 ) is coupled or has such. Reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that in the muffle tube ( 17 ) at least one stirring and / or mixing device ( 44 ) is arranged, in particular in the region above the grate and / or in the region of the lower muffle tube end ( 18 ), wherein it is preferably provided that the at least one stirring and / or mixing device ( 44 ) is cylindrical and / or that of the at least one stirring and / or mixing device ( 44 ) at least one stirring element ( 45 ) protrudes. Reactor according to claim 14, characterized in that the at least one mixing and / or stirring device ( 44 ) is rotatably drivable by means of a drive, in particular in such a way that the at least one stirring and / or mixing device ( 44 ) with a rotary driven grate plate ( 8th ) of a grate ( 5 ), in particular with its rust cone ( 9 ), rotatably connected. Reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the muffle housing ( 21 ) is formed by a separate component, which by means of at least one fastening device ( 22 ), preferably by means of a flange connection, with the lower reactor region forming a reactor housing ( 2 ), wherein it is preferably provided that the reactor housing ( 2 ) a muffle tube receiving opening ( 16 ), through which the lower muffle tube end ( 18 ) in the through the reactor housing ( 2 ) projecting lower reactor area protrudes, and the reactor housing ( 2 ) has a bottom-side grate receiving opening, via which the grate can be used on the bottom side in the lower reactor housing area and in the area below the lower muffle tube end (FIG. 18 ) can be arranged. Reactor according to claim 16, characterized in that the reactor housing ( 2 ) an inner lining ( 4 ) with one of these also in the area of the flange connection ( 22 ) between muffle housing ( 21 ) and reactor housing ( 2 ) surrounding external insulation ( 6 ) in such a way that the flange screw connection ( 23 ) between reactor housing ( 2 ) and muffle housing ( 21 ) in the area outside the reactor-side thermal insulation ( 6 ) lies. Process for the gasification of fuels, in particular of biomass, by means of a reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that that the fuel to be gasified ( 36 ) in the upper muffle tube area to be formed (in an allothermic gasification zone) ( 19 ), at least partially by means of the annular gap on the mufflegehäuseseitigen ( 20 ) to the gas outlet ( 24 ) is heated, then pyrolyzed and then reduced, and that in the region of the lower muffle tube end ( 18 ) from the muffle tube ( 17 ) escaping gas into the muffle housing-side annular gap ( 20 ) and in the annular gap ( 20 ) with heat release to the muffle tube ( 17 ) or to the upper Muffelrohrbereich ( 19 ) at least partially along and / or around the upper muffle tube area ( 19 ) flows. A method according to claim 18, characterized in that the gas at the lower muffle tube end ( 18 ) is deflected, wherein it is preferably provided that the remaining carbon by means of circumferentially spaced on a grate plate ( 8th ) of the grate ( 5 ) arranged distribution elements ( 11 ), in particular upwardly projecting rosttellerseitiger distribution rods, in the lower reactor area ( 2 ) is distributed. A method according to claim 19, characterized in that an air supply in a reaction space ( 3 ) having lower reactor area ( 2 ) is controlled and / or regulated so that the lower reactor area ( 2 ) and thus the autothermal gasification zone leaving and in the muffle housing-side annular gap ( 20 ) has a temperature of at least 1050 ° Celsius, wherein it is preferably provided that the air supply takes place on the stainless side and / or that the air supply in an upper axis direction in the upper part, in particular in an upper broadening range, the reaction space ( 3 ), preferably by means of an edge air supply by means of a plurality of circumferentially spaced apart air inlet openings ( 28 ).

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