DE1025779B - Process for producing sintered or glazed surfaces and furnace for carrying out the process - Google Patents

Description

For creating permanent surfaces on concrete or masonry, a surface that is one has a very low water absorption capacity and is acid-proof, it is used after applying the so-called Plaster layer prefabricated components made of ceramic sintered or glazed materials. These Finishing the surface of the shell requires a large number of operations at the place of manufacture, which is spatially separated from that of final use and that of final use. These operations are carried out by workers in a different job category than of those who built the shell. This means a considerable investment of time and money and is technical complicated.

Another known proposal is for the purpose of producing a moisture-permeable Plaster to apply a plaster on raw construction surfaces, which among other things as a filler porous materials and can be painted.

It is also already a process for the production of glazes on bricks, pottery or the like. known in which the surface of this body without using a glaze with an electric Arc brushed. However, this method has the disadvantage that only uneven Glazes can be achieved that also often have hairline cracks. The procedure has therefore cannot introduce into practice. The invention is based on the above and others Avoid disadvantages. Accordingly, the invention consists in a method for producing sintered ones or glazed surfaces and find their essence in the fact that a surface is first of all a base made of a ceramic mass with fillers and on the base a sintering or when heated glazing covering layer applied as well as this primarily on or in the surface effective heat is brought to sintering or vitrification.

Here, the ceramic mass in the base has the task of on the surfaces as a result of The action of heat creates a crystal and in this way creates a ceramic bond with the glazing unit or to bring about a sintering top layer. This makes it possible, among other things, Glazes on unfinished surfaces or parts thereof, e.g. B. bricks, concrete or hollow blocks, or their To produce joints for themselves as well as in contiguous areas, something for the design the outer walls of buildings as well as the inner walls of any kind of space is important.

Furthermore, the invention makes it possible to protect structures of any kind from the effects of chemicals

sintered or glazed surfaces

and furnace for performing the method

Applicant:

Tr euhandgesellschaft

for financing m.b.H.,

Cologne, Gereonstr. 15-23

Agents such as acids or bases, acidic waste water, humic acids, the z. B. present in acidic soils are to protect sea water or other aggressive media.

The underlay is used like a mortar with ceramic properties, on which can be selected Paints a ceramic mass that thickens in the heat is applied. This forms through its glazing or sintering constituents a homogeneous, dense and non-scratchable surface in which for example metals, their compounds or highly refractory materials, e.g. B. Asbestos, in order to achieve visual or technical effects can be embedded.

The solidification, d. H. energies required for baking through vitrification or sintering generated by heat according to the resistance, radiation, convection or high frequency principle. It it is also possible to apply the glazing material under the influence of heat. During the burn-in process mechanical, magnetic or electrical forces can cause directional effects on the substances to be embedded are exerted before or during exposure to heat.

To avoid the risk of degassing caused by escaping water vapor when exposed to heat Od. The like. To counteract it, it is useful to use raw materials with little gas-releasing constituents to use.

Material that has been pre-annealed according to the invention, such as blast furnace slag, pumice and / or, is therefore advantageous Chamotte, used as a filler in the base.

709 908/387

3 4

The known ceramic components must be in the actual viscosity of the unfired, opaque

Manufacturing facilities that are specially built for the application on the layer or engobe

are, are produced and are thus production surface too large, it can be caused by action

moderately fixed. The momentary loss of oscillation energy through vibrations

driving enables the production of the construction 5 for the application process to be reduced (thixo-

elements at the place of final use by tropie). The exposure temperature depends on

transportable manufacturing equipment and allows the temperature resistance of the covering layer

as already processed and pre-fired raw material and the desired degree of the recrystallization

rials, e.g. B. blast furnace slag, can be used, sation in the substrate (formation of an adhesive layer)

the batch-wise use of the building materials at the site of the boundary layer formation between this and

Final use and permitted, as there is no additional top layer to achieve a perfect

The longer processing cycle takes place, furthermore liability. For reasons of liability, the document should

an influence on the building material with regard to the processing of the surface layer and because of the insulation

properties required by him, e.g. B. be very porous in the grain during the baking process,

size distribution. 15 The formation of boundary layers is caused by a high

For the substrate to be provided according to the invention, flux content of the covering layer z. B. by

has blast furnace slag in the form of smelting pumice admixed with alkali-rich feldspar or slightly

promoted as a filler because of the heat-insulating self-melting substances such as borax. In the

Shafts and the porosity is particularly suitable. The boundary layer is determined by the flux content of the

grasslands. Smelting pumice is foamed blast furnace slag 20 covering a partial glazing of the neighboring

with approximately the following composition: exposed particles of the substrate instead. Also can

Silicic acid 30 to 36% ^{the mass f} ™ the covering layer so-

Alumina 10 to 16% should be set so that it is strong under the action of heat

Lime 40 to 45% becomes liquid and gets into the pores and capillaries of the

M a ση pc iä 4 to «o / n ²⁵ substrate penetrates. This creates an additional

high mechanical adhesion.

The chemical composition of the blast furnace- The mass for the covering layer consists of

pumice is achieved in ceramic bodies with heat in one that melts at low temperatures or

effect of increased liquefaction and better oat-sintering mixtures of, for example, boron compounds

between the shards and the glaze. In addition, Al ₂ O ₃ , SiO ₂ , Na ₂ O, K ₂ O are used as the raw glaze

the so-called hairline crack risk is largely processed or fritted. So can the crowd

pushed him back. Contain metal oxides, which after the fire

For the base there are also a mixture of previous and reflective effects, annealed material, e.g. B. Blast furnace pumice, with sand For example, a mixture becomes dry or wet and a ceramic mass into consideration. The latter 35 of the following composition (Seger's formula) to the end can also partly through special cement. z. B. Mixed sound distribution:

Earthmoving cement, to be replaced. The base 1.98% SiO ₂ , 0.22% Al ₂ O ₃ , 0.88% PbO, 0.05 «/ 0 is z. B. prepared and applied as follows: K ₂ O. 0.07% CaO. The mixture is dried, 60 parts of blast furnace pumice and 25 parts of masonry sand are melted and, after cooling for about 30 hours, they are ground together and ground through a sieve of a wet mill. There is then a sieved 2500 mesh. For this purpose, 15 parts of a deep-fried ceramic glaze with a melting point ceramic mass with 45% clay substance, 28% of about 800 ° C, are now added to the Mahl-Ouarz and 27% feldspar. By means of a consistency or with adhesives such as dextrin, mixing liquid made from 2 parts of water glass and 1 part of water glass, syrup or other adhesives, the mass for the base is trowelled by spraying, brushing, spatula, etc., on which is made capable and with an applicator, e.g. B. applied underlay and solidified by the action of heat from a trowel or plaster spatula, up to 10 mm glazing or sintering. This deck thickness is applied and smoothed. After the layer has hardened, the glass body has a thickness of up to about a base and the covering layer is applied. 1 mm, as a sintered body up to about 3 mm.

The cover layer can optionally consist of a coated surface. The surface of the substrate is so rough that glazed or sintered ceramic body bumps protrude through the top layer, in which metal, asbestos and others are highlighted, an intermediate layer with z. B. the following temperature-resistant materials or mixtures of the composition provided in percent by weight: named substances are embedded. For the production of 51.25% kaolin, 13.35% clay, 31.92% quartz sand, covering layer, in addition to the aforementioned 55, 3.48% feldspar. The application takes place as with Materials also earthenware or stoneware-like masses of the top layer.

be used. The layer is affected by the change in the feldspar content layer, which, depending on the nature of the top layer, is dried by kaolin or clay, this intermediate layer receives or is completely or partially sintered, in itself depending on the reaction temperature between 600 to knew * way by spraying, scattering, centrifuging, 60 1250 ° C the properties of the glazing Filling or painting applied and then or a sintering top layer required, Connected to the base by the action of heat. It has been found that using them has the advantage that one does not rely on prefabricated components The intended use of the covering layer is dependent on the form pieces. Compared to so-called glazed or sintered surface two types of the 65 filler surfaces, d. H. earthy or organic sub-ceilings Layer are appropriate. One will punch with plastic bonds, the present one has directly as a covering layer on the base process the advantage that the surfaces after the worn, the other only used immediately after application of a stoving cooling, who-intermediate layer, who can relate to the concepts of ceramics. Such treated outer surfaces of is called engobe. 70 houses enable, like that in areas stronger

Pollution is often desired, as well as a lighter one Cleaning.

These surfaces can be found on the various building elements, such as bricks or alluvial stones or after they have been bricked up. The generation of the surfaces is also irrespective of the dimensions of the components on the finished object are possible.

Should in the top layer, z. B. to achieve the appearance of a wallpaper, a mirror or a Patterning, a substance causing this to be embedded or applied, this embedding can be done or application before or during exposure to heat; before exposure to heat this by painting or other application methods by means of mechanical or electrical application before devices in cold or warm state possible.

The heat is preferably supplied according to the radiation principle. For radiant heating a radiation body, for example an electric heating coil, heating rods or a gas or electric heated furnace, combined in a transportable unit. This furnace is at a suitable distance shortly before the covering layer for its recrystallization, d. H. Sintering or glazing, brought to action. The exposure time depends on the composition of the covering Layer or the underlying surface between 1 and 30 minutes. This exposure time can be shortened if the waste heat of the heat source to expel the mechanically and chemically bound water in the manner of biscuit firing to the glazing or sintering of the top layer pending positions is used.

Since, according to the present method, the level of the radiation temperature is decisive for the adhesion of the individually applied layers among each other, but the adhesion of the underlay to the shell surface is adversely affected by the action of heat, results from the degree of ultrared absorption the layers and their thermal conductivity have a certain exposure time to the heat source. The heat source that moves periodically or continuously by a certain amount per unit of time is z. B. designed as a transportable oven open to one side. As such it has For example, a box with a side length of 25 cm and a depth of 15 cm has proven itself in which on a with Holding devices provided with ceramic base heating rods with a maximum radiation temperature of about 1350 ° C and are connected electrically in series. Through an appropriate A reflector system is arranged behind the heating rods, i.e. on the open, turned away side made of heat-resistant material. This collects the majority of the radiation that does not fall through the open side of the stove onto the burning surface and reflects on it these. The reflector system also causes the space between the heating rods to be has an energetic effect on the surface to be burned through a region-wise lower radiation density is filled. The box, which is also insulated against heat, is on one side, height and Depth sliding and angle adjustable mechanism attached. They are also other people's ovens Dimensions with other radiation source possible. For example, a gas-fired muffle furnace can be used, in which there is a refractory plate between the heat source and the baking surface, which Keeps the smoke gases away from the stoving surface. As a heat source for burning in those with high angles of loss Material can be thought of as a high-frequency, electromagnetic vibrations Operate the generator, by means of which between a transportable one and one in the rolling shift Capacitor coating designed as a metal net creates an alternating electrical field in the top layer ίο is generated. The end layer that acts as a dielectric can be sprayed on as a metal coating or applied electrostatically as a powder.

To eliminate harmful reactions of the outside air with the layers or embedding can a protective gas cushion can be provided between the heat source and the surface. These protective gases, z. B. nitrogen or reducing gases, can through nozzles before, during and after the application of heat flow out and displace the outside air. To achieve special color effects, the final edition or embedding are so chemically composed that they are with supplied gases Heat supply reacts.

It is also intended to delimit the place where the heat is applied by means of heat-insulating material. Furthermore, the gas cushion located in the space filled with air or gas can be attached to a other point of the surface that is outside of the direct heat effect, to the to make the heat absorbed by the gas usable.

Melting may prove necessary due to certain characteristics of the raw materials or sintering the top or intermediate layer and the base by adding additional ones Accelerate thermal energy. In the so-called thermite process, an equivalent Mixture of aluminum powder and iron oxide, the latter with strong heat emission, to metallic Iron reduced. This process can also be carried out in such a way that the iron oxide as Oxygen carriers are replaced by silicon dioxide and the mixture is increased with the constant supply of heat a certain reaction temperature is maintained. Since a ceramic body is aluminum and Containing magnesium compounds, it is possible by adding aluminum and / or magnesium powder to maintain such a process through the silicon dioxide. The resulting reaction products have a deep bond with each other.

In order to create the effect of expansion joints, the invention also provides the base and to apply the covering layers in surface dimensions that depend on the strength of the applied Materials the stresses that always arise do not take effect in the form of cracks or fissures permit. This is done by inserting threads, strips, ribbons or ropes into the base made of refractory material such as asbestos, expansion joints created. The introduced materials can either remain in the base or removed from the layers prior to exposure to heat.

Until now it was only possible to use ceramics through the use of mostly regularly shaped ones Mosaic stones possible to achieve pictorial representations according to the color point effect. The present Process made possible by the joint design in connection with different colored top layers the production of pictures on which the represented

th objects are limited by the joints, but not broken through. It is also possible to represent several objects with different colors on the top layer and within To burn fields without joint separation.

In the drawing, a furnace is now shown schematically, which is used to supply the heat during glazing or sintering of the covering layer can be used.

Fig. 1 gives a vertical and

Fig. 2 is a horizontal section through the furnace again;

Fig. 3 shows in particular the adjustment mechanism in a vertical section.

The open on one side box Ka (see Fig. 1 and 2) is covered with a heat insulating material /, z. B. Asbestos, covered on all sides on the inside. The ceramic plate K carries two holding devices HK. These are drilled through to allow the heating rods H to pass through. The heating rods H are connected in series through the electrical connection V. The reflector system Sp lies between the ceramic plate K and the heating rods. The mechanism for the height adjustment MH (see Fig. 3) is shown here by a wing nut and an adjustment slot, the one for the depth adjustment MT by a carriage W that can be moved on rails perpendicular to the drawing surface. The mechanism MS for the lateral adjustment is indicated by the carriage W which is horizontally displaceable on rails. The mechanism for adjusting the angle is not shown.

Claims (32)

Claim i: 1. A method for producing sintered or glazed surfaces, characterized in that that on a substrate first a base made of a ceramic mass with fillers and applied to this a covering layer which sintered or vitrified when heated and that this is sintered or by heat acting primarily on or in the surface Glazed is brought. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the base and the covering Layer on unfinished surfaces, e.g. B. bricks, concrete slabs or hollow blocks or parts thereof, Applied by itself or on contiguous surfaces after joining the components will. 3. The method according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that for producing the Underlay a ceramic mass with fillers made of naturally or artificially pre-fired material with heat-insulating properties, such as basalt, natural pumice, trachyte or in particular Hüttenbims, used and, if necessary, water glass is added. 4. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that in the base metals, their Compounds or highly refractory materials such as asbestos can be embedded. 5. Process according to claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the heating of the staining layer is made by means of transportable burning devices. 6. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that as transportable burning devices for baking the top layer by vitrification or sintering, those are used, which work according to the resistance, radiation, convection or high frequency principle. 7. The method according to claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the glazing or sintering substance is applied before or during exposure to heat. 8. The method according to claims 1 to 7 _r, characterized in that metals, their compounds or highly refractory materials, such as asbestos, are embedded in the covering layer. 9. The method according to claims 1 to 8, characterized in that in the opaque Layer to be embedded materials under the action of mechanical, magnetic or electrical Forces directional effects are exerted before or during the heating of the layer. 10. The method according to claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the pad and the glazing or sintering, covering layer can be applied at the point of use. 11. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that for producing the base a ceramic mass with pre-annealed material, in particular blast furnace pumice, and contents used on sand. 12. The method according to claim 11, characterized in that the ceramic mass wholly or partly by special cements, e.g. B. Alumina cement is replaced. 13. The method according to claims 1 to 12, characterized in that for producing the Top layer glazes or enamels of the usual composition can be used. 14. The method according to claims 1 to 13, characterized in that for producing the Top layer earthenware or stoneware-like masses are used. 15. The method according to claims 1 to 14, characterized in that the covering layer by spraying. Scatter, spin, spatula, brush or the like. Applied to the base will. 16. The method according to claims 1 to 15, characterized in that between the support and covering layer, an intermediate layer is provided, similar to those customary in ceramics Engobes. 17. The method according to claims 1 to 16, characterized in that the viscosity of the unfired covering layer or the engobe set by the action of vibration energy will. 18. The method according to claims 1 to 17, characterized in that the masses of Engobe or the covering layer a high flux content is added. 19. The method according to claim 13, characterized in that as a mass for the opaque Layer a mixture of z. B. boron or Lead compounds as well as alumina, silica, oxides of alkali metals or equivalent Compounds, which may also be calcareous, is used. 20. The method according to claims 1 to 19, characterized in that as a burning device a gas-fired oven is used, which is located between the heat source and the baking surface a refractory plate or the like. Is. 21. The method according to claims 1 to 19, characterized in that as a heat source To burn in material with high loss angles, a high-frequency electromagnetic oscillation generating generator is used, whereby by means of a in the pad or engobe provided, designed as a metal network capacitor coating an alternating electric field in the covering layer is generated. 22. The method according to claims 1 to 21, characterized in that to avoid harmful reactions of the outside air with the covering layer, the base, the engobe or in these embeddings a protective gas cushion between the heat source and Surface is provided. 23. The method according to claim 22, characterized in that nitrogen or reducing Gases are used. 24. The method according to claims 1 to 23, characterized in that by the action of supplied gases achieved color effects on the top layer as a result of chemical reactions will. 25. The method according to claims 22 to 24, characterized in that a preheating of the covering layer in other places by the gases withdrawn from their place of action is effected. 26. The method according to claims 1 to 25, characterized in that the melting or Sintering of the covering layer by chemical reactions occurring therein, e.g. B. Sales of metal powder with oxides. 27. The method according to claims 1 to 26, characterized in that for the purpose of avoidance of tensile stresses in the base, engobe and / or covering layer of threads, strips, Ribbons or ropes made of refractory material, e.g. B. asbestos, are provided to create expansion joints. 28. The method according to claim 27, characterized in that the introduced materials ίο remain in the layers or before the Heat can be removed from these. 29. Oven for carrying out the baking in the method according to claims 1 to 28, characterized in that the oven consists of a box (Ka) open on one side, within which a ceramic plate (K) with holding devices (HK) for heating rods ( H) is provided. 30. Oven according to claim 29, characterized in that the heating rods (H) are connected in series. 31. Oven according to claims 29 and 30, characterized by a reflector system (Sp) provided between the ceramic plate (K) and the heating rods (H). 32. Oven according to claims 29 to 31, characterized in that the oven has devices (MT, MS) for adjustment in terms of height, depth and to the side, as well as devices for angular adjustment. Considered publications:
German Patent Nos. 810 255, 868 066, 572, 875 470. 1 sheet of drawings © 709 908/387 2.58