DE1451201A1 - Heat exchanger for electron tubes - Google Patents

Description

Campagnie Frungaise Thomson-Houston, 1

Haussmann, Paris VIII, France.

"Heat exchanger for electron tubes"

Addition to latent .... (patent application G 29 199 Ia / I7f)

French priority of May 22, 1962 from the French patent application Mr. 898 347 (Seine)

The main patent (patent application G 29 199 Ia / i7f) relates to a V / heat exchanger with a groove-shaped channel Jae: Seated thermally conductive ^T partially for evaporation reaching liquid, na.Qh. _{dejn> {.dprt} proposals made, the channels ag the width (d). less than one third of its ^ IEFE (b), and the parts lying between the channels in the wall A middle direction transverse to the canals

Prop2850

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909818/0299

Thickness (a) , which tfsiiigkeit- (c) of the material forming the canal depth (b) and the dullness (c) of the material through which it s-leichuns

b = m V a «C

linked _; is,. where a and b in cm and c in ^ J / cn. ⁰ C -

to be used, and m. a. in the freezing order.

of one lying numerical invoice. Such a

v / heat exchanger -acc. House ^ patent. lets -one, -

essential,, greater Varmeq-lj.gabe j'e JPlieneiniieit alü die bis d & liijs. / well-known and also use the Plüssi ^ keitssiedekütiliing Yorriciitungen. ore men,

The invention is 'now' based on the idea of increasing the value of the Väraeaiisteusciier according to the main patent in the case of its application to the electronic equipment of its V / ärmeatgals poweruiig ^,. This up, galse is for 'dera E & .uyterf indungsgedankeja, characterized: ■.' Mastered ■ ■ -_ .. that the V'ärmeaustauscner gema.ss Main · ^ .; patent diirch corresponding 1'Yes. s ε would take η a pressure that is noticeably higher than that of the atmospheric pressure. Zn this ;! The purpose of the invention suggests, _s . : that the wallun ;; body of the heat exchanger of the. ^ _{Λ together} with the main patent -vorgesahlagenen Art .Eit,, ·;.; a pressure-resistant edge 1 an evaporator associated with the organs for cooling the liquid and / or condensing its vapor, with means being provided in the structure formed in this way, which at

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The normal operation of the tube is the same as that in the evaporator Maintain pressure over several atmospheres »

-The possibility of using a cooling system, To allow a heat exchanger assigned to an electron tube to work at overpressure, v / will be on this side as is well known, previously proposed in connection with a heat exchanger for the outer anode that works with a liquid which is evaporation an electron tube to prevent irreversible overheating, the so-called Leidenfrost phenomenon and to avoid the resulting destruction of the hot wall (compare German latent script 974 683).

Tests carried out on this side have confirmed that the use of overpressure is effective of the .MmpSkuhlers can be increased. This follows from the increase in the temperature absx & nds between the ΰίΓ-mpf developed in contact with the body to be cooled and the liquid that cools the Künler or gas. - "This effect is easy, for example to be observed in a tube tube device, their evaporator directly to a cooler is assigned (compare French patent specification 1 045 613).

- ^ in low overpressure is also applicable to

^ - ~ * - - ■ »BAD CRiGiNAL

90981Ö / 0299 " ⁴ "

Vo «/ directions for evaporative cooling from intermittent operated electron tubes, in which the overpressure serves to condense the steam in the middle of the liquid, which is in thermal contact with a secondary cooling circuit is located (see German patent specification 1 034 282).

It is, however, noted that "in such Wärmeaustaus.hern of electron tubes no significant bridge have been such as applied by several atmospheres been virtually the;. :: is initially surprising, since one would have thought this', else ^r the. maximum \, ärmabg; .. in such gate directions. An increase in pressure lowers the total volume of the steam and, to a lesser extent, the mean diameter d; Reduce the individual bubbles. In the above-mentioned known evaporative cooling devices, according to the teaching of this technology, the dimensions of the heat-emitting parts of the anode and the spaces separating them could have been reduced, the minimum dimensions of which are tied to those of the steam bubbles, a proportional reduction in all dimensions would thus be the The total diameter of the anode can be reduced while completely maintaining the surface area of its contact with the liquid, which increases the specific heat output, ie the heat output per total surface unit

909818/0299 - ₅ , -

would mean. ' However, it was found on this side that attempts made for this purpose lead to tile parts and damage. The '± ^! eau> eratur- gradient to be stable, and the WanaabgiTDekapacity of the structure is subject to such a decrease that the anode can see against the occurrence of the Leidenfrost.

despite/
mens is no longer protected against the increase in pressure. Even without reducing the dimensions of the heat-emitting elements, one actually gains a certain increase in the heat-emitting power by increasing the pressure, which is probably due to the fact that the steam of the reduced volume of debris is better detached from the poorer structural wall; however, this increase in heat output is often insufficient to justify such a tricky device.

Against all these fruitless efforts, the present invention has. ■ create a cooling device, where the effectiveness of the cooling takes place yärmeäustausciis by applying an "overpressure in Evaporator is much improved. While maintaining of the basic principle proposed on this side (cf. German patent specification 974 683) can mäh the dimensions of the heat exchanger proposed here heat-emitting elements without changing their operating '

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281

wätilen wätilen under the condition that the two given in ϊΌπη a n ± e] rt _w linear size and an ITngleicMieit, the width and depth of the utes * the width of the ribs separating the people and the Tfäriae conductivity: the liärmeaust & usciiwand and iiire clans' forming material ¹ conditions in question are beibeiialten. Umdie to reach grösstirtögiiciie Änzah.1 of heat & bgebenden elements * can si eil so Dei.., wilnlen given pressure for the width of muting the least "ert *, the Rait a leicliten detachment of itself at the bottom of this. Pressure-forming steam -compatible · lets ,, and so: ysr

for a given material. Compliance ordered "'■"■■'?". * ■": - ■; .. ^r - 'ι' - ', -,''ί;' ■: - · "/ _-:; Ά. '. \ u. "l y. ·? -! e ^: -.- -, £ * - , .'...-: = ·, '' ..

for the width of the hip there is always a value that corresponds to the two The mentioned j> imensions conditions are sufficient. The "fert

der V ^ Meleitf £ Iliigkeif "% e ^ sf ^? -äücn ^{! i} '' nöM ^ΐ; -" - ^: -

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broad 'v

insufficient

At- aM JJrucfc ττοη for example ^ five, Äi ^ aspiEarea. .. -. _A and by using mass as cooling liquid _v , ^ a width of about 1 is now suitable for an exact "operation" of the ' ^ äjea ^ ä ^^ aus.cKeisä - ^' slclie ^ zU. ^ KiT ^ n ^ Selects one example wexse ^ fiipfer * as building material '''^" ⁰ ^ ¹ ***' and niiWfc nan exiie * i» u "tenbrexte * 'vbn'e'twä 2'

'90 -98-1 a / 0299

6AD ORIGiMAL

_7_

it can be determined that a groove width of only 2 mm already corresponds to the pumice conditions and a groove depth of 12 m is completely sultry. One thus obtains an extraordinarily large heat exchange area for a given total area of the heat beam. The heat-emitting elements therefore have the shape of fly-like ribs, which do not have the massive character of short and thick projections at all, as was provided in earlier cooling devices (see German patent specification 974 683). ^ü he no longer resemble the short ribs, which eau frequently encountered in cooled by water circulating anodes, but also not to. thin blades, such as those used in laif tköhlvorrielitungen. '

The heat exchanger proposed here can be used for all types of electronic devices which require the removal of a strong heat flow; among these especially the field control stirring (triode, tetrode) whose outer anode to be cooled, and the velocity modulation tubes (klystron, traveling wave tubes, etc.) to mention its collector to cool.

Among the preferred embodiments of the heat exchanger According to the invention, two basic designs are to be mentioned in particular. At a first

Its type is the structure of the Wäj? meaus exchange wall The tube, the evaporator and the parts connecting them E. executed in such a way - around the steam inside the evaporator to condense, in which case means for cooling either by a gas stream or by a Liquid circulation or by entering a cold liquid under pressure are provided. At a The second type of Verdrsmyfer is built to connected to an external cooler to \ y.e.r: den, where an inlet port allows the device to be resupplied with pressurized liquid.

In'der drawing is a heat exchanger of the invention, ss proposed type illustrated schematically in several example selected ^ embodiments. 1 and 2 show a heat exchanger with an evaporative cooler, in which the secondary cooling by a forced air flow. Fig. 3 represents an embodiment with an evaporative cooler, in which the secondary cooling by a Fluid circulation is made. Figures 4 and 5 bring another embodiment as well an evaporative cooler. ^ in which, however, through Entering liquid is cooled under pressure. Fig. 6 7 and 7 finally show an embodiment in which the steam escaping from the evaporator

in one of his trains a part cooler condensed,.

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which is fed with fresh liquid under pressure.

In the embodiment of Fig. 1, the heat exchanger is used to the. To cool the anode of a triode 1 suitable for very short waves. The anode part 2 of the tube housing is designed on its outer surface as an exchange wall 5 made of copper in such a way that its heat-emitting elements 7 and the hats separating them are dimensioned in a known manner such that a membrane of liquid in contact with the anode surface at all points of the node permanently renewed (compare German patent specification 974 683). Furthermore, according to an older - ^ rfindurigs vor sehlag (patent application G 29 779 Ia / I7f of April 26, 1963) the structure is chosen so that the levels of the heat exchange wall running through points 3 and 4 are in the sighting of the Axis of the H-yr compared to the planes of the ends of the anode surface running through the points 3a and 4a. Is an operation of this device under a high pressure of, for example, five. Atmospheres provided, one can use the. the heat emitting.d, on elements 6 separating lute η and. these elements 6 _r themselves give very reduced dimensions »so; das. | the; Elements 6 wing-like shape, adopt ». at

η, implementation,!, is; the width. L ^ 3 *, wing example ^ melse 2 mW ,,, the. Width of the imten

_ ₁₀ _ -: · ■ U51201

also 2- "mn and its average depth-10 mm. - The; · ^: '- ■ ■"., Sälektronenröhre 1 has a ring flange 9, - ■ > - ^; =; ^-; the exit to ^I;; & uptzylineler coat -10 and a -bathing 11-- ■■■■■ a "thick it G-ehäuse forms, which is intended to _r Uli the desired pressure bit the necessary security" - ■: "to withstand the i- ' antel 10,. 11- is. "Tor ·· 'all on. Its cylinder surface TO.: it is equipped with a suitable cooling system for air conditioning in 21. - The relevant: Y / poor fan is dimensioned in such a way as to dissipate the average power, which is often very much lower than that. e ffiaximal power lies kt.nn _r which the tube · ■ % ilD.er. "limited '- ^ 6it _r ', for example, some. Hekundenjabg-eb-en köhiite .; yie ■ v / a-nd. 10 is .voarzugs-wise aüaserdem innerlioh "equipped? - * alßhe - dazu- -bestimmt.a the effectiveness of their contact ^r ;, with the" with liitt'eln two phases. "of the inner liquid, to ip & rbesseirn, -wiese means. - ~. are above all wing-type ribs 12 in the part in contact with the steam and a cylinder jacket 13 to allow the thermosiphon movement in the part in contact with the liquid 8 Part of the conduit. The assembly of the evaporation cooler constructed in this way is preferably protected by an outer shell 22 which, on the other hand, forms the channel for the channel indicated by the arrows 3? indicated LUf turns tr οηϊ after ¹ au ^ ae'n- aB Grenzit, which is otherwise forced by a fan not shown.

According to other individual features of the invention, that is

, = .- ■ - ■■■. ■ BÄ0 ORIGINAL

Gelläuse | ü, 11, preferably in its ^ oden 11, with two safety devices equipped, the "for example present in fusible platelets. The one smelting lamella 14 forms part of the dense Wall and is exchangeable due to a collar 15 that can be removed by screws 16. Melting this Lamella leads gev / öhnlicii that the under pressure the housings are placed under atmospheric pressure. The other fusible lamella 17 contains an anchor 18, which is connected to an electrical contact 20 via a tensioned wire 19; melting this Lamella 17 leads to an interruption of the contact 20 in the electrical supply circuit of the tube. This fuse can also be easily replaced.

When the tube is in operation, it is activated by touching the Anode structure vapor formed partially condensed by contact with the rest of the liquid 8, which is heated and gives rise to a rapid thermosiphon movement, whereby the heat exchange with the lower Part 10a of the Kanteis 10 is improved. The vapor emerging from the liquid 8 is compressed in the process free space above the liquid level 23 and condenses on the upper part 10b of the housing shell 10, the usable surface of which is optionally by wing-like Ribs 12 can be enlarged. For a given The operating power of the tube T arises in the liquid

909818/0290

" ¹² "

a pressure and temperature _{equal to} ewicht, which depends above all on the conditions of the secondary heat exchange between the heat radiator 21 and the air circulation F.

With the structure described above, the internal pressure increases with the output power of the tube, and consequently the heat exchange on the anode wall becomes more and more effective, especially as a result of the Compression of the vapor volume, which allows a stable "iedung" despite the narrowness of the old! Both safety devices provided on the one hand (17 »18) allow an interruption of the electrical Power supply of the electron tube with the preventive Effect against destruction of the anode and on the other hand (14) mechanical protection against the risk of explosion the housing extremely easy to accomplish.

After in the embodiment of FIG. 1 previously in all Details have been explained below are intended to be those illustrated by the other drawing figures Embodiments will be briefly described in which Purely schu.it is the anode structure of an electron tube 1a of a type that cannot be specified in detail is shown on its own is.

In the embodiment of FIG. 3, the anode part 2a is an electron tube 1a with heat-emitting elements. 7a, which corresponds to the previously given Hegel (see German patent specification 974 6i-'3) 909818/0299 _ _13- ,

IRAT) O?

* The anode structure 2a is assigned a jacket 10d that is leakproof in the normal operating areas; by which a copper sole line 24 is formed. This copper tube extends sioh preferably over the areas of the in the by the jacket 1Od the empty space of the available geometric volume, to cover a large surface area with both the liquid as well as with the vapor phase of the boiling main cooling liquid of the heat-emitting elements of the to be in contact with the relevant drill. Preferably the outer turns of the copper snake on 4 wall 104 by white caterpillars 25 either the inner surface or "ogar an" Jer Auesenflache dieter Wall attached, wit diet in Pig. 3 is shown * The Kuttfertohlange 24 is provided with a two-way thread with a drainage statute. Since the heat exchange awisohen one Cooling coil and a »Fluidura usually in the

Pfeaet effective? than in the vaporous This is an advantage, from the cloak up to a rather high one above deeeen only the frtit good circulation of the main cooling fluid * Remains. This ;"

Wet fit and berry

iha ··

Guide elements such as a cylinder jacket 15a coaxial with the anode structure 2a. The safety elements shown are on the one hand a valve 26 supported by a tared spring 27 on the contact of a seal 30 and on the other hand a pressure gauge relay 28 which is able to control a safety contact 30a via an insulating rod 29, in the evaporative cooler according to i ⁿ ig. 3 is usually cooled by a water circuit from the aqueduct that flows through the copper coil 24. The narrowing of this flow of water is advantageously adapted to these changes in the mean power of the electron tube to be dissipated as heat. For this purpose, the device is preferably equipped with a thermo control valve 32, which is arranged directly at the outlet of the cooling coil 24 and allows the amount of liquid to increase when the temperature of the same increases. This simple device, which limits the water consumption to precisely the useful value, also has the advantage of supplying warm water at a constant temperature, since it can be used as a welcome by-product of the anode cooling of the electron tubes in question.

The in & en Pig. The exemplary embodiment shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 relates to a cooling structure for an electron tube, in which the secondary cooling namely the cooling of the

boiling liquid, by mixing it with the 909818 / 029S _ ₁₅ _

U51201

liquid entered under pressure takes place. The housing jacket 10e of the evaporator has two pipe stubs 33 and 34, which are intended to provide a direct Umstrojii of a 'cooling liquid, for the most frequently distilled. yat.; he uses \; ird to let F ^ and F * come in and out in the direction of the drawn file. The housing jacket 10e also preferably has means which promote the mixing of the liquid circulating from the nozzle 33 to the nozzle 34 with the boiling emulsion, which ensures the thermal cooling of the heat-emitting anode elements. The te means primarily comprise a wiper 35, which promotes condensation through mixing, and an intermediate jacket 36 which extends the passage of the liquid inside the Ilantel 10e, the liquid entering inside this intermediate jacket and leaving the housing at 34. The fresh liquid

en /
enters the area of the housing e which is most enriched in vapor of the primary cooling liquid via the pipe support j>'j. Such an arrangement has the effect that the beginning of the condensation of the liquid is accelerated, namely the condensation continues in the vicinity of the anode 2c and ends in the annular space 37, which merges into the extraction nozzle 34, below which, preferably one immediately Opening is provided which allows the formation of an air bubble

909818/0299 - ₁₆ .

:,; -..., GAD ORIGINAL

in the upper area of the evaporator can be avoided » The space enclosed by the G-ehäusemantel 10e can, corresponding to the valve 26 of FIG. 3, a valve 26a have, which is arranged in the line of the liquid flow circuit in which the evaporator is used is. Such a valve could also have several evaporation protect cooler one and the same structure. Another example is the preventive protection of the electron tube even with an exchangeable ochiuelz relay 18c be guaranteed that a wire 19c tensioned by a spring, not shown, an electrical Contact 20c is assigned, with the - «irkweise corresponds to that of the embodiment of FIG.

■ Fig. 5 schematically shows the evaporation cooler of FIG. in its use in its secondary cooling circuit. The flow of the cooling liquid from Fp to F ^. . : takes place in a closed circuit that includes a pump 45 and a fan 47, for example cooled heat exchanger 46 contains. This circuit also has a pressure equalizer 48, which is shown in FIG produces an almost constant pressure in the circuit, but allows certain volume fluctuations that lead to örund the thermal expansion of the liquid and due to of changes in volume of the vapor present in the evaporator occur »In the illustrated embodiment this pressure equalizer consists essentially of

909818/0299

■ a closed seam, which is connected to the fluid circuit, partially with this Liquid is filled and contains a compressed gas above the liquid level. The performance of the The pump must be so sufficient that the temperature of the liquid inside the housing 10e to one Value remains limited, which also allows the condensation of the vapor in the middle of the liquid, whereby the cooling capacity of the heat exchanger 46 must be taken into account. The pump 45 can be of a low power because the secondary cooling circuit will be balanced and the pressure loss in the evaporative cooler is minimal.

6 and 7 is a cooling structure according to the invention in which the condensation resulting from the cooling of the heat-emitting anode elements of the steam does not take place inside the evaporator * In the Fig. it can be seen that the tight housing jacket 1Of has an outflow valve 38, which discharges the steam in a discharge line 39 permitted and effected. This valve 38, which is under the pressure of a spring 40, is open a pressure set which is equal to the nominal operating pressure prevailing in the housing 1Of. The liquid will Introduced through the inlet port 41 under pressure in a certain amount, which must be higher than the amount of liquid that is required for the greatest heat output

909818/0299 -18-

the anode of the electron tube in question in the established Area is vaporized. The excess liquid that has not evaporated in the housing escapes with the Steam in the discharge line 39, in which a much lower pressure of, for example, almost atmospheric pressure prevails.

The housing jacket 10f is preferably equipped with deflection elements, not shown, which are intended for this purpose it is to be avoided that the steam does not carry a substantial amount of liquid with it. Such vapor deflection elements are known (compare French patent specification 1 238 269) ο Preferably the in the evaporator entering liquid already has other, less heat-emitting elements on its current course cooled, which are assigned in particular to the electron tube 1d itself. The individual and preventive Protection of those contained in the overall structure and through it cooled electron tube preferably consists of either a fuse relay as in the embodiment of Mg. 4 and / or a level safety device in the evaporator of known construction.

Pig. 7 illustrates the evaporator of FIG. 6 in its use in its condensation and recovery circuit. This circuit contains a condenser 50 which is cooled by means of a fan 51 and a pump 49 of volumetric type used in the

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Is able to get the desired i-tightness of the vaporizer supplying refeeding liquid ^ u.

In accordance with the volume of the evaporators of the devices according to the ürfindunc ^ u going, in particular depending on the output power and depending on the selected pressure, technological or economic considerations lead to them either with tight housings that cannot be dismantled by the user, such as this is shown in Fig. 1, in which the housing 10 to the anode of the electron tube bearing is üingflansch 9 esch know to ^, or execute with c-bnehm ^u 'irish substructures. 3 shows a variant of this type of construction in the form of an autoclave connection 42 with a seal 43.

The fluid contained in the tight housings of a structure according to the invention is preferably distilled water, the thermal properties of which are very satisfactory and which allows a temperature of 150 ^° C. to be reached with only a pressure of five atmospheres. The risk of frost in this water during the rest period could be avoided, for example, by adding 5% glycol ethyl. It was found on this side that even a small amount of antifreeze has the effect of preventing freezing without

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BAD ORIGINAL COPY

to prevent the expansion of the ice. Such a full one Structure or evaporative cooler for cooling an electron tube according to the invention can without special precautions are taken but it is not excluded that other cooling liquids, how to use fluorinated organic liquids in particular, especially for this type of use are determined.

-2t-

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Claims (9)

Patent claims : f1 Λ Heat exchanger rait a groove-shaped channel with thermally conductive wall for the transfer of the heat flow emanating from a hot body or heat generator to; ine the heat-emitting wall surface wetting and at least partially evaporating liquid according to patent ..... ( Patent application C 29 199 Ia / i7f) _} where the heat-conducting wall is formed by the Vandun; s body which receives the electrons of an electron tube, characterized in that the Liquid and / or condensation of their vapor are assigned, with means being provided in the structure thus formed which, during normal operation of the tube, maintain the pressure prevailing in the evaporator over several atmospheres. 2. Heat exchanger according to claim 1, characterized in that the evaporator at pressures below several atmospheres is tight and has at least the outside projections, which from the heat-conducting wall the tube to the liquid and its vapor transferred heat with a forced gas flow transfer and let this vapor condense inside the evaporator jacket. -21- '^ 909819/0299 3. Heat exchanger after. Claim 1, characterized in that the evaporator is tight at pressures below several atmospheres and has, inside or in contact with its housing jacket, a liquid line which extends from the Y / armeleitwEind of the tube to the liquid wetting it and the liquid. Di-mipf transferred heat with a secondary liquid flow exchanger: and so this vapor inside the evaporator jacket. lets condense. 4. Heat exchanger according to claim 3, characterized in that that the condensation of the vapor serving liquid line at its outlet with is equipped with a thermal control valve that increases the amount of electricity when the temperature of the exiting Liquid rises. 5. Värmeaustauseher according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the Verdam; fermentel has a first opening, which the input Sufficient amount of cold liquid allows the vapor to enter the lütte and the Surface of the wetting the heat-conducting wall of the tube Liquid to condense, and a second, the exit of the heated liquid permitting opening as well as a direct flow of the liquid from the inlet opening -25-909818 / 0299 - ** - H51201 has guide elements avoiding the outlet opening, v / whether the evaporator is inserted into a hydraulic fluid circuit via its two openings, the at least one pump (45, 49) causing the Umstroni, a heat exchanger (46, 50) and a pressure holding device (48). 6. Heat exchanger according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the evaporator jacket a cold liquid under a pressure of several Atmospheres in inlet ports receiving a quantity to replace the vaporized liquid ind a ritJie of the highest elevation of the evaporator jacket provided in the working position has, which is equipped with a valve that the exit of the steam and optionally the Admitted excess liquid entered to the cooler if a pressure of at least in the evaporator some atmospheres prevail. 7. Heat exchanger according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that inside the evaporator jacket (10) the 7 / poor guide wall (5) of the electron tube (1) at a distance from an intermediate jacket (13) is surrounded. 8. Heat exchanger according to one of claims 1 to 5 and 7 »characterized in that the evaporator jacket (10) 909818/0299 in its normal operating condition with the vapor phase in contact "located area (11) with a Safety valve or one due to its temperature sensitivity a valve-forming device (14) is equipped, which safety devices the pressure and / or the temperature of the cooling liquid and its Limit steam upwards. 9. Yiärineaustauscher according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the evaporator jacket (10, 11) has a safety device (17-20) which interrupts the supply voltage of the electron tube (1) when at the point of their arrangement
a certain temperature is exceeded. C. 909818/0299