DE19514952A1 - Method for changing the function of a building envelope or one or more components of the building envelope - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates to a method for changing the Function of building envelopes with regard to light, air and / or heat transfer and passage, in particular for Change of this technical function in newly constructed External walls and / or roofs or parts of these as physical interfaces between the interior of the building and the building environment, the building envelopes with or without transparent, more or less heat-insulating outer Weather protection layer regulates light according to need and offer absorb and convert into heat and which the heat Passively or actively in the building envelope via carrier media move and save and / or out of the building envelope Let it move out to use elsewhere as needed  or to make it available for use at another time, and / or wherein the building envelopes have more or less light and / or let more or less air inside can, so that the climatic and optical conditions according to the need for use can be adjusted.

It is known that the shell of a building that made up Stone, glass, plastic, wood or other suitable Materials can be constructed as physical Interface between the interior and the outside environment of the building. The properties of the Building envelope quality and quantity of the passage Light, gas and heat through the building envelope.

It is also known to have transparent thermal insulation layers permeable to directed and diffuse solar radiation are on a dark painted wall surface of the To arrange the outer wall of a building. Due to the Much of the thermal resistance of the insulation material flows heat gained through the masonry inside and will delivered to the adjoining room with a time delay. These Heat can be used to heat the adjacent rooms in the Facade can be saved unregulated. Through her Permeability to solar radiation works with a transparent building facades such as a huge absorber. For interior regulation z. B. climate-dependent, electronically controlled blinds in the Facades. These allow overheating in summer protection and avoid heat loss in winter (DE 32 30 639 A1).

It is also a process for even Air conditioning of rooms in a building, especially in the transitional periods, proposed after  it is provided that on at least one facing the sun Side of the building that heat is absorbed Warmth to the parts of the building facing away from the sun transported and to them in the rooms located there is emitted, it being provided that the heat is cached. With the provided Device is on the sun-facing side of the Building a solar heat absorbing device arranged with thin lines in the Parts of the building facing away from the sun, heat issuing institutions is connected, in which Lines at least one circulation pump and at least one Heat storage is provided (DE 35 08 876 A1).

EP 0 455 184 A1 is already a solar heating module Conversion of solar radiation into thermal energy and for Use for heating and / or cooling a building proposed that can be used as a facade element is. This known solar heating module provides that on the side facing away from solar radiation a weatherproof transparent heating element Absorber is arranged with an absorber side Heat exchanger is connected to a room-side Heat exchangers and a storage via at least one inner flow line and an inner return line or inner channels are connected such that the heat transfer medium medium passive by gravity in the cycle of absorber side heat exchanger to room side Heat exchanger, from absorber to storage or from Storage to the room-side heat exchanger or vice versa is feasible.

All these known proposals have in common that the once by arranging the corresponding elements and the formation of the building envelope given predetermined properties  of the building envelope and the resulting Passage or transmission ratios in closed Areas essentially fixed and only by Mechanically or electromechanically moved closures from Openings such as blinds, shutters, flaps, windows, fans can be changed.

It is therefore an object of the invention to develop a new method of the type mentioned at the beginning, with which it is possible is the functional properties of a building envelope or to change their components so that a Adaptability to given supply needs with regard to Thermal energy, light, fresh air and. Like. is feasible. At the same time, it should be possible to use existing ones Make optimal use of resources.

This object is characterized by those in claim 1 Features resolved.

The key consideration of the method according to the invention consists in the fact that in the closed building envelope a cavity is formed, which preferably with liquid and gaseous media is fillable and the additionally a solid filling with a May contain insulation material, the insulation material is designed to be open-pored to or from the filled media to be able to flow through, too the properties of the insulation material to a certain extent influence. Through the fillability of gas, so for example air and a liquid medium for example water or another suitable The heat transfer medium is the heat transfer through the building envelope highly influenceable, the building envelope at the same time as heat storage and - with more transparent Training - can be used as a light filter. It is  possible, not only the desired property changes by manipulation such that, for example, gas is exchanged for water or vice versa, perform, but it is also possible to desired changes due to changes in fill level Use corresponding verticals of different heights Partitions and / or by vertical layering different media when using pressure-dependent Valves to perform the vertical chambers.

It is not only the K value of the building envelope or the respective component changed, but it changes possibly also the basic function, which consist in it can that the building envelope as purely geometric Limitation works or that it acts as thermal insulation or that it acts as a heat store. It is preferred Process used to determine the corresponding operating states of the Adjust building envelope, thereby reducing the use of existing Resources can be optimized. It is provided that the operating states of the building envelope, such as passive operation without media transport, gravity operation for the Close range, active transport of the media with auxiliary energy as well as frost and overheating protection, also shading and Ventilation, in building height sections and in building zones with regard to orientation and usage requirements by means of Exchange, levels and / or pressure differences of liquid and gaseous media of various physical properties, especially of water and Air, so hydropneumatic in building shell components be remotely controlled that different light through casualness, heat permeability, energy absorption skills, heat storage capabilities, heat transport properties properties, air permeability, moisture influences etc. adjust and thereby supply needs are covered.  

This enables all supply needs and all offers are optimally taken into account and exploited, the Use of the method also limited to parts of the building can be to optimally meet certain needs or offers use.

If it is provided that individual or all components the building envelope, which is a cavity inside have, which in the formation of the building envelope from the Components to a large common cavity can be connected or in individual, individual controllable cavities is divided in the cavity Contain thermal insulation material that can be manipulated accordingly is formed by introducing a liquid and / or a gaseous medium the effect of Insulation material are very strongly affected.

A facility for changing the function of a Building envelope or one or more components of the Building envelope, in particular to carry out the The inventive method is designed such that Components of the building envelope with changeable Properties, in particular through the exchange of Gas and liquid thermal insulation elements in heat storage elements are convertible.

With such a system, it is possible to build the components to control the building envelope individually or in groups, that an optimal supply of needs and use of Offers also in building height sections and in Building zones can be carried out separately.

According to a preferred embodiment, that at least one store contains colored liquid, those for shading and / or heat recovery in  transparent thermal insulation elements is pumped. This is it is possible on the one hand the incidence of light through the Building envelope directly and also the heat radiation inside to influence the building envelope.

In order to manipulate the introduced in a component or contained media to control the properties to be able to carry out optimally and in particular also Effects of the properties of different media (solid, liquid, gaseous) is optimal to use provided that outside in the facade and / or in the roof individually or in groups forming at least one Container is arranged, which on the outside as Absorber is formed inside, by equal height or different height partition walls, several Forms chambers that are connected at the top and bottom are, of which the outer one serves as a collector, at least a chamber with a lamellar, fiber or sponge-like open-pored thermal insulation material is filled and one after internal chamber as a heat exchanger to the wall or to the room, and the bottom and top connection to Connection to a system for hydropneumatic Has fillings, pressure increases and circulations. It is possible by influencing the Properties of the thermal insulation material and by layering of the media the differently desired properties to realize profiles of the component.

Depending on the selected function of the component, the heat stored there for immediate or later Use or heat is intercepted to them by discharge via a flowing medium to a building point where they either still used sensibly or easily in the area can be emitted.  

It is another inventive idea and task by Changes in static pressure in a fiction according to the system, remotely controlled in the component or in all Components of a building zone by means of a Flap the air layer in the distance between the transparent outer layer and the container above keep closed or the air layer for supply of the rooms open to the inside with preheated fresh air or to protect against overheating of the component open outside. In order to achieve operational security, even with non-controllable pressure deviations PX in the System for pressure levels P0 ± PX, P1 ± PX and P2 ± PX a clear damper position can be achieved.

An embodiment according to the invention is a two-part Flap consisting of a main flap and an intermediate flap and there are two directions of rotation and the torques changes and three operating positions occupies:

• - When the main flap is closed, the Intermediate flap the connection between the interior and the outside air. A weight or spring force holds it Flap against the low static pressure P0 ± PX des Container or the system closed.
• - To the first opening of the main flap until it stops only the torque around the first pivot point through the medium pressure P1 ± PX generated leverage times that longer lever arm greater than the torque of the constant weight or spring force times the shorter Lever arm. The flap remains without increasing the pressure in this position.  
• - To the second opening of the main flap in the opposite direction taking the intermediate flap the torque is over the second pivot point with the short lever arm only with the force from the higher static pressure P2 ± PX than the torque of the weight or spring force times that longer lever arm.

Depending on the design of the tank, the system pressure may vary forces on the piston, bellows or bulges Transfer valve mechanism. With undesirable overpressure by heating the media, e.g. B. Evaporation of the Water, all flaps open without central control outside for air cooling before the overpressure The system's safety valves open.

Further advantageous and expedient configurations and Further developments of the invention are in the subclaims featured.

Embodiments of the invention are as follows explained in more detail with reference to the drawings. Show it:

Fig. 1 in a purely schematic vertical sectional view of the function of a building shell according to the invention,

Fig. 2 in a purely schematic vertical sectional view of a part of a building with the building shell,

Fig. 3 is a schematic representation of a bullet as conditioning circuit for elements in a building envelope,

Fig. 4 shows an inventive device in a purely schematic representation,

Fig. 5 shows another embodiment of a device with a schematic functional representation,

Fig. 6 more in a vertical sectional view, a longitudinal sectional view and a horizontal sectional view of embodiments of a device,

FIGS. 7 and 8, further in a vertical sectional view of embodiments of the device,

Fig. 9 in a vertical sectional view, the arrangement of two embodiments of the component in a sloping roof, and

Fig. 10 to 12 are schematic representations of a valve for guiding air.

In Fig. 1, the basic idea of the invention with respect to the hydropneumatically variable facade elements or building shell is shown schematically. The function of the building envelope 10 as a physical boundary between the interior 11 of the building and the environment 12 is clear and also that the building envelope 10 creates a balance between the outside climate and the offers and needs inside, or influences them, depending on their specific properties . It therefore makes sense to adapt to the determined climatic conditions outside, in this case including all relevant sizes of light, air and temperature and to the determined offers and needs inside and to the determined conditions of the media in the building envelope 10 perform the control or manipulation of the media influencing the properties of the building envelope 10 .

The building envelope 10 forming devices 14, which may be transparent or opaque, a common cavity 13 can form in the building shell 10, which flows through the media and in the heating or cooling surfaces 15, projectile memory 16 o. The like. Is connected , as shown in Fig. 2 in a purely schematic partial cross-section of the building. The storey store 16 , which is integrated in the level control panels 17 , can be connected to heating or cooling systems or to other level control panels in other parts of the building.

In Fig. 3, the design of a system for a floor of a building is shown purely schematically. The components 14 of the building envelope 10 are connected to floor, wall and / or ceiling heating or cooling bodies 19 via short gravity lines 18 . In addition, the components 14 are connected via a two-pipe system 20 which can also be used for other purposes such as heating or cooling in the building, with reversible forward and return lines 21 , 22 and via an air line 23 for balancing pressure and level.

The storey or level control center 17 , which is itself connected via heat exchangers or directly to the other system of the building, has measuring, control and regulating devices, feed pumps 24 for pressure maintenance and level control, and circulation pumps 25 for heat transport. In addition, an expansion vessel 26 for various pressures, a level control reservoir 27 for water and gas filling and a heat exchange reservoir 28 for heat displacements in the building are provided, these three vessels 26 , 27 , 28 can also be combined in a compact design in one vessel.

In FIG. 4, an embodiment of the device is shown in the building envelope 10 30, in the opaque basic shape. It is a component 30 according to the invention, which is designed such that its properties with regard to heat transfer and heat storage capacity can be changed so that a conversion of solar radiation into thermal energy can take place and thus the component 30 for heat insulation, heat storage, heat transport and for heating and cooling of the building 10 can be used. For this purpose, the component 30 is to be arranged on the outside in a facade (not shown in FIG. 4) or in the roof individually or in groups forming a surface. Each component 30 consists of a container 31 , which is formed on the outside 31 a as an absorber 32 , is layered inwards by dividing walls 33 of the same height or different heights and thereby forms a plurality of chambers 34 a, b, c. The chambers 34 a, b, c are connected to one another at the top and bottom via connections 35 , the outer chamber 34 a serving as a collector 36 and at least one chamber 34 b being filled with a lamellar, fiber or sponge-like open-pored thermal insulation material 37 .

The inward chamber 34 c serves as a heat exchanger 38 to the wall or to the room. The container 31 is provided at the bottom and top with connecting pieces 39 , 40 for connection to a system for hydropneumatic fillings, pressure increases and circulations, not shown in the drawing. Check valves 41 are arranged behind the connecting pieces 39 , 40 , which close the container 31 at circulation pressure in the flow 21 ( FIG. 3), while other check valves open to the radiators 19 ( FIG. 3). It is also provided that mechanical transmitters 42 , which act on actuators 43 such as valves, flaps and / or blinds, are arranged on the container 31 or on the lines ( 18 , 21 , 22 , 39 , 40 ) to the container 31 which react to the internal pressure of the system act, which determine the passage of light, air and / or liquid in the component 30 .

The absorber surface 32 of the container 31 can either be smooth or it has a profile 45 , wherein metal inserts (not shown in the drawing) can also be provided for stabilization or heat conduction.

As shown in Fig. 5, may be also provided that, if necessary, on the absorber surface 32 45 spacers formed are formed on the profile, carrying a transparent heat-insulating layer 47 to form an air cushion in the spacing 46 between the insulation 47 and the absorber layer 32 . The space 46 between the transparent thermal insulation 47 and the absorber surface 32 is open at the bottom and can be opened at the top or the outside via an opening 48 .

The component 30 can be designed such that the container 31 is arranged outside in front of a more or less heat-storing space-limiting wall surface 49 , it also being possible for the container 31 to be transparent and itself to represent the space limitation and the outer layer. The partition walls 33 can also be transparent and one or more of the chambers 34 a, 34 b, 34 c can be filled with transparent thermal insulation 50 , which can be filled with liquid 51 or flowed through. ( Fig. 6). In Figs. 7, 8 and 9 further variants of the device 30 are shown, with like elements having the same reference numerals have been provided as above, so that reference is made to the preceding description. Here, it is provided, among other things, that 31 tab-like valve flaps are incorporated as a maintenance-free non-return valves 52 in the partition walls 33 of the container. In order to enable the use of the method and the different fill levels with liquid and gaseous media within the component 30 , it is provided that the height arrangement of the outer inflows and outflows 39 , 40 , 18 , 23, the inner separations and connections 33 in the component 30 , 35 is precisely staggered so that the level IX indicated in the drawing of the separation between the liquid and the gaseous medium allow different flow rates.

Levels I-X of the liquid medium in the Components regulate different functions of the Building envelope:

I Frost protection operation

In component 14 ; 30 or in the container 31 there is no liquid, no water; Convection of the gas in the container is possible, ie the thermal insulation is not optimal.

II thermal insulation operation

All chambers 34 are filled with gas or air, but the convection is interrupted by liquid at the bottom, the standing air gives the optimal thermal insulation.

III Passive and slow heat storage

The chambers 34 are filled with liquid, the convection is interrupted by the partition walls 33 and the gas cushion above, the heating or cooling of the medium is only possible by heat conduction, for. B. at night the heat buffer is retained for a long time.

IV, V Passive heat storage charge

In the case of solar heating, the liquid circulates through the gravity / convection over the front partition walls 33 and flows through the storage chambers 34 b.

VI Passive heat transfer to the room

The liquid ornamental from the collector chamber 34 a, 36 or from the storage chambers 34 b, 37 over the rear partition 33 into the heat transfer chamber 34 c, 38 and gives the heat to the adjacent interior or via the storage fixed wall 49 to the room from.

VII Group operation with space heaters and possibility for active operation with circulation pumps of the system

The containers 31 are filled with liquid beyond the connecting piece 40 , the liquid can circulate out of the container by gravity ( FIGS. 7, 8) or can be pumped as desired in connection with the system.

VIII partial shading and warming up in the transparent Component

The liquid partly fills the transparent container ( Fig. 6, Fig. 9) located above in the hydraulic connection and absorbs more or less of the incident light depending on the level and color of the liquid.

IX Full shading and heat recovery in the transparent component

The liquid is without circulation in the completely filled transparent container, although the liquid in the container below ( FIG. 6, FIG. 9) can be moved via the forward and return lines 21 , 22 or in gravity mode; the liquid heats up and reduces the passage of light over the entire surface.

X Shading and active operation

The transparent container is also filled with liquid via the connecting piece 40 and is hydraulically connected to the circulation lines or flow and return flow 21 , 22 , so that heat can be dissipated in the event of increased solar radiation.

In the embodiment shown in Fig. 10, 11 and 12, the idea is that by changing the static pressure in the system remotely controlled in the component or in all components of a building zone by means of a flap 54, the air layer at a distance 46 between the transparent outer layer 47 and to keep the container 31 closed at the top or to open the air layer 48 a to supply the rooms with preheated fresh air or to open it 48 b to protect against overheating of the component. In order to achieve operational safety, a clear damper position should also be achieved in the system for pressure levels P0 ± PX, P1 ± PX and P2 ± PX in the case of non-controllable pressure deviations PX.

The two-part flap consists of a main flap 54 a and an intermediate flap 54 b, the flap changing the directions of rotation and the torques around two pivot points 54 c, 54 d and taking up three operating positions:

• - When the main flap 54 a is closed, the intermediate flap 54 b closes the connection between the interior and the outside air. A weight or spring force 54 e keeps the flap closed against the low static pressure P0 ± PX of the container 31 or the system.
• - For the first opening 48 a of the main flap 54 a as far as it will go, only the torque about the first pivot point 54 c of the lever force generated by the medium-sized pressure P1 ± PX times the longer lever arm 54 f is greater than the torque of the constant weight or spring force 54 times the shorter lever arm 54 g. The valve remains in this position without a major increase in pressure.
• - To the second opening 48 b of the main flap 54 a in the opposite direction, taking the intermediate flap 54 b with it, the torque about the second pivot point 54 d with the short lever arm 54 i is greater than the torque only with the force from the higher static pressure P2 ± PX the weight or spring force 54 e times the longer lever arm 54 h.

Reference list

Building envelope 10
Interior 11
Environment 12
Cavity 13
Component 14 ; 30th
Heating or cooling surface 15
Storey store 16
Level control center 17
Lines 18
Heater or heat sink 19
Two-pipe system 20
Forward and reverse 21 , 22
Air line 23
Feed pump 24
Circulation pump 25
Expansion tank 26
Level memory 27
Heat exchange accumulator 28
Valves 29
Component 30
Container 31
Outside 31 a
Absorber 32
Partition 33
Chamber 34 a, 34 b, 34 c
Connection 35
Collector 36
Thermal insulation material 37
Heat exchanger 38
Connection piece 39 , 40
Swing check valves 41
mechanical transformer 42
Actuator 43
Material 44
Profiling 45
Distance 46
Outer layer 47
Opening 48
Opening / air inside 48 a
Opening / air to the outside 48 b
Wall surface 49
Transparent thermal insulation 50
Liquid 51
lobed valve flaps 52
Valves on chambers
depending on pressure 53
Flap 54
Main flap 54 a
Intermediate flap 54 b
Pivots 54 c, 54 d
Weight, spring force 54 e
Lever arms 54 f, 54 g, 54 h, 54 i
Appendix 100

Claims (22)

1.Procedure for changing the function of building envelopes with regard to light, air and / or heat transfer and passage, in particular for changing this technical function in newly constructed outer walls and / or roofs or parts thereof as physical interfaces between the building interior and the Building environment, where the building shells with or without a transparent, more or less heat-insulating outer weather protection layer regulate the absorption and conversion of light into heat as required and which move and store the heat passively or actively in the building shell and / or move it out of the building shell to make it available for use elsewhere or at a different time,
and / or wherein the building envelopes can let more or less light and / or more or less air into the interior so that the climatic and optical conditions in the interior can be adjusted according to the need for use,
characterized,
that in a building envelope layered at least partially in a new way with little solid storage mass, the layers with an effect on building physics are changed by using liquid and gaseous media by means of a hydropneumatic building technology system in at least one cavity, which forms a substantial volume between the inner and outer boundary materials of the building envelope Devices for measuring, controlling and regulating are manipulated in such a way that media with different properties are exchanged in the cavities, media levels are changed, pressures are changed and / or temperatures are changed or exchanged and these changes in the substances and energy potentials change the cavities change the physical properties of the entire building envelope and different operating states of the building envelope can be set, such as:

• a) either optimal thermal insulation operation or heat storage operation by the exchange of gaseous and liquid media with different properties in the building envelope, such as. B. A filling of water and removal of air or vice versa in cavities that contain non-closed porous thermal insulation materials, the thermal insulation properties and the heat storage properties of the building envelope are changed,
• b) operating states of the different mobility of the media, such as immovable, movable by gravity circulation or movable with circulation pumps of a building services system, by changing the precisely graded level in cavities with vertical subdivisions and / or in several cavities at a level of the building envelope, insofar as the cavities and / or subdivisions of the cavities are connected to one another and to the building services system at the bottom and above are only connected to fill levels for the overflowing or flowing through of the liquid that are precisely determined in height,

the speed of the heat spread and the location of the heat storage in the building envelope can be influenced with the mobility of the media,

• c) Operating states with different light or air passage from the outside or media passage in or to the cavities of the building envelope, controlled by the fact that different pressure levels generated centrally in the building's technical system control the static pressure of the media in the cavities and in the pipe connections of the building envelope overlay and trigger certain movements of components or actuators that allow light, outside air or heat transfer media to pass more or less,
• d) Operating states of the heating or cooling or the absorption or dissipation of heat inwards or outwards by subjecting the mass of the building envelope to temperatures above or below room temperature, by filling heat transfer media from central stores into the cavities of the building envelope or heat transfer media in the cavities be exchanged, whereby the heat is conducted under different temperature gradients in a proportion more or less but at the same time from the storage mass to the interior and the outside, from the outside to the storage mass and to the interior, from the inside to the storage mass and to the outside or vice versa.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized, that in if necessary translucent parts of the Building envelope that is translucent in the cavities Contain thermal insulation materials, through which more or less flooding with colored liquids optical and the heat absorbing properties of the  Building envelope to be changed. 3. Plant ( 100 ), in particular for carrying out the method according to one of claims 1 to 2, for changing the function of a building envelope ( 10 ) or one or more components ( 14 ; 30 ) of the building envelope ( 10 ), in particular the Outside walls and / or the roof area as physical interfaces between the building interior ( 11 ) and the building environment ( 12 ) with regard to light, gas and / or heat transfer and passage, which system the building envelope via a line network for transporting heat transfer media a central level or central storey ( 17 ) and with another central system for heating and / or cooling of buildings, characterized in that cavities ( 13 ) in the building envelope ( 10 ) or components ( 14 ) of the building envelope ( 10 ) with cavities ( 13 ) are designed in which gaseous and liquid media are manipulated to change the properties of the building envelope ( 10 ), and that the cavities or the components with cavities are connected via short gravity lines ( 18 ) to floor, wall and / or ceiling heating surfaces ( 15 ) and via a two-pipe system ( 20 ) which can also be used for other purposes, such as heating or cooling in the building, with a reversible front - And return ( 21 , 22 ) and via an air line ( 23 ) for balancing pressure and level are connected to a floor or level control center ( 17 ), which itself is connected via heat exchanger or directly to the other system of the building and at least contains: measuring, control and regulating devices, feed pumps ( 24 ) for pressure maintenance and level control as well as circulation pumps ( 25 ) for heat transport, valves ( 29 ) and an expansion tank ( 26 ) for different pressure maintenance, a level control memory ( 27 ) for water and gas filling and a heat exchange memory ( 28 ) for heat displacements in the building, these three vessels also h are compact in one. 4. Plant according to claim 3, characterized, that at least one store colored liquid contains that for shading and / or heat recovery is pumped into transparent thermal insulation elements. 5. Installation according to one of claims 3 or 4, characterized in that a device for measuring, controlling and regulating a plurality of liquid levels and a number of pressure levels above the height-related static pressure of the system per building floor or building heights section in connection with a Central processing unit for the building that calculates all offers and needs for light, air and heat and in particular determines the energy-saving paths of the heat flows through the building envelope for the entire system and then sets the optimal operating conditions in the building envelope ( 10 ). 6. Component of a building envelope ( 10 ) with changeable properties for changing the function of the building envelope with regard to light, air and / or heat transfer and passage, in particular for carrying out the method according to claims 1 and 2 and for use in a system according to claims 3 to 5, which absorbs solar radiation and environmental heat or emits heat to the outside air and which heat can be transported and stored passively by gravity or actively by the connection with the circulation of a system of a building and thus for heating via a heat transfer medium and cooling the building, characterized in that at least one container ( 31 ) is arranged as a component ( 14 ; 30 ) to form a cavity in the building envelope, forming areas individually or in groups, which part or all of the cross section of the envelope, e.g. B. an outer wall or a roof occupies empty but hardly needs to contain mass, and the one or more through inner, to the building exterior parallel partition walls ( 33 ) layered chambers ( 34 a, 34 b, 34 c) forms the top and bottom are connected to one another ( 35 ), of which at least one chamber ( 34 b) is filled with a lamellar, fiber, sponge or honeycomb-like open-pore, media-permeable and emptiable thermal insulation material ( 37 ), and this or an additional one parallel to the outside lying chamber ( 34 a) serves as a heat collector ( 36 ) or cooler, and of which an inward chamber ( 34 c) serves as a heat exchanger ( 38 ) between the container and the interior directly or adjacently as a transmitter to the inner shell of the building envelope, and which Containers ( 31 ) below and above connecting piece ( 39 , 40 ) for connection to a system for hydropneumatic fillings, pressure increases and circulations. 7. The component according to claim 6, characterized in that in the component ( 30 ) the height arrangement of the outer inflows and outflows ( 39 , 40 , 18 , 23 ), the inner separation and connection ( 33 , 35 , 52 ) is precisely staggered , so that a variety of different levels (I to X) of the separation between the liquid and the gaseous medium allow different overflows and flows which can be controlled centrally via the equality of the respective liquid level in a level or storey section of the system. 8. Component according to claim 6 and 7, characterized in that behind the connecting piece ( 39 , 40 ) flap flaps ( 41 ) are arranged, the circulation ( 21 ) of the system ( 100 ) close the container ( 31 ) at circulation pressure, other non-return valves open towards radiators ( 19 ). 9. The component according to claim 7 or 8, characterized in that on the container ( 31 ) or on the lines to the container ( 18 , 21 , 23 , 39 , 40 ) responsive to the internal pressure of the system mechanical transducers ( 42 ) are arranged act on actuators ( 43 ) such as valves, flaps, blinds, which determine the passage of light, air and / or liquid in the component, and in particular actuate a flap ( 54 ) above the air layer at a distance ( 46 ). 10. The component according to one of claims 7 to 9, characterized in that the container ( 31 ) made of metal, glass, ceramic, cement materials, plastic or rubber or a combination of several materials ( 44 ). 11. The component according to one of claims 7 to 10, characterized in that the container ( 31 ) on the outside ( 31 a) is designed as an absorber ( 32 ). 12. The component according to claim 11, characterized in that the absorber surface ( 32 ) is smooth or profiled (45). 13. The component according to claim 11, characterized in that the absorber surface ( 32 ) can be provided with metal inserts for stabilization and / or for heat conduction. 14. Component according to one of claims 7 to 13, characterized in that the container ( 31 ) is arranged on the inside at a distance ( 46 ) behind a transparent, more or less heat-insulating outer layer ( 47 ). 15. Component according to one of claims 7 to 14, characterized in that the air layer formed by the distance ( 46 ) in front of the container ( 31 ) is open at the bottom and open at the top outwards and / or inwards by a flap ( 54 ) ( 48 ) is. 16. The component according to one of claims 7 to 15, characterized in that the container ( 31 ) is arranged outside in front of a more or less heat-storing space-limiting wall surface ( 49 ). 17. Component according to one of claims 7 to 16, characterized in that the container ( 31 ) is transparent, itself represents spatial limitation and outer layer, with or without partitions ( 33 ) contains one or two chambers ( 34 a, 34 b), one of which is filled with transparent thermal insulation ( 50 ) which can be filled or flowed through with liquid ( 51 ). 18. Component according to one of claims 7 to 17, characterized in that tab-like valve flaps ( 52 ) are installed as maintenance-free non-return flaps in the partition walls ( 33 ) of the container ( 31 ). 19. Component according to one of claims 7 to 17, characterized in that in the component ( 30 ), the chambers ( 34 a, 34 b, 34 c) in the container ( 31 ) by valves ( 53 ), which change the static pressure of the media in the system react, are lockable. 20. Component according to one of claims 7 to 19, characterized in that a flap ( 54 ) above the air layer at a distance ( 46 ) between the outer layer ( 47 ) and container ( 31 ) depending on stages of different static pressure at least three different positions takes, ie is closed or is open to the interior ( 48 a) or to the outside ( 48 b). 21. The component according to one of claims 7 to 20, characterized in that the flap ( 54 ) is in two parts ( 54 a, 54 b) and by two pivot points ( 54 c, 54 d) folding with the direction of rotation, the torque changes, thereby under Different pressure forces P0, P1, P2 against constant weight or spring forces ( 54 e) trigger different movements of the flap to allow different air flows ( 48 a, 48 b), caused by the fact that the mechanical transducer ( 42 ) moved by pressure changes Flap ( 54 ) between the two pivot points ( 54 c, 54 d) detected and adjusted in three operating positions:

• - When the main flap ( 54 a) is closed, the intermediate flap ( 54 b) closes the connection between the interior and the outside air. A weight or spring force ( 54 e) keeps the flap closed against the low static pressure P0 ± PX of the container ( 31 ) or the system.
• - For the first opening ( 48 a) of the main flap ( 54 a) up to the stop, only the torque around the first pivot point ( 54 c) of the lever force generated by the medium-sized pressure P1 ± PX times the longer lever arm ( 54 f) is greater than that Torque of constant weight or spring force ( 54 e) times the shorter lever arm ( 54 g). The valve remains in this position without a major increase in pressure.
• - To the second opening ( 48 b) of the main flap ( 54 a) in the opposite direction, taking the intermediate flap ( 54 b), the torque around the second pivot point ( 54 d) with the short lever arm ( 54 i) is only with the force from the higher static pressure P2 ± PX greater than the torque of the weight or spring force ( 54 e) times the longer lever arm ( 54 h).