DE10313267A1 - Water filter e.g. for production of drinking water consists wholly or partly of chitin especially obtained from crab waste in food processing - Google Patents

Water filter e.g. for production of drinking water consists wholly or partly of chitin especially obtained from crab waste in food processing

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Publication number
DE10313267A1
DE10313267A1 DE2003113267 DE10313267A DE10313267A1 DE 10313267 A1 DE10313267 A1 DE 10313267A1 DE 2003113267 DE2003113267 DE 2003113267 DE 10313267 A DE10313267 A DE 10313267A DE 10313267 A1 DE10313267 A1 DE 10313267A1
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Germany
Prior art keywords
chitin
water
partly
activated carbon
production
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Withdrawn
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DE2003113267
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German (de)
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Manfred Lottermoser
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Individual
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Priority to DE2003113267 priority Critical patent/DE10313267A1/en
Publication of DE10313267A1 publication Critical patent/DE10313267A1/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J20/28014—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their form
    • B01J20/28016—Particle form
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
    • B01J20/20—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising free carbon; comprising carbon obtained by carbonising processes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/22—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising organic material
    • B01J20/24—Naturally occurring macromolecular compounds, e.g. humic acids or their derivatives
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J20/28014—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their form
    • B01J20/2803—Sorbents comprising a binder, e.g. for forming aggregated, agglomerated or granulated products
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J20/28014—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their form
    • B01J20/28052—Several layers of identical or different sorbents stacked in a housing, e.g. in a column
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
    • C02F1/283—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using coal, charred products, or inorganic mixtures containing them
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
    • C02F1/286—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using natural organic sorbents or derivatives thereof
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2220/00—Aspects relating to sorbent materials
    • B01J2220/40—Aspects relating to the composition of sorbent or filter aid materials
    • B01J2220/46—Materials comprising a mixture of inorganic and organic materials
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2220/00—Aspects relating to sorbent materials
    • B01J2220/50—Aspects relating to the use of sorbent or filter aid materials
    • B01J2220/66—Other type of housings or containers not covered by B01J2220/58 - B01J2220/64
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
    • C02F2101/20—Heavy metals or heavy metal compounds

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Water Treatment By Sorption (AREA)
  • Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)

Abstract

The particulate material in apparatus for filtering water consists wholly or partly of chitin.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft Geräte, mit denen Wasser über ein körniges Filtermaterial filtriert wird, das sich von bekannten Filtermaterialien vorteilhaft unterscheidet. Außerdem ermöglicht die Konstruktion ein besonders einfaches Auswechseln des Filtermaterials. The invention relates to devices with which water over a granular filter material that is filtered from known filter materials advantageously differs. In addition, the construction allows a special easy replacement of the filter material.

Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, den Fabrikations-Aufwand für die Herstellung von Filtergeräten sowohl für Klein- als auch für Großverbraucher von Trinkwasser gering zu halten. Das körnige Filtermaterial soll weltweit verfügbar und billig sein. Ferner sollen diese Geräte von jedermann ohne technische Vorkenntnisse benutzt werden können und außer organischen Substanzen auch kritische Kationen - insbesondere solche aus der 4. und 5. Periode - aus dem Wasser entfernen. The object of the invention is to reduce the manufacturing outlay the production of filter devices for both small and also to keep it low for large consumers of drinking water. The granular filter material is said to be available worldwide and to be cheap. Furthermore, these devices are intended for everyone without previous technical knowledge can be used and except organic substances also critical cations - especially those from the 4th and 5th period - from the water remove.

Diese und andere sich aus der Beschreibung ergebende Aufgaben löst die Erfindung mit einer Vorrichtung zum Filtrieren von Wasser über körnige Materialien, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die körnigen Materialien ganz oder teilweise aus Chitin bestehen. These and others resulting from the description The invention solves problems with a device for Filtration of water over granular materials, thereby characterized in that the granular materials entirely or partly consist of chitin.

Andere Bestandteile der körnigen Materialien sind Aktivkohle-Granulate, die vorzugsweise aus Krebstierabfällen hergestellt werden. Other components of the granular materials are Activated carbon granules, preferably from waste crustaceans getting produced.

Die Brauchbarkeit von Chitosan als Metallionen-Chelator zur Wasseraufbereitung ist in der OS DE 199 13 609 A1 beschrieben. Demgegenüber ist Chitin, obgleich erheblich einfacher herstellbar als Chitosan, für die Wasseraufbereitung noch nicht eingesetzt worden, vermutlich wegen seines relativ schwachen Chelatier-Vermögens. The utility of chitosan as a metal ion chelator for water treatment is in OS DE 199 13 609 A1 described. In contrast, chitin is, albeit significant easier to manufacture than chitosan for which Water treatment has not yet been used, presumably because of of his relatively weak chelating ability.

Erfindungsgemäß wird Chitin in Form von Nanopartikeln wegen des hierdurch enorm vergrößerten Angebots an freiliegenden Acetamido-Liganden benutzt. Chitin-haltiges Material wird mit konzentrierter Zinkchlorid (ZnCl2)- Lösung erhitzt. Diese Flüssigkeit wird zentrifugiert oder filtriert. Ein dünnflüssiger Brei aus Wasser und Flocken, Fasern oder Körnern (z. B. Cellulosepapier- Schnitzel, Wollreste oder gebrannte Kieselgur) wird gerührt, während das klare Zentrifugat oder Filtrat langsam hineinfließt. Dabei wird kolloidales Chitin ausgefällt und auf dem porösen Material niedergeschlagen. Dieses wird von der verdünnten Zinkchlorid-Lösung abgesiebt, mit Wasser gespült und als Filtermaterial verwendet. Die Zinkchlorid-Lösung wird aufkonzentriert und erneut zur Chitin-Extraktion benutzt. According to the invention, chitin is used in the form of nanoparticles because of the enormously increased range of exposed acetamido ligands. Material containing chitin is heated with concentrated zinc chloride (ZnCl 2 ) solution. This liquid is centrifuged or filtered. A thin slurry of water and flakes, fibers or grains (e.g. cellulose paper schnitzel, scraps of wool or distilled diatomaceous earth) is stirred while the clear centrifugate or filtrate slowly flows into it. Colloidal chitin is precipitated and deposited on the porous material. This is sieved from the diluted zinc chloride solution, rinsed with water and used as a filter material. The zinc chloride solution is concentrated and used again for chitin extraction.

Das aus der Zinkchlorid-Lösung ausgefällte kolloidale Chitin kann auch allein oder mit inerten Füllstoffen oder mit Aktivkohle-Pulver zu mikroporösen Platten gepresst werden, die als mehrfunktionelles Filtermaterial eingesetzt werden können. The colloidal precipitated from the zinc chloride solution Chitin can also be used alone or with inert fillers or with activated carbon powder to form microporous plates are pressed as a multifunctional filter material can be used.

Das folgende Ausführungsbeispiel soll die Erfindung erläutern, ohne sie auf die genannten Materialien und sonstigen Parameter zu beschränken. The following embodiment is intended to illustrate the invention explain without referring to the materials and restrict other parameters.

Ausführungsbeispiel anhand einer schematischen FigurEmbodiment based on a schematic figure

Das zu filtrierende Wasser W befindet sich im Rohr R und strömt langsam von unten nach oben durch die im Filterrohr F befindlichen Aktivkohle-Schichten A und Chitin enthaltenden Schichten C in das Sammelgefäß S. Die Strömungsgeschwindigkeit wird durch den Unterschied der Niveaus in den Rohren R und F konstant gehalten. Das Niveau im Rohr R wird durch Nachfließen aus einem nicht dargestellten Vorratsbehälter auf gleichem Stand gehalten, z. B. durch ein Ventil, das durch einen Schwimmer im Rohr R bei überschreiten dessen Niveaus geschlossen wird oder durch eine Ausflußsteuerung nach dem Prinzip einer Mariotteschen Flasche. The water W to be filtered is in the tube R and slowly flows from bottom to top through the Filter tube F located activated carbon layers A and Layers C containing chitin in the collecting vessel S. The flow rate is determined by the difference of the levels in the pipes R and F kept constant. The The level in the pipe R is not reduced by flowing from a illustrated storage container on the same level held, e.g. B. through a valve by a float closed in tube R when its levels are exceeded is or by a flow control on the principle a bottle of Mariott.

Dem Wasser im Vorratsbehälter oder im Rohr R wird ein Oxidationsmittel zugesetzt, vorzugsweise Calciumpermanganat (Ca(MnO4)2), dessen Dosierung kolometrisch gesteuert werden kann und das im filtrierten Wasser keine unerwünschten Ionen zurückläßt, auch keine Kaliumionen. An oxidizing agent is added to the water in the storage container or in the tube R, preferably calcium permanganate (Ca (MnO 4 ) 2 ), the dosage of which can be controlled colometrically and which does not leave any unwanted ions in the filtered water, not even potassium ions.

Die von der Krebstiere verarbeitenden Lebensmittelindustrie abgestoßenen Abfälle sind größtenteils für eine Chitin-Gewinnung absolut unbrauchbar und belasten die Umwelt. Die Verarbeitung zu Düngemitteln, durch Behandlung mit Schwefelsäure sogar zu fast geruchlosen, ist zwar möglich, jedoch sind die Mengenverhältnisse der Pflanzen- Nährelemente in diesen Produkten extrem ungünstig. Die Krebstierschalen sind ein Verbundmaterial aus temperaturbeständigen anorganischen Substanzen (hauptsächlich Calciumcarbonat, Calciumphosphate, Calciumfluorid) mit darin feinverteiltem organischem Material wie Chitin und Eiweißstoffen. Deshalb ergeben Krebstierschalen beim Glühen unter Luftabschluß eine Aktivkohle, die ähnlich wie Knochenkohle aus einer mikroporösen anorganischen Matrix mit extrem großer spezifischer Oberfläche besteht, auf der Kohlenstoff feinst verteilt ist. The crustaceans processing Waste rejected in the food industry is largely for one Chitin extraction absolutely useless and burden the Environment. Processing to fertilizers, through treatment with sulfuric acid it is almost too odorless possible, but the proportions of the plant Nutritional elements in these products are extremely unfavorable. The Crustacean shells are made of a composite material temperature-resistant inorganic substances (mainly Calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, calcium fluoride) with in it finely divided organic material such as chitin and Proteins. Therefore crustacean shells result in Glowing under exclusion of air is an activated carbon that is similar like bone carbon from a microporous inorganic Matrix with extremely large specific surface area, on which carbon is finely distributed.

Aktivkohle kann man herstellen, indem man beispielsweise zerkleinerte Hummerschalen oder die Köpfe, Gliedmaßen, Fleisch- und Fettreste aufweisenden Schalen von Nordsee- Garnelen (Crangon crangon) mit einer Zwangsförderpumpe durch ein von außen beheiztes, 4 m langes horizontales Stahlrohr schiebt, wobei über die Fördergeschwindigkeit und die Heizung eine Endtemperatur des Förderguts am Stahlrohrausgang von ca. 950 Grad Celsius eingestellt wird. Der Stahlrohrausgang führt über einen Krümmer in einen mit Abgasrohr versehenen Wasserbehälter. Die glühende Kohle fällt ins Wasser und die Abgase werden in das Flammrohr eines Schockwellenbrenners geleitet, um organische Bestandteile zu verbrennen. Die Wirkungsweise von Schockwellenbrennern ist u. a. in der Offenlegungsschrift DE 10 10 6115 A1 beschrieben. Activated carbon can be produced by, for example, shredded lobster shells or the heads, limbs, Shells of North Sea meat and fat residues Shrimp (Crangon crangon) with a forced feed pump through a horizontally heated, 4 m long outside Steel pipe pushes, being above the conveying speed and the heating has a final temperature of the material to be conveyed on Steel tube outlet set at approx. 950 degrees Celsius becomes. The steel pipe exit leads through a bend a water tank provided with an exhaust pipe. The red-hot coal falls into the water and the exhaust gases are into the Flame tube of a shock wave burner directed to burn organic matter. The mode of action of Shock wave burners are u. a. in the published application DE 10 10 6115 A1.

Um die Adsorptions-Kapazitäten der aus Krebstierschalen hergestellten Aktivkohlen zu prüfen, wird eine Reihe von Standard-Aktivkohlen hergestellt. Dazu wird gebrannte Kieselgur verschiedener Korngrößen mit bestimmten Mengen von Saccharose-Lösungen unterschiedlicher Konzentrationen getränkt und unter Luftabschluß bis zur vollständigen Karbonisierung der Saccharose geglüht. So erhält man eine Reihe von Aktivkohlen mit bekannten Kohlenstoff-Gehalten und spezifischen Oberflächen. Mit diesen Standard-Aktivkohlen kann das Adsorptions- und Durchströmungs-Verhalten aller Arten von Aktivkohlen nach bekannten Methoden verglichen werden. Selbstverständlich können in der hier beschriebenen Weise aus Kieselgur oder anderem porösem temperaturbeständigem Material und wässerigen Lösungen leicht karbonisierbarer Substanzen hergestellte Aktivkohlen auch für praktische Zwecke eingesetzt werden. To the adsorption capacity of the crustacean shells Manufactured activated carbons will test a number of Standard activated carbons manufactured. To do this, burn Diatomaceous earth of various grain sizes with certain quantities of sucrose solutions of different concentrations soaked and in the absence of air until complete Carbonization of sucrose annealed. So you get one Range of activated carbons with known carbon contents and specific surfaces. With these Standard activated carbons can change the adsorption and flow behavior all types of activated carbons according to known methods be compared. Of course you can in the here described way from diatomaceous earth or other porous temperature-resistant material and aqueous solutions easily carbonizable substances Activated carbons can also be used for practical purposes.

Die Qualität des in das Sammelgefäß S geflossenen filtrierten Wassers wird nach bekannten elektrischen und optischen Methoden bestimmt. Unverkennbare Signale fordern das Auswechseln eines Teils des Filtermaterials. Zu diesem Zweck wird der Hahn H (vgl. schematische Figur) geschlossen und die Klappe K geöffnet. Das portionsweise in Gaze eingehüllte Filtermaterial wird unten entnommen und durch eine gleiche Menge frischen Filtermaterials ersetzt, indem dieses oben in das Rohr R eingesetzt wird. Nach Öffnen des Hahns H strömt Wasser von unten nach oben durch das Rohr R und fördert die zwischen den Körnern vorhandene Luft oben hinaus. The quality of the flowing into the collecting vessel S. filtered water is made according to known electrical and optical methods determined. Demand unmistakable signals replacing part of the filter material. To this The purpose of the tap H (see schematic figure) closed and the flap K opened. In portions in gauze wrapped filter material is taken out below and through replace an equal amount of fresh filter material by this is inserted into the tube R above. After opening the Hahns H flows water from the bottom up through the pipe R and promotes the air above between the grains out.

Claims (7)

1. Vorrichtung zum Filtrieren von Wasser über körnige Materialien, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die körnigen Materialien ganz oder teilweise aus Chitin bestehen. 1. A device for filtering water over granular materials, characterized in that the granular materials consist entirely or partially of chitin. 2. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die körnigen Materialien aus Chitin-haltigem Material und Aktivkohle bestehen. 2. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the granular materials are made of chitin-containing material and activated carbon. 3. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß in der Vorrichtung eine oder mehrere Schichten aus Chitin-haltigem Material und eine oder mehrere Schichten aus Aktivkohle angeordnet sind. 3. Device according to claim 2, characterized in that in the device one or more layers Chitin-containing material and one or more layers are arranged from activated carbon. 4. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß durch Erhitzen von Chitin-haltigen Rohstoffen mit Zinkchlorid-Lösung, Filtrieren des heißen Gemischs und Verdünnen des Filtrats mit Wasser ausgefälltes Chitin Bestandteil des körnigen Materials ist. 4. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that by heating raw materials containing chitin with Zinc chloride solution, filtering the hot mixture and Dilute the filtrate with water-precipitated chitin Is part of the granular material. 5. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 2 oder 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Chitin-haltigen Materialien Chitin enthalten, das durch Erhitzen von Chitin-haltigen Rohstoffen mit Zinkchlorid-Lösung, Filtrieren des heißen Gemischs und Verdünnen des Filtrats mit Wasser ausgefällt worden ist. 5. The device according to claim 2 or 3, characterized characterized in that the chitin-containing materials chitin contain that by heating chitin-containing Raw materials with zinc chloride solution, filtering the hot Mix and dilute the filtrate with water has been canceled. 6. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Aktivkohle durch Glühen unter Luftabschluß von Chitin-haltigen Krebstier-Abfällen hergestellt worden ist. 6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized characterized in that the activated carbon by glowing under Exclusion of air from chitin-containing crustacean waste has been manufactured. 7. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Vorrichtung mit Wasserleitungen versehen ist, mit denen das zu filtrierende Wasser von unten nach oben durch das körnige Material geleitet wird. 7. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized characterized in that the device with water pipes is provided with which the water to be filtered from passed up through the granular material becomes.
DE2003113267 2003-03-24 2003-03-24 Water filter e.g. for production of drinking water consists wholly or partly of chitin especially obtained from crab waste in food processing Withdrawn DE10313267A1 (en)

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DE2003113267 DE10313267A1 (en) 2003-03-24 2003-03-24 Water filter e.g. for production of drinking water consists wholly or partly of chitin especially obtained from crab waste in food processing

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2013073977A1 (en) * 2011-11-14 2013-05-23 Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika Method for production of nanoporous activated carbons with high nitrogen contents

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2013073977A1 (en) * 2011-11-14 2013-05-23 Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika Method for production of nanoporous activated carbons with high nitrogen contents

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