DE20023094U1 - Roof and facade shingle has carrier plate which extends over photovoltaic cell in at least one direction - Google Patents

Abstract

The shingle includes a transparent carrier plate (12) for a photovoltaic cell which is covered round each edge at least by the carrier plate (12). A covering for the photovoltaic cell is arranged on the side of the photovoltaic cell, opposite the carrier plate. The carrier plate extends over the photovoltaic cell in at least one direction.

Description

S:\IB5DUP\DUPANM\2 002 09\0207 0215-ALL0 9658.doc

Applicant:
Glaswerke Arnold GmbH & Co. KG Alfred-Klingele-Strasse

73630 Remshalden

General power of attorney: 3 . 4.5.No.1476/93AV

02070215

18.09.2002 ALA/KOJ

Title:

Roof and facade shingles Description

The invention relates to a roof and facade shingle comprising, in the assembled state, an external, transparent carrier plate for a photovoltaic cell, a photovoltaic cell whose outward-facing surface resting against the carrier plate is covered by the carrier plate at least flush with the edge (in a plan view), and a cover plate for the photovoltaic cell arranged on the roof or facade side, i.e. on the side of the photovoltaic cell opposite the carrier plate.

The photovoltaic cell always corresponds to the entire

Solar cell surface. This can, for example, consist of several solar cells when using (mono- or poly-) solar cells that are connected to one another via so-called contact strips. Thin-film solar cells can be connected to one another internally.

When covering or cladding roofs and facades with solar power modules, there is always the problem of weather protection or sealing against rain.

To cover roofs in particular and at the same time ensure that they are rainproof, it is known to screw standard solar modules onto a finished roof, as a so-called "roof-mounted solution". Another roof-integrated solution is solar power modules that are mounted on special sealing trays, which are usually made of plastic and then take on the actual sealing function.

The solar modules themselves do not form a rainproof surface. It is also known to stick solar power modules onto carrier plates or roof tiles. The roof is then covered with these roof tiles, thus creating a rainproof surface. One such system is the system from Atlantis Solar Systeme AG in Switzerland, which sells it under the name "Sunslate (R)".

The problem with all of these modules is that, in addition to manufacturing the solar modules, the step of integrating them into the tiles is also necessary. Furthermore, the known systems are complex to assemble and the wiring between the solar power modules is complex. It is particularly important to note that, since the wiring must be done before the solar power modules are attached to the roof, the solar power modules cannot be laid without voltage. In addition to the roofer, an electrician is often required for assembly.

In addition, roof shingles, such as those offered by Atlantis Solar Systeme AG, have the disadvantage that the prefabricated solar modules are arranged on the surface of conventional roof shingles, so that when laying them, i.e. covering a roof, gaps arise between the individual roof tiles or solar modules, into which water can flow or which have to be sealed separately. The roof tiles, e.g. Eternit panels, which are arranged below the solar modules, can be laid in a rainproof manner in the conventional way, but the solar modules arranged on them, which are raised above them, destroy the continuous surface from which water runs off without getting into grooves. In addition to the poorer drainage of rainwater, which is caused by mounting the solar power modules on the outside of the shingle, this also reduces the

Risk of contamination increased.

The invention is therefore based on the object of providing a roof and facade shingle which is mechanically and electrically easy to install, has low manufacturing costs and ensures rainproofness as well as good drainage properties for rainwater.

The invention solves this problem with a roof and facade shingle in which the transparent carrier plate projects beyond the photovoltaic cell in at least one direction to form an overlapping area with neighboring shingles. The carrier plate is connected to the photovoltaic cell, for example, via an adhesive connection or other common types of connection. It can be essentially flush with the photovoltaic cell on three side edges, while projecting beyond the photovoltaic cell in one direction. Flush should always be understood to mean an arrangement in which the carrier plate or the cover projects beyond the area covered with solar cells by a certain amount (approx. 10 to 30 mm) or a sealing edge in order to ensure tight encapsulation.

It is not necessary to use any additional protective films or covers apart from the carrier plate and the

roof-side covering. If the following only refers to roofs, this also applies to facades.

All types of crystalline solar modules and thin-film solar modules and finally all embedding techniques suitable for the production of photovoltaic modules, such as laminates with PVB, EVA and PU film as well as cast resin embedding, can be used as photovoltaic cells.

In thin-film solar modules, the CIS cell is particularly suitable as a front-side cell because with this type the active solar cell surface is on the front side (i.e. the side facing the sun) of the cover (e.g. a 3 mm thick glass pane). In this case, the active solar cell surface can be placed directly against the carrier plate. For other solar modules with an active surface on the back of the cover made of amorphous silicon, for example, an additional back plate is required in addition to the cover.

Such roof shingles are easy to install systems, especially since the photovoltaic cells are arranged on the side of the carrier plate facing away from the outside, whereby the carrier plate, which faces outwards alone and thus forms the roof surface or outside, has a continuous surface. This creates a flat surface of the roof.

or the facade. The photovoltaic cells are therefore located below the carrier plate in the covered roof and are protected by it.

In particular, it can be provided that in addition to the carrier plate, the cover, which is arranged on the roof side of the photovoltaic cell, i.e. on the side facing away from the carrier plate, also projects beyond the latter in at least one direction. The direction in which the cover plate and the carrier plate project beyond the photovoltaic cell are identical, and the carrier and cover plates can preferably be arranged in alignment.

Rectangular, but also essentially diamond-shaped shingle shapes are possible. With a rectangular basic shape of the shingle, it can be provided that the photovoltaic cell extends longitudinally over a maximum of 3/4, preferably a maximum of half, of the shingle. On the other three sides, the photovoltaic cell and carrier plate can be arranged flush one above the other.

When providing essentially diamond-shaped shingle shapes, it can be provided in particular that the photovoltaic cell is also diamond-shaped, but has a smaller edge length. In particular, it can be provided that the photovoltaic cell is fitted with one of its tips into a tip of the diamond-shaped shingle.

so that the carrier plate is flush with the photovoltaic cell at two edges and projects beyond the remaining two edges, i.e. the photovoltaic cell and carrier plate are flush with the edge in plan view at two side edges.

In particular, it can be provided that in a diamond-shaped shingle all angles are 90°.

The shingling is done from bottom to top for both rectangular and diamond-shaped shingles, with each row of shingles being offset from the next by half a shingle width. It can be provided that each row of shingles has the same number of shingles, or it can be provided that rows with fewer shingles alternate with rows with more shingles. The shingling is always done in such a way that the photovoltaic area of the shingle is not covered by the row of shingles above it and the shingles only overlap in the area of the transparent carrier plate.

The photovoltaic cells arranged underneath the support plates, i.e. on the side facing the roof, create a flat, continuous roof surface similar to that achieved with shingles using normal roof tiles.

It can be provided that the cover on the side of the photovoltaic cell opposite the carrier plate is formed by a film. The transparent carrier plate itself can consist in particular of glass, but carrier plates made of Plexiglas and other transparent materials are also conceivable. The cover can consist of both transparent and non-transparent materials.

To attach the roof or facade shingle, the shingle can be provided with a fastening means for attaching the shingle to a holding device arranged on a roof or facade. Bolts are particularly suitable as fastening means, but also hooks that engage behind corresponding projections, as well as clip elements. Alternatively, a hole in the shingle can be provided as a fastening means, through which a screw or bolt that is screwed into or engages in corresponding holding devices on the roof passes.

In particular, it can be provided that the fastening means is fixed to the carrier plate. The fastening means can preferably be located in the area of the carrier plate in which no photovoltaic cell is arranged. The fastening means can, for example, consist of a metal rail with hooks or clip connection elements, which

glued to a carrier glass pane.

The shingles also have electrical connections, whereby the connection of the electrical connections to the photovoltaic cells is made by means of contact strips, i.e. aluminum strips with a thickness of 0.1 mm, for example, inserted into the carrier or applied to the carrier. The contact strips are part of every shingle, regardless of whether thin-film cells or crystalline cells are used.

It is particularly advantageous if the mechanical fastening means or holding devices are combined with the electrical connections. This ensures that the shingles are electrically connected to one another and to the power grid when they are mechanically fixed to a roof or facade.

In particular, it can also be provided that the individual shingles themselves have both holes and bolts, whereby the bolts of one shingle can engage in the holes of one or more shingles below. The shingles can thus be automatically connected to form strands, provided that the mechanical fastening includes the electrical connections. It can also be provided that the shingles of one layer are connected to the shingles of the next layer.

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layer above it.

In particular, a suitably shaped mounting rail can be provided as a holding device, behind which the hooks of the shingles or the bolts of the shingles can engage. Both rotary plugs and clamp plugs as well as contact plates that are pressed against the corresponding contacts on the roof when the rail is locked in place can be used as electrical connections. To connect the solar modules, a counter contact is mounted in the mounting rail and one on the shingle. This can be done, for example, in the form of glued or laminated metal plates that are arranged in such a way that the module movement during assembly is compensated for by the corresponding flexibility or mobility of the contacts or counter contacts. Furthermore,
Plug/socket connections can be realized.

The invention further relates to a roof and facade cladding, in particular made of roof and facade shingles of the type described above, wherein the individual shingles are mechanically and/or electrically connected to one another to form strands. In particular, it can be provided that the shingles overlap in the area of the transparent carrier plate, whereby the area of the carrier plate which is occupied by the photovoltaic cell on the inside of the roof remains free.

As part of the roof and facade cladding, individual shingles can be connected in parallel or in series to form strands. Particularly when a series connection is planned, it can be advantageous if each row has the same number of shingles.

It can also be provided that cables (for a series connection) or double cables or two separate cables (for a parallel connection) are provided on the roof or on the facade, with one of the cables corresponding to plus or minus, to which the shingles are connected using clamping devices such as the so-called "branch clamps". The advantage of this is that the cables do not have to be cut in order to connect them. The cables for connecting the branch clamps can be laid loosely or fixed on the roof. Plugs (sockets) can already be clamped onto the cables so that the contact is made by inserting the socket (plug) that is attached to the shingle; in particular, the contact can be closed at the same time as the shingle is hung up.

Further advantages and features of the invention emerge from the remaining application documents.

Embodiments of the invention are shown in the drawing

This shows:

Figure 1 shows the structure of shingles according to the invention,

Figure 2 a roof covering with rectangular shingles in a plan view,

Figure 3 is a sectional side view according to Figure 2,

Figure 4 a roof covering with diamond-shaped shingles,

Figure 5 electrical and mechanical

Possibility of connecting a shingle,

Figure 6 an alternative electrical connection option,

Figure 7 shows another connection option,

Figure 8 shows another alternative electrical and mechanical connection option,

Figure 9 shows the mechanical fastening of shingles according to the invention,

Figure 10 an alternative mechanical fastening, Figure 11 a shingle module connected in parallel, Figure 12 a shingle module connected in series,

Figure 13 Connecting elements for connecting the individual shingles,

Figure 14 Connecting elements for connecting the individual shingles and

Figure 15 Electrical connection option for shingles according to the invention.

Figure 1 shows three different shingle structures in representations a, b and c. The same parts should be given the same reference numerals. A shows a shingle 10 with a carrier plate 12. A photovoltaic cell 14 in the form of a CIS module is connected to the carrier plate. A film 16, which can consist of hardened cast resin, for example, is arranged between the photovoltaic cell 14 and the carrier plate. The thin-film module 14 is attached to or applied to a cover 18, here a glass. The carrier plate 12 is flush with the cover and the photovoltaic cell 14 on three sides (some of which are not shown). In the direction of the arrow

» · 9 * 9 4t t · f. 9 •♦ » « » · · 9 · t

9 9 · · 9 # · · · 9 9 9 ft

14

it projects beyond the photovoltaic cell 14 and the cover. The carrier plate 12 points in the direction of the roof exterior 22 and forms the roof exterior, whereas the cover 18 is directed towards the roof or the facade 24.

B now shows an alternative shingle structure also consisting of a carrier plate 12, which points towards the outside 22. A film 16 is arranged between the carrier plate 12 and the photovoltaic cell 14. The photovoltaic cell 14 is a photovoltaic cell (solar cell surface) based on amorphous silicon or CdTe. The photovoltaic cell 14 is applied to the back of a carrier glass pane 15. Further towards the roof 24, the rear thin-film module is adjoined by a film 17, behind which a cover glass pane 18 is arranged.

Under c, another alternative shingle shape is shown using crystalline embedded solar modules, wherein the photovoltaic cell 14 is embedded and connected in cast resin layers 19 adjacent to the carrier plate 12 and the whole is protected from behind by a cover 18.

Figure 2 shows a schematic representation of one side of a roof 40, which is already partially covered with shingles 10. The shingles 10 are

••t t » · » · f »

••t·;··♦ t

rectangular shingles 10, which are essentially half equipped with photovoltaic cells 14. The exact length of the part of the carrier plate 12 without photovoltaic cell 14 is approximately 10 to 20% longer than the part of the carrier plate 12 with photovoltaic cell 14.

The roof covering is done using shingle technology in such a way that an overlap is achieved that in the end only the area of the shingles 10 equipped with photovoltaic cells 14 remains visible. The shingles 10 are also offset laterally from row to row by half a shingle width.

Mounting rails 42 are used for the roofing, which serve both for mechanical fastening and also accommodate the electrical contacts 44. The mounting rails 42 also have the task of compensating for unevenness in the substructure, which often occurs on old roofs 40. The contacts 44 between the shingle and the mounting rail 42 are closed when the shingles 10 are hung in the mounting rail 42. A cable guide (not shown) is integrated into the mounting rail 42. The mounting rail 42 itself is attached to the substructure, i.e. the roof rafters and roof battens (not shown).

In the edge areas, special edge pieces 46 are used,

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·

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to obtain a rectangular surface at the end. The corresponding contacts 44 in the mounting rail 42 are connected to an inverter 48 via cables.

Figure 3 shows such an arrangement in a sectional side view, with roof battens 50 attached to the roof rafters and the previously described mounting rails 42 attached to the roof battens 52. The shingles 10 are then hung in the mounting rails 42. The overlapping arrangement of the shingles can be clearly seen. In order to prevent the carrier plates made of glass from resting directly on one another, spacers 54, for example made of silicone or rubber, are arranged between the various shingles so that the shingles 10 do not rest directly on one another.

Figure 4 now shows a roof covering with essentially diamond-shaped shingles 60, whereby the individual shingle 60 is equipped with equilateral diamond-shaped solar modules 62, which nestle completely into the corner 68s of the carrier plate 68. The carrier plate 68 extends over the photovoltaic cell 62 on the two edges 62i and 62ii. On the other sides 62iii and 62iv, the carrier plate 68 is flush with the photovoltaic cell 62 in the top view. It can be clearly seen how the individual shingles 60 are arranged in an overlapping manner using the shingle technique. Along the edges 68i and 68ii

Sealing lips 70 are provided on the carrier plate 68 in order to further increase the rainproofness of the roof thus covered.

Figure 5 shows an electrical and mechanical connection and connection variant for rectangular shingles 10. Mounting rails 42 are attached to the roof batten 52, which have a substantially U-shaped cross-section, wherein the leg 42i of the mounting rail 42, with which it is attached to the roof batten 52, is longer than the opposite leg 42ii. On the longer leg 42ii, a nose 42n pointing in the direction of the leg 42ii is attached to its free end 42f.

Contacts, i.e. both a plus and a minus contact, are provided in the form of a glued-on metal plate 70 on the carrier plate 12 of a roof shingle 10. The metal plate 70 is located on the side S of the shingle 10 facing away from the roof. A hook 72 made of a metal material is glued onto the side D of the shingle 10 facing the roof. If the shingle 10 is now inserted into the mounting rail 42 along the arrow 74 as shown, it is pressed against the leg 42i of the mounting rail 42 by the rubber element 76. This ensures that the hook 72 engages securely behind the nose 42n. A spring-loaded counter-contact 78 is provided on the leg 42ii of the mounting rail 42, which is loaded by the inserted shingle 10 in such a way that it comes into contact with the contact 70 of the

shingle comes into contact. This ensures the electrical connection.

Figure 6 shows a substantially analogous electrical connection, with the mechanical connection being implemented identically. In the shingle 10 according to Figure 6, a contact plate 70 is arranged on the side S of the shingle 10 facing away from the roof and a contact plate 80 is arranged on the roof side D. These interact with spring-loaded counter-contacts 78 and 82 of the mounting rail 42 as soon as the shingle 10 has been pushed into the mounting rail 42. The shingle 10 cannot slip out of the mounting rail 42 by the rubber element 76, which presses the shingle 10 in the direction of the leg 42i of the mounting rail 42.

Figure 7 now shows a further electrical contact, whereby contacts 80 and 82 are only provided on the roof side D. The mechanical fixing is carried out as described in Figures 5 and 6.

Figure 8 shows a mechanical fastening of the shingle 10 to a mounting rail 42, which has an L-shaped cross section and is fastened to a roof batten 52. The shingle 10 has a fastening means in the form of a bolt 90, which passes through an opening 94 in the mounting rail 42 in the direction of arrow 92. By inserting the bolt

··· ···· • * • • • * • • • • · I · ··· • • I · ·
·· · ·■·· * ■

In addition to the mechanical fastening, the electrical contact is also closed in the opening 94 of the mounting rail 42.

For this purpose, an electrical contact is integrated in the retaining bolt 90 and the counter contact is included in the mounting rail.

Two further types of mechanical connection are shown in Figures 9 and 10, with the electrical connection corresponding to that shown in Figure 5.

Figure 9 shows a retaining rail 42 with a substantially U-shaped cross-section, wherein the leg 42i, i.e. the leg of the retaining rail 42 attached to the roof batten 52, is longer than the leg 42ii of the retaining rail facing away from the roof. The leg 42i of the retaining rail 42 has a hole 42b in the area in which it projects beyond the leg 42ii, which hole corresponds to a hole 10b in the shingle 10 when the shingle 10 is pushed into the retaining rail 42 and is aligned with it. When the shingle 10 is pushed into the retaining rail 42, a bolt 100 can be inserted through both holes and can be inserted into the roof batten 52 if necessary.

An alternative fastening method is shown in Figure 10, where the

Support rail 42 as described in Figures 5 to 7
The shingles, as well as the
Shingles according to Figure 9 have a hole 10b through which a pin 102 passes, the pin being screwed or inserted into the opening 10b. The pin 102 projects over the surface 10o of the shingle 10 on the roof side D of the shingle 10 and rests with this projecting piece 102Ü on the nose 42n of the mounting rail 42, so that the shingle 10 is held.

Figure 11 now shows shingles 10 from the back, in which shingles 10 have contact strips 110 consisting of
Aluminium threads are embedded. The contact strip 110a
represents the positive pole and the contact strip 110b represents the negative pole. The contact strips are connected to the shingle 10 via lines 112 with plugs 114 on one side and sockets 116 on the other side.
The individual shingles 10 arranged next to each other can thereby be connected laterally to each other,
by simply plugging them together. This creates a parallel connection of the individual shingles 10. Alternatively, the shingles 10 can be connected in series as shown in Figure 12, with the contact strip 110a being in contact with the plug 114 and the contact strip 110b being in contact with the socket 116.

In addition, interconnections of one above the other

lying shingles 10 in parallel or in row.

Figure 13 now shows a connection of the individual shingles by plugging them together sideways. This is a plug connection, as shown, for example, in Figures 11 and 12. In order to replace individual shingles 10 in the event of repairs, it can be provided that the plug connector is cut through and removed. To reconnect to a shingle 10, two half plug connector bolts 120 can then be used instead of a single plug connector bolt 118. These two plug connector bolts 120 (repair bolts) have a T-shaped cross-section at their mutually facing ends 120e. The repair bolts 120 are connected by means of clamping shells 122, which are placed on the T-shaped end pieces 120e from both sides and each have a U-shaped cross-section. The illustration e) shows a section along the line e-e through the illustration d). The clamping shells are pressed or melted on and thus reconnect the two repair plugs 120 to one another in such a way that the electrical connection between the individual shingles 10 is ensured.

Figure 14 now shows another contacting option using a rotary plug 130 and associated rotary bushing 140. The illustration a) shows the two parts rotary plug 130 and rotary bushing 140, whereby the

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* *· • • • ft fts · ft ft ft ft ft 4 ft ft • fts · · · · 1 ft ft ft ft · ft · · • • • ft ft •••ft t ft I ft ft ft ft ·· ft · · ft ft ·· • · ft ft I

Illustration b) shows the two contact parts still disengaged and attached to two shingles 10 and illustration c) shows the closed contact.

Both rotary plug 13 0 and rotary sleeve 14 0 have a rotary joint about an axis 132 or 142. The rotary plug has a projection 134 at its free end, which corresponds to an opening 144 in the rotary sleeve 140. The projection 134 is connected to the axis 132 for rotating the rotary plug 13 0 via a flexible connection 13 6. A similar flexible connection 146 connects the opening 144 arranged at the free end of the rotary sleeve 14 0 with the axis of rotation 142 of the rotary sleeve 140. These flexible connections 13 6 and 14 6 can be used to compensate for assembly and construction tolerances when making the connections.

Figure b now shows the arrangement of rotary connector 130 and

Rotary sleeve 140 on each shingle 10. To connect further shingles 10 with the two shingles 10 shown, further rotary plugs 13 0 and rotary sleeves 140 (not shown) are provided on the edges 10a and 10b. The contact is closed by turning the rotary plug 13 0 and rotary sleeve 14 0 towards each other about the rotation axes 132 and 142.

By using such special connectors, conventional standard substructures can be used, since the electrical connection technology on the solar power shingles 10

·

·

·

itself is integrated. Only a supply or discharge line to the area covered with the shingles 10 is required. The special plugs can be single-pole or multi-pole (for series or parallel connection). After the mechanical assembly of the shingles 10, they can be operated from the front side, namely through the gap 150 of a few millimeters remaining between the individual shingles 10. For this purpose, assembly holes 13 8 and 14 8 can be provided, into which the appropriate tool can be inserted.

The last figure 15 now provides for the connection of the shingles via double cables 160. The electrical contacts between the shingles 10 and the double cable 160 can be made in different ways, as shown in the illustrations A), B) and C). In none of the three examples is it necessary to cut the cables 160 to connect the plug (socket) to the cable 160.

Figure A) shows the use of branch terminals 162, which can be designed either twice with one pole or once with two poles and are attached to the shingle 10. During shingle installation, they are clamped onto the continuous double cable 160 attached to the substructure. The clamping screws (not shown) of the branch terminals 162 can be arranged in particular so that they pass through the butt joints 150 between the shingles.

10. Before or after mechanical assembly, the branch terminal 162 is attached to the cable 160 using these clamping screws. The distance between the individual terminals 162 can be slightly greater than the distance between the shingles 10 in order to accommodate tolerances, etc. The clamping screws of the branch terminals 162 have teeth which, when the screws are tightened, penetrate the cable insulation of the double cable 160 and thus establish contact.

Illustration B) shows a double cable 160 hanging loosely on the substructure (not shown) to which branch terminals 162 are attached. Before the mechanical assembly of the shingle, each branch terminal 162, which has a socket (not shown), is connected to a corresponding plug 164 attached to the shingle 10, thus establishing contact. In this variant, the connection is even easier to establish than in variant A), since the branch terminals 162 are already pre-assembled and only a simple plug connection needs to be established.

Illustration C) shows a variant in which the individual branch terminals 162 of the cable 160 are fixed to the substructure at the distance of the shingles 10. The spacing of the branch terminals 162 is such that when the shingles 10 are locked in place and thus mechanically fastened, the plug 164 attached to the shingles 10 automatically locks into the sockets of the branch terminal 162.

The contact in Figure 15 is made on the back of the shingles 10.

Claims (22)

1. Roof and facade shingle comprising a transparent carrier plate ( 12 ) for a photovoltaic cell ( 14 ) which, in the assembled state, forms the roof or facade surface and is covered on all sides by the carrier plate ( 12 ) at least flush with the edge, and a cover ( 18 ) for the photovoltaic cell ( 14 ) arranged on the side of the photovoltaic cell ( 14 ) opposite the carrier plate ( 12 ), wherein the carrier plate ( 12 ) projects beyond the photovoltaic cell ( 14 ) in at least one direction. 2. Roof and facade shingle according to claim 1, wherein the carrier plate ( 12 ) and the cover ( 18 ) project beyond the photovoltaic cell ( 14 ) in at least one direction. 3. Roof and facade shingle according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the carrier plate ( 12 ) and/or the cover ( 18 ) consists of glass. 4. Roof and facade shingle according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the shingle ( 10 ) has a rectangular basic shape. 5. Roof and facade shingle according to claim 4, wherein the photovoltaic cell ( 14 ) extends in the longitudinal direction at most over 3/4, preferably over less than half of the shingle ( 10 ). 6. Roof and facade shingle according to one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the shingle ( 60 ) has a substantially diamond-shaped basic form. 7. Roof and facade shingle according to claim 6, wherein the photovoltaic cell ( 62 ) is diamond-shaped and is fitted with its one tip ( 62 s) on the eaves side in the assembled state into a tip ( 68 s) of the shingle ( 60 ). 8. Roof and facade shingle according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the covering ( 18 ) is formed by a film. 9. Roof and facade shingle according to one of the preceding claims, wherein a fastening means ( 72 , 106 ) for fastening the shingle (10) to a holding device ( 42a , 42b ) arranged on a roof or a facade is provided on the shingle ( 10 ) , in particular on the carrier plate ( 12 ). 10. Roof and facade shingle according to one of the preceding claims, wherein hooks ( 72 ) or pins ( 102 ) or bolts ( 90 , 100 ) are provided as fastening means. 11. Roof and facade shingle according to one of the preceding claims, wherein electrical connections ( 70 , 78 , 80 , 82 , 114 , 116 , 130 , 140 ) are provided on the shingles ( 10 ), in particular on the carrier plate ( 12 ), which are connected to the photovoltaic cells ( 14 ) via contact strips ( 110 ). 12. Roof and facade shingle according to claim 10, wherein the electrical connections are integrated into the fastening means ( 90 ) and holding devices ( 94 ). 13. Roof and facade shingle according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the photovoltaic cell ( 14 ) is a thin-film module. 14. Roof and facade shingle according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the photovoltaic cell ( 14 ) is a front module. 15. Roof and facade cladding with a roof and facade shingle according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the individual shingles ( 10 ) are mechanically connected to one another and the carrier plates ( 12 ) of the shingles ( 10 ) overlap in their region projecting beyond the photovoltaic cells ( 14 ). 16. Roof and facade cladding according to claim 15, wherein the individual shingles ( 10 ) are electrically connected to one another to form strands. 17. Roof and facade cladding according to claim 15 or 16, wherein the individual shingles ( 10 ) can be connected in parallel or in series to form strands. 18. Roof and facade cladding according to one of claims 15 to 17, characterized in that the electrical connections ( 114 , 116 , 130 , 140 ) are arranged on the cover ( 18 ) or on the side of the carrier plate ( 12 ) facing the cover (18) and the electrical connections ( 114 , 116 , 130 , 140 ) can be connected from the outside of the roof or facade. 19. Roof and facade cladding according to one of claims 15 to 17, characterized in that the shingles ( 10 ) can be individually mounted and dismantled. 20. Roof and facade cladding according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the shingles ( 10 ) can be installed without voltage or current. 21. Roof and facade cladding according to one of the preceding claims, wherein cables ( 160 ) are provided on the roof or on the facade, to which the shingles ( 10 ) can be clamped by means of clamping devices ( 162 ). 22. Roof and facade cladding according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the holding device is a mounting rail ( 42 ) which cooperates with the roof or facade construction ( 50 , 52 ).