DE1911246U - CONDENSER FOR MICROSCOPES. - Google Patents

Description

ξΡ \ ■ ■ '■■. HA. 839 606 * 11/28/64 j

I-- K'lroiy IsSBg, Bud & $ te @ t ZX ₉ Dar & esy lit 34 *

^ Dr.med.l4ssl & gselyoaka »Budapest VIII, Baross u» 74

UNIVERSAL CONDENSER PURE MICROSCOPES

"In the case of microscope illumination, there has recently been an effort not to use different condensers for different types of illumination must, but to be able to meet all requirements by means of a single condenser system. Condensers of this type are known, but they are structurally massive, but their performance is complex unsatisfactory - and they are not suitable for the aforementioned wide range of microscopic illuminations to effect «By the universal condenser according to various microscopic illuminations, as well as central brightfield illuminations, central dark field lighting, one-sided oblique lighting, combined oblique lighting, combined

- 1 35/6 old.

■ Ii ■

ned dark field illumination, phase con ^ rastbe- ■ * 4j. Lighting and lighting for producing ste- " ^: " reoscopic images can be achieved.

Of the lighting mentioned, the previously known universal condensers can only provide bright field lighting, central dark field lighting and phase contrast lighting, but with every lighting there is always a shielded core in the central zone of the illuminating beam 10 '. In contrast, the universal condenser according to the invention is very simple in terms of construction, has no shielded central zone, i.e. it also works with bundles of rays with completely uniform light distribution, moreover it is not only capable of three types of illumination, but also of seven different peculiar microscopic illuminations suitable. This is achieved by the fact that in a universal condenser for microscopes that work with transmitted light with at least one single-section condenser lens and with a diaphragm template - between two light diaphragms, the diaphragm template according to the invention has one conical surface in the direction of the optical axis * - each through a conical surface ⁷ limited light width

Chunga body, wherein the entering -Licht, facing light screen in its own plane and the aperture template transverse to the optical axis

of the condenser are adjustable, while one side of the condenser lens when released a diagonal gap through an absorption layer covered with uniformly variable thickness is*

Exemplary embodiments of the universal microscope condenser according to the invention are shown in Pig, 1 to 11, i.e .:

Pig * Γ is a front view in part on average..

2 shows the top view of polar filters on the exit surface of the front lens attached and covered in the middle in a narrow strip.

Pig. 3 shows the image of one with a light absorbing Layer covered surface of a fixed condenser lens.

"Pig. 4 is a plan view of transversely reciprocable filter holders 30, 31" 2.0 32 according to Fig. 1..

Fig. 5 shows a light refractive body, which is composed of two glass bodies with different light scattering.

Pig. 6 shows another embodiment of the refractive body,

Pig. T is used to explain how the optics of the condenser system work,

- 3 -

8 shows cross sections of light bundles emerging from the condenser system.

Fig. 9 shows the path of light bundles in a different operating position of the system, Mg. 10. is the cross section of the exit from the condenser system in the arrangement according to FIG Bundle.

Pig. 11 shows another embodiment of the condenser according to the invention.

The peculiarity of the structure of the universal condenser shown in FIG. 1 consists in that below a condenser system, which consists of central lenses 1 and 2, as well as Froht lenses 5 and 6 in one in the directions of arrows 3

15, and 4 pivotable socket, 7 consists, a light refraction means 22 of circular cross-section and made of a transparent material such as glass is attached, both ends of which are bounded by normal circular cones 22a and 22b. The refractive body 22 is held in a socket 12. In the version 12 is a diaphragm 14 with a circular " - Attached to the opening, which is closed or opened by a sleeve 16 by means of a pin IT can be. The whole armature of the aperture 14 is in cfer version 12 in a final set Position provided, the socket 12 can be screwed against a spring-loaded (25)

Pin 13 can be adjusted from its position, the spring 25 being mounted in a sleeve 24. The · *
Screws 23 are used twice, whereby they are mutually arranged at an angle of 120 °, so that the fitting 12 can not only be moved along a straight line, but also along a circular line can be brought into a central, but any off-center position »with complete equentricity

of the mount 12, the optical axis 1a of the condenser system coincides with the central axis of the light refraction body 22. Also in fit 12,
but adjustable in it is in a through the tip of the lower conical surface 22b of the light refraction

i '■

body 22 going horizontal plane provided a diaphragm 21 with a circular opening. The aperture 21 can be opened or closed by means of a pin 19 and a sleeve 18.

'"In Pig» 1 you can set the aperture 21
holding fits (thus also the outer
Fit 20) can be adjusted from their positions by means of screws 23a against the spring 25a. It will
^{a pair of screws 23a are used, which 11} are arranged at an angle of 120 ° to one another
Therefore, the frame 20 together with the diaphragm 21 can be moved not only along a straight line but also along a circular line. This means-

h- ..- ■■■■ - - - ^ -

* "* ■ means that the aperture 21 is not only in the central, but also in ¹ · -" ■ "

can be brought into any eccentric position.

Accordingly, by means of the movement of the mount 12, the light refraction body 22 and that with it equally centered diaphragm 14 simultaneously and! together in the center of the lens 1, 2 and 5 or 6 existing condenser system placed or moved out of it, at the same time the diaphragm

XO de 21 separately in relation to the aperture 14 centrally

adjusted or removed from the center. - The necessity and purpose of these adjustments are described below. ^ Von Sen the light refraction body 22 in Fig. 1

penetrating rays get die.zentralen rays 28 and 29 at the exit in the zone of the outer ' rays, in the position shown over the condenser consisting of the lenses 1 and 2 also as outer rays 28a and 29a through the opening 8 of the Socket 7 to go through the object to be x-rayed. At the same time, the light rays 26 and 27 advancing in the outer zone of the refractive body 22 are shifted into the central zone as they exit. The light refraction body 22 can also be designed in the manner shown in FIGS. 5 and 6. The embodiment according to FIG. 5 shows a light beam

'''"" , chüngskkörpers 22, which is composed of, two, members 36 and 37 with different light scattering. However, these links have the same refraction factor for a certain color, for example sodium yellow, and are glued to one another along the spherical surface 36b. The body 36, delimited at its upper end by a conical surface, consists of flint glass, while the lower body, which also ends in a conical surface, consists of crown glass "In this. Case, the different colors of a ζ, .B. from the direction 38 incident and after refraction into its colors decaying ray, ao the red 38b and the violet 38a at the exit

• - -is-

that by the parallel cone generators 37a and 36a

limited medium to yellow 38 do not proceed in parallel, but.with this color, enclose a certain angle appropriate choice of the radius of curvature of the spherical surface 36b can be corrected as desired. This way changing the color spread enables the

~ Carb error of the lens 1, 2, 5 and 6 respectively Compensate condenser above the light refraction body 22 to a certain extent.

The light refraction body 22 according to FIG. 6 has a cylindrical shell and is at both ends by concave conical surfaces 22a and 22b limited «The mode of action of this refractive body

If the effect of the refractive body according -s ~ f 'Figure' * 1 The same progressive in the outer zones 26 and 27, namely, after Lichtstrahlen.fallen

Refraction, at the generatrix of the conical surface on the 5th generatrix of the cylinder 22 _t Since the angle of incidence is larger than the angle itself of the total reflection, the light rays are reflected at the generators and emerge at the opposite cone generator, with their direction being ; - 10. is parallel to its original direction * But they now proceed as middle rays 26a and 27b. The light rays 28 and 29 entering in the middle will proceed as outer rays 28a and 29a when they exit in the manner similar to that described. " If the version 7

be in the direction of the arrow 4, we yerschwenkt <ä _s, the front lens 5 in the center of the lenses placed one ■ and 2 * In this case, the beams 28a and 29a after passing through are the front-.linse 5 at exit a veriiältnismässig large Include an angle with the optical axis la, ie. when using the front lens 5, the condenser according to the invention offers microscope ob-

jaktiven larger aperture is the corresponding service ',' The elimination of front lens 5, therefore then "required when working with small aperture microscope Irish ,, If the frame is pivoted in the direction of arrow 3 7 _s may

~ 8 -

the front lens 6 can be placed in the center of the lenses 1 and 2. About one on the exit surface This lens "attached polar filter 9 can the object through left-hand polarized rays while passing through a right-hand polar filter 10 Light rays are transilluminated which are straight perpendicular to the plane of polarization of the aforementioned rays lie. The polar filters 9 and 10 thus assume mutually transverse layers. The polar filters can also be replaced by filters that are supplementary. ting colors "pass * Both types of filters are still covered by a thin sheet of glass «In the center line of this sheet of glass is a narrow one opaque layer 10a provided, which allows the exit of direct light rays that travel along the The limit line of the filters would be prevented. This is in the plan view according to FIG. 2 shown. \

With this type of illumination, two images of the object are made through the microscope objectives obtained from different angles. These images are now shown in a two-sided tube using set polar filter or separated by filters that allow additional colors to pass through, see above are even at the highest microscopic? erga? 8 s se runge η realistic spatial (stereoscopic Received pictures *

"" ^v The mode of operation of the universal capacitor can, through the mode of operation of the optical system,. me geraäss fig, 7 and 9 are further explained «Ge · * ·. According to Fig. 7, the condenser consisting of the lenses 1, 2 and 5, as well as the previously described "light refraction body 22 and the diaphragms 21 and 14 attached with it in the same mount are in a central position»

When narrowing 'the' originally largest Opening 43 of the aperture 21 z, B. to an opening 42 . only bundles of rays that are limited by this opening enter the refractive body 22 » , ■ The boundary rays 48 and 49 of these bundles arrive when exiting into the midfield, while the rays 46 and 47 are laid in the center at the exit into the edge field »As a result, in the Central zone of the out of the refractive body 22 from ■ entering a dark ^ zone, whose Diameter 45 is inversely proportional to diameter 42 increases. Accordingly, when the diaphragm 21 is fully opened, the microscopic object 41 becomes fully solid in its entire cross section Evenly distributed light rays from the condenser are illuminated, as shown in FIG. 8 is indicated by the image 50. The mikroakpp ^ »

see object becomes central in this case ... shine through with a complete radiation field ^ ·

. tet. This results in a central bright field illumination,

With a gradual narrowing of the aperture 21 from the complete opening 43 on, the central dark field in the condenser leaving the condenser is more luminous Gradually increase field, as shown in pictures 51, 52 and 53 of Pig, 8. The object is then illuminated by bundles of rays with a circular & ring-shaped cross-section.

By magnifying the middle dark The field can easily be reached that the microscopic object 41 only through those rays of the circular ring is x-rayed »the result their obliqueness cannot get into the lens of the microscope s 39 »Then drv- central Obtain dark field lighting.

In order to see in the cross section of the microscopy object 41 transilluminating beam bundles To bring about a central dark zone of certain dimensions is therefore the actuation the aperture 21 required. If at the same time the aperture 14, for example, is narrowed to the value 44, so the cross-section becomes that from the refraction of light ~ body 22 exiting ray bundle from auss' ^ n is called diminished inwards, i.e., a translucent Beams of variable diameter and width of the circular cross-section brought about; -what in picture 54 the Pig, 8 shown

- 11 -

■ . Is set. These. Illumination is required when using microscope objectives with a phase ring. In the case of phase contrast illumination, it is important that the 6.-QT phase ring located in the rear focal plane 40 of the microscope objective 39 is exactly covered by the ring of the bundle of rays illuminating the object. Therefore it is _x necessary that the- in the Pig. 1 diaphragms 14 and 21 shown,

as well as the one holding the light refracting body 22 Fit 12 can be brought into equidistant positions. By "the movement of the Pansung 12 can the--

towards the outer borderline of the luminous ring delimited from the outside by the diaphragm 14, s with the outer borderline - the one in the rear focal level 40 presented. At the same time can through

Move the diaphragm 2l the inner borderline of the luminous ring with the inner boundary line of the phase ring are brought into congruence. The "shining Ring of the universal condenser according to the invention As shown, it can not only be centered, but its dimensions can be changed as required were what is associated with dc-i advantage that the luminous 'ring can be brought into' congruence with phase rings of any size. This None of the previously known universal condensers offer advantages, ■

- In order to increase the efficiency of the : ■ - 12 -

A light-absorbing layer of variable thickness is expediently deposited on the surface of one of the condenser lenses 1 and 2. The top view of the same is shown in FIG. 3 widening zone 34 over complete light transmission, from here to the left and right in fields 35 'and 35a the surface is covered by absorbent layers »The thickness of the absorbent layer from the center to the edges increases from an absorption of about 50% to an absorption from 80 % gradually to «The light rays penetrating the middle field 34 ha * -

15. So practice full. Intensity while the intensity •. " ^A '· of the rays penetrating the fields 35 and 35a decreases to 50 to 20% " These latter rays represent up to a certain degree equally diffuse rays due to the pores in the absorption layers Combined light beams illuminated microscopic object, the loss of contrast caused by over-lighting is reduced to a very high degree, whereby the distorting effect of the deep rifts that occur with oblique lighting is largely eliminated,

Changing the intensity of the exposure

■. «13r

tendency rays may also appear in the in the pig. I and 4 take place below the refractive body 22 are in the gap of the fit 33 two semicircular light-absorbing Filter arranged to be movable. These filters are 31 supported by the fits 30, which means of a head 32 mutually adjusted, i.e. completely Can be pushed together or pulled apart «When you move apart, the the rays going through the middle of the gap a full intensity, while the fiI-

■. ter 31; penetrating rays have a lower intensity depending on the light absorption.

The combined oblique brightfield lighting according to the Barabäs-Zselyönka principle is achieved through the universal condenser according to the invention in ■ '20 of the. Arrangement according to Fig. 9 made, as known, - - this principle forms a combination of the all-round dark field illumination with a He'llfeld ^ be ' lighting by means of oblique rays, which in places the dark field illumination is superimposed, whereby -a very three-dimensional microscopic images are obtained-

'■ ■■ "' - 14 -.

will be. The refractive body 22, the condenser lenses 1, 2, 5 and the microscope objective 39 have a common optical axis 58. In contrast the diaphragm 21 is in a displaced position so that between the middle axis 59 and the optical axis. 58 an \ eccentricity 60 exists -is. The upper panel 14 assumes a completely open position, while the lower panel 21 ' a diameter 55 is narrowed. In cross section - the one emerging from the refractive body 22

". 'effective bundle of rays is in the middle part the shadow space 55a shown in FIG. 10 and on the left the wider luminous field 56 and on the right side the narrower lamp ^ tende field 57 must be available. Correspondingly, the microscopic ones emerge from the boundary rays Object 41 transilluminating the beam 56a in the · microscope objective 39, while . The beam 57a of the microscope objective 39 is ready to escape. Is that which illuminates the object 41 If the bundle of rays is cut along the entry plane 39a of the microscope objective 39, this results the image according to FIG. 10, as a result of the - applied to the surface of one of the lenses 1 or 2 and correspondingly arranged absorption layer or the filter 31 is accordingly the object 41 through the field 62 through rays full of intensity

'- 15 -

sity "while above" aim of this field 62 and fields 61 and 61a which are completely tapered in the shape of a sickle through rays of reduced intensity x-rayed, with the shining rays

_v 5 are simultaneously blinded in the central field 55a »

The dimension of the central field 55a can be operated continuously by actuating the panel 21 changed, i.e. according to the peculiarity of the examined miko.skopisch.en object an optimal one Diaphragms of the central rays e.rrei <fcrm will.

By increasing the size of the central blinded field, it is easy to achieve

* be that the transilluminating the object 41 direct bundle of rays together with the right-hand beam 56a of the entrance opening 39a of the Lenses ^ 39 escape, being then the combined Dark field lighting is achieved "

The one-sided oblique bright field illumination is achieved in that the diaphragm 21 completely opened, then the diaphragm 14 is closed in such a way that only along the axis * se 59 an opening of small diameter is obtained. ' In this case, the object 41 is through oblique rays going from right to left illuminated.

For condensers with a small cross section

- 16

and a large aperture is the diaphragm 14 in order to avoid already perceptible differences in depth between the diaphragms 21 and 14 according to the one in FIG. 11 The arrangement shown in the lower focal point of the "consisting of the lenses 1, 2 and 5 condenser system relocated. The refractive body 22 between the conical surfaces 22a and 22b is lower below of the condenser system. The plane of the diaphragm 21 with the variable opening intersects horizontally Direction also the tip of the conical surface 22b, above the tip of the conical surface 22a a system consisting of converging lenses 65 and 66 is present. The virtual image of point 63 the diaphragm 21 is the point 63a in the refractive body 22, while the virtual image of the point the aperture 21 appears as point 64a «Deragemäß the bunch field proportional to the opening of the diaphragm falls. between points 63a and 64a, the real The system consisting of lenses 65 and 66 places this dark field in the center of the image Relocated to the plane of the diaphragm 14, therefore the dark field 25a is formed by the refractive body 22 real image of the diaphragm 21 turned outwards, in this case disappears as it were the difference in depth between the apertures 14 and 21, The structural design of this universal condenser is the structural design in Fig »; I exactly the same.

Claims (1)

PAjpJHMfNSPRtJCHE 1, Universal condenser for microscopes working with transmitted light with at least one integral condenser lens and with a screen template between two light screens, characterized by that the aperture template one in, the direction of the optical axis (la) through each having a conical surface (22a, 22b) delimited light refraction body (22), the entering Light diaphragm (21) facing the light in its own plane and the diaphragm template transversely to the optical Axis of the condenser are adjustable, while one side of the condenser lens (1) when leaving a diagonal late (34) through an absorption layer (35, 35a) with evenly variable thickness is covered. Jx ^ - "2. Condenser according to claim 1, characterized in that below the diaphragm (21) facing the incoming light, an absorption filter (30, 31» 32) is provided on the diaphragm template for the purpose of changing the intensity of the entering light ¹ ^ M- 3 »condenser according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the exit surface of its condenser lens (5) consists of polar filters (9» 10) lined up diagonally. - 18 - -t 'is covered »the Sueinanäer sin, -» - ^ t- 4 # condenser according to claim 1 or 2, da- - characterized by g s k e η η, "that the exit surface its front lens (5) through filters (9, 10) lined up along the diameter ■ is covered with · complementary colors, ~ d ^ - 5 · condenser according to claim 3 or 4 which: has front lenses with and without filter, thereby marked that the front lenses ■ 10 (5, 6) are attached in a common .Focket (7), whereby they alternate through the common version can be placed in the optical axis (la) of the condenser, _ ~ ji ~~ 6 »condenser according to one of claims 1 '" to 5 »characterized in that that between the refractive body (22) of the aperture template and a lens system (65, 66) is provided for the aperture (14) facing the emerging light is through which the image of the occurs. The diaphragm (21) facing the light is projected into the plane of the diaphragm facing the exiting light » τ- 19 -