DE10236962A1 - Papermaking process compresses slow-speed fibers between a roller with shallow transverse grooves and a smooth interface - Google Patents
Papermaking process compresses slow-speed fibers between a roller with shallow transverse grooves and a smooth interface Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- DE10236962A1 DE10236962A1 DE10236962A DE10236962A DE10236962A1 DE 10236962 A1 DE10236962 A1 DE 10236962A1 DE 10236962 A DE10236962 A DE 10236962A DE 10236962 A DE10236962 A DE 10236962A DE 10236962 A1 DE10236962 A1 DE 10236962A1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- grinding
- fibers
- zone
- relative
- movement
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 106
- 239000002657 fibrous material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229920003043 Cellulose fiber Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007900 aqueous suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004323 axial length Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21D—TREATMENT OF THE MATERIALS BEFORE PASSING TO THE PAPER-MAKING MACHINE
- D21D1/00—Methods of beating or refining; Beaters of the Hollander type
- D21D1/20—Methods of refining
- D21D1/34—Other mills or refiners
- D21D1/36—Other mills or refiners with vertical shaft
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21D—TREATMENT OF THE MATERIALS BEFORE PASSING TO THE PAPER-MAKING MACHINE
- D21D1/00—Methods of beating or refining; Beaters of the Hollander type
- D21D1/20—Methods of refining
- D21D1/34—Other mills or refiners
- D21D1/38—Other mills or refiners with horizontal shaft
Landscapes
- Paper (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf ein Verfahren zur Faserstoffbehandlung gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1.The invention relates to a Process for fiber treatment according to the preamble of the claim 1.
Verfahren zur Faserstoffbehandlung der o.g. Art werden im Allgemeinen auch als Mahlverfahren bezeichnet. Seit langem ist bekannt, dass Zellstofffasern gemahlen werden müssen, damit das später daraus hergestellte Papier die gewünschten Eigenschaften, insbesondere Festigkeiten, Formation und Oberfläche, aufweist. Die weitaus am häufigsten verwendeten Mahlverfahren benutzen solche Mahlflächen, die mit als Messer bezeichneten Leisten versehen sind. Die entsprechenden Maschinen werden zumeist Messerrefiner genannt. Für Spezialfälle werden auch Mahlverfahren verwendet, bei denen mindestens eine der Mahlflächen messerlos ist, so dass die Mahlarbeit durch Reib- oder Scherkräfte übertragen wird.Process for fiber treatment the above Kinds are generally also referred to as grinding processes. It has long been known that pulp fibers have to be ground in order to do this that later on manufactured paper the desired Properties, in particular strength, formation and surface. By far the most common The grinding processes used use grinding surfaces that are referred to as knives Strips are provided. The corresponding machines are mostly Knife refiner called. For special cases grinding processes are also used in which at least one of the grinding surfaces is knife-free, so that the grinding work is transmitted by friction or shear forces becomes.
Die Wirkung des Verfahrens lässt sich durch Ändern der Mahlparameter in einem weiten Bereich steuern, wobei neben der Höhe der Ausmahlung insbesondere auch unterschieden wird, ob eine stärker schneidende oder stärker fibrillierende Mahlung gewünscht wird. Werden Zellstofffasern durch die bekannten Mahlverfahren bearbeitet, so steigt ihr Entwässerungswiderstand mit zunehmender Ausmahlung. Ein übliches Maß für den Entwässerungswiderstand ist der Mahlgrad nach Schopper-Riegler.The effect of the process can be by changing control the grinding parameters in a wide range, whereby in addition to the height of Grinding in particular also differentiates whether a more cutting or stronger fibrillating grinding desired becomes. If pulp fibers are processed using the known grinding processes, so their drainage resistance increases with increasing grinding. A common one Measure of the drainage resistance is the freeness according to Schopper-Riegler.
Die Erhöhung des Mahlgrades wirkt sich bei der Blattbildung auf der Papiermaschine ungünstig aus, wird aber hingenommen, da die bereits genannten Qualitätsmerkmale des Zellstoffes eine überragende Rolle für dessen Einsetzbarkeit spielen. In vielen Fällen werden die Mahlparameter so gewählt, dass der zur Erreichung der geforderten Faserqualität eingetretene Mahlgradanstieg möglichst gering ist. Diese Einflussmöglichkeit ist aber sehr begrenzt. Außerdem kann dadurch die Mahlung kraftwirtschaftlich ungünstiger werden.The increase in the degree of grinding has an effect unfavorable when forming sheets on the paper machine, but is accepted because the quality features already mentioned the pulp is an outstanding one Role for play its applicability. In many cases, the grinding parameters chosen so that the increase in freeness to achieve the required fiber quality preferably is low. This influence but is very limited. Moreover this can make the grinding less economical.
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zu Grunde, ein Verfahren zur Faserstoffbehandlung zu schaffen, mit dem es möglich ist, Zellstoff – oder Papierfasern so zu verändern, dass die Festigkeiten des daraus hergestellten Papiers erhöht werden. Die dabei auftretende Zunahme des Entwässerungswiderstandes soll zumindest geringer sein als bei bekannten Mahlverfahren.The invention is based on the object Reason to create a process for fiber treatment with which it is possible is, pulp - or To change paper fibers so that the strength of the paper made from it is increased. The resulting increase in drainage resistance should at least be lower than in known grinding processes.
Diese Aufgabe wird durch die im Anspruch 1 genannten Merkmale gelöst.This task is claimed by the 1 mentioned features solved.
Das neue Mahlverfahren arbeitet im Wesentlichen so, dass eine mahlende Scherbeanspruchung der Zellstofffasern weitestgehend vermieden wird. Dadurch werden im Wesentlichen gegenüber den bekannten Mahlverfahren drei wichtige Vorteile erzielt:
- 1. – Die Faserlänge bleibt wesentlich besser erhalten.
- 2. – Die Faseroberfläche wird nicht oder bedeutend weniger fibrilliert.
- 3. – Die spezifische Mahlarbeit zur Erreichung der gewünschten Festigkeiten ist im Allgemeinen geringer.
- 1. - The fiber length is preserved much better.
- 2. - The fiber surface is not or significantly less fibrillated.
- 3. - The specific grinding work to achieve the desired strength is generally less.
Vergleichsversuche mit Langfaserzellstoft haben gezeigt, dass zur Erzielung einer Reißlänge von 8 km bei einer Messermahlung 45° SR Mahlgrad entstand und mit dem neuen Verfahren nur 18° SR. Die benötigte spezifische Mahlarbeit lag bis zu 50 niedriger.Have comparative tests with long fiber cellulose shown that to achieve a tear length of 8 km with a knife grinding 45 ° SR freeness was created and with the new process only 18 ° SR. The specific grinding work required was up to 50 lower.
Es ist anzunehmen, dass durch das neue Mahlverfahren die Oberfläche der Fasern so verändert wird, dass sie eine verbesserte Flexibilität und Bindungsfähigkeit erhält, ohne dass Fibrillen aus der äußeren Oberfläche der Fasern herausgelöst werden müssen. Auch die Erzeugung von Feinstoff, also Faserbruchstücken, kann unterbleiben.It can be assumed that through the new grinding processes the surface of the fibers so changed is that they have improved flexibility and loyalty gets without fibrils from the outer surface of the Fibers detached Need to become. The production of fine material, i.e. fiber fragments, can also remain under.
Wird das Verfahren auf rezyklierte Fasern angewendet, können die unter 1. und 2. genannten Vorteile eine besondere Rolle spielen. Rezyklierte Fasern haben bereits mindestens einen, oft sogar mehrere Mahlvorgänge hinter sich, so dass jede weitere Zerkleinerung gerne vermieden wird.The process is recycled Fibers can be applied the advantages mentioned under 1. and 2. play a special role. Recycled fibers already have at least one, often even several grindings behind, so that any further crushing is avoided becomes.
Die Erfindung und ihre Vorteile werden erläutert an Hand von Zeichnungen. Dabei zeigen:The invention and its advantages will be explained based on drawings. Show:
Die Darstellung in der
Die Mahlfläche
Eine Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des
Verfahrens könnte
grundsätzlich
so aufgebaut sein, wie es die
Eine andere Möglichkeit zur Durchführung des
Verfahrens zeigt die
Die Verbesserung, die sich durch
das neue Verfahren erzielen lässt,
ist an einem schematischen Diagramm gemäß
Claims (14)
Priority Applications (10)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10236962A DE10236962A1 (en) | 2002-08-13 | 2002-08-13 | Papermaking process compresses slow-speed fibers between a roller with shallow transverse grooves and a smooth interface |
EP03793666A EP1521883A1 (en) | 2002-08-13 | 2003-07-30 | Method for the treatment of fiber material |
PCT/EP2003/008445 WO2004022843A1 (en) | 2002-08-13 | 2003-07-30 | Method for the treatment of fiber material |
US10/523,063 US20070006984A1 (en) | 2002-08-13 | 2003-07-30 | Method for the treatment of fiber material |
AU2003258551A AU2003258551A1 (en) | 2002-08-13 | 2003-07-30 | Method for the treatment of fiber material |
BR0305765-8A BR0305765A (en) | 2002-08-13 | 2003-07-30 | Process for altering paper fibers or cellulose fibers in an aqueous suspension |
CN03819044.3A CN1697902A (en) | 2002-08-13 | 2003-07-30 | Method for the treatment of fiber material |
RU2005106869/12A RU2309211C2 (en) | 2002-08-13 | 2003-07-30 | Method for processing of pulp |
JP2004533296A JP2005535799A (en) | 2002-08-13 | 2003-07-30 | Pulp processing method |
NO20041310A NO20041310L (en) | 2002-08-13 | 2004-03-30 | Process for mass processing |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10236962A DE10236962A1 (en) | 2002-08-13 | 2002-08-13 | Papermaking process compresses slow-speed fibers between a roller with shallow transverse grooves and a smooth interface |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
DE10236962A1 true DE10236962A1 (en) | 2004-02-26 |
Family
ID=30775198
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DE10236962A Ceased DE10236962A1 (en) | 2002-08-13 | 2002-08-13 | Papermaking process compresses slow-speed fibers between a roller with shallow transverse grooves and a smooth interface |
Country Status (10)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20070006984A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1521883A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2005535799A (en) |
CN (1) | CN1697902A (en) |
AU (1) | AU2003258551A1 (en) |
BR (1) | BR0305765A (en) |
DE (1) | DE10236962A1 (en) |
NO (1) | NO20041310L (en) |
RU (1) | RU2309211C2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2004022843A1 (en) |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE10337921A1 (en) * | 2003-08-18 | 2005-03-17 | Voith Paper Patent Gmbh | Refining assembly, for a suspension of papermaking paper/cellulose fibers, forms a fiber layer on the inner surface of the rotating drum with beater rollers pressed against it and a constant liquid flow in and out of the layer |
DE10337922A1 (en) * | 2003-08-18 | 2005-03-17 | Voith Paper Patent Gmbh | Refining assembly, for a suspension of papermaking paper/cellulose fibers, forms a fiber layer on the inner surface of the rotating drum with beater rollers pressed against it and a constant liquid flow in and out of the layer |
WO2006108508A1 (en) * | 2005-04-15 | 2006-10-19 | Voith Patent Gmbh | Method for preparing paper-fibre raw material |
WO2006108555A1 (en) * | 2005-04-09 | 2006-10-19 | Voith Patent Gmbh | Method for beating aqueously suspended paper or cellulose fibers, and beating device for carrying out said method |
EP1728918A2 (en) | 2005-05-12 | 2006-12-06 | Voith Patent GmbH | Proces for removing impurities from an aqueous fibrous suspension |
EP1798329A1 (en) * | 2005-12-17 | 2007-06-20 | Voith Patent GmbH | Method for removing impurities from an aqueous fibre suspension |
DE102007003964A1 (en) * | 2007-01-26 | 2008-01-24 | Voith Patent Gmbh | Wood-pulping equipment for paper- or card manufacture, employs compression refiner to complete fiber hydration and separation without damage |
WO2024003496A1 (en) | 2022-06-30 | 2024-01-04 | Centre Technique Du Papier | Method for processing cellulose fibres by mechanical compression, notably for paper pulp |
Families Citing this family (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2005019528A1 (en) * | 2003-08-18 | 2005-03-03 | Voith Paper Patent Gmbh | Method for refining paper or cellulose fibres in an aqueous suspension |
US9879361B2 (en) * | 2012-08-24 | 2018-01-30 | Domtar Paper Company, Llc | Surface enhanced pulp fibers, methods of making surface enhanced pulp fibers, products incorporating surface enhanced pulp fibers, and methods of making products incorporating surface enhanced pulp fibers |
JP6403788B2 (en) | 2014-02-21 | 2018-10-10 | ドムター ペーパー カンパニー, エルエルシー | Paper product and method for producing the same |
RU2670294C2 (en) | 2014-02-21 | 2018-10-22 | ДОМТАР ПЭЙПЕР КОМПАНИ, ЭлЭлСи | Cellulose fibers with an increased area in fibrous cement |
NL2013950B1 (en) * | 2014-12-10 | 2016-10-11 | Johannes Clumpkens Mathias | Method for refining fibres for paper making and apparatus suitable for said process. |
US11473245B2 (en) | 2016-08-01 | 2022-10-18 | Domtar Paper Company Llc | Surface enhanced pulp fibers at a substrate surface |
US11499269B2 (en) | 2016-10-18 | 2022-11-15 | Domtar Paper Company Llc | Method for production of filler loaded surface enhanced pulp fibers |
WO2019152969A1 (en) | 2018-02-05 | 2019-08-08 | Pande Harshad | Paper products and pulps with surface enhanced pulp fibers and increased absorbency, and methods of making same |
CN109183489A (en) * | 2018-09-25 | 2019-01-11 | 福建锐信合成革有限公司 | A kind of release paper quetsch |
WO2020198516A1 (en) | 2019-03-26 | 2020-10-01 | Domtar Paper Company, Llc | Paper products subjected to a surface treatment comprising enzyme-treated surface enhanced pulp fibers and methods of making the same |
US12116732B2 (en) | 2019-09-23 | 2024-10-15 | Domtar Paper Company, Llc | Paper products incorporating surface enhanced pulp fibers and having decoupled wet and dry strengths and methods of making the same |
CA3150203A1 (en) | 2019-09-23 | 2021-04-01 | Bradley Langford | Tissues and paper towels incorporating surface enhanced pulp fibers and methods of making the same |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4685623A (en) * | 1982-09-29 | 1987-08-11 | Clark James D A | Method and apparatus for treating pulp |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE894499C (en) * | 1940-02-16 | 1953-10-26 | Belgique Papeteries | Device for treating fiber material, in particular paper stock |
US2592594A (en) * | 1948-10-27 | 1952-04-15 | Taylor Refiner Company Inc | Method of and machine for treating fibrous or cellulosic material |
DE959345C (en) * | 1953-10-28 | 1957-03-07 | Anton J Haug | Kollermuehle for treating fibrous materials for paper manufacture |
US2719463A (en) * | 1954-01-29 | 1955-10-04 | Anton J Haug | Machines for reducing and treating fibrous paper making materials |
-
2002
- 2002-08-13 DE DE10236962A patent/DE10236962A1/en not_active Ceased
-
2003
- 2003-07-30 CN CN03819044.3A patent/CN1697902A/en active Pending
- 2003-07-30 RU RU2005106869/12A patent/RU2309211C2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-07-30 JP JP2004533296A patent/JP2005535799A/en active Pending
- 2003-07-30 AU AU2003258551A patent/AU2003258551A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-07-30 BR BR0305765-8A patent/BR0305765A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-07-30 US US10/523,063 patent/US20070006984A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-07-30 WO PCT/EP2003/008445 patent/WO2004022843A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2003-07-30 EP EP03793666A patent/EP1521883A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2004
- 2004-03-30 NO NO20041310A patent/NO20041310L/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4685623A (en) * | 1982-09-29 | 1987-08-11 | Clark James D A | Method and apparatus for treating pulp |
Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE10337921A1 (en) * | 2003-08-18 | 2005-03-17 | Voith Paper Patent Gmbh | Refining assembly, for a suspension of papermaking paper/cellulose fibers, forms a fiber layer on the inner surface of the rotating drum with beater rollers pressed against it and a constant liquid flow in and out of the layer |
DE10337922A1 (en) * | 2003-08-18 | 2005-03-17 | Voith Paper Patent Gmbh | Refining assembly, for a suspension of papermaking paper/cellulose fibers, forms a fiber layer on the inner surface of the rotating drum with beater rollers pressed against it and a constant liquid flow in and out of the layer |
WO2006108555A1 (en) * | 2005-04-09 | 2006-10-19 | Voith Patent Gmbh | Method for beating aqueously suspended paper or cellulose fibers, and beating device for carrying out said method |
WO2006108508A1 (en) * | 2005-04-15 | 2006-10-19 | Voith Patent Gmbh | Method for preparing paper-fibre raw material |
EP1728918A2 (en) | 2005-05-12 | 2006-12-06 | Voith Patent GmbH | Proces for removing impurities from an aqueous fibrous suspension |
EP1798329A1 (en) * | 2005-12-17 | 2007-06-20 | Voith Patent GmbH | Method for removing impurities from an aqueous fibre suspension |
DE102007003964A1 (en) * | 2007-01-26 | 2008-01-24 | Voith Patent Gmbh | Wood-pulping equipment for paper- or card manufacture, employs compression refiner to complete fiber hydration and separation without damage |
WO2024003496A1 (en) | 2022-06-30 | 2024-01-04 | Centre Technique Du Papier | Method for processing cellulose fibres by mechanical compression, notably for paper pulp |
FR3137398A1 (en) * | 2022-06-30 | 2024-01-05 | Centre Technique Du Papier | METHOD FOR PROCESSING CELLULOSIC FIBERS BY MECHANICAL COMPRESSION, PARTICULARLY FOR PAPER PULP |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU2003258551A1 (en) | 2004-03-29 |
RU2309211C2 (en) | 2007-10-27 |
NO20041310L (en) | 2004-03-30 |
AU2003258551A8 (en) | 2004-03-29 |
BR0305765A (en) | 2004-10-05 |
CN1697902A (en) | 2005-11-16 |
RU2005106869A (en) | 2005-10-10 |
US20070006984A1 (en) | 2007-01-11 |
EP1521883A1 (en) | 2005-04-13 |
WO2004022843A1 (en) | 2004-03-18 |
JP2005535799A (en) | 2005-11-24 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
DE10236962A1 (en) | Papermaking process compresses slow-speed fibers between a roller with shallow transverse grooves and a smooth interface | |
DE4026953C2 (en) | Dewatering device and method for dewatering on a twin wire former | |
DE2455722C2 (en) | Method and device for the production of fiber nonwovens | |
DE3720618A1 (en) | METHOD IN THE PAPER PRODUCTION PROCESS FOR IMPROVING PAPER PROPERTIES, SPECIFICALLY THE RETENTION | |
WO2002079568A1 (en) | Method for preparing fibrous material | |
DE19843729A1 (en) | Control of the lateral shrinkage profile of a running paper or cardboard web uses on-line mapping to set the composition of the fiber suspension flows by sections at the stock inlet across the machine width | |
DE69324617T2 (en) | Production of foam with high uniformity | |
WO2006108508A1 (en) | Method for preparing paper-fibre raw material | |
EP1702103A1 (en) | Method for refining paper or cellulose fibres in an aqueous suspension | |
DE2724681A1 (en) | METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MAKING MARKINGS IN PAPER Web | |
AT412483B (en) | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR MOORING FIBROUS MATERIALS | |
DE4002305C2 (en) | Drainage device on a twin wire former | |
DE10337921A1 (en) | Refining assembly, for a suspension of papermaking paper/cellulose fibers, forms a fiber layer on the inner surface of the rotating drum with beater rollers pressed against it and a constant liquid flow in and out of the layer | |
DE19753604C2 (en) | Process for dewatering a fiber suspension | |
EP0863253B1 (en) | Process to thicken a fiber suspension | |
DE10256856A1 (en) | Process and device for fiber treatment | |
EP1702104B1 (en) | Method for grinding water-suspended paper fibers or cellulose fibers | |
WO2019243109A1 (en) | Method for producing a wet-laid nonwoven fabric web, and multilayer fiber web | |
DE10337922A1 (en) | Refining assembly, for a suspension of papermaking paper/cellulose fibers, forms a fiber layer on the inner surface of the rotating drum with beater rollers pressed against it and a constant liquid flow in and out of the layer | |
DE2512638A1 (en) | METHOD OF DRAINING A FIBER SUSPENSION AND DEVICE FOR CARRYING OUT THE METHOD | |
WO2008087107A1 (en) | Method for the production of high quality paper | |
DE2347313A1 (en) | METHOD OF CONTROLLING A PAPER MACHINE | |
DE10393245T5 (en) | A method of forming high consistency pulp in a paper or board machine and corresponding pulp high consistency pulp of a paper or board machine | |
EP4086388A1 (en) | Apparatus and method for producing a fluid jet needled fibrous web from at least one fibrous suspension | |
DE10356377A1 (en) | Paper mill has a toothed drum rotating and intermeshing with voids formed by teeth on outer rollers |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
OP8 | Request for examination as to paragraph 44 patent law | ||
8131 | Rejection |