DE1704755A1 - Light transmission elements and processes for their production - Google Patents

Description

1704753

Urgent E. Berlcenfeld Dipllng. H. Barkonfeld

Patent attorney «SKöln-Lindenfha! 1 \ Univ * rstaUstroß · 31

fWfoch IU?

K 5811

Light transmission elements and methods their manufacture

This invention relates to audio transmission Superstructures and especially on optically clear, impact and abrasion resistant, thermally stable elements Used and on the process of making such Bleaente and superstructures »

101022/1814

The ability to transmit light, the clarity, the relatively high resistance to abrasion, the lightness The processing and its low cost have all led to the widespread adoption of glass contributed to an almost infinite variety of uses · Windows for houses, administrative buildings and Vehicles; heat-insulating glass for windows and protective armor j optical elements such as lenses for Cameras and telescopes; and eye lenses for eyeglasses are among the most common uses for Glass.

One of the main shortcomings of glass, however, is that it is a brittle material low impact resistance. Furthermore, glass is used for some applications such as deep prescription lenses, a relatively heavy material.

Attempts to improve the properties of glass itself or to find substitutes for glass or to combine glass with other materials to overcome its shortcomings have not been fully satisfactory.

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For example, it is known to replace glass with plastic. Glass-like components made of plastic have high light transmission and are even lighter and generally have a greater shock resistance than glass. However, the poor abrasion resistance is what constitutes a component Plastic generally unacceptable. Besides

it was found that plastic lenses in general *

are an unsatisfactory substitute for glass "because of their low refractive index require difficult compensations of the grinding curves in the lenses and because they cannot be ground and polished with standard equipment.

In attempts to overcome the deficiencies of the glass, there is also used for some applications laminates consist which is opposite from the glass layers, the thin by an intermediate layer \ thermoplastic material were chained together. Insofar as laminates generally contain glass both in terms of mass and volume, they are, however, considerably thicker and of course heavier than individual layers of glass or plastic components. It has also been found that such laminates ♦

10Ö822 / 19U ORIGINAL BATHROOM

J S.

subject to deterioration and subsequent separation. Also is the cost of such laminates far larger than most other light transmitting devices currently available Components. This is especially true for layered optical elements such as safety glasses where the predominant production costs consist in grinding and polishing the optical surfaces. at such elements must be internal as well the outer surfaces of each opposing glass layer are ground and polished.

There is a milder insight into optical elements, the cost-increasing pal · tor in it, ur.rf rar ^ e it a more expensive optical glass for such a wake-up must be used. Uiu, moreover, the present one To meet demand, the unprocessed parts that form the optical elements must be in one Variety of curvatures may be available, which in turn requires a large inventory.

It is therefore the primary object of this invention to provide a light transmitting device with the versatility of glass but without the disadvantages of gins and its substitutes.

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Another object of the invention is to provide a light-transmitting component with the required surface hardness and impact resistance, while at the same time providing a component which is thermally stable and light in weight. Another aim of the invention is to create a new and improved optical element. It is also _A

The aim of the invention to create an optical element in which «normal commercial glass such as window glass or glass plates is used. Another The objective is to create variable focus, multiple focus lenses, in which the outer curvatures are either spherical or punctiform, but each lens has an orderly and controlled change in its strength. Another goal of the invention is that

Creation of a light-transmitting component, I

which has an index of refraction that enables the processing, especially for the formation of eye lenses. Another goal of the invention is creation a light transmitting element that requires minimal polishing and grinding. Yet another object of the invention is the creation of a light-transmitting component that costs relatively little. Also should according to the invention a light-transmitting component

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-s-

geachaffen, which has improved heat-insulating properties Possesses properties. Another goal of the invention is that Creation of a method for forming an inventive, light-transmitting component.

According to the invention is a light-transmitting element created, which has a main part composed of an infusible solid is * Chemically bonded to the main part is an outer layer, which has greater abrasion resistance on v / ei st as this main part. Preferably the main part is made of light transmitting, thermosetting Composed of material and is so between a pair of external before it is hardened or polymerized Layers brought that the main part during its hardening to at least one of the outer layers is chemically bound. The bond so formed is surprisingly and unexpectedly stronger than the material of each bound, outer layer itself, so that a structural unit results. Different it shows the strength of the bond between the outer layer and the thermosetting material greater than the cohesive force of the material outer Sohioht itself. Furthermore, it is preferred that each outer layer is considerably thinner than

10812271914 'bad original

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the main part, so that a component is created that is relatively light in weight.

By creating a unit from a light-transmitting, abrasion-resistant outer layer and a light-transmitting, thermosetting main part low weight, the versatility of glass is achieved without the associated disadvantages of glass ■

or its substitutes. The sauna elements according to the invention are clear, thermally stable and against Shock and abrasion resistant ala glass, plastic or laminates of equivalent thickness. The components are also lighter than glass or laminated glass equivalent thickness.

Furthermore, by chemically bonding glass to the thermosetting materials of the invention, it is no longer j

required to use the more expensive glass in forming curved optical elements. Gem; -ß of the invention can now satisfactorily obtain curved optical elements without optical glass and you can use ordinary, commercially available, transparent glass such as plate-moving window glass use, although the standard glass has the usual stripes and other imperfections

108822/1914

on my inner surface. l) a. ^<: desired optical element is obtained by adding μ; ϊλ da :? Window or plate glass curves in the desired manner and then chemically bonds the fusible, solid main part to the inner surface of this curved glass as described above, surprisingly and unexpectedly the striations and other imperfections of the inner surface are eliminated. It is believed that the reason for this lies in UOi 'unilateral action between the reactive groups on the inner surface of each glass layer and the corresponding surface of the thermosetting material. Any exterior glass surface can be ground and polished in the normal way to create an optically clear element.

According to another embodiment of an invention a light transmitting element with multiple focal points, e.g. B. an eye lens with variable Focal point or several focal points created, which is characterized by a main part, which has a segment of thermosetting material with a refractive index and a second segment,

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preferably also different! thermosetting Material with a second index of refraction and a pair of outer layers that chemically are bound to this main part, the outer layers desirably being made of glass or other He has i al are with a greater abrasion resistance than the inner part.

7 / thermosetting materials of the present invention are desirably flowable substances which can be poured into a space that is defined by two outer layers, such as glass, wherein the thermosetting materials are cured or polymerized in situ to be infusible To form solids which are chemically bound to at least one of these layers. Preferably v / the thermosetting materials become liquid

pour. Most of the applications are thermoset Materials also transparent, but can be colored, for example to create tinted ones Slices or colored lentils. Examples of thermosetting liquid materials include epoxy resins, Pliable epoxy resins, polybutadiene and copolymers of butadiene and styrene, silicones without fillers, what additives to promote

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chemical bond such as epoxy resins and Polyesters, polyurethanes and unsaturated polyesters, To other flowable, thermosetting materials of the invention include urethane elastomers and formaldehyde-urea polymers <>

The main part of the light transmitting components can also contain an insert, which can be specially treated or colored to facilitate light transmission to filter or otherwise modify or to improve the shock resistance of the light transmitting To increase component. In addition, the main part of the component can have materials which are not able to be chemically bonded to an outer layer of the component, but which are bonded to thermosetting materials, which in turn are chemically bonded to this outer layer be bound. In this embodiment, the outer layer can first be applied to the desired thermosetting Material and then the other material are bonded to this thermosetting material.

Every outer layer of the light-transmitting component is more abrasion-resistant than the main part of this component. Again, for most applications, each is external

BATH

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It is transparent, but may be colored to form the described, tinted glasses or lenses. Preferably, the outer layer, which is the surrounding area, is glass. Almost all of the various, readily available glasses reveal silicon dioxide ( SiO ₀ ) as the main component «Hs

it was found that in such glass the S

dioxide one of its oxygen atoms always for the ^

Combination with suitable reactive groups v / ie those present in the epoxies described Holds ether groups ready, which with the oxygen on the surface of the outer glass layer at Hardening react and thereby form an infusible solid, which is chemically attached to the inner part is bound. The strength of such a bond between the outer glass layer and the v / aruehärtenden

The main part is surprisingly and unexpectedly- j

wise greater than the cohesive force of the glass itself,

In a further embodiment of the invention, the light-transmitting component consists of one Main part, which is composed of thermosetting material, and a couple of outer layers, which are chemically bonded to the main part, whereby these outer layers have a greater resistance to abrasion.

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stand as the main part and v / ob at least one. ¹ ; one of these layers from GIAB produced. Preferably, the int äus3ere layer of glass is exposed exerts environment. The other outer layer can also consist of glass or it can be made of plastic material, for example All vl hai ¹ ζ with a greater abrasion resistance than the main part.

Uo only one surface of the light-transmitting component is exposed to the environment, for example in the case of telescopic lenses and heat-insulating panes with an intermediate air space, this can Component according to the invention have only an outer ... layer made of glass, this layer being the environment exposed int.

Further goals and advantages result from the description or from the practical implementation of the invention, its implementation steps, combinations and improvements as well as from the attached Claims.

FIG. 1 is a front view of an optical element according to the invention.

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FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 1, v / o at the section on the line 2-2 of FIG is taken.

Figure 3 is a side view, partly in section, of one method of forming light transmitting elements according to the invention.

FIG. 4 is a front view of another optical element according to the invention.

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 4, the section being taken on the line 5-5 of FIG iat, and the plastic insert is shown within the main part of the element.

FIG. 6 is a front view of another, he j

inventive optical element.

Figure 7 is a cross-sectional view of Figure 6 taken along line 7-7 of Figure 6 showing a major portion shows, which contains a predominant segment which cannot be chemically bonded to the outer layers.

; Characters. 8a and 8b are side views in the 3ohnitt,

.; welohf aohematiach a method for the formation of the in

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Figs. 6 and 7 illustrate the light transmitting structure shown in Figs.

Figure 9 is a front view of one erfindun _{c aj;} j; em? .ii3en optical element with variable focus, which shows the plurality of focal points from edge to edge.

FIG. 1Q is a cross-sectional view of FIG on line 10-10 of Figure 9.

Figures 11a to 11d are side views in FIG Section showing schematically a method of formation a variable focus optical element.

Figure 12 is a front view of one of the present invention optical element with several focal points »which represent the different focal points of this element shows.

Figure 13 is a cross-sectional view of Figure 12, the section being taken along lines 10-10 of Figure 12th

FIG. 14 is a front view of another embodiment of the invention which can be used as a window

Figure I ¹ J is a cross-sectional _{view of Figure 14 f} ; em ^: iß line 1 ^r ; -15 of Γϊ ^ τιι · 1Ί.

Figure 16 is a perspective view showing
part of an Aurfführuri .aforra a. · Y.'ärrani iolierondeu,

I3; aielem;: r.te.'3 the invented un · ::; ver

Vi ^ iir 17 is a front view of a further Ausfülirun _o afonu (itü ¹ invention, \; elohe as curved
ranoruna - ". 'i .-. i; Tciiuicaeheibe fUr llraftfahr; -, eUre ver ■ ..' oi.irit.-t \ / enlen iiani.«

Fi _u : ur 18 irvt vine cross ;; chnittsanc: ic. ^ T of Fi _u ur 1G länJB line 18-18.

Figures 1 and 2 vwrannchaulichei] an embodiment IÖV invention: A lens 10 made of a transparent Linsenliauptteil 12 auc the thermosetting material of the present invention which is attached to outer layers 14 and 16, wherein the äuaseren layers of glass erwünuchtermassen
or other lens medium higher abrasion resistance consist alo the inner part 10. Both the main part 12 and the outer layers 14 and 16 _t v / iron Iirecliun;. sindiees, which are about the same. To the

109822/1 9 1 Ä

Each outer layer 14 and 16 is in the creation of a lens 10 with a particularly low weight substantially less thick than the main part 12.

The lens 10 can be formed by first applying the layers 14 and 16 curves to the desired degree of curvature. As shown in Figure 3, the opposite, curved layers 14 and 16 brought to the desired distance from one another, namely by a sealing sleeve 18 made of rubber or silicone, which is placed around the layers 14 and 16 and forms a chamber in between. A polyester tape 20 is used to hold the assembly to stick together. The thermosetting resin is gradually released through an opening 21 in the sleeve 18 and the tape 20 is inserted into the chamber until the space between the outer layers 14 and 16 is completely filled. Thereafter, the thermosetting Haz is hardened or polymerized and forms the inner part 12 of an infusible pesticide, which is chemically bound to the outer layers is as described here. After the unitary lens 10 is formed, there are sealing cuffs 18 and volume 20 removed. If so desired, one can use any of the various means

^109822/1914 BAOORIQINAL

e.g., a spring clip to help maintain the assembly while forming the lens in To hold position.

As regards the particular outer layer, for example layers H and 16 of lens 10, so These consist of translucent material, which is more abrasion-resistant than the main part of heat- ^ j hardening material and which is capable of chemical action. It was found that Commercial glass is a particularly suitable material for at least one of layers 14 and 16.

Although commercially available glass can contain a number of different compounds, its main ingredient is almost always Silioiumdioxyd (SiOg) "which in turn is always one of its oxygen atoms d for combination with suitable reactive groups on the glass

Keeps surface available. In addition, there are also active hydrogen atoms in many glass compositions available to aid chemical exposure.

Illustrative of types of commercial glass which "contains silicon dioxide and which is in the." present invention can be used

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Ordinary panes of glass belonging to the sodium-lime-silicon dioxide glass family, the main components of which are silicon dioxide (SiO ₂ ), sodium oxide (Na ₂ O) and lime (CaO); furthermore optical glass including crown glass, which contains silicon dioxide, sodium, lime and aluminum oxide (Al ₂ O,), flint glass, which contains calcium oxide, borium silicate glass, zinc silicate glass and borosilicate glass.

In addition to glass, light-transmitting plastic materials can also be used to form an outer Layer can be used which have a greater abrasion resistance than the main part of the lens and which can be chemically bonded to them. Allyl resins such as allyl diglycol carbonate have been used for this Purpose found to be particularly useful. A lens 10 as described above can thus be formed the outer layer 16 made of glass and the outer layer 14 made of allyl diglycol carbonate is made. Safety glasses, which are a single pair of insoles with the outer layer 14 made of plastic in the vicinity of the eyes have safety features that are currently at any lens where glass is used are unknown because of the possibility of glass entering into it Eye of the wearing PerBon when crushing the lenses

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^A ^ 106 * 22/1914 '

is turned off. Is the outer glass layer 16 "· facing the environment, the scratch resistance of each lens is also considerably greater than with the so-called safety lenses, which are only made of plastic.

Furthermore, if only one surface of the light-transmitting component is exposed to the environment, as in A

Microscope or telescope lenses, only one layer of glass can do this be used. In such a case, the building element can be formed by removing the outer Layer 16 of glass and a conventional glass mold (not shown) which is provided with a release agent is coated, brings them into the desired distance from each other and the space, as described above, filled with a thermosetting material. After the thermosetting material is hardened and attached to the exterior Layer 16 is bonded, the glass mold is removed f

and thus a lens according to the invention with only outer ones Layers of glass created.

Surprisingly and unexpectedly, lenses need of the present invention, like lenses 10, are no longer made from the more expensive optical glass, but can now also use the usual plate or

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Window glass is manufactured despite its surface imperfections like striations. About ithiriuUH must be the inner surfaces of the outer Layers 14 and 16 no longer polished and sanded irrespective of whether window glass or optical glass is used.

Thus, the lens 10 can be formed from commercially available soda-lime-silica flat glass by bends two pieces of such glass to form the curved layers 14 and 16. Then a liquid thermosetting material as described above poured between the two layers and hardened to form an infusible, solid, inner portion 12 which adheres to the outer Layers 14 and 16 is chemically bonded. The mutual interaction between the inner part 12 and the outer layers 14 and 16 reveals imperfections in the inner surface of these layers from ο This mutual interaction also brings that Otherwise, the need to polish the inner surfaces of layers 14 and 16 prior to use and grind. The outer surfaces of layers 14 and 16 can be made using conventional technology be ground and polished to form a lens

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170Λ755

10 of the desired strength. The resulting, light-transmitting lens 10 is optically clear Lens 10 is also light in weight, thermally stable, has the required surface hardness and has the necessary abrasion resistance and also has the desired property of being more impact-resistant than an equivalent glass thickness.

In order to make the lens according to the invention as light as possible, each layer can be reduced to a minimum by grinding each outer glass surface until it is parallel with the inner surface runs. Furthermore, optical prescriptions are currently measured in quarter diopter units. Accordingly must a large number of optical, curved raw parts can be kept ready. The present invention

greatly diminishes this practice because the j

final grinding of a glass layer of the lens gives the final curvature of the surface over an area of a few diopters without significantly changing the total volume of glass in each lens.

However, it may be desirable for a given application his, rather finished optical glass than that less

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to use expensive plate or window glass. A lens according to the invention with outer layers of optical glass does not ultimately require grinding and polishing, but is done and ready for use once the thermosetting material cures is. Of course, if desired, the outer surfaces of the optical glass can be post-formed the lens can be polished.

The thermosetting materials which make up the main body contain reactive groups which interact with groups in the outer layers when the thermosetting material is cured, thereby forming a permanent bond between the main body and the outer layers. In order to facilitate the bonding of the two materials, the thermosetting material is preferably liquid. It is believed that as the thermosetting material cures to form a network of cross-linked thermosetting molecules in the thermosetting material itself, that material interacts with the groups in the outer layer at the same time, _and then movement is one molecule in this cross-linked network in all of them Directions so that, once the thermosetting material is cured, it retains its spatial stability and bonds with it

1 09822/1914

the groups in the outer layer are maintained β Pure most applications are the thermosetting ones Materials also clear, but can be used for special applications such as education colored lenses.

Examples of thermosetting substances are liquid epoxies with reactive ether groups, which during d

create a point of permanent chemical bonding during the polymerization or during the curing of the resin, because the bonding groups, once formed, are not subject to any further change. To provide void-free castings of thermosetting material between the outer layers, the viscosity of epoxy materials is preferably greater than about 9000 Gentipoise "Mr. applications which elements require high light transmittance, _J should aarüberhinaus epoxies, which tend to have a yellowish straw coloration, such as those derived derive from certain organic sources, ie soybeans, and which cannot be corrected by additives, cannot be used. However, where a deeply colored element is desired, such epoxies can be used. To specific, illustrative, useful epoxy materials

109822/1914

Am aromatic type epoxy resin in which diepoxy 0 is the main ingredient and the resin has an epoxy equivalent range of 173 to 179, e.g., Dow Chemical Co. DER 332;

a cycloaliphatic epoxy resin having an epoxy equivalent range of 140, for example from Ciba Chemical Company Ardelite CY 179;

a modified epoxy resin, which contains aromatic diepoxides and diluents such as butyl glycidyl ether or phenyl glycidyl ether and where the epoxy equivalent range is 179 to 194, for example Union Carbide Plastics Corporation ERL 2795;

a modified epoxy, which is made with styrene solution can be polymerized and an epoxy equivalent range of about 200, the latter varying depending on the amount of styrene solution in this resin can be, for example Shell Oil Company EPOIJ 11; and

an epoxy novolac resin with a 1'Jpoxy equivalent range from 175 to 182.

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Other thermosetting materials useful in the present invention include pliable made polysulfide epoxy copolymers; Polybutadiene and especially pliable thanks to suitable additives such as dioctyl fumarate and octadecyl methacrylate monomers made polybutadiene; Copolymers of butadiene and styrene; and unsaturated liquid polyesters.

Both pliable and non-pliable as well as liquid urethanes are also suitable for abutment of the light transmitting elements of this invention useful because all urethanes contain hydroxyl groups, which are the chemical bonds between the the outer layers and the inner part

Although liquid thermosetting materials because of their ease of handling during pouring and their Ä

Ability to enter into chemical bonds are preferred, but selected other thermosetting ones can also be used Materials or systems that tend to flow to form the light transmitting ones Elements Of This Invention Are Used »Illustrative of these materials are urethane elastomers and formaldehyde-urea polymers ,, many these polymers can be copolymerized with one another or with still other materials to form a

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to prepare a thermosetting system which is sufficiently fluid to result in the formation of an infusible Solid to be used, which is attached to the outer layers of a light-transmitting element this invention is chemically bound.

According to another embodiment of the invention, the infusible main part has light-transmitting inserts in order to give the components according to the invention special additional properties. This embodiment is illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5 and has an optical lens 22 with a thin, light-transmitting sheet 24, for example a sheet composed of a cellulose acetate, which is mounted centrally within the main lens part 26 of a thermosetting material In FIGS. 1 and 2, the outer layers 28 and 30 are chemically bonded to the main part and are composed of glass. Sheet 24 may be specially treated or colored to filter or otherwise modify light transmission, or it may be added to increase the impact resistance of lens 22. This type of lens is formed by sandwiching the sheet 24 centrally between the outer glass layers 28 and 30, the selected thermosetting material in the remainder

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Pour space between layers until it completely fills the space, and then pour the warm-hardening Material hardens to form the inner lens part 26.

The colored lens thus formed is also completely uniform in density despite the substantial variation in lens thickness. This ability to λ a lens with "uniform color density". producing is very beneficial. If an attempt is made to make such a lens from regularly colored glass with a substantial change in thickness, the lens will vary in density and color in the same way and is in many cases undesirable. In another embodiment of the invention, colored lenses of uniform density are made without using
of an insert and regardless of the differences in thickness of the main part, achieved by using colored I glass, the surfaces of which are almost parallel. Furthermore, the clear plastic insert increases
the safety properties of the lens are essential because the impact required to break the outer surface is so padded that it is not able to penetrate to the inner plastic sheet. To protect against the highest dangers in industry, lenses of this construction are

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highly desirable because they offer maximum security with a minimum of weight.

The main part of the light-transmitting component can also have inserts, which instead of being fixed Sheet, such as insert 24, can be added in a flowable state. Furthermore, the main part of the light transmitting Component in predominant quantities contain substances that are not able to a outer glass layer to be chemically bonded, but which has the desired properties in a different way create. This embodiment of the invention is illustrated in Figures 6 and 7 and the method to form such a component is illustrated in Figures 8a and 8b.

In FIGS. 6 and 7, a lens 32 is shown with a main part 34 which is a predominant segment 36 of light-transmitting material that is incapable of being chemically bonded to glass which, however, is attached to outer layers 38 of a thermosetting material of the invention is chemically bound. The layers 38 are in turn chemically bonded to outer glass layers 40 and 42.

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The lens 32 can be formed by first bonding the thermosetting outer layers 38 of the main body 34 to the glass layers 40 and 42 and then bonding the predominant segment 36 to these thermosetting outer layers 38. The curved glass layer 40 is at a distance of
one coated with a pricing agent

Glass or another glass layer 44 brought% wherein the distance equal to the thickness of the layer 38
and an annular sealing gasket 46 and polyester tape 48 are used to space layer 40 and layer 44 as shown in Pigur 8a. As described above, the space is filled with the thermosetting material and this is hardened. Then tape 48, cuff 46 and form 44 are removed "That
Method is used to form the outer glass layer 42 d

and its chemically bonded thermosetting layer 38 is repeated using a mold 44, sleeve and tape 48 as shown in Figure 8b. The two layers 40 and 42 are
then spaced as desired with the thermosetting layers 38 facing each other and then the space is filled with a substance to form the main segment 36 which is not directly bonded to the glass layers 40 and 42

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but which is chemically bonded to the thermosetting layers 38 to form a major part 34, which is composed of light-transmitting, infusible material “For example the predominant segment 36 can be composed of an unmodified silicone without filler "According to one embodiment of the invention, a lens with more than one focal point is created, for example a lens with multiple focus or varying focus, as shown in FIGS 13, In this embodiment, thermosetting resins are preferably different Refractive indices used to make lenses with multiple To create focal points and varying focal points, at which both external curvatures of each lens are either spherical or punctiform, but the lens is an orderly and controlled variation showing their strength. Such lenses are formed by going through the manufacturing process of the finished product Lentils leaves gaps or creates gaps and then fills these gaps with a preparation, which takes into account the special requirement. Accordingly, the shape and size of the voids can be varied at will »

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In FIGS. 9 and 10, a variable focus lens 50 is provided having outer curved glass layers 52 and 54 chemically bonded to a body 56. The main section 56 has a pair of wedge-shaped segments 58 and 60 of thermosetting material which extend over the diameter of the lens, each of thermosetting material has a different refractive Λ

index owns. The thermosetting wedge 58 is hemically bonded to the outer glass layer 52 and the wedge 60 is chemically bonded to the outer glass layer 54. Furthermore, the wedges 58 and 60 are on their adjacent ones Length chemically bound together. When the lens 50 is optically neutralized, it has a variety of focal points, which from one edge to the others in ascending order.

One method of forming lens 50 is shown in FIGS

Figures 11a to 11d and consists in that one combines the curved glass layer 52 with a glass mold 62, the inner surface of which with a Release agent is coated. A wedge-shaped block form 64 made of neoprene or silicone is used for separation of layers 52 and mold 62 is used and is tapered to be about 0.01 mm in thickness varies up to 3.0 mm. As described above,

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then a strap 66 and cuff 68 are used to hold the assembly together. A thermosetting one Material of the invention with a certain refractive index is then passed through the opening 69 in the sleeve and cast and cured in the band into the resulting cavity, forming segment 58. That retaining tape 66, sleeve 68, block mold 64 and mold 62 are removed. It What remains is a layer of glass 52 which is chemically bonded to a hardened wedge segment 58. To removing all traces of the release agent from the wedge surface, the other layer 54 becomes used to form an array again. In this case, the block shape will be between the layer 54 and brought the wedge surface, which is mounted so that its thinnest part is now in abutment is located at the thickest part of segment 58 and opening 69 is at the bottom of the assembly appropriate. After this assembly is attached, the block mold 64 is removed and the assembly reversed and a second thermosetting one according to the invention Material with a different refractive index is introduced into the cavity through the opening 69. When the wedge 60 is cured, the strap 66 and collar 68 are removed and the lens 50 becomes reversed to the position shown in FIG

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_ ... 1 ·..- .: ·'. ■ ■ - ■■ - ■ '■■ ·: -'

is. It is found that the resulting lens 50, when optically neutralized, has a plurality of focal points which run in increasing order from edge to edge along the boundary line formed between wedges 58 and 60, as shown in FIG 10 is shown. This represents a lens with a variable focus _e

In FIGS. 12 and 13, a multiple focus lens is shown which comprises a main lens part 72

\ according to the invention, thermosetting material with a _t wedge-shaped segment 74, the latter in ; the lower half of the part 72 is mounted and filled with a thermosetting material of a different refractive index. As in the other embodiments of the invention, a pair are outer

I layers 76 and 78, preferably made of glass or | 'other lens medium higher abrasion resistance than

j composed of the main part 72, chemically to the itself

J opposite surfaces of the main lens part

! 72 bound. Because the lens 70 has a main part 72

j and a wedge 74 with different refractive

• Has indices, the lens 70 has two specific ones

\ Foci.

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The lens 70 can be formed as described above except that a polished steel insert, which was made to conform to the shape and strength of the wedge 74, into the space between the spaced layers 76 and 78 is brought. This steel insert is with a release agent overdrawn. After the selected thermosetting material in the chamber between the Layers 76 and 78 are cast and hardened, the steel insert is removed. All traces of the release agent are also removed from the main part, which determines the wedge-shaped gap. The arrangement is again surrounded with tape and a tight chamber is created Using a thermosetting material with a different refractive index the gap filled and the arrangement hardened. If the lens 70 formed in this way is checked optically, so it has two different focal points »

As described above, the outer layers of the light-transmitting components according to the invention are preferably relatively thinner than the main part, e.g. satisfactory optical elements formed in which the main part has 2 to 4 times the thickness of each outer layer. Furthermore, this is

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The component is thermally stable in that it maintains its cohesion over a wide temperature range. In addition, the components are optically clear; they have a greater abrasion resistance than optical elements made of plastic; and they are more impact-resistant than an optical element of the same thickness made of glass, plastic or a layered structure. The light-transmitting components according to the invention are d

also lighter than a component of the same thickness made of glass or glass-containing laminates.

Typical examples of optical elements which according to the invention are the following:

example 1

An eye lens for glasses with a power of minus 12 diopter is formed from flat window glass,

which has a thickness of 2 mm and a refractive index ™

of 1.53. Two pieces of glass, each 52 mm in diameter, are cut out of the flat glass. One piece is thermally curved so that it measures about 13.00 diopter on both its concave and covex surfaces and the other piece is thermally curved so that it measures about 1.00 diopter on both surfaces. This leads to distorted lens surfaces, which are normally used for optical

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Purposes are unusable because of their deviation from the spherical shape in small but uncontrolled ways Dimensions. In addition, the lenses have the usual surface stripes, which one in commercially available Window glass finds and which also normally make these lenses unsuitable, but no attempt was made undertook to remove the striations. Both curved pieces of glass are chemically cleaned, to remove grease from their surfaces and then using the pieces of glass as previously described put together a silicone rubber sleeve of sufficient thickness, which ensures that the Centers of the two lenses are about 1.00 mm apart. It is important to note here that the Arrangement has no optical ability and the glass of different curvature only the preselected, represents desired curvatures of the finished lens.

An aromatic type epoxy resin in which diepoxide 0 is the main ingredient and which is one Has a refractive index of 1.53 and an epoxy equivalent range of 173 to 179, for example Dow Chemical Co. DER 332, is diluted with 3 wt. # 3enzylamine mixed and you pour the mixture into the chamber between the outer layers of glass and listen to it

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85 G, being a clear, infusible Forms solid, which is chemically bound to the outer glass layers. Under application normal grinding and polishing methods, the G-las thickness reduced by 1.5 mm on each surface, whereby each surface is visualized at the same time There are curvatures of minus 13 diopter and plus 1.00 diopter. I.

The finished lens is a unitary element because of the strength of the bond between the outer layers of glass and the inner part of the lens is greater than the cohesive force of the glass itself. The light transmitting, The finished lens also has none of the imperfections that were found in the beginning curved glass layers, but i3t optically clear. The lens is also thermally stable, j

abrasion-resistant and impact-resistant than a lens of the same thickness made of glass, plastic or laminate »

Example 2

Ea an eye lens is formed, as in Example 1 is described with the exception that the main part of the lens is made of an epoxidized novolac resin is formed with an epoxy equivalent range of 175 to 182 and a refractive index of 1.53,

1 0 9 8 2 2/1 9 U

wherein the resin is mixed with 12 wt. $ diethylenetriamine. The mixture is poured between the Glasschiehten and cured at ambient temperature of 25 ⁰ G.

Again, the lens is a unitary component and has the optical required for lenses and physical properties.

Example 3

An eye lens described in Example 1 with two thermally curved pieces of glass, one of which Curvatures of plus 13 and minus 13 and the other having curvatures of plus 1 and minus 1 are ground and polished to form a lens that has a power of minus 13 diopters instead of minus 12 diopters has »To produce a lens with a minus 13 diopter, all you have to do is change the curvature of the final grinding and polishing required. Looking at the thickness of the available glass, so the combination of selected curvatures is a convex curvature of 0.50 combined with a Concave curvature of 13.50, giving a total lens power of minus 13 diopters.

From this example it can be seen that many combinations can be both spherical and cylindrical

1 0 9 8 2 2/1 ^{C JU}

Recipes are possible «This leads to an essential Reduction of the number of blanks which have to be kept ready for lens production, with which the corresponding cost savings become evident. A lens described in Example 1 can be ground and polished to powers of 11.25 to 15 diopters will.

Example 4

An eye lens for glasses with a power of plus 6 diopter is manufactured as in the example 1 is described with the exception that the convex side of the lens is formed from a layer of glass, which has a curvature of 9.00 diopter and the concave side of the lens is formed from a layer of glass which has a curvature of 3.00 diopter; the distance between the edges of the glass,

layers is 0.5 mm. ™

A uniform eye lens is formed again, which has the necessary physical and optical Has properties «

Example 5

An eye lens is produced as described in Example 4, with the exception that the

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Main part of the lens made of epoxidized novolac resin is formed with an epoxy equivalent range of 175 to 182 and a refractive index of 1.55, the resin with 12% by weight of the resin of diethylenetriamine is mixed. The mixture is poured between the GrIassschichtη and at ambient temperature Hardened by 25G.

Again, the lens has a unitary construction and has the required optical and physical properties Properties on.

Example 6

An eye lens is made from a layer of optical glass and a plastic layer made from allyl diglycol carbonate made for glasses with a power of minus 12 diopters. The finished, uncut Glass layer has concave and. convex surfaces, which are ground to a curvature of 1 diopter and are polished. The outer plastic layer has both its concave and its convex surface has a thickness of 13.00 diopter. Both outer layers are chemically cleaned, to remove fat from their surfaces and the layers are, as described above, with a Mtmachette made of silicone rubber ^ liar

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170A755

Thickness put together to ensure that the The centers of the two layers are about 0.5 mm apart. At that time, the arrangement owns no optical ability whatsoever and the different curvatures of the layers merely represent those before selected, desired curvatures of the finished lens. A thermosetting resin, which is essentially from 75% by weight, based on the resin, of unsaturated ™

Polyester resin and 25 wt. $ Styrene monomer is, is 0.5 wt. $> Methyläthylketonperoxyd in 60 $ strength by weight solution (used as catalyst) and 0.1 io cobalt naphthenate (6 of which are $ metal) (used as an accelerator) were mixed. This resin mixture, catalyst and accelerator be mixed and poured into the chamber between the outer layers of glass and plastic and cured for 5 hours at 25 ⁰ G.

The finished lens is a unitary element because of the strength of the bond between the outer layers made of glass and plastic and the main lens part is greater than the cohesive force of the glass itself. The the finished lens has all of the desired properties, including the desired optical properties like light transmission and clarity, and physical properties like thermal etability and abrasion resistance.

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In addition, the impact resistance of the lens is greater than that of a lens with the same diaphragm made of glass or with layered lenses.

Example 7

An eye glass for glasses with a power of minus 12 diopter, which contains thermosetting material, that cannot be chemically bonded to glass is produced as follows. Four pieces of glass, each with a 52 mm durometer are first cut out of flat glass. Two pieces are measured to a size of about 13 dijter thermally curved on the concave and convex surface, while the other pieces save for a hatred can be thermally curved from about 1.00 diopter on concave and convex surfaces. These lenses are distorted and usually useless for optical purposes because they are on a small, uncontrolled scale deviate from the spherical shape. In addition, the lenses have the usual surface stripes, which can be found in window glass. A lens of plua and minus 13 "00 diopter in the curvature and one Linae of plus and minus 1.00 diopter in curvature are used to remove fat from their surfaces chemically purified. The other two lenses will be on their surfaces with a release agent

1 0 9 8 2 _{2/1 9 U · BA0}

overdrawn. The lenses are then placed together in mating pairs (the two 13 | 00 together and the two 1.00 together) with a silicone gasket between them as previously described so that the lenses are approximately 0.5 mm apart. The chamber of each assembly is then filled with a mixed solution of epoxy-hovolac resin having an epoxy equivalent range of 175 to 182 and 12 wt. # ( Based on resin) M diethylenetriamine. The mixture is poured between the layers of glass and cured at an ambient temperature of 25 ° C. After curing, the release agent-bearing glass layers are removed from the assemblies and all traces of release agent are chemically removed from the glass and resin elements which are combined in a unitary structural member.

Each of these two combined elements is then spaced from one another with the thermosetting layers facing each other and assembled as described above so that the centers of the two lenses are approximately 0.5 mm apart. Kin Polyailoxanharz which 3 wt fo di-tert-butyl peroxide as Härtun, _;. 3mittel is mixed is poured into the intermediate space and for 4 hours at 32 ⁰ G

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BATH OWQINAL

hardened. The polysiloxane resin and the epoxy layers interact with each other and it forms a unitary lens in which the bond between epoxy resin and polysiloxane is a strength which is greater than the cohesive strength of the glass itself.

^ As in the previous examples, the finished Lens also has all the desired optical properties and greater shock resistance than one equivalent lens made of glass, plastic or a layered structure.

Example 8

An optical lens with a power of plus 12 diopter is produced, which only has an outer glass layer having. An optical glass about 1 mm "thick is on its concave and convex surface Grinded to plus 6 diopter and polished and dry-cleaned to remove fat deposits. A glass shape with the desired optical surface properties, which has a curvature of minus 6 diopter coated with a conventional release agent. The finished outer glass layer and the glass shape are as described above, with a silicone chewing stick

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cuff of sufficient thickness to ensure that their centers are about 1 mm apart stand away.

The chamber is filled with a liquid thermosetting resin consisting essentially of 75% by weight (based on resin) of a polyester resin, 12 1/2 wt

a methyl methacrylate monomer and 12 1/2 wt. $%

of a styrene monomer. The thermosetting resin is mixed with 1 wt. ^ Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide and 1/2 fo cobalt naphthenate. The thermosetting resin is cured for 12 hours at 25 ° 0, after which the glass mold is removed from the assembly and the exposed thermosetting surface is cleaned.

As in the previous example, the lens has the

desired optical properties and improved g

Shock resistance. This type of lens has been found to be particularly useful when only one surface of the lens is exposed to the environment and the other surface is closed, for example with a telescope or Microscope.

The components according to the invention can all be folded according to normal practice to the desired Deliver end structure. Accordingly, the parts of

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outer layers, which extend beyond the main part of the elements formed in the examples, removed using the normal folding technique.

While the invention has been illustrated by describing optical elements in detail, so is however, it should be understood that the present invention is not limited thereto.

In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 14 and 15, there is a flat, light-transmitting element 80 with a main portion 82 of thermosetting material which is attached to outer layers 84 and 86 is chemically bonded, which are desirably made of glass or other medium, which one has greater abrasion resistance than the inner part

To form a member 80 that is relatively light in weight, the thickness of the main portion 82 is preferred substantially greater than the thickness of each of the outer layers 84 and 86 and is, for example, 2 to 8 times as thick like the thickness of each outer layer. For a high light transmission, the refraction properties are the main part 82 and layers 84 and 86 about the same, './ie As described above, the thermosetting material ohemically interacts with reactive ones Groups in the inner surface of the layers

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- 47 -

84 and 86 and striations or other surface imperfections in the glass are in the finished element 80 does not exist. In addition, the strength of the chemical bond is greater than the cohesive force of the glass itself. If desired, the outer Surfaces are polished.

Typically, element 80 is clear, M

however, it may be colored by knowing the approach that forms the glass layers 84 and 86 Adding coloring additives.

As in the above embodiments, the main part 82 of the element 80 contain inserts to bring out special additional properties, for example wire mesh to form wire glass, and in particular treated or colored inserts,

to filter the light transmission or in another ™

V / way to modify. The element 80 can also have an outer layer of a selected plastic material have, or the element can have only one outer layer, especially if only one Surface is exposed to the external environment.

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The flat member 80 can be used in a variety of ways. Ee can be used for windows, wire panels, bulletproof panels, X-ray panels, Instrument scales, showcases, shelves and lecterns. It can also be used where laminated glass is currently used, such as office counters and room partitions.

The light-transmitting component according to the invention is particularly useful for purposes of thermal insulation, for example for windows and cooling boxes. A single component or components located at a distance from one another with a closed air space between a component pair ¹ can be used for this purpose. Furthermore, at present, heat insulation filters have two pieces of glass sheet which are sealed so that an air space is formed between them. These heat-insulating windows, made entirely of glass, must be manufactured in the factory for a particular window size and cannot be changed afterwards, and great care must be taken when installing such windows to avoid uneven pressure and insufficient expansion space. In addition, ordinary glass panels have no security value «

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However, thermal insulation windows according to the present invention have high impact resistance and can be formed will overcome the problems associated with all-glass thermal insulation windows accompanied. As illustrated in Figure 16, two elements 80 according to the invention are desired Spaced apart and a rectangular or square frame 88 is in the air space between the elements 80 attached. Itarach becomes the gutter, which is defined by the frame 88 and the elements 80, filled in their excess height with it an edge frame 90 is formed, which extends from the heat-insulating window around its circumference extends. The window with its edge frame 90 can now be inserted into a window frame without special precautions be fitted and, if necessary, the height of the edge mount 90 can be guaranteed correct fitting.

When making a solo heat insulating For a window a, the frame 88 is preferably a thermosetting material in accordance with the present invention which is formed an enclosed air space is bound to the elements 80. In addition, the rim 90 is preferred formed from the same material as frame 88 and a pair of sealing gaskets (not shown)

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.cuffs made of rubber can be fitted around the circumference of the Elements 80 and along the cases are placed, the gap of which is then filled by the edge mount 90 will.

The substantially improved thermal insulation properties of the components according to the invention are illustrated in the following examples.

Example 9

A heat-insulating window pane according to the invention is made of two glass panes, each of which has a thickness of 1 mm, and the glass panes are held at a distance of 8 mm from one another by the rubber sleeve described above. The chamber thus formed between the glass layers is filled with a thermosetting resin which consists essentially of 80% by weight (based on resin) of polybutadiene and 20% by weight of styrene monomer and which has been mixed with 3% by weight of dimethyldihexine (catalyst) is. The mixture is cured at 77 ⁰ O.

Then the thermal conductivity of this V / ärmeisolätionasoheibe compared with the thermal conductivity of an ordinary glass plate with a thickness of 10 mm. The thermal insulation disc according to the invention

109822 / 19U ' _BA0 original

has a thermal conductivity of 0.0008 calories ''

per second per cm, whereas those only made of sheet glass manufactured disc had a conductivity of 0.0024

ρ
Calorie per second per om owns. The V / tower insulation pane according to the invention thus has three times better insulation properties than the pane made of sheet glass.

Example 10

Another comparison between the heat insulating window pane according to the invention and a window pane from ordinary sheet glass is carried out as:

A heat insulation pane according to the invention is made from four panes of flat window glass, wherein

2
each pane of glass measures 77cm and is 3.17mm thick. Two panes of glass are dry cleaned while the other two are covered with a release agent. Two assemblies are prepared, each consisting of a cleaned plate and a release agent plate, the plates being assembled with a silicone sleeve between them and the sleeve being 3.17 mm thick. The two chambers are then filled with the epoxy-ITovulack resin described in Example 7

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BAD OAtQtNAt

and then hardened. After hardening, the two sheets of glass having the release agent on their surfaces are removed. The two remaining assemblies are then dry cleaned to remove trace release agents and then assembled with a 12.7 mm thick silicone ibrachuk sleeve between them. This chamber is then filled with the silicone resin described in Example 7 and this is cured. The 25, 4 mm thick, finished element is compared with a 25 », 4 mm plate made of sheet glass.

The thermal cooling disk according to the invention has a thermal conductivity of 2.725 BTU / sq. ft / hr / inch thickness / F, whereas the sheet glass pane has a thermal conductivity of 6.674 BTU / sq. ft / h / inch thickness / ⁰ F. The Y / thermal insulation pane according to the invention thus in turn has significantly improved insulation properties compared to those of a conventional pane made of sheet glass.

In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 17 and 18, a panoramic windshield 92 is created, which curved grass chiohteri 96 and 98 and one Main part 94 of thermosetting material, which has the space between such layers 96 and

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fills out. In general, layers 96 and 98 are curved first and then the thermosetting material is placed therebetween before it is cured to form an infusible pesticide which is bonded to the outer casting layers. Venn gevünücht, the glass layers may be tinted by normal Kethoden 96 and 98, so as to form a tinted windshield. ^

With regard to the majority of the light transmitting components of the invention, it has been found that the oxydresins of the invention are particularly suitable for those embodiments of the invention in which compressive strength is desired, for example in optical lenses and ophthalmic glasses, prisms and windows. The epoxy and polybutadiene pliant made are also well suited to ball-A-proof glass, windshields for vehicles, SicherlEitsaugenlinsen and safety protection lenses in the industry and. Tank. The modified silicones without filler are admirably suitable for safety and in particular for high thermal stability, for example in the case of heat shields for ovens, protective glasses for ovens and pressure chambers. The less expensive unsaturated polyesters are worthwhile in embodiments of the invention where larger products are desired, for example windscreens for windscreens

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Automobiles and windows.

■ *
The invention is not restricted to the embodiments described here by way of example. In the context of the invention, the person skilled in the art is given various modifications without further ado »

Claims

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Claims (14)

Claims 1 «, light-transmitting iSlement, characterized that its main part, consisting of thermosetting material, at least on one of its sides with a Cover layer is provided, which has a greater abrasion resistance than the main part, the Bond between main part and top layer greater than Jj is than the ICohesion of the top layer. 2. Element according to claim 1, characterized in that chemical groups of the hating of the main part and the cover layer on the An _; The boundary between the main part and the top layer enter into chemical bonds with one another. 3. Element according to claim 1 and 2, characterized in that j that the main part is provided with a cover layer on each of two opposite sides. 4. Element according to claim 3, characterized in that the materials of both cover layers are different from one another. 109822 / 19U BAD OWGtNAl 5. Element according to claim 1 bio 4> characterized in that that the cover layer or cover layers made of plastic such as allyl resin or optical glass, in particular, however from window or /. Plate glass are made. 6. Element according to claim 1 to 5 »characterized in that the thermosetting material of the main part is liquid or flowable in the uncured state and in
in the hardened state forms an infusible solid. 7. Element according to claim 1 to 6, characterized in that the thermosetting material made of epoxy resins,
Polysulfide and epoxy copolymers, pliable polybutadiene, polybutadiene and ütyrolcopolymers, üiliconen without filler, polyurethanes, unsaturated polyesters or formaldehyde-urea polymers. 8. Element according to claim 1 to 7, characterized in that the main part consists of two different segments thermosetting materials with different refractive indices. 109822 / 19U _BAD original 9th element after. Claim 1 to 8, characterized in that that within the main part an infusible segment au3 is stored in a material which cannot be chemically bonded to the cover layer, but to the thermosetting material of the main part is chemically bonded. 10. Element according to claim 1 to 9 »characterized in that that within the main part a sheet of different material is stored, which the impact resistance of the element increased. 11. Element according to claim 10, characterized in that the sheet by a self-coloring or in another Way the light transmission is modified. 12. Element according to claim 1 to 11, characterized in that I that it is as a flat or curved lens, as Lens for optical devices, as an ordinary eye lens for glasses or as an eye lens with multiple focal points, Vielfaohbrennpunkt or variable focus is formed. ORiGiNAL '" • ^l 101122/1 * 14 170A755 13 · Element after. Claim 1 to 11, characterized in that that it is designed as a heat-insulating component ", 14. Element according to claim 13, characterized in that it, with the formation of a Bauelementkoabination, im Distance from another similar component including the adjacent air layer is arranged, with the spacing and the air inclusion being editable by a desired hatred Edge version takes place, which extends between the two components and their Iländer with each other connects. SAD 109822/1914