DE19845413A1 - Reflection interference microscope with structure corresponding to top illumination microscope, has ring aperture and illuminates specimen over defined region of aperture - Google Patents
Reflection interference microscope with structure corresponding to top illumination microscope, has ring aperture and illuminates specimen over defined region of apertureInfo
- Publication number
- DE19845413A1 DE19845413A1 DE1998145413 DE19845413A DE19845413A1 DE 19845413 A1 DE19845413 A1 DE 19845413A1 DE 1998145413 DE1998145413 DE 1998145413 DE 19845413 A DE19845413 A DE 19845413A DE 19845413 A1 DE19845413 A1 DE 19845413A1
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- aperture
- reflection interference
- microscope
- interference microscopy
- microscopy according
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B9/00—Measuring instruments characterised by the use of optical techniques
- G01B9/04—Measuring microscopes
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B21/00—Microscopes
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur lateral ortsaufgelösten Dickenmessung und Bestimmung der Mikrotopograhie von optischen Grenzflächen mittels Reflexions-Inter ferenz-Mikroskopie.Method and device for laterally spatially resolved thickness measurement and determination the microtopography of optical interfaces using reflection inter reference microscopy.
Reflexions-Interferenz-Mikroskopie ist eine optische Technik zur Untersuchung von planparallelen dünnen Schichten im Dickenbereich von einigen nm und mit einer lateralen Struktur von einigen µm. Zusätzlich kann die Mikrotopographie von beliebig geformten Grenzflächen bestimmt werden, solange die Dicke der Schicht einige µm und die lokale Neigung die Winkelauflösung der Reflexions-Interferenz-Mikroskopie nicht überschreitet.Reflection interference microscopy is an optical technique used to study plane-parallel thin layers in the thickness range of a few nm and with a lateral structure of a few µm. In addition, the microtopography of any shaped interfaces can be determined as long as the thickness of the layer is a few µm and the local tilt does not change the angular resolution of the reflection interference microscopy exceeds.
Nach den ersten Anwendungen von Reflexions-Interferenz-Mikroskopie im Bereich Zell-Adhäsion von Curtis (1964) wurde die Technik von Ploem (1975) grundlegend verbessert. Gingell und Todd (1979) veröffentlichten erste theoretische Ansätze, um die lateral aufgelösten Interferogramme quantitativ auszuwerten. Die theoretischen Modelle wurden von Kühner (Kühner und Sackmann, 1996) weiterentwickelt, um die quantitative Auswertung der Interferogramme zu verbessern. In der Praxis wird zur Kontraststeigerung die Antiflex-Technik nach Pluta (Pluta, 1989) eingesetzt. Dann wird diese Technik als Reflexions-Interferenz-Kontrast-Mikroskopie bezeichnet.After the first applications of reflection interference microscopy in the field Cell adhesion by Curtis (1964) became the technique of Ploem (1975) fundamental improved. Gingell and Todd (1979) published the first theoretical approaches to the quantitatively evaluate laterally resolved interferograms. The theoretical models were further developed by Kühner (Kühner and Sackmann, 1996) to the quantitative To improve evaluation of the interferograms. In practice it becomes Contrast enhancement used the Antiflex technique according to Pluta (Pluta, 1989). Then it will be this technique is called reflection-interference-contrast microscopy.
In den letzten Jahren wurde Reflexions-Interferenz-Mikroskopie intensiv genutzt, um die lokale Adhäsionsenergie und die elastischen Eigenschaften von Zellen oder Vesikeln zu messen (Verschueren, 1985; Rädler et. al. 1995; Albersdörfer et. al., 1997; Nardi et. al., 1997; Simson und Sackmann, 1998) oder die Dicke von ultradünnen Schichten zu bestimmen (Rädler und Sackmann, 1993). Eine große Bedeutung nimmt diese Technik bereits bei der Untersuchung von Rezeptor-Ligand-Wechselwirkungen (Anti gen-Antikörper) in biotechnologischen Anwendungen ein (z. B. Gritsch et. al. 1995). Dabei wird ein Rezeptor auf eine Oberfläche gebunden und das Bindungsverhalten verschiedener Liganden an diesen Rezeptor ermittelt. Mittels Reflexions-Interfe renz-Mikroskopie wird die Dickenzunahme der Ligandenschicht detektiert. Durch die zusätzliche laterale Auflösung dieser Technik ist es möglich bei entsprechend präparierten Proben mit einer Messung mehrere Reaktionen gleichzeitig zu verfolgen. Dadurch kann eine große Anzahl von Proben in kurzer Zeit untersucht werden. Außerdem ist es mit dieser Technik möglich Be- und Entnetzungsvorgänge zu untersuchen. Dabei wird sowohl die Kontaktlinie als auch der Kontaktwinkel zeitaufgelöst ermittelt (Wiegand et. al., 1998).In recent years, reflection interference microscopy has been used extensively the local adhesion energy and the elastic properties of cells or vesicles to be measured (Verschueren, 1985; Rädler et. al. 1995; Albersdörfer et. al., 1997; Nardi et. al., 1997; Simson and Sackmann, 1998) or the thickness of ultra-thin layers determine (Rädler and Sackmann, 1993). This technique is of great importance already when investigating receptor-ligand interactions (anti gene antibodies) in biotechnological applications (e.g. Gritsch et. al. 1995). Here a receptor is bound to a surface and the binding behavior different ligands to this receptor. By means of reflection interfe renz microscopy, the thickness increase of the ligand layer is detected. Through the additional lateral resolution of this technique is possible with appropriate prepared samples with one measurement to track several reactions simultaneously. This enables a large number of samples to be examined in a short time. Moreover With this technique it is possible to examine wetting and dewetting processes. Here both the contact line and the contact angle are determined in a time-resolved manner (Wiegand et. Al., 1998).
Weiterhin kann die Technik zur Oberflächen- und Werkstoffprüfung beliebiger Objekte eingesetzt werden. Voraussetzung hierfür sind, daß die Struktur der zu visualisierenden Grenzfläche innerhalb der Auflösungsgrenzen der Reflexions-Interferenz-Mikroskopie liegen, daß die Probe und die Referenzgrenzfläche ausreichend angenähert werden können und die Reflektivität der Referenzgrenzfläche an die der Probe ausreichend angepaßt werden kann.Furthermore, the technology for surface and material testing of any objects be used. The prerequisite for this is that the structure of the to be visualized Interface within the resolution limits of reflection interference microscopy lie that the sample and the reference interface are sufficiently approximated and the reflectivity of the reference interface to that of the sample is sufficient can be adjusted.
Die Bildentstehung beruht auf der Reflexion von Licht an unterschiedlichen optischen Grenzflächen der untersuchten Probe, das in der Bildebene interferiert. Durch Unterschiede in der optischen Weglänge entstehen die lateral aufgelösten Interferogramme. Die lokale Intensität bei monochromatischer Beleuchtung bzw. die Farbverteilung bei polychromatischer Beleuchtung enthält die Höheninformation der Interferogramme.Image formation is based on the reflection of light from different optical systems Interfaces of the examined sample that interferes in the image plane. By Differences in the optical path length result in the laterally resolved Interferograms. The local intensity with monochromatic lighting or the Color distribution with polychromatic lighting contains the height information of the Interferograms.
Sowohl die bisher verwendeten Mikroskop-Aufbauten, als auch die theoretischen Modelle basieren auf einer Beleuchtung der Probe mit einer Apertur, die kleiner oder gleich der Apertur des Mikroskopobjektivs ist. Dabei entsteht das Problem, daß das reflektierte Licht unter allen in der Beobachtungsapertur enthaltenen Winkel detektiert wird. Dadurch kommt es zur Überlagerung von interferierenden Strahlen, die unterschiedliche optische Weglängen aufweisen. Zusätzlich werden diese Strahlen wegen der unterschiedlichen Einfallswinkel mit unterschiedlichem Reflexionskoeffizienten reflektiert. Dies wirkt sich nachteilig in einer Reduktion der interferometrischen Information durch Mittelungseffekte aus. Hinzu kommt, daß die theoretischen Modelle, die die auftretenden Effekte korrekt berücksichtigen, sehr rechenintensiv sind. Beides limitiert den Einsatzbereich der Reflexions-In terferenz-Mikroskopie.Both the microscope structures used so far and the theoretical ones Models are based on illuminating the sample with an aperture that is smaller or smaller is equal to the aperture of the microscope objective. The problem arises that the reflected light is detected at all angles contained in the observation aperture becomes. This results in the interference of interfering rays have different optical path lengths. In addition, these rays because of the different angles of incidence with different Reflection coefficient reflected. This has an adverse effect in reducing the interferometric information by averaging effects. In addition, the theoretical models that correctly take into account the effects that occur, very much are computationally intensive. Both limit the area of application of the reflection-in interference microscopy.
Bei einem zur Zeit üblichen Aufbau für Reflexions-Interferenz-Mikroskopie werden die Einfallswinkel des eingestrahlten Lichts von der numerischen Apertur des Objektivs oder einer Aperturblende bestimmt und umfassen einen Bereich von 0°-50° zur Normalen der Probenoberfläche. Wird eine gute laterale Auflösung gewünscht, muß mit möglichst großen numerischen Aperturen gearbeitet werden.With a structure currently used for reflection interference microscopy, the Angle of incidence of the incident light from the numerical aperture of the lens or an aperture stop determined and cover a range of 0 ° -50 ° to the normal of the Sample surface. If a good lateral resolution is desired, it should be possible with large numerical apertures.
Beim Einsatz einer Ringblende als Aperturblende wird eine Einschränkung des
Einfallswinkels auf einen kleinen Bereich (z. B. 45°-50°) erreicht. Dadurch werden
verschiedene Vorteile erzielt:
When using a ring diaphragm as an aperture diaphragm, the angle of incidence is restricted to a small area (e.g. 45 ° -50 °). This has several advantages:
- - Die Dickenauflösung verbessert sich mit kleiner werdendem Bereich des Einfallswinkel. Besonders wichtig für die Untersuchung von Rezep tor-Ligand-Wechselwirkungen.- The thickness resolution improves as the area of the Angle of incidence. Particularly important for examining recipes Tor-ligand interactions.
- - Durch die Verwendung von großen Einfallswinkeln (zur Normalen) steigt die laterale Auflösung der Abbildung.- The use of large angles of incidence (to the normal) increases the lateral Resolution of the figure.
- - Bei der Detektion von geneigten (gekrümmten) Oberflächen wird der Winkelbereich der Neigung zur Oberfläche erweitert. Besonders wichtig für die Messung der lokalen Adhäsionsenergie und der elastischen Eigenschaften von Zellen oder Vesikeln. - When detecting inclined (curved) surfaces, the angular range the inclination to the surface expanded. Particularly important for the measurement of the local Adhesion energy and the elastic properties of cells or vesicles.
- - Durch den kleinen Bereich der Einfallswinkel kann die rechenintensive Integration entfallen oder deutlich eingeschränkt werden.- Due to the small area of the angle of incidence, the computationally intensive integration omitted or significantly restricted.
- - Durch die Variation des Bereichs der Einfallswinkel kann der Bereich senkrecht zur Oberfläche variiert werden, der noch aufgelöst werden soll.- By varying the range of the angles of incidence, the range can be perpendicular to Surface to be varied, which is still to be resolved.
Albersdörfer, A., Feder, T. und Sackmann, E. (1997). "Adhesion-Induced Domain
Formation by Interplay of Long-Range Repulsion and Short-Range Attraction Force: A
Model Membranc Study". Biophys. J. 73, 245.
Curtis, A. S. G. (1964). "The mechanism of adhesion of cells to glass. A study by
interference reflection microscopy" J. Cell. Biol. 20, 199-215.
Gingell, D., Todd, I. (1979). "Interference Reflection Microscopy: A Quantitative
Theory for Image Interpretation and its application to Cell-Substratum Separation
Measurement". Biophys. J. 26, 507-526.
Gritsch, S., Neumaier, K., Schmitt, L. und Tampé, R. (1995). "Engineered fusion
molecules at chelator lipid interfaces imaged by reflection interference contrast
microscopy (RICM)". Biosensors & Bioelectronics 10, 805-812.
Kühner, M. und Sackmann, E. (1996). "Ultrathin Hydrated Dextran Films Grafted on
Glass:
Preparation and Characterization of Structural, Viscous, and Elastic Properties by
Quantitative Microinterferometry". Langmuir 12, 4866-4876.
Nardi, J., Feder, T., Bruinsma, R. und Sackmann, E. (1997). "Electrostatic adhesion
between fluid membranes: phase separation and blistering". Europhys. Lett. 37, 371-376.
Ploem, J. S. (1975). "Reflection Contrast microscopy as a tool for investigation of the
attachment of living cells to a glass surface" in Mononuclear Phagocytes in Immunity,
Infection and Pathology. Auflage); Blackwell Scientific Publications: Oxford.
Pluta, M. (1989). "Advanccd Light Microscopy". Elsevier: Amsterdam.
Rädler, J. und Sackmann, E. (1993). "Imaging optical thicknesses and separation
distances of phospholipid vesicles at solid surfaces". J. Phys. France II3, 727-748.
Rädler, J., Strey, H. und Sackmann, E. (1995). "Phenomenology and Kinetics of Lipid
Bilayer Spreading on Hydrophilic Surfaces". Langmuir 11, 4539-4548.
Simson, R., Wallfarff, E., Faix, J., Niewöhner, J., Gerisch, G. und Sackmann, E. (1998).
"Membrane Bending Modulus and Adhesion Energy of Wild-Type and Mutant Cells of
dictyoselium Lacking Talin and Cortexillins". Biophys. J. 74, 514-522.
Verschueren, H. (1985). "Interference Reflection Microscopy in Cell Biology:
Methodology and Applications". J. Cell. Sci. 75, 279-301.
Wiegand, G., Jaworek, T., Wegner, G. und Sackmann, E. (1997). "Studies of structure
and local wetting properties on heterogeneous, micropatterned solid surfaces by
microinterferometry". J. Colloid Interface Sci. 196, 299-312.Albersdörfer, A., Feder, T. and Sackmann, E. (1997). "Adhesion-Induced Domain Formation by Interplay of Long-Range Repulsion and Short-Range Attraction Force: A Model Membranc Study". Biophys. J. 73, 245.
Curtis, ASG (1964). "The mechanism of adhesion of cells to glass. A study by interference reflection microscopy" J. Cell. Biol. 20, 199-215.
Gingell, D., Todd, I. (1979). "Interference Reflection Microscopy: A Quantitative Theory for Image Interpretation and its application to Cell-Substratum Separation Measurement". Biophys. J. 26, 507-526.
Gritsch, S., Neumaier, K., Schmitt, L. and Tampé, R. (1995). "Engineered fusion molecules at chelator lipid interfaces imaged by reflection interference contrast microscopy (RICM)". Biosensors & Bioelectronics 10, 805-812.
Kühner, M. and Sackmann, E. (1996). "Ultrathin Hydrated Dextran Films Grafted on Glass: Preparation and Characterization of Structural, Viscous, and Elastic Properties by Quantitative Microinterferometry". Langmuir 12, 4866-4876.
Nardi, J., Feder, T., Bruinsma, R. and Sackmann, E. (1997). "Electrostatic adhesion between fluid membranes: phase separation and blistering". Europhys. Lett. 37, 371-376.
Ploem, JS (1975). "Reflection Contrast microscopy as a tool for investigation of the attachment of living cells to a glass surface" in Mononuclear Phagocytes in Immunity, Infection and Pathology. Edition); Blackwell Scientific Publications: Oxford.
Pluta, M. (1989). "Advanccd Light Microscopy". Elsevier: Amsterdam.
Rädler, J. and Sackmann, E. (1993). "Imaging optical thicknesses and separation distances of phospholipid vesicles at solid surfaces". J. Phys. France II3, 727-748.
Rädler, J., Strey, H. and Sackmann, E. (1995). "Phenomenology and Kinetics of Lipid Bilayer Spreading on Hydrophilic Surfaces". Langmuir 11, 4539-4548.
Simson, R., Wallfarff, E., Faix, J., Niewöhner, J., Gerisch, G. and Sackmann, E. (1998). "Membrane Bending Modulus and Adhesion Energy of Wild-Type and Mutant Cells of dictyoselium Lacking Talin and Cortexillins". Biophys. J. 74, 514-522.
Verschueren, H. (1985). "Interference Reflection Microscopy in Cell Biology: Methodology and Applications". J. Cell. Sci. 75, 279-301.
Wiegand, G., Jaworek, T., Wegner, G. and Sackmann, E. (1997). "Studies of structure and local wetting properties on heterogeneous, micropatterned solid surfaces by microinterferometry". J. Colloid Interface Sci. 196, 299-312.
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Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4407569A (en) * | 1981-07-07 | 1983-10-04 | Carl Zeiss-Stiftung | Device for selectively available phase-contrast and relief observation in microscopes |
DE3409657A1 (en) * | 1984-03-16 | 1985-09-19 | Fa. Carl Zeiss, 7920 Heidenheim | Dark-field illumination system for microscopes |
EP0290733A1 (en) * | 1987-05-05 | 1988-11-17 | Leica Industrieverwaltung GmbH | Combined light and dark field direct illumination apparatus |
DE3810478A1 (en) * | 1987-06-01 | 1988-12-15 | Jenoptik Jena Gmbh | Simple contrast microscope |
EP0666999B1 (en) * | 1992-10-30 | 1998-01-21 | LEICA MIKROSKOPIE UND SYSTEME GmbH | Device for contrasting objects to be microscopically examined |
-
1998
- 1998-10-04 DE DE1998145413 patent/DE19845413A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4407569A (en) * | 1981-07-07 | 1983-10-04 | Carl Zeiss-Stiftung | Device for selectively available phase-contrast and relief observation in microscopes |
DE3409657A1 (en) * | 1984-03-16 | 1985-09-19 | Fa. Carl Zeiss, 7920 Heidenheim | Dark-field illumination system for microscopes |
EP0290733A1 (en) * | 1987-05-05 | 1988-11-17 | Leica Industrieverwaltung GmbH | Combined light and dark field direct illumination apparatus |
DE3810478A1 (en) * | 1987-06-01 | 1988-12-15 | Jenoptik Jena Gmbh | Simple contrast microscope |
EP0666999B1 (en) * | 1992-10-30 | 1998-01-21 | LEICA MIKROSKOPIE UND SYSTEME GmbH | Device for contrasting objects to be microscopically examined |
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