DE102022129060A1 - Thermally active construction and method for producing the same - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a thermally active construction. The construction, in particular a wall construction, a floor, ceiling and/or roof construction and/or a cantilevered construction, generally consists of a building framework which comprises at least two shells spaced apart from one another, which enclose a space between them which is essentially empty with the exception of the supporting structure and/or technical components or at least partially filled with porous, open-pore material and sealed from the outside and inside of the construction. The construction also consists of a loose, flowable or liquid building material which is installed during final assembly in at least one of the at least two shells spaced apart from one another, delimited by formwork as a shaping formwork/casting mold, and subsequently either remains loose or flowable or solidifies and hardens after a certain time. The thermally active construction also relates to a method for controlling heat radiation in the interior and/or exterior of a building, which in particular consists of a construction of the type mentioned. The invention additionally describes a manufacturing method of the thermally active construction in its device aspect.

Description

Technical area

The invention relates to a thermally active construction. This consists of a construction, in particular a wall construction, a floor, ceiling and/or roof construction of a building with at least two shells spaced apart from one another, which delimit and enclose between themselves a space that is essentially empty with the exception of the supporting structure and/or technical components or at least partially filled with porous, open-pore material and sealed from the outside and inside of the construction. It also contains technical components and a method for controlling heat radiation in the inside and/or outside of a building, which in particular consists of a construction of the type mentioned. The invention additionally describes a manufacturing method of the thermally active construction in its device aspect.

State of the art

Current commercial practice provides thermal comfort at the expense of sustainability and energy efficiency. A building should achieve the highest possible thermal decoupling by increasing thermal insulation. However, this approach is counterproductive in terms of the overall annual energy balance of a building and leaves the control of room temperature to inefficient heating and cooling systems.

Currently, the thermal function of a building is divided into two independent tasks. On the one hand, this consists of the greatest possible thermal decoupling between the interior and the building environment by means of thermal insulation (passive system) and, on the other hand, the independent conditioning of the interior temperature by means of heating, cooling and ventilation systems (HVAC, active system). However, the increased decoupling between the indoor and outdoor climate does not automatically lead to more energy-efficient buildings. Experience with highly thermally insulated buildings has shown that these can have a negative impact on the overall annual energy balance when internal heat loads are high. The high degree of decoupling leads to an above-average cooling requirement and a lower heating requirement. However, depending on the system used, building cooling requires a higher use of primary energy than heating, which leads to inefficiency in most building categories. The two main problem aspects are - Firstly: During long periods of good weather, highly thermally insulated building envelopes begin to have a counterproductive effect due to the effects of thermal radiation. Due to the high level of insulation, the heat that enters the building shell can no longer be dissipated; it remains trapped in it and the interior of the building. This results in a constant increase in the surface temperature in the interior rooms, which must be compensated for with conventional room cooling systems. Secondly, the high proportion of glass in today's building shells increases the effect of heat entering the building interior due to the difference in wavelength between radiated and reflected heat radiation (greenhouse effect). In order to maintain thermal comfort, these negative effects must be compensated for by means of an active cooling system, which in some cases drastically increases energy consumption.

With regard to the users' or residents' perception of heat, today's solutions deliver sobering results. The perception of heat in mammals, especially humans, is mainly mediated by the exchange of heat radiation with the environment. Indoors, the surface temperature of the surfaces surrounding us (walls, floors, ceilings, windows, etc.) is the primary source of our perception of heat, whereas the air temperature is only secondary. Due to our evolutionary origins, our physical and psychological well-being is highly linked to the thermal texture of the surfaces surrounding us. Due to human physiology, it is therefore more efficient and economical to control the surface temperatures in indoor spaces than to prepare the air temperature. On the one hand, surface heating systems such as radiators, underfloor heating and heat lamps as well as ceiling cooling panels take this fact into account. On the other hand, the cooling function is mainly carried out with comfort ventilation systems, which can only influence the air temperature. They are therefore highly energy-inefficient in providing thermal comfort. Furthermore, existing surface cooling systems do not yet provide a solution to the dew point problem - it can therefore only be cooled down to slightly above the dew point temperature in order to avoid condensation of the lift moisture on the surfaces. This represents a major challenge, especially in climates with high humidity.

Another serious disadvantage of existing heating and cooling systems is the fact that in most climate zones there is a pronounced asymmetry between heating and cooling requirements. The systems currently on the market are essentially based on the local, primary heat requirement (heating or cooling) and are not or only very limited ability to meet the opposite heat demand (cooling or heating). This further contributes to the energy inefficiency of existing heating and cooling systems.

Conventionally, the challenges of building physics are met with a decoupling philosophy. The physical effects from the building environment are decoupled as much as possible and the indoor climate is processed separately via central systems. This is shown by research trends. See e.g. Jelle et al, THE PATH TO THE HIGH-PERFORMANCE THERMAL BUILDING INSULATION MATERIALS AND SOLUTIONS OF TOMORROW, Journal of Building Physics 34 (2) 99, (2010) In addition to conventional insulation materials such as rock and glass wool, fiber and foam materials, systems with evacuated layers, so-called vacuum insulation, are increasingly being used. These are characterized by high thermal insulation performance with a low layer thickness. However, all of these systems are static and lose their insulating effect over time due to evaporation, moisture ingress, damage to the casing and material decomposition. This leads to a steady increase in the heating and cooling requirements of a building. In addition, conventional thermal insulation performs poorly in terms of gray energy and CO2 emission potential. The production of conventional thermal insulation is resource and energy intensive. In addition, there is volume-intensive transport and a high proportion of manual work during installation.

If you look at the development of the heating and cooling requirements of office buildings over the last 40 years, it becomes clear that there is great potential for energy savings with a thermally active building envelope. See e.g. Gasser et al, BUILDING TECHNOLOGY. FACTOR 10, Construction + Architecture 4/5 (2005) . Today's building practice reveals a deep-seated problem. There is an increasing conflict of objectives: in winter, good thermal insulation is desired to avoid thermal transmission losses, while in summer this is counterproductive. Static thermal insulation cannot meet both of these needs simultaneously. The associated thermal disadvantages must be compensated for by the heating and cooling systems available today, which is reflected in a massive increase in energy consumption.

The following trends can be identified with regard to the thermal function of a building. Basically, all supply systems try to reduce the heating and cooling energy requirements. There are approaches for building envelopes with variable heat transfer. See e.g. US$3,968,831 , DE3,625,454 , WO 200,161,118 , WO 2,010,122,353 , WO 2,011,146,025 , WO 2,011,107,731 , CH703,760, EN 102,008,009,553 , DE 10,006,878. On the one hand, there are systems with variable heat transfer, which are usually implemented using structural measures (variable blinds and canopies, polarized window glass, variable ventilation ducts within the structure, Trombe Walls). On the other hand, there are a large number of construction solutions that integrate phase change materials (PCM), for example. Systems, mainly in panel construction, have also been proposed that contain a cavity for the purpose of evacuating the air contained therein, in order to be able to vary the insulation effect. However, the technical effort and the associated installation costs for implementing such solutions are currently disproportionate to the energy cost savings promised. By symmetrically combining the heating and cooling functions of a building using a thermally active system, both the heating and cooling energy requirements could be substantially reduced compared to the current situation. See e.g. Loonen et al, EXPLORING THE POTENTIAL OF CLIMATE ADAPTIVE BUILDING SHELLS, in Proceedings of Building Simulation (2011), Caponetto et al, ACTIVE BUILDING ENVELOPES, in Proceedings of PLEA (2013), Ibanez-Puy et al, THEORETICAL DESIGN OF AN ACTIVE FACADE SYSTEM WITH PELTIER CELLS, in Proceedings of ICAE (2014), Luo et al, ACTIVE BUILDING ENVELOPE SYSTEMS TOWARD RENEWABLE AND SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 104 (2019).

Even though sustainability and energy efficiency criteria have now found their way into the planning of both new buildings and renovations, the energy cost savings associated with existing solutions are too small to offset the additional costs of production and installation. It is therefore obvious that sustainability and energy efficiency in the construction industry can only be achieved without funding instruments or increased regulatory pressure with a new type of construction technology that enables substantial cost savings already in the construction phase.

With regard to the construction methods widely used today, massive cost savings would be possible by reducing the high proportion of manual work coupled with a substantial increase in the level of digitalization. This can best be achieved with a two-stage process of prefabrication and final assembly. This approach is widespread in modular construction, with the size and weight of the modules being optimized with regard to workflow, transport and final assembly. However, the level of automation can still be increased considerably if the module size is reduced to the point where it allows complete machine suitability in prefabrication and the final assembly is compatible with a high level of automation (construction robotics, additive construction, drone assembly, etc.). See e.g. Rogeau et al, AN INTEGRATED DESIGN TOOL FOR TIMBER PLATE STRUCTURES TO GENERATE JOINTS GEOMETRY, FABRICATION TOOLPATH, AND ROBOT TRAJECTORIES, in Automation in Construction 130 (2021 ).

The approach of a construction method using a modular building block is able to eliminate many of the problems and disadvantages mentioned above. Proposals exist, but are mainly oriented towards the static-structural function of a building. Solutions that also include the thermal function, however, still include the static approach to thermal insulation. See e.g. US$4,075,808 , US$4,478,021 , US$5,566,521 , US$5,921,046 , US$5,964,067 , US$6,298,632 , US$6,474,033 , US$6,993,878 , US$7,096,636 , US$8,240,108 , US$10,273,684 , US$10,787,810 , US$11,391,041 .

We are currently not aware of any construction method that addresses the challenges mentioned above and solves them in a cost-effective manner.

Description of the invention

The invention is based on the object of specifying a thermally active construction which, by means of reduced thermal decoupling and simultaneous active supply or removal of heat into or out of the construction, increases the thermal comfort of the users, improves the overall energy balance of a building and can be constructed using a cost-effective construction method. Furthermore, the invention is based on the object of specifying an improved method for controlling the heat radiation and the temperature inside and/or outside of a building. This is achieved by decentralizing the heating and cooling function using miniaturized heating and cooling units distributed over the entire surface of the construction. The aim of the invention is to massively reduce the construction costs of buildings by digitizing the manufacturing process and thus improve sustainability and energy efficiency in the construction sector.

This object is achieved according to relatively independent embodiments of the invention in its device aspect by a thermally active construction with the features of claim 1 and in its method aspect by a method with the features of claim 14. The production of the thermally active construction in its device aspect is achieved by a method with the features of claim 16. Appropriate further developments of the inventive concept are the subject of the respective dependent claims.

The device aspect of the invention comprises a construction consisting of a building framework, which constitutes the basic structure of a building, and a building material which is installed in a loose, flowable or liquid state in specially provided cavities within the building framework. The construction includes building or supply technology elements which carry out the thermal insulation as well as the heating and cooling function of the building by means of thermal radiation. The invention further comprises a method for controlling the thermal radiation and the temperature inside and/or outside of a building. Finally, the invention includes a method for producing the construction, which is divided into a prefabrication step followed by final assembly.

The construction, in particular a wall construction, a floor, ceiling and/or roof construction and/or a cantilevered construction such as canopies, balconies or fire walls of a building or any structure, basically consists of a building framework which comprises at least two spaced-apart shells which delimit and enclose between themselves a space which, with the exception of the supporting structure and/or technical components, is essentially empty or at least partially filled with porous, open-pored material and sealed from the outside and inside of the construction. The construction consists of a prefabricated building framework which is constructed, for example, using wood or dry construction methods and whose at least two spaced-apart shells are filled with a loose, flowable or liquid building material during final assembly, which either remains loose or flowable shortly after installation or solidifies and hardens after a certain period of time.

The construction includes technical components such as building or supply technology elements, which consist in particular of heating and/or cooling circuits or their miniaturized heating and/or cooling units distributed over the entire building surface and integrated into the construction as required. The at least two shells, which are spaced apart from one another, provide the system with heat capacity due to their materialization and serve as heating and/or cooling surfaces. In turn, they act as evaporators and/or condensers of the Heating and/or cooling circuits. The building or supply technology also consists of photovoltaic (PV) and/or battery storage elements as well as commercially available components for controlling them. The miniaturized heating and/or cooling unit can be combined directly with a PV and/or battery storage unit and operated directly using renewable energy.

The method for controlling the thermal function of a building or structure consists, on the one hand, in the process-technical control of heat transport by supplying and removing heat into and from the structure, which compensates for any thermal transmission losses and regulates the thermal state of the structure. On the other hand, the control method carries out the fine control of the surface temperatures of the structure and thus creates thermal comfort. The thermal radiation is provided and controlled in the interior and/or exterior of the building or structure. The interaction of the processed thermal radiation with the indoor air determines the indoor air temperature, i.e. the air temperature is also indirectly controlled by controlling the thermal radiation.

The manufacturing process of the construction consists of several steps. In this process, building modules or modular building blocks are prefabricated in mass production, which are assembled during final assembly on the construction site, as automated as possible, incrementally and additively, to create the building framework. The first step of the manufacturing process consists of a mechanical prefabrication step, which processes the raw materials as automated as possible and pre-assembles the technical components. The individual components are then assembled into a building module or modular building block, as automated as possible. The last step in the manufacturing process consists of the final assembly of the building modules or modular building blocks on the construction site. These are assembled in an incremental and additive process, as automated as possible, and at the same time, also as automated as possible, filled with a loose, flowable or liquid building material, incrementally and additively. The final assembly of the building or structure is completed with the assembly of the miniaturized heating and/or cooling units, if these were not already assembled during prefabrication.

The invention seeks to achieve access to overcoming the building physics challenges through a control and management philosophy. The intention is not to decouple the physical effects from the building environment from the indoor climate, but to actively integrate them into the system of the thermally active construction, to exploit them and to control them in a controlled manner in order to reduce the building's energy consumption.

The application area of the invention includes structures that have to cope with a demanding heat balance. On the one hand, these are immobile structures, buildings, or systems in any climate zone. On the other hand, the application area also includes mobile structures such as all types of vehicles or means of transport (cars, trucks, mobile homes, coaches, trains, ships, aircraft) or mobile buildings and systems. In addition, the invention can also be used for extraterrestrial structures (space travel) such as space transport systems, orbital habitats (space stations) or surface habitats (lunar or planetary bases). A special application area of the invention is heating and/or cooling applications using thermal radiation in outdoor areas such as projecting canopies or free-standing structures such as bus shelters in public transport. The invention also finds application for all types of cooling using thermal radiation such as cooling of pharmaceutical products or battery units for electrical grid systems in closed or open cold rooms.

The fundamental innovative content of the invention lies in a substantial reduction in greenhouse gas emissions over the entire life cycle of a building or structure while maintaining cost efficiency at all stages (planning, execution, prefabrication, final assembly, operation and demolition). It begins with the approach of reducing the thermal insulation of a building and compensating for any resulting thermal transmission losses with a miniaturized heating and/or cooling unit powered by renewable energy. This corresponds to a system of active thermal insulation while simultaneously providing thermal comfort. Energy efficiency is achieved through a high degree of decentralization of the heating and/or cooling function and its configuration based on human physiology. Depending on requirements, heating and/or cooling circuits or their miniaturized heating and/or cooling units are distributed over the entire surface of the building and integrated into the structure, which use exclusively the calorific environment of the building as a source of heat and/or cold. This means that the thermal balance of a building or any structure is managed directly through the construction. Sustainability and cost-effectiveness of the construction is mainly determined by its materialization and by a high degree of automation in the machine prefabrication. tion and automated final assembly. The main innovative content of the invention lies in the heating and/or cooling application by means of thermal radiation both inside and outside a building or structure, which can be manufactured using a cost-effective manufacturing process.

The individual components of the invention in detail

The construction

The construction includes the function of the thermally active construction in its device aspect. It has to fulfil several tasks simultaneously, which is achieved through the interaction of its device aspect and the process aspect of the invention. In addition to the conventional structural static function and protection against weather and climate, the construction must, on the one hand, integrate thermal insulation in its device aspect together with an active heat transport implemented as a process aspect by means of supply and removal of heat to thermally compensate for any thermal transmission losses. On the other hand, the construction creates thermal comfort inside a building, which is also achieved through the interaction of its device aspect and its process aspect by means of thermal radiation. This achieves a variable degree of thermal decoupling between the interior and the building environment.

In order to be able to carry out the function of the thermally active construction in an energy-efficient manner, the construction should contain heat capacity in its device aspect and have design-related heat transmission brakes. This is best achieved with a multi-shell construction. The shell that contains heat capacity is structurally separated from the shell that slows down heat transmission. This multi-shell construction has the additional advantage that the construction has good moisture behavior. The structural challenge resulting from the multi-shell construction is to ensure the structural connection between the at least two spaced-apart shells of the construction and to space them statically and dynamically. In order to be able to meet the above requirements in a cost-effective construction process, a multi-shell composite construction is proposed. This is realized by a building framework that forms the at least two spaced-apart shells and a space delimited by them and enclosed between them and forms the basic structure of the building or structure. The building framework comprises, on the one hand, formwork which forms the at least two spaced-apart shells by delimiting them on the side facing the outside and inside of the construction. During the final assembly of the building or structure, the at least two spaced-apart shells, delimited by the formwork, are filled with a loose, flowable or liquid building material which, shortly after installation in the formwork, either remains loose or flowable as a shaping formwork/casting mold or, after a certain time, solidifies and hardens and thus reaches its full strength and provides the system with heat capacity through its materialization. In this sense, the formwork as shaping formwork/casting mold can also be referred to as lost formwork. On the other hand, the building framework comprises spaces delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them, which use spacers to statically and dynamically space the at least two spaced-apart shells of the construction from one another and act as heat transmission brakes.

Construction and shells: The general embodiment of the construction, in particular a wall, floor, ceiling and/or roof construction and/or a cantilevered construction such as canopies, balconies or fire walls of a building or structure, consists of a building framework which comprises at least two shells spaced apart from one another, which delimit and enclose between them a space which is essentially empty with the exception of structural and/or technical components or at least partially filled with porous, open-pored material and sealed from the outside and inside of the construction. The at least two shells spaced apart from one another comprise a shell facing the outside of the construction and a shell facing the inside of the construction.

The construction generally consists of a building framework, which comprises at least two shells spaced apart from one another with the space between them and enclosed between them, and a building material which is installed in loose, flowable or liquid form in the at least two shells spaced apart from one another, which are delimited by the formwork, during final assembly on the building site. The building framework can be made of steel, wood, dry and/or mixed construction and/or an additive process (3D printing), plastic injection molding or pressed materials. It forms Formwork consists of at least two shells spaced apart from one another and the space between them and enclosed between them. The formwork limits the at least two shells spaced apart from one another on their side facing the outside and inside of the structure. The at least two shells spaced apart from one another also contain structural components, anchoring rods or spacers, the shell spacers, which are anchored at least in the formwork and space them statically and dynamically. The shell spacers can consist of sleeves, solid or hollow rods, dowels, profile rods or commercially available means of fastening technology as well as of different thicknesses and strengths. They can consist of wood, metal, plastic, composite materials, fiber materials (metal, plastic, wood, stone, glass) or consist of a combination and/or a composite of the aforementioned. Special mention should be made of shell spacers made from 3D printing, plastic injection molding or pressed materials.

The anchoring of the shell spacers in the formwork delimiting the at least two spaced-apart shells can be carried out by a screw, press and/or glue connection using a drill, thread, dovetail, groove or notch connection, general milling or recesses or with commercially available means of fastening technology. The materialization and dimensioning of the shell spacers as well as their number and arrangement is determined by the formwork pressure of the loose, flowable or liquid building material resulting during final assembly. The shell spacers can be arranged vertically or inclined, at an angle of 90° or not equal to 90° to the surface of a formwork, whereby the inclination can assume any orientation, such as uniform (parallel), opposite parallel, perpendicular parallel, perpendicular opposite, spiral or circular with different hole circle diameters in uniform or opposite orientation or with any regular or irregular orientation.

The at least two spaced-apart shells, limited and/or bordered by the formwork arranged parallel to the building or structure surface, are filled with a loose, flowable or liquid building material, a so-called shell building material, during the final assembly of the building or structure on the construction site, which shortly after installation in the formwork as a shaping formwork/casting mold either remains loose or flowable or after a certain time subsequently solidifies and hardens and thus reaches its full strength. The shell building material therefore fills the at least two spaced-apart shells and borders the formwork. The shell building material can be concrete or a concrete-like building material. On the other hand, it can also consist of a powder, pellets, dust, sand or other loose, flowable or liquid materials as well as materials that are in different physical states of aggregation, which either remain loose or flowable shortly after being installed in the formwork as a shaping formwork/casting mold, or which subsequently solidify and harden after a certain time. In addition, the shell building material can consist of a loose, flowable or liquid material which generally has an increased heat capacity and which either remains loose or flowable shortly after being installed in the formwork as a shaping formwork/casting mold, or which subsequently solidify and harden after a certain time. The formwork arranged in the building framework is located between the shell construction material and the space delimited by and enclosed between the at least two shells spaced apart from one another and additionally forms the external and internal closure of the construction, i.e. it is located between the external area of the construction and on the side of the shell construction material of the shell facing the external area that faces the external area and between the internal area of the construction and on the side of the shell construction material of the shell facing the internal area that faces the internal area.

The formwork borders directly on the shell material on one side and consists of plates, panels, sheets, textiles, fleeces or films of different thicknesses and can consist of wood, metal, plastic, composite materials, fiber materials (metal, plastic, wood, stone, glass) or a combination and/or a composite of the aforementioned. Special mention should be made of formwork manufactured using an additive process (3D printing), from plastic injection molding or from pressed materials. Depending on the material and thickness, the formwork, in addition to the shaping function for the shell material, can take on at least part of the static-dynamic load within the structure. With suitable materialization, a mechanical, chemical or mechanical-chemical bond between the formwork and the shell material can be achieved and utilized for the structural statics and dynamics. At least one of the at least two shells spaced apart from each other is sealed by means of the formwork from the outside and inside of the structure as well as from the space delimited by them and enclosed between them. The formwork can be integrated into the structure in a uniform or different design.

Formwork and materialization: An extended embodiment of the construction consists in making the formwork from a porous, open-pored material and/or a thermal insulation material. In addition, these formworks can also contain a sealing layer arranged on their side facing the outside area and/or on their side facing the inside area and/or a closed-pore layer and/or a combination and/or a composite of different materials for the formwork materialization, which serves to seal the outside and inside of the construction and/or the space between the at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them. Furthermore, the formworks, consisting of a porous, open-pored material and/or a thermal insulation material, can be filled, filled or offset at least in sections with a shell building material.

Shells and reinforcement: An extended embodiment of the construction consists in that at least one of the at least two shells spaced apart from one another contains a reinforcement, which in turn gives the shell material additional strength. This can consist of metal, plastic, composite materials, fiber materials (metal, plastic, wood, stone, glass) and/or a combination and/or a composite of the aforementioned and can be in the form of rods, bars, grids, nets, textiles, fleeces or fibers. Special mention should be made of a reinforcement made from 3D printing, plastic injection molding or pressed materials. The function of the reinforcement within the thermally active construction consists on the one hand in its static-dynamic function. On the other hand, it can and should also support, promote and accelerate the spread of heat within the at least two shells spaced apart from one another.

Shells and technical components: An extended embodiment of the construction consists in integrating technical components such as building or supply technology elements and/or measurement and/or control technology elements, which are located in at least one of the at least two shells spaced apart from one another and/or on the side of the shell facing the outside and/or inside area. The at least two shells spaced apart from one another can thus take on and carry out further functions of the thermally active construction.

Shells and formwork: An extended embodiment of the construction consists in designing at least one of the at least two shells of the construction, which are spaced apart from one another, in its device aspect without the shell building material. In this case, the device function of the formwork, which in this case functions as a shaping formwork/casting mold, in particular as lost formwork, becomes superfluous. The construction is therefore extended in its device aspect in such a way that the shell building material together with the formwork delimiting the at least one of the at least two shells, which are spaced apart from one another, on its side facing the outside and inside of the construction, is replaced with a single formwork within the building framework, which functions in particular as a simple formwork or as a blind formwork. This single formwork can also consist of panels, boards, sheets, textiles, fleeces or films of different thicknesses or strengths with a materialization of wood, metal, plastic, composite materials, fiber materials (metal, plastic, wood, stone, glass) or of a combination and/or a composite of the aforementioned. Special mention should be made of individual formwork, which in this case is also made using an additive process (3D printing), from plastic injection molding or from pressed materials. Depending on the material and thickness, this individual formwork can, in addition to its general structural function, also take on at least part of the static-dynamic load within the structure.

Accordingly, the at least two shells spaced apart from each other consist, in their device aspect, either of the shell building material together with the two formworks directly adjacent to the shell building material on both sides (in this case one can also speak of lost formwork) or of a single formwork (in this case one can also speak of a blind or a single formwork).

An extended embodiment of the construction therefore consists of at least two shells spaced apart from one another, wherein at least one of the at least two shells spaced apart from one another is designed by means of a single formwork, which delimits and encloses between them a space that is essentially empty with the exception of structural and/or technical components or at least partially filled with porous, open-pore material, and sealed against the outside and inside of the construction. The at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells, designed as a single formwork integrated into the building framework, borders on both sides on the gaps delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them and/or it forms the external and/or internal closure of the structure, i.e. it borders on one side on the gap delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them and is located on the side facing the outside area of the gap facing the outside area, delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them and/or on the side facing the inside area of the gap facing the inside area, delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them. The individual formwork can be integrated into the structure in a uniform or different embodiment.

Formwork and materialization: An extended embodiment of the construction consists in carrying out the materialization of the individual formwork from a porous, open-pored material and/or from a thermal insulation material. In addition, this individual formwork can also contain a sealing layer arranged on its side facing the outside area and/or on its side facing the inside area and/or a closed-pore layer and/or a combination and/or a composite of different materials of the materialization of the formwork, which serves to seal against the outside and inside area of the construction and/or against the space delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them. Furthermore, the individual formwork, consisting of a porous, open-pored material and/or a thermal insulation material, can be filled, filled or offset at least in sections with a shell building material.

Construction and space: The space delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them is, with the exception of structural and/or technical components, essentially empty or at least partially filled with porous, open-pored material and, like the at least two spaced-apart shells, is formed and constituted by the building framework of the construction using formwork. The function of the space is, on the one hand, to reduce heat transmission through the construction by having reduced thermal conductivity. The design of the space delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them aims to reduce thermal conductivity with regard to solid-state, air heat conduction or thermal radiation. On the other hand, the structural components arranged in the space delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them are designed to statically and dynamically space the at least two spaced-apart shells that delimit it. This can be achieved with structural components arranged in the space delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them, such as anchoring rods or spacers perpendicular to the surface of a formwork, the space spacers, which form point-like contacts with the at least two spaced-apart shells. Their materialization should give them high strength while at the same time having minimal thermal conductivity. The space spacers can consist of sleeves, solid or hollow bars, dowels, profile bars or commercially available fastening technology as well as of different thicknesses and strengths. They can consist of wood, metal, plastic, composite materials, fiber materials (metal, plastic, wood, stone, glass) or a combination and/or a composite of the aforementioned. Special mention should be made of space spacers made from 3D printing, plastic injection molding or pressed materials.

The anchoring of the spacer in at least the formwork adjacent to the space can be carried out by a screw, press and/or glue connection using a drill, thread, dovetail, groove or notch connection, general millings or recesses or with commercially available means of fastening technology, without the spacer penetrating the formwork. On the other hand, the spacer can at least partially penetrate at least one of the two formworks adjacent to the space. The spacer can also reach up to the boundary surface of the formwork it penetrates or it protrudes into at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells adjacent to the space and can thus be additionally anchored with the help of the shell building material. This can be achieved, for example, with grooves, notches or millings etc. in the end area of the spacer, which mechanically connects it to the shell building material after loose, flowable or liquid installation and subsequent solidification of the shell building material. If the gap and/or shell spacer is also made of a porous, open-pored material, there is a possibility that during the installation process of the loose, liquid or flowable shell material, this will penetrate into the pores of the spacer material and, when it subsequently solidifies, an additional mechanical anchoring of the spacer material will be created in at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells adjacent to the gap. With suitable materialization, in addition to this mechanical anchoring, a chemical bond can be achieved between the gap and/or shell spacer and the shell material, which further increases the strength of the anchoring and can be used for the statics and dynamics of the structure.

If the gap spacer is made of wood, extends beyond the formwork into at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells adjacent to the gap, and a shell building material is installed in a liquid state, an additional effect can be used to anchor the end area of the gap spacer in at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells. The gap spacer made of wood in the area inside the shell swells with the liquid shell building material during installation, whereupon the liquid penetrates its open pores. The volume of the gap spacer made of wood in the area inside the shell increases. Since additional liquid shell building material can penetrate the pores in the front surface of the gap spacer, the gap spacer made of wood swells more at the end of the spacer than at its shaft. This creates a conical increase in volume, with the cone growing larger towards the end of the spacer. The subsequent hardening and solidification of the shell building material leaves behind a conically swollen wooden spacer in the area within at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells, which thus experiences a reinforced anchoring in at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells adjacent to the space.

An extended embodiment of the gap and/or shell spacer is that the gap spacer extends into at least one of the at least two shells spaced apart from one another and adjacent to the gap, partially or completely penetrates it and is used to anchor the formwork arranged on the side of the shell adjacent to the gap facing away from the gap and/or that the shell spacer extends into at least one of the gaps delimited by at least two shells spaced apart from one another and enclosed between them, partially or completely penetrates it and is used to anchor the formwork arranged on the side of the gap adjacent to the shell facing away from the shell. The shell and/or gap spacers can be integrated into the construction in a uniform or different embodiment. In addition, the embodiment of the shell spacer can be exchanged and combined as desired with the embodiment of the gap spacer and vice versa.

Like the at least two spaced-apart shells, the space delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them is sealed by means of the formwork adjacent to it from the outside and inside of the structure as well as from the at least two spaced-apart, adjacent shells.

Intermediate space and technical components: An extended embodiment of the construction consists in integrating technical components such as building or supply technology elements and/or measurement and/or control technology elements, which are located within the intermediate space delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them. The intermediate space can thus take on and carry out further functions of the thermally active construction.

Spacers and inclined arrangement: An extended embodiment of the construction consists in arranging the spacers in the space delimited and enclosed between at least two spaced-apart shells not perpendicular to the surface of a formwork, but at an angle other than 90° to the surface of a formwork, not perpendicular to the surface of a formwork. The advantage of this arrangement is that it is not only possible to divert structural forces perpendicular to the surface of a formwork, but also to absorb and divert sliding, transverse and/or shear forces parallel to the surface of a formwork by means of an inclined spacer. In addition to the angle of the inclination, the orientation of the inclination of the spacers can also be arranged as desired, such as evenly (parallel), oppositely parallel, at right angles parallel, at right angles oppositely, spirally or circularly with different hole circle diameters in even or opposite directions. Alignment or with any regular or irregular alignment. In contrast to spacer bars arranged perpendicular to the surface of a formwork, their inclined arrangement enables increased anchoring and spacing in a direction perpendicular to the surface of a formwork.

Spacers and 45° arrangement: A special design of the construction consists in arranging the spacer in the space delimited by at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them at an angle of 45° to the surface of a formwork. The advantage of this special arrangement is, on the one hand, that it can absorb and dissipate structural forces perpendicular to the surface of a formwork as well as sliding, transverse and/or shear forces parallel to the surface of a formwork to the same extent, which can be advantageous in the case of dynamic structural loads (variable live loads, variable wind and snow loads, earthquakes). On the other hand, this special arrangement of the spacer has a reduced heat transfer through the construction compared to spacers arranged perpendicular to the surface of a formwork, because the spacer inclined at an angle of 45° is longer by a factor of √2 and therefore the solid-state heat conduction takes place over a distance that is longer by a factor of √2. In addition to the angle of the inclination, the orientation of the inclination of the spacer can also be arranged as desired, as described above. On the one hand, the inclination of the spacer at an angle of 45° to the surface of a formwork optimizes the function of reduced heat conduction with the static-dynamic function of the spacer. On the other hand, the mechanical prefabrication is also simplified and optimized by the inclination of the spacer at an angle of 45° to the surface of a formwork, because the leg distances of the resulting isosceles triangle are the same length.

Spacers and multitude: An extended embodiment of the design consists in designing and arranging the space spacers arranged perpendicular to the surface of a formwork in the space delimited by at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them in their design aspect, instead of a few, heavily dimensioned space spacers, the same in a multitude, with fine dimensioning and distributed over the entire surface of the formwork bordered on both sides by at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them. The advantage of this design is that structural forces can be distributed to the multitude of space spacers distributed over the entire surface of the formwork bordered on both sides by at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them. This means that a statistical threshold can be reached with regard to the structural function of the spacer, beyond which the strength of a single spacer in combination with the large number of spacer distributed over the entire surface of the formwork bordered by at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them only contributes statistically to the structural strength, i.e. if the structural function of a single spacer fails, e.g. due to material inhomogeneities, material defects or breakage, this is absorbed and compensated for by the other spacer. In addition, with this design of the construction, the structural forces are converted from pure point forces to surface forces, which can prove to be an advantage when dimensioning and materializing the construction. Another advantageous effect of this design is that the formwork is stiffened and stabilized over its entire surface.

Spacers, multitude and slanted arrangement: A special embodiment of the construction consists in arranging the multitude of space spacers, with fine dimensions and distributed over the entire surface of the formworks bordered by at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them, not perpendicular to the surface of a formwork, but at an angle other than 90°, which includes the special case of an angle of 45°. This not only creates the advantages as described above, but also additional advantages in terms of structural statics and dynamics based on their now slanted orientation with respect to the surface of a formwork. With this special design and arrangement of the space spacers, structural forces can be absorbed and dissipated from any direction. Not only are the structural forces converted from point forces to surface forces, but structural forces occurring perpendicular to the surface of a formwork as well as sliding, transverse and/or shear forces parallel to the surface of a formwork can be absorbed to the same extent. taken and derived, which can be an additional advantage with dynamic structural loads (variable live loads, variable wind and snow loads, earthquakes). The advantages with regard to the aspects of statistical threshold and solid-state heat conduction outlined above are further enhanced with this special design. In addition to the angle of inclination, the orientation of the inclination of the spacer bars can also be arranged as desired, such as uniform (parallel), opposite parallel, perpendicular parallel, perpendicular opposite, spiral or circular with different hole circle diameters in uniform or opposite orientation or with any regular or irregular orientation.

Spacers and length: An extended embodiment of the design consists in making the ends of the spacer in the space delimited by at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them different lengths if they penetrate at least one of the formwork adjacent to the space and protrude into at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells adjacent to the space. This embodiment of the design has the advantage that the effect of any fracture surface between the ends of the spacer and the hardened shell building material can be reduced.

Spacers and reinforcement: An extended embodiment of the construction consists in anchoring and fastening the reinforcement in at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells at the ends of the spacer if these penetrate at least one of the formwork adjacent to the space and protrude into at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells adjacent to the space. This embodiment of the construction has the advantage that the force of the reinforcement can be transferred directly to the spacers. In addition, the reinforcement stabilizes the area of the ends of the spacer within the at least two spaced-apart shells, which can also be advantageous in terms of structural statics and dynamics. The fastening can either be carried out using conventional fastening technology or the end of the spacer can have a recess, a fold, a groove or the like, with the help of which the reinforcement can be fastened to the end of the spacer. In addition, technical components such as building, supply, measurement and/or control technology elements can also be anchored and fastened using this embodiment.

Space and insulation material: An extended embodiment of the construction consists in filling or equipping the space delimited by at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them at least in sections with porous, open-pored material, thermal insulation material and/or a material for absorbing moisture. In addition, this porous, open-pored material, thermal insulation material and/or a material for absorbing moisture can also contain a sealing layer arranged on its side facing the outside area and/or on its side facing the inside area and/or a closed-pore layer and/or comprise a combination and/or a composite of different materials for the materialization of the formwork, which serves to seal against the outside and inside of the construction and/or against the space delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them. In addition, the porous, open-pored material, thermal insulation material and/or a material for absorbing moisture can be filled, filled or offset with a shell building material at least in sections.

Intermediate space and thermal radiation: An extended embodiment of the construction consists in filling or equipping the intermediate space delimited by at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them, at least in sections, with a suitable material for absorbing or reflecting thermal radiation.

Construction and beam or pillar: A special embodiment of the construction, in particular a wall construction, a floor, ceiling and/or roof construction and/or a cantilevered construction such as canopies, balconies or fire walls of a building or structure, consists in integrating a structural reinforcement into the construction, which is designed as a reinforcement to absorb vertical structural loads. The building framework includes a beam or a pillar, which comprises at least two spaced-apart bar profiles, the beam or pillar bar profiles, which delimit and enclose between themselves a space that is essentially empty with the exception of shell, structural and/or technical components or at least partially filled with porous, open-pored material, and sealed from the outside and inside of the construction, the beam or pillar space. Since the beam or pillar is integrated into the building framework, the beam or pillar bar profiles can also perform the function of the Formwork can be included within the building or supplemented with such within the framework of the building. The space between the beams or pillars is thus sealed by the formwork adjacent to it from the outside and inside of the structure as well as from at least two adjacent shells that are spaced apart from one another.

The space between the beams or pillars contains anchoring rods or spacers, the beam or pillar spacers, which statically and dynamically space the at least two spaced-apart beam or pillar bar profiles and are arranged vertically or obliquely, at an angle of 90° or not equal to 90° to a surface of a beam bar profile facing the upper floor, whereby the inclination can take on any orientation, such as uniform (parallel), opposite parallel, perpendicular parallel, perpendicular opposite, spiral or circular with different hole circle diameters in uniform or opposite orientation or with any regular or irregular orientation. In addition, the beam or pillar spacers can be designed and arranged in the beam or pillar space delimited by the at least two spaced-apart beam or pillar bar profiles and enclosed between them, as described above, in a large number, with fine dimensions and distributed over the entire beam or pillar bar profile surface. The design and materialization of the beam or pillar spacers and the beam or pillar bar profiles can be designed in the same way as the design and materialization of the gap spacer.

The anchoring of the beam or pillar spacers in at least the beam or pillar bar profiles adjacent to the beam or pillar gap can be carried out by a screw, press and/or glue connection using a drill, thread, dovetail, groove or notch connection, general milling or recesses or with commercially available means of fastening technology, without the beam or pillar spacer penetrating the beam or pillar bar profiles. On the other hand, the beam or pillar spacer can at least partially penetrate at least one of the two beam or pillar bar profiles adjacent to the beam or pillar gap. The beam or pillar spacer can also reach up to the boundary surface of the beam or pillar bar profile it penetrates or it protrudes into at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells adjacent to the beam or pillar gap and can thus be additionally anchored using the shell material. This can be achieved, for example, with grooves, notches or millings etc. in the end area of the beam or pillar spacer, which mechanically connects the spacer to the shell material after loose, flowable or liquid installation and subsequent solidification of the shell material. If the beam or pillar spacer is also made of a porous, open-pored material, there is a possibility that during the installation process of the loose, liquid or flowable shell material, it will penetrate into the pores of the spacer material and, when it subsequently solidifies, an additional mechanical anchoring of the spacer material will be created in at least one of the at least two spaced-apart beam or pillar bar profiles adjacent to the beam or pillar gap. With suitable materialization, in addition to this mechanical anchoring, a chemical bond can be achieved between the beam or pillar spacer and the shell material, which further increases the strength of the anchoring and can be used for the statics and dynamics of the structure. If the support or pillar spacer is made of wood, the swelling effect during the installation process of the loose, liquid or flowable shell building material can also be exploited, as described above.

The general, extended and specific embodiments of the structure and the spacer described above also apply to the beam or pillar spacer. The beam or pillar can either be fully integrated into the building framework or be integrated protrudingly on at least one side of the structure. In addition to the embodiments described above with regard to the reinforcement integrated in at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells, the beam or pillar can include additional embodiments of the reinforcement such as reinforcement rods, prestressing cables, tension rods, etc., which are not only located within at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells, but extend longitudinally and/or transversely to the beam or pillar over the entire length of the beam or pillar and can also be arranged within the space between the beams or pillars.

Construction and building module: A special embodiment of the construction, in particular a wall construction, a floor, ceiling and/or roof construction and/or a cantilevered construction such as canopies, balconies or fire walls of a building or structure consists in the building framework, which comprises the at least two shells spaced apart from one another together with the limited and enclosed space between them, in the form of a building module, ie the general design of the building module corresponds to the building framework of the modular construction as described above. The building modules can consist of individual components such as wall, floor, ceiling or roof parts, a combination of these or of entire room modules or parts thereof. The advantage of modular construction is well known.

The individual building modules or their formwork must be sealed from the outside and inside as well as from each other and from one another. This can be achieved using commercially available sealing measures and sealing devices or with the special measure described below for sealing the individual building modules or their formwork with each other using mutually overlapping folds. The assembly direction of the building modules when they are joined together during final assembly on the building site to form a building or structure determines the device aspect of the connection and sealing points between the individual building modules, in particular the formwork with each other. On the one hand, it is important to seal the building modules or their formwork with each other and from each other and, on the other hand, to keep the sliding distance, i.e. the distance that the two connection and sealing points slide against each other when the building modules or their formwork are joined together during final assembly, as small as possible, as this can otherwise lead to assembly problems. The size and weight of the building modules as well as their geometric shape is mainly determined by optimizing prefabrication (handling), transport (volume, weight) and final assembly (handling). The building module size can range from the size of individual rooms down to the size of a brick.

The shape and edges of the building modules can include a variety of geometric shapes, with the design of the sealing points between the individual, adjacent building modules or their formwork, their ability to cover an area, and the resulting sliding distance determining the design. The size scale and the geometric shape of the building modules, in addition to the aforementioned criteria, are mainly determined by new methods of mechanical prefabrication and automated final assembly of the building modules, in particular the increase in the proportion of digitization and automation. An additional and essential criterion of the building module size in relation to the present invention is determined by the formwork pressure triggered by the loose, flowable or liquid shell building material during installation during final assembly, i.e. the liquid pressure (gravity pressure) acting on the formwork and the installation method. In order to give the shell building material additional strength, reinforcement can also be attached within the at least two spaced-apart shells of the building module, as described above. If the formwork is made of wood or a similarly porous, open-pored material, in addition to sealing by means of the mutually overlapping fold, the swelling effect upon contact with the formwork material can be used to seal the sealing points between the individual, adjacent building modules or their formwork.

Construction module and reinforcement: An extended embodiment of the construction module consists of the integration of a reinforcement as described above within at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells, which gives the shell material additional strength. In addition, the reinforcement can extend beyond the edge of the construction modules and into at least one neighboring construction module, which in turn has suitable recesses for this purpose. On the one hand, this increases the structural strength and supports the spread of heat within the at least two spaced-apart shells between neighboring construction modules. In order to achieve further structural strength, the reinforcement can be connected between neighboring construction modules using a connecting mechanism (screw, plug, click or bolt connection) so that the structural loads that arise can be fully transferred from one construction module to its neighboring construction module.

Construction module and tongue and groove joint: An extended embodiment of the construction module consists in designing it with a connection and sealing method that is determined in its device aspect. The formwork has a mutually overlapping seam that fastens and seals the adjacent construction modules or their formwork against each other during the final assembly of the building or structure. The connection and sealing points can be designed using a mutually overlapping seam and a cross-section in a rectangular shape or using an inclined overlap surface (tongue and groove joint). The advantage of a seam with an inclined overlap surface is that it reduces the sliding distance to a minimum. In order to increase the efficiency of machine prefabrication and automated final assembly of the construction modules or their formwork, the seam within a construction module can be designed in relation to the assembly direction. be arranged alternately, ie for example with vertical assembly of the construction modules, the fold in the upper half of the construction module can be cut out from the side facing the outside area, whereas in the lower half of the construction module it is cut out from the side facing the inside area or vice versa. In addition, the design of the fold can be machine-compatible for processing with rotary tools.

Construction module, tongue and groove and click system: An extended embodiment of the construction module consists in designing it with a connection and sealing point that is determined by its device aspect. In addition to a mutually overlapping fold in a rectangular shape or by means of an inclined overlapping surface (tongue and groove), the formwork includes a click system. The overlapping surface of the formwork of one construction module has a material elevation in the form of a knob, edge and/or hook, while the mutually corresponding overlapping surface of the formwork of the adjacent construction module has a material recess in the form of a groove, groove and/or hook at the same point, so that when the adjacent construction modules or their formwork are joined together, the material elevation of one overlapping surface and the material recess of the mutually corresponding adjacent overlapping surface click into one another and are thus connected and secured. The advantage of this click system is that adjacent construction modules or their formwork can also be secured to one another during final assembly.

Construction module and geometric shape: An extended embodiment of the construction module consists in its shape and/or border being designed with a special geometric shape that can cover a flat or curved surface. The border and/or boundary surface is designed parallel to the building or structural surface of the construction module or formwork as a regular polygon (triangle, square, pentagon, hexagon, etc.) or irregular polygon, which is used either standing or lying down in relation to the final assembly. This embodiment can be advantageous with regard to improved handling of the construction module or its formwork with regard to prefabrication and/or final assembly and/or improved sealing and/or a reduced sliding distance. In order to be able to design rectangular boundary surfaces in relation to other construction systems such as windows, doors, balconies, etc. or building closures such as reveals, corners, edges or in relation to other construction modules, construction modules with additional geometric shapes are required. In connection with the present invention, special mention should be made of the geometric shape of the hexagon as the border and/or boundary surface parallel to the building or structural surface of a building module or formwork, in the embodiment of which in a horizontal arrangement the resulting sliding distance of the overlapping surface of the formwork is minimal.

Construction module and composite geometric shape: An extended embodiment of the construction module consists in designing its shape and/or border with an additional, special geometric shape that can cover a flat or curved surface. The border and/or boundary surface consists of randomly composed geometric shapes parallel to the building or structural surface of the construction module or formwork. This embodiment can be advantageous with regard to improved handling of the construction module or its formwork with regard to prefabrication and/or final assembly and/or have an improved seal and/or a reduced sliding distance.

Construction module and hexagon shape: A special embodiment of the construction module consists in its shape and/or border being designed with an additional, special geometric shape that can cover a flat or curved surface. The border and/or boundary surface consists of a limited number of hexagons assembled horizontally parallel to the building or structural surface of the construction module or formwork. If the embodiment of a construction module consists of three, four, five or more hexagons assembled horizontally, the combination of these construction modules has the property of being able to absorb and dissipate tensile forces in the structural system in the final assembled state simply due to its geometry. In addition, this embodiment results in surface effects with regard to structural statics and dynamics. Furthermore, this embodiment does not result in any continuous joints within the structure, which could possibly arise during final assembly. In connection with the present invention, the module shape assembled from four hexagons arranged horizontally, alternately, as a boundary surface parallel to the building or structural surface of the construction module or formwork should be mentioned in particular.

Modular building block: A special embodiment of the building module consists in extending its shape and/or border so that the building module or the formwork covers a certain size scale. The border and/or boundary surface extends parallel to the building or structural surface of the with a simple or complex geometric shape of a building module or its formwork, within a size scale in the range of one square meter. This design of the building module, which we call the modular building block, can be advantageous in terms of improved handling with regard to prefabrication and/or final assembly. The advantage of this design of the building module as a modular building block is particularly worthy of mention, which consists in the fact that during the incremental and additive installation of the loose, flowable or liquid shell building material during final assembly, the formwork pressure only increases incrementally, per module building block height, and so the total formwork pressure can be reduced in advance.

Construction module and beam or pillar: A special embodiment of the construction module consists in the beam or pillar described above, which is integrated into the building framework, being designed in the form of a construction module, i.e. such a beam or pillar construction module corresponds to the beam or pillar in modular construction described above. In particular, the beam or pillar integrated into the building framework is formed from individual beam or pillar construction modules that are lined up and connected to one another. In addition to the mutual connection and sealing point of the formwork, the beam or pillar bar profiles integrated into the beam or pillar construction module contain connecting devices on their front side that connect adjacent beam or pillar construction modules to one another under tension and pressure. These can be carried out by a screw, press and/or sliding connection using drilled, threaded, dovetail, groove or notch connections, general milling or recesses or with commercially available means of fastening technology. In addition to the reinforcement described above within at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells, the beam or pillar construction module contains an additional embodiment of the reinforcement, such as a rod reinforcement, which is connected to one another within the fully assembled beam or pillar by means of a connecting mechanism (screw, plug, click or bolt connection) and penetrates and stiffens the beam or pillar along its entire length. For this purpose, the beam or pillar construction modules have corresponding holes or recesses. The rod reinforcement can also consist of at least one tension rod or tension cable introduced from one end of the fully assembled beam or pillar, or of at least two tension rods or tension cables introduced from both ends of the fully assembled beam or pillar, which are then connected to one another within the beam or pillar by means of a connecting mechanism (screw, plug, click or bolt connection) and anchored in the beam or pillar rod profiles by means of a tension anchor. The beam or pillar can be prestressed and/or raised.

Beam or pillar construction module and connection: A special embodiment of the beam or pillar construction module consists in designing it with a special sliding connection of the beam or pillar bar profiles to one another. The beam or pillar bar profiles of adjacent beam or pillar construction modules have mutually sliding and interlocking corner and/or round profiles on their front side, which connect the beam or pillar construction modules to one another in their longitudinal direction under tension and pressure. The sliding direction of the mutually interlocking corner and/or round profiles when they are assembled corresponds to the vertical assembly direction of the adjacently interlocking beam or pillar construction modules. To ensure that the mutual sliding connection of the beam or pillar bar profiles is not pushed apart in the sliding direction when the bar reinforcement is arranged at an angle (i.e. when the bar reinforcement direction is not parallel to the longitudinal axis of the beam or pillar bar profiles), the mutually interlocking corner and/or round profiles must include a sliding stop or a sliding limiter in their device aspect, which absorbs the diagonally acting forces of the bar reinforcement. The sliding stop or the sliding limiter can be designed using a conical shape of the corner and/or round profiles or using a mutually adjacent fold incorporated into the front side of the beam or pillar bar profiles in addition to the corner and/or round profiles.

The direction of the inclination of the bar reinforcement determines in its process aspect the order in which the beam or pillar construction modules are lined up and connected to one another. If the bar reinforcement is designed as a tension rod, the sliding stop or the sliding limit of the sliding connection of the beam or pillar bar profiles of the beam or pillar construction module in the middle of the beam or pillar acts on both front sides of the beam or pillar bar profiles in such a way that the adjacent beam or pillar construction modules attached on one side of the middle beam or pillar construction module only slide together in the sliding direction until the beam or pillar bar profile axes are aligned and the sliding stop or the sliding limit prevents further sliding in the sliding direction. The sliding stops or the sliding limits of the further attached beam or pillar construction modules act in the same way. If the rod reinforcement is designed as a compression rod, the sliding stop or the sliding limitation works in the opposite way. In addition, the border and/or boundary surface can extend parallel to the floor, ceiling, roof or structural surface of the beam or pillar construction module or the formwork and/or the beam or pillar rod profiles within a size scale in the range of one square meter. In this case we are talking about a beam or pillar module building block. The special sliding connection of the beam or pillar rod profiles to one another can also be used as described above.

Construction and space travel: The above-described embodiments of the construction can also include extraterrestrial applications. The structural static and dynamic challenges mainly consist of the considerable pressure difference between the interior and the building environment. The additional structural forces that arise are primarily tensile forces, but these can be managed with the device aspects of the construction described above. In addition to the above-described precautions for sealing the construction from the outside and inside, a surface seal is required over the entire inner surface of the construction. This can consist of a film, a thin coating or a thin covering made of plastic or metal and can be applied or mounted over the entire surface of the shell facing the inside. This embodiment of a surface seal allows any damage or leaks to be repaired from the inside of the construction. The room-in-room concept is a suitable embodiment of the construction so that every single point on the inner surface of the construction is accessible for any repair of a leak in the surface seal. The part of the structure that separates the interior from the building environment is built around the structure of the building interior, without any connection to it, except at the floor or in the case of penetrations.

Notes on the materialization of the wooden building framework for extraterrestrial applications. Wood is already used in space travel (satellites). The experience gained in this will pave the way for more extensive, extraterrestrial applications of wood. The good strength/weight-volume ratio in combination with a shell construction material as described above and its reinforcement, as well as the ease of processing, make wood an interesting building material for extraterrestrial applications. The strength of wood remains the same over large temperature and pressure ranges. On the one hand, there is the possibility that a certain residual moisture at low temperatures and low pressures (vacuum) will further increase the strength of wood. On the other hand, the bursting of any closed-pore wood cells at low pressures occurs statistically at the weakest point within a wood pore, i.e. within the surface and not at a web of the wood pore that has formed in the contact area with more than one adjacent, neighboring wood pore. This possible impairment of the strength of wood at low pressures can statistically be neglected. The possible material decomposition due to the additional exposure to intense sun, solar and cosmic radiation as well as the erosive contact with free molecules determines the design of the building framework in the form of a building module, a modular building block, a support or pillar building module and/or a support or pillar modular building block as a wooden component in conjunction with the design of the shell building material, which can additionally assume a shielding function.

The above-described embodiment of the anchoring using mutually expanding wooden components and the angled arrangement of the gap and/or beam or pillar spacers allows glue-free connections and anchoring to be carried out, which is a decisive advantage for extraterrestrial applications. In addition, the statistical access to the structural statics and dynamics using, for example, a large number of finely dimensioned gap spacers distributed over the entire surface of the formwork bordered by at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them is a decisive advantage not only for terrestrial applications, but also in particular for extraterrestrial applications, since the structure-specific force distributions can also be treated statistically and converted from point to surface forces.

All of the general, extended and specific embodiments of the construction, the building framework, the building module, the modular building block, the beam, the pillar, the beam or pillar construction module and/or the beam or pillar modular building block described above can be combined with and among each other in their device aspect, if appropriate in the context of the present invention.

The technical components of the construction

The technical components combine the function of the thermally active construction in its device aspect and its function in its process aspect. On the one hand, they consist of a.) building or supply technology elements, which, with the help of the control process and suitable heat transport media such as a coolant, manage the controlled supply and removal of heat into and out of the construction. This is done via heating and/or cooling circuits integrated directly into the construction. The immediate building environment serves as a calorific heat bath (as a heat and/or cold source), which provides the required heat energy for the heating and/or cooling circuits and thus for the heat balance of the building or structure via coolant-air heat exchangers.

1. i. allfällige thermische Transmissionsverluste der in ihrem Vorrichtungsaspekt verminderten Wärmedämmung der Konstruktion aktiv zu kompensieren und
2. ii. die Heiz- und/oder Kühlfunktion mittels Wärmestrahlung im Innen- und/oder Außenbereich des Gebäudes oder der Struktur aufzubereiten und damit den Wärmekomfort der Nutzer und/oder Bewohner herzustellen.

The function of the heat processed and transported via the building or supply technology elements is to

1. i. to actively compensate for any thermal transmission losses due to the reduced thermal insulation of the construction and
2. ii. to provide the heating and/or cooling function by means of thermal radiation inside and/or outside the building or structure and thus ensure the thermal comfort of the users and/or occupants.

The surface of the structure facing the interior serves as a heat radiation surface for heating and/or cooling applications using heat radiation in the interior of the structure, and the surface of the structure facing the exterior serves as a heat radiation surface for heating and/or cooling applications using heat radiation in the exterior of the structure. The two fundamental heat requirements i.) and ii.) described above in relation to the present invention have the special property that they do not occur at a point, but as surface effects. It is therefore the task of building or supply technology to prepare the controlled supply and removal of heat into and out of the structure in the form of building physics surface effects. This is achieved with a maximum degree of decentralization of the heating and cooling function, which is carried out by means of heating and/or cooling circuits or their miniaturized heating and/or cooling units distributed over the entire building surface and integrated into the structure as required. These include miniaturized heating and/or cooling units, which obtain the required heat directly from the calorific environment of the structure on site, transport it across it and distribute it within the structure via lines integrated into it. Since there are limits to the decentralization of the heating and cooling function, i.e. the miniaturization of the heating and cooling units, the shell material and its heat capacity are used to ensure the remaining and thus uniform distribution of heat across the heat radiation surface. In order to achieve a high degree of decentralization, also in relation to the energy supply of the miniaturized heating and cooling units, these can be designed in direct combination with equally miniaturized PV panels and battery storage units.

On the other hand, the technical components integrated into the thermally active construction include b.) measuring and/or control technology elements, which carry out the execution of the thermal function of the construction in its process aspect as specified by the control process. They record measured variables such as temperature, pressure, humidity and physical measured variables of thermal radiation at all locations provided for this purpose, in particular in the outside and/or inside of the construction, on the outside and/or inside surface of the construction and/or inside the construction and prepare them in the form of signals as input information of a thermally relevant state variable for the control process. In particular, the physical variables of thermal radiation can be obtained via a difference measurement between the local surface temperature of the construction and the local air temperature in the vicinity of the construction. Furthermore, the measuring and/or control technology elements process, transmit and regulate the control commands specified by the control process and passed on to the respective devices and units of the building or supply technology and provide feedback of the system states to the control system.

Construction and building or supply technology: The general embodiment of the building or supply technology consists of the integration of its elements and components in their device aspect into the thermally active construction. The building or supply technology elements in their device aspect include in particular all types of lines, pipes and/or hoses as well as valves, containers, pumps, compressors, filters, dryers, Schrader valves, sight glasses, capillaries and/or all types of heat exchangers and conventional components of refrigeration and/or heat pump technology. They are designed and configured for the transport and/or storage of a fluid which consists of air, an air mixture, a gas, a gas mixture, a liquid or a mixture of Liquids and/or all types of coolants. The fluid can be in a constant state of aggregation/phase within the components of the building or supply technology or its state of aggregation/phase can change due to the effects of specially designed components of the same, in particular due to the thermal effects of compressors and/or evaporators/condensers. The building or supply technology elements seal the transport and storage of the fluid in their device and/or process aspect from the outside and inside of the structure, from at least one of the at least two shells spaced apart from one another and from the space delimited by them and enclosed between them.

Special mention should be made of closed, two-phase fluid circuits integrated into the construction, which are designed and configured as heating and/or cooling circuits and which, via their fluid lines and with the help of the miniaturized heating and/or cooling units, bring about the controlled supply and removal of heat into and out of the construction. The amounts of heat in relation to the phase transitions of evaporation and liquefaction of a fluid, in this case a coolant, are used for the heat balance of the thermally active construction. On the one hand, they are designed and configured as conventional cooling or refrigeration circuits, whereby in this case the miniaturized refrigeration unit, consisting of a compressor, the condenser as a coolant-air heat exchanger and other conventional components of a refrigeration circuit, is positioned on the side of the shell facing the outside area. In this case, the evaporator consists of a fluid line section of the refrigeration circuit, which is arranged within at least one of the at least two shells spaced apart from one another. This cooling circuit is located within at least one of the at least two shells spaced apart from one another and/or the intermediate space delimited by them and enclosed between them and in the immediate outer area of the side of the shell of the structure facing the outside area. On the other hand, the closed fluid circuits can be designed and configured as conventional heating or heat pump circuits, in which case the miniaturized heating unit, consisting of a compressor, the evaporator as a refrigerant-air heat exchanger and other conventional components of a heat pump circuit, is positioned on the side of the shell facing the outside area. In this case, the condenser consists of a fluid line section of the heat pump circuit, which is laid out within at least one of the at least two shells spaced apart from one another. This heating circuit is located within at least one of the at least two shells spaced apart from one another and/or the intermediate space delimited by them and enclosed between them and in the immediate outer area of the side of the shell of the structure facing the outside area.

Furthermore, the building or supply technology elements in their device aspect include photovoltaic panels and/or photovoltaic systems together with their control elements as well as components for the transport and storage of electrical current (batteries, capacitors or their combination), overpressure/negative pressure (pressure storage vessels), moisture (porous, open-pore material), heat (materials with high heat capacity, latent heat storage and phase change materials PCM) and/or storage media for at least one state of aggregation of the fluid, in particular a coolant.

Also worth mentioning are building and supply technology elements integrated into the structure, which collect and discharge in a controlled manner the condensate that accumulates as condensed air humidity on the cooling surfaces at temperatures below the dew point of the surrounding air. These can consist of porous, open-pored materials in the form of panels, plates and/or fleeces, and/or specially designed and configured liquid lines, capillary tubes and optionally in combination with means of transporting the condensate such as pumps. The heating and/or cooling circuits integrated into the structure can be used for heating and/or cooling applications using thermal radiation both inside and outside the structure.

Construction and measurement and/or control technology: The general embodiment of the measurement and/or control technology consists of the integration of its components in their device aspect into the thermally active construction. These basically include electrical lines as well as sensor means, probes, actuator means, servomotors, measuring devices, general hardware and/or general input means for recording or entering construction-specific values or thermally relevant state variables, in particular measured or estimated outside and/or inside temperatures, outside and/or inside surface temperatures, temperatures at any location within the construction, sunlight intensity, physical quantity of heat radiation in the exterior and/or interior of the structure and/or a moisture content, which serve as input and/or output means for the control process.

Construction and fluid lines: An extended embodiment of the building or supply technology consists in routing and installing the fluid lines of the heating and/or cooling circuits from the side of the shell facing the outside area to any location within the construction. At least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells and/or in the space delimited by them and enclosed between them contains fluid lines that are installed using loops arranged in any way or any line geometry. If the fluid lines are installed in at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells, they are embedded in the shell material and are in direct contact with it, i.e. they are directly adjacent to the shell material or are provided with suitable heat-conducting materials, which in turn are in direct contact with the shell material. The fluid lines can consist of conventional and/or commercially available line profiles and materials or they can be manufactured using additive manufacturing (3D printing), injection molding and/or die casting or pressing or punching and consist of the materials specifically suited for this purpose. The fluid lines seal the transport and storage of the fluid in their device and process aspect from the outside and inside of the structure, from at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells and from the space delimited by them and enclosed between them.

Construction and extended fluid line: An extended embodiment of the building or supply technology consists of fluid lines for the heating and/or cooling circuits, which consist of porous, open-pored materials, in extreme cases also of wood, and are located within at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells and/or within the space delimited by them and enclosed between them. They are connected and sealed and are in fluid contact with the fluid lines of the heating and/or cooling circuit. The extended fluid lines can consist of special line profiles and materials and/or they can be manufactured by means of additive manufacturing (3D printing), by means of injection and/or die casting or by means of pressing or punching and consist of the materials specially suitable for this purpose. These fluid lines seal the transport and storage of the fluid in their device and process aspect from the outside and inside of the construction, from at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells and from the space delimited by them and enclosed between them.

HK unit and pipe routing: An extended embodiment of the building or supply technology consists in designing the individual heating and/or cooling circuits with multiple injection of the coolant. On the one hand, the refrigeration circuit, as a cooling circuit, has several evaporator components such as evaporators, partial evaporators and/or several fluid line sections with uniform or different lengths that act as evaporators. On the other hand, the heat pump circuit, as a heating circuit, has several condenser components such as condensers, partial condensers and/or several line sections with uniform or different lengths that act as condensers. The coolant is injected into several fluid line sections and/or several evaporators and/or condensers using conventional injection valves, expansion valves, capillary tubes, capillary tube distributors and/or distributor devices for multiple injection. The evaporator and/or condenser performance can be determined either by means of controllable injection valves, expansion valves, by means of different lengths of the capillary tubes and/or by means of variable compressor performance. In order to increase the uniform heat transfer in the evaporator and/or condenser components from the refrigerant to the ambient medium in relation to its surface effect, the routing of the fluid lines in the flow direction can include elevations (line dents) and/or depressions (line sacks) so that the flow of the refrigerant is either promoted or delayed. The multiple injection of the refrigerant can also be used to arrange the individual evaporator and/or condenser components at different locations within the structure within a single heating and/or cooling circuit. In particular, the individual evaporator and/or condenser components can be positioned and arranged within at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells and/or within the space delimited by them and enclosed between them.

Construction and HK unit: An extended embodiment of the building or supply technology consists in supplementing the individual heating and/or cooling circuits with a 4-way valve or a circuit of valves with 4-way function. On the one hand, the configuration of a heating circuit can be converted into a configuration which includes both a heating circuit and a cooling circuit. On the other hand, the configuration of a cooling circuit can be converted into a configuration which includes both a cooling circuit and a heating circuit. In particular, with this extended embodiment of the building or supply technology, a closed, two-phase fluid circuit and a corresponding thermal unit can be designed and configured which can carry out both the heating and the cooling function of the thermally active construction by means of thermal radiation. In the case of this extended embodiment, the devices for injecting the coolant in the heating and/or cooling circuit are adapted accordingly to the 4-way function.

Compressor circuits: An extended embodiment of the building or supply technology consists in arranging the individual compressors of a heating and/or cooling circuit with a circuit of at least two compressors. The at least two compressors can be connected in parallel, which corresponds to an increase in the total heating and/or cooling capacity of the heating and/or cooling circuit. Or the at least two compressors can be connected in series, which corresponds to an extension of the thermal operating range of the heating and/or cooling circuit. In the case of the embodiment with at least three compressors, a combination of parallel and serial connection of the individual compressors can also be used.

HK unit and heat radiation surface: An extended embodiment of the building or supply technology consists in supplementing the refrigerant-air heat exchanger in its device aspect with heat radiation surfaces so that additional heat energy conveyed by means of heat radiation can be exchanged via the immediate building environment as a calorific heat bath (as a heat and/or cold source) and used for the heat balance of the building or structure.

HK unit and outdoor application: An extended embodiment of the building or supply technology consists in implementing the heating and/or cooling circuit for heating and/or cooling applications using thermal radiation in the outdoor area of the structure or as an independent, miniaturized heating and/or cooling system for heating and/or cooling applications using thermal radiation in the outdoor area. At least one surface of the structure facing the outdoor area, in particular a wall structure, a floor, ceiling and/or roof structure and/or a cantilevered structure such as canopies, balconies or fire walls of a building or structure, serves as a thermal radiation surface for heating and/or cooling applications using thermal radiation in the outdoor area of the structure.

In general, the structure acts as a thermal separation surface between its calorific environment, which serves as a heat and/or cold source for the refrigerant-air heat exchanger of the heating and/or cooling circuit, and the environment of the structure, which is heated and/or cooled by means of thermal radiation. In particular, the building or supply technology can be configured such that the structure does not serve as a thermal separation surface as described above, but that both the thermal radiation surface for the heating and/or cooling application by means of thermal radiation in the outdoor area and the calorific environment, which serves as a heat and/or cold source for the refrigerant-air heat exchanger of the heating and/or cooling circuit, are located on the same side of the structure facing the outdoor area. This embodiment can be used in particular to actively melt snow on roofs, for example, or generally to influence and modify the thermal image on the side of the structure facing the calorific environment.

HK unit and plate exchanger: An extended embodiment of building or supply technology consists in implementing the heating and/or cooling circuit with a plate heat exchanger for a secondary heat transport medium such as water, glycol or a mixture of these. The plate heat exchanger takes on the function of the evaporator and/or the condenser within the heating and/or cooling circuit. The secondary heat transport medium, which is connected to the heating and/or cooling circuit via the plate heat exchanger, can be used for other heating and/or cooling applications inside the structure, such as floor or ceiling heating and/or cooling, and/or it can be used as a heat transport medium for supplying and removing heat from the calorific environment of the structure, such as geothermal energy, brine, etc. It can be positioned and arranged on the side of the shell facing the outside area, within one of the at least two shells spaced apart from one another, within the space delimited by them and enclosed between them, or on the side of the shell facing the inside area, facing the inside area.

HK unit and IR panel: An extended version of the building or utility technology consists in designing the heating and/or cooling circuit with a separate heat radiation panel which is located outside the structure on the side of the shell facing the interior and/or on the side of the shell facing the exterior. The heat radiation panel takes on the function of the evaporator and/or the condenser within the heating and/or cooling circuit via fluid lines of the heating and/or cooling circuit integrated and/or embedded in the same. The heat radiation panel is designed and configured as a heat radiation surface in its device aspect and can be in the form of plates, boards, pressed materials, sheet metal, textiles, fleeces or films and their materialization can include metal, plastic, composite materials, fiber materials (metal, plastic, stone, glass) and/or a combination and/or a composite of the aforementioned or consist of other materials in sheet form. Special mention should be made of porous, open-pored materials with good thermal conductivity, such as fleece or Alusion, which can be used as an embodiment for the heat radiation panel. In this case, the evaporator and/or condenser consists of a fluid line section which is embedded in the porous, open-pored material and is in direct contact with it, ie it is directly adjacent to the porous, open-pored material or it is provided with suitable heat-conducting materials which in turn are in direct contact with the porous, open-pored material. The heat radiation panel can be used for heating and/or cooling applications using heat radiation both inside and outside the structure or as a stand-alone, miniaturized heating and/or cooling system for heating and/or cooling applications using heat radiation outside.

Construction and capillaries: An extended embodiment of the building or supply technology consists in designing the construction with fluid lines and/or capillary tubes integrated and embedded in it. These have the task of draining the condensate that occurs in the case of cooling load, which occurs in the form of condensing air humidity on the cooling surface of the construction at temperatures below the dew point temperature, and of passing it across the construction to a surface facing the outside area so that when it exits the fluid lines and/or the capillary tube it can evaporate into a space delimited and enclosed between the at least two spaced-apart shells and/or into the calorific environment of the construction. The embodiment consists in guiding and arranging the fluid lines and/or capillary tubes from the side of the shell facing the interior area facing the interior area across the construction to any point on the side facing the outside area of any of the at least two spaced-apart shells and/or the side of the shell of the construction facing the outside area. The fluid lines and/or the capillary tubes pass through at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells and/or the intermediate space delimited by them and enclosed between them in a direction perpendicular to or inclined to the surface of the side of the shell facing the outside area that faces the outside area. They end shortly before or at the level of the surface facing the outside area of any of the at least two spaced-apart shells and/or the surface of the shell of the structure facing the outside area that faces the outside area, or they protrude in any direction in front of this and end within one of the at least two spaced-apart shells and enclosed between them and/or in the outside area of the structure.

The fluid lines and/or capillary tubes can be made of commercially available line profiles and materials such as plastic, metal or glass, or they can be manufactured using additive manufacturing (3D printing), injection molding and/or die casting or pressing or punching and made of materials specifically suited for this purpose. In addition, the design of the fluid lines and/or capillary tubes can be combined with porous, open-pore materials such as fleece, which collect the condensate on the cooling surface and feed it to the capillary tubes for further drainage. The direct drainage of the condensate on the cooling surface of the structure via a surface facing the outside area inside and/or outside the structure has a fundamental thermal advantage. The amount of heat energy of the condensation heat of the condensate, which the cooling unit has to provide in addition to the cooling capacity, is extracted again as evaporation heat when it evaporates inside and/or on the outside of the structure. In conventional condensate removal systems, this amount of heat energy from the condensation heat is irretrievably lost and cannot be used for the heat balance of the structure, which contributes significantly to the inefficiency of conventional cooling systems. The above-described design of the fluid line The capillary tubes and/or the capillary tubes can also be used within the thermally active construction for cooling applications using thermal radiation outdoors. In addition, the embodiment of the capillary tubes described above can also be used in conjunction with the thermal radiation panels described above.

HK unit and construction module/modular building block: An extended embodiment of the building or supply technology consists in integrating the heating and/or cooling circuits with the fluid lines and the miniaturized heating and/or cooling units, the PV panels, the battery storage units, the fluid lines and/or the capillary tubes as well as other components of the building or supply technology as such directly into the building framework in the form of a construction module, a modular building block, a support or pillar module and/or a support or pillar module building block. The embodiments of the building or supply technology described above and the embodiments of the construction described above refer to the building framework in the form of a construction module, a modular building block, a support or pillar module and/or a support or pillar module building block. In addition, the building or supply technology can be expanded so that the multiple injection of the coolant and the associated embodiments of the construction also include several construction modules, modular building blocks, support or pillar modules and/or support or pillar module building blocks. The coolant is injected at least once per construction module, modular building block, support or pillar module and/or support or pillar module building block. In addition, the distribution devices of the multiple injection can be designed and configured such that several construction modules, module components, carrier or pillar modules and/or carrier or pillar module components are combined in a single heating and/or cooling circuit, in particular that the fluid lines and/or miniaturized heating and/or cooling units integrated in a construction module, module component, carrier or pillar module and/or carrier or pillar module component are connected and sealed to the fluid lines and/or miniaturized heating and/or cooling units of at least one adjacent construction module, module component, carrier or pillar module and/or carrier or pillar module component and are in fluid contact.

Technical components and construction module/modular building block: An extended embodiment of the measurement and/or control technology elements consists in integrating them as such directly into the building framework in the form of a construction module, a modular building block, a support or pillar module and/or a support or pillar module building block. The embodiments of the measurement and/or control technology elements described above and the embodiments of the construction described above relate to the building framework in the form of a construction module, a modular building block, a support or pillar module and/or a support or pillar module building block.

Technical components and space travel: An extended embodiment of the technical components such as building or supply technology elements and/or measurement and/or control technology elements consists in designing them for heating and/or cooling applications using thermal radiation for extraterrestrial applications. It is particularly worth mentioning that the condenser and/or evaporator of the heating and/or cooling circuit, which is positioned on the side of the shell facing the outside area, is designed and configured as a refrigerant heat exchanger that absorbs or releases the required thermal energy for the heating and/or cooling circuits and thus for the heat balance of the building or structure by means of heat exchange with the calorific heat bath (as a heat and/or cold source) in the immediate vicinity of the building or structure and/or by means of thermal radiation.

All general, extended and specific embodiments of the technical components of the construction described above, such as building or supply technology elements and/or measurement and/or control technology elements, can be combined with and among each other in their device aspect, if appropriate in the context of the present invention.

The control procedure

The control method includes the function of the thermally active construction in its process aspect. Basically, this includes both i.) the process-technical control of the thermal compensation of any thermal transmission losses of the reduced thermal insulation of the construction in its device aspect and ii.) the process-technical control of the thermal radiation in the interior and/or exterior of the building or structure. This is achieved by integrating both the components of the building or supply technology and the components of the measurement and/or control technology in their process aspect into the thermally active construction. The control method reads, compares and/or processes input information from construction-specific Values or input information of a thermally relevant state variable, converts these into rule-based control commands and forwards them by means of control technology to the building or supply technology elements, which in turn trigger the thermal effects of the thermally active construction.

The input information can consist of real-time signals, measured variables and/or internally or externally processed information of a construction-specific value or input information of a thermally relevant state variable. In addition, the input information can consist of stored information or information from publicly accessible information that is thermally relevant to the thermal balance of the building or structure, as well as information that is in the form of forecasts and predictions and is thermally relevant to the thermal balance of the building or structure. Examples of this are: construction-specific values or thermally relevant state variables, in particular measured or estimated outside and/or inside temperatures, outside and/or inside surface temperatures, temperatures at any location within the structure, sunlight intensity, physical quantities of thermal radiation in the outside and/or inside of the structure and/or a moisture content as well as general information on weather and climate, information on the building environment such as physical conditions, geographical and climatic location, orientation of the building or structure as well as information on development, vegetation and general topological conditions in the outside area of the building or structure. Other examples are information on building use, divisions and arrangements of the interior such as room and floor layouts as well as specific physical or psychological needs of the users and/or residents.

The control process is based on software (electronic data processing) that electronically reads, compares and/or processes the input information, converts it into suitable data formats and uses this to create rule-based control commands that are read, interpreted and converted into thermal effects by the building or supply technology elements using control technology. The process-based control of thermal radiation inside and/or outside the building or structure corresponds to the process-based control of the physical quantities of thermal radiation, which on the one hand consists of its intensity and on the other hand of its temperature in relation to the wavelength and frequency of the thermal radiation.

Since the control process of the thermally active construction always fundamentally and primarily influences the heating and/or cooling circuits or their miniaturized heating and/or cooling units, which are distributed over the entire building surface and integrated into the construction as required, it is possible to design the control process in different ways. On the one hand, the control process can be designed centrally, i.e. implemented using a central control unit which centrally reads in, prepares and processes the required input information and then controls the individual heating and/or cooling circuits or their miniaturized heating and/or cooling units either individually or in groups using centrally generated, rule-based control commands. On the other hand, the control process can be designed in a decentralized manner and consist of several independent control processes, i.e. implemented using decentralized control units, in which each individual control unit reads in, prepares and processes the required input information and then controls the individual heating and/or cooling circuits or their miniaturized heating and/or cooling units either individually or in groups using decentrally generated, rule-based control commands. The decentralized control units can be assigned directly to individual or grouped heating and/or cooling circuits or their miniaturized heating and/or cooling units or to individual or grouped measurement and/or control technology elements, or they can also work by means of an independent assignment.

In addition to reading, comparing and/or processing input information as described above, the control method, which is designed either centrally or decentrally, uses the building physics effects that arise for the heat balance of the building or structure, which result from the device aspect of the construction. These can manifest themselves, for example, as phase shifts, gradients of temperature, pressure and humidity or heat and humidity transmission or can generally be summarized as time-varying building physics variables. Furthermore, in addition to thermal effects induced by control technology to carry out the heating and/or cooling function by means of thermal radiation, the control method induces general building physics effects that spread and manifest themselves depending on the device aspect of the construction in order to control the heat balance of the building or structure. This happens basically by filling, transporting, compressing, liquefying, evaporating, circulating or emptying the fluid within the building or supply technology elements provided for this purpose.

The general embodiment of the control method, which is designed either centrally or decentrally, for i.) procedural control of the thermal compensation of any thermal transmission losses of the reduced thermal insulation of the structure in its device aspect consists in slowing down the local heat flow due to the transmission losses with a local heat flow that is independently prepared and supplied by supplying and dissipating heat through a corresponding heating and/or cooling circuit or its miniaturized heating and/or cooling unit, or in compensating for it. The procedural control of the compensation of the transmission losses can consist of a control sequence as follows. The control method reads, compares and/or processes the actual value of the physical quantity of the heat flow of the transmission losses, which is present as input information in the form of a measured quantity, with the target value of the physical quantity of the heat flow of the transmission losses, which is present as input information in the form of a stored or calculated value. If the difference between the actual value and the target value of the physical size of the heat flow of the transmission losses exceeds a predefined range, the control method triggers a rule-based control command which starts up the heating and/or cooling circuit or its miniaturized heating and/or cooling unit responsible for the corresponding location within the structure and keeps it in operation until the actual value and the target value of the physical size of the heat flow of the transmission losses are again within the predefined range. Based on stored or calculated values, the required heat flow can be prepared with a constant output of the corresponding heating and/or cooling circuit or its miniaturized heating and/or cooling unit or at time intervals with variable output of the corresponding heating and/or cooling circuit or its miniaturized heating and/or cooling unit.

The general embodiment of the control method, which is designed either centrally or decentrally, for ii.) procedural control of the thermal radiation inside and/or outside the building or structure can consist of a control sequence which maintains and keeps constant the physical quantities of the thermal radiation inside and/or outside the building or structure within a predefined, physical range. The control method reads, compares and/or processes the actual value of the physical quantity of the thermal radiation, which is present as input information in the form of a measured quantity, with the target value of the physical quantity of the thermal radiation, which is present as input information in the form of a stored or calculated value. If the difference between the actual value and the target value of the physical quantity of thermal radiation exceeds a predefined range, the control method triggers a rule-based control command which starts up the heating and/or cooling circuit or its miniaturized heating and/or cooling unit responsible for the corresponding location inside and/or outside the building or structure and keeps it in operation until the actual value and the target value of the physical quantity of thermal radiation are again within the predefined range. In this case, based on input information entered in advance by users and/or residents regarding their preferences for the indoor and/or outdoor climate, the required amount of thermal energy can be prepared within a short period of time with high output of the corresponding heating and/or cooling circuit or its miniaturized heating and/or cooling unit, or over a longer period of time with low output of the corresponding heating and/or cooling circuit or its miniaturized heating and/or cooling unit.

The two control sequences described above for i.) the procedural control of the thermal compensation of any thermal transmission losses of the reduced thermal insulation of the construction in its device aspect and for ii.) the procedural control of the thermal radiation in the interior and/or exterior of the building or structure can be expanded and extended in a variety of ways. In addition, they can be implemented either independently of one another or in a coupled manner. Furthermore, all conventional and commercially available embodiments of the control sequences can be used within the control method described here.

Extended control method: An extended embodiment of the control method, which is designed either centrally or decentrally, consists in using the building physics effects manifested or induced by the control method due to the device aspect of the construction inside or in the immediate interior and/or exterior of the building or structure, for the heat balance inside the building or structure or for heating and/or cooling applications using thermal radiation inside and/or outside the building or structure. The control process reads, compares and/or processes the input information based on the building physics effects and translates it into rule-based control commands that are read, interpreted and converted into thermal effects by the building or supply technology elements using control technology.

Control method and characteristic map: An extended embodiment of the control method, which is designed either centrally or decentrally, consists in extending it with a previously defined, designed and programmed, multi-dimensional characteristic map. The control method reads, compares and/or processes the input information specified by the characteristic map into rule-based control commands, which are read by the building or supply technology elements using control technology, interpreted and converted into thermal effects.

Control method and outside area: An extended embodiment of the control method, which is designed either centrally or decentrally, consists in the process-technical control of the thermal radiation in the outside area of the building or structure. This embodiment of the control method can be used in particular to provide and control heating and/or cooling applications using thermal radiation in the outside area of the building or structure. Furthermore, this embodiment of the control method can be used, for example, to actively melt snow on roofs or generally to influence and change the thermal image on the side of the building or structure facing the calorific environment. The control method reads, compares and/or processes the input information specified by the physical quantities of the thermal radiation in the outside area of the building or structure into rule-based control commands that are read, interpreted and converted into thermal effects by the building or supply technology elements using control technology.

Intelligent control system: An extended embodiment of the control method, which is designed either centrally or decentrally, consists in executing it as an intelligent measurement and/or control system. The software of the intelligent measurement and/or control system reads, compares and/or processes and/or creates additional input information in the form of specially executed model calculations and/or comparison tasks. Furthermore, the software of the intelligent measurement and/or control system can be equipped with and/or networked with artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms, in particular with algorithms for statistical learning. The control method reads, compares and/or processes the input information specified by the intelligent measurement and/or control system into rule-based control commands that are read, interpreted and converted into thermal effects by the building or supply technology elements using control technology. The following embodiment can be considered as an example of an intelligent control system that is designed decentrally. Each of the heating and/or cooling circuits or their miniaturized heating and/or cooling units, which are distributed over the entire building surface and integrated into the structure as required, is assigned a decentralized control unit, which has its own, independently acting decentralized control process implemented and which has measuring and/or control technology elements distributed over the entire building surface and integrated into the structure as required, and whose input information can also be shared with other decentralized control units. In addition, any control information from other external heating and/or cooling circuits or their miniaturized heating and/or cooling units or their measuring and/or control technology elements located in the same building or structure or in other buildings or structures in the immediate vicinity or other buildings or structures, e.g. those in the same climate zone, is transmitted to the decentralized control unit. The decentralized control process executes algorithms for statistical learning and can learn from its own current or stored input information and/or from the external, current or stored input information. In addition, the decentralized control system can continuously improve its own control algorithm and compare it with the current thermal condition of the building or structure and use this to derive trends about the thermal condition of a building or structure. Furthermore, the individual, decentralized control units can exchange the input information they have created and learned, as well as information from the rule-based control commands generated from them, and provide them with additional nested learning functions.

Control methods and embodiments: An extended embodiment of the control The aim of the control method, which is designed either centrally or decentrally, is to apply i.) the procedural control of the physical quantity of the heat flow of the transmission losses and ii.) the procedural control of the physical quantity of the thermal radiation in the interior and/or exterior to all of the above-described embodiments and device aspects of both the construction and the building or supply technology for heating and/or cooling applications by means of thermal radiation in the interior and/or exterior of the building or structure. The control method reads, compares and/or processes the input information specified by the physical quantities of the heat flow of the transmission losses and/or by the physical quantities of the thermal radiation in the interior and/or exterior of the construction into rule-based control commands that are read, interpreted and converted into thermal effects by the building or supply technology elements using control technology.

Control method and space travel: An extended embodiment of the control method, which is designed either centrally or decentrally, consists in extending the above-described embodiments of the control method for heating and/or cooling applications using thermal radiation for extraterrestrial applications. The control method reads, compares and/or processes the input information, which is specified by the physical quantities of the heat flow of the transmission losses and/or by the physical quantities of the thermal radiation inside and/or outside the structure, into rule-based control commands, which are read by the building or supply technology elements using control technology, interpreted and converted into thermal effects.

All of the general, extended and specific embodiments of the control method described above, which is designed either centrally or decentrally, can be combined with and among each other in their method aspect if appropriate in the context of the present invention.

The manufacturing process

The process for producing the thermally active construction in its device aspect consists of several process aspects. On the one hand, the building framework must be manufactured and constructed in its multi-shell construction. On the other hand, the at least two shells provided for this purpose, which are spaced apart from one another, must be filled with the loose, flowable or liquid shell building material during final assembly. In addition, a large number of technical components are integrated and assembled in all process steps. The question now arises as to which process sequence for producing the construction can best realize the added value of the present invention in terms of cost efficiency. There are various options for how the thermally active construction can be manufactured in its device aspect. In principle, the construction can be constructed conventionally and with the conventional means and processes of construction practice. The raw materials, which are delivered directly to the construction site in their raw form or with a low degree of prefabrication, are processed into the building structure with a high proportion of manual work and with the help of the usual construction tools. The building framework, which comprises the at least two shells spaced apart from one another and the space between them and enclosed between them, is constructed floor by floor, with the shell building material simultaneously being installed in the at least two shells spaced apart from one another provided for this purpose. However, this conventional approach to constructing the structure would destroy its added value during its manufacture, since many of the components that characterize the present invention would have to be assembled in laborious, detailed work, which would be associated with poor cost efficiency.

Another method for producing the construction is modular construction. The building framework of the individual components such as wall, floor, ceiling or roof parts, cantilevered components or entire room modules is prefabricated in one piece and then assembled on the construction site to form the building structure using final assembly and then filled with the shell building material. The size of these components and their geometric shape is mainly determined by optimizing prefabrication (handling), transport (volume, weight) and final assembly (handling) and is in the size range of several meters. Even if this manufacturing method already combines advantages in terms of cost efficiency, in the context of the present invention it nevertheless has two fundamental disadvantages, to name just the two most important. The first disadvantage relates to the dimensional accuracy during construction. In order for the components, which have already been prefabricated with good dimensional accuracy, to achieve a satisfactory fit during their final assembly on the construction site, the building foundation created beforehand and its features specially designed for modular construction must already have a high degree of dimensional accuracy, which experience has shown is rarely satisfactory. The second disadvantage relates to the formwork pressure that occurs when the shell building material is installed during the final assembly of the structure. Since the module size of the prefabricated components is in the range of several meters and is usually designed at a floor height of several meters, the installation of the shell building material in the formwork provided for it results in increased formwork pressure, which must be absorbed by additional structural measures, such as a large number of integrated shell spacers. Conventionally, when installing a building material similar to the shell building material, specially designed formwork in a solid construction is used, which is dismantled again after the installation. However, since the present invention uses formwork that is designed as lost formwork as a shaping formwork/casting mold, for example, the corresponding component would have to be equipped with a large number of shell spacers in laborious, detailed work. However, this would in turn negate the advantage of the cost efficiency of the present invention.

In order to avoid the disadvantages described above and to realize the added value of the present invention, in particular its cost efficiency in construction and operation, the size of the components should be in the range of approximately one meter. This circumstance is expressed in the designation of the modular building block. The manufacturing process of the structure, carried out using modular building blocks, only leads to an incrementally increasing formwork pressure within the formwork integrated into the building framework when they are additively assembled during final assembly, which is designed, for example, as lost formwork as a shaping formwork/casting mold. This enables a simplified and slimmer design of the building framework, in particular the shell spacers, which increases the cost efficiency of the manufacturing process. If the building framework or parts thereof are designed in the form of at least two shells of the structure spaced apart from one another without the shell building material, i.e. only using a single formwork, the second disadvantage described above is eliminated, so that a conventional modular construction can also be considered for producing the structure.

Due to the aspects described above, a multi-stage process sequence is therefore recommended, which can be summarized as prefabrication with subsequent final assembly on the construction site. In a first step, the raw materials are prepared and processed with the highest possible degree of automation and the first technical components are pre-assembled. In a second process step, also with the highest possible degree of automation, the pre-processed raw materials are put together to form a building module or a modular building block, with further technical components also being assembled here. The manufacturing process of the structure is completed with the final assembly of the building modules or modular building blocks with simultaneous installation of the shell building material and subsequent final assembly of the remaining technical components. The individual process steps and possible extensions to these with regard to modular construction and in particular with regard to the modular building block are described below, which has different effects on the design of the manufacturing process of the structure.

Prefabrication: Prefabrication is the first process step for the manufacture of the thermally active construction in its device aspect. The prefabrication steps include the processing of the raw materials, the preparation of the technical components and the subsequent pre-assembly of the processed raw materials and the processed technical components to form a building framework in the form of a construction module, a modular building block, a beam or pillar construction module and/or a beam or pillar module building block as a component. The aim of prefabrication is to achieve the highest possible degree of automation by means of digitalization in the preparation, processing and pre-assembly. Depending on the size of the components in relation to the size scale, it must be determined on a case-by-case basis whether the processing machine or the component itself is moved.

Formwork processing: The embodiment of the method for processing the starting materials of the formwork consists in a shaping processing step with regard to their border and/or geometric shape. This includes trimming and/or cutting to length the starting materials, which are in the form of plates, panels, pressed materials, sheet metal, textiles, fleeces or foils and whose materialization includes wood, metal, plastic, composite materials, fiber materials (metal, plastic, wood, stone, glass) and/or a combination and/or a composite of the aforementioned, by means of material processing that is as automated as possible (CNC processing and robotics). A further processing step of the starting materials for the formwork consists in the application of circular material removals such as holes and/or millings and/or the application of profile-shaped material removals such as grooves, notches, rectangular or inclined folds, dovetail or Double folds and/or general millings using material processing that is as automated as possible (CNC processing and robotics). Other raw materials such as porous, open-pored and/or thermal insulation material are also processed using the processing steps described above. This processing method mainly relates to raw materials in surface form.

Formwork production: An extended embodiment of the method for producing and processing the starting materials for the formwork consists in an extended manufacturing process for the same. This includes the shaping production and processing of the formwork or the thermal insulation material by means of additive manufacturing (3D printing), by means of injection and/or die casting or by means of pressing or punching. This processing method refers to extended forms of starting materials.

Processing spacers: The embodiment of the method for processing the starting materials of the shell, gap, support and/or pillar spacers and/or the support or pillar bar profiles consists of a shaping processing step with regard to its border and/or geometric shape. This includes trimming and/or cutting to length the starting materials, which are in the form of sleeves, solid or hollow bars, dowels, profile bars and whose materialization includes wood, metal, plastic, composite materials, fiber materials (metal, plastic, wood, stone, glass) and/or a combination and/or a composite of the aforementioned, using material processing that is as automated as possible (CNC machining and robotics). A further processing step of the starting materials of the shell, spacer, beam and/or pillar spacer and/or the beam or pillar bar profiles consists in the application of circular material removals such as holes and/or millings and/or the application of profile-shaped material removals such as threads, grooves, notches, rectangular or inclined rebates, dovetail or double rebates and/or general millings by means of material processing that is as automated as possible (CNC machining and robotics). This processing method mainly refers to starting materials that are in the form of bars.

Manufacturing spacers: An extended embodiment of the method for manufacturing and processing the starting materials of the shell, gap, support and/or pillar spacers and/or the support or pillar bar profiles consists in an extended manufacturing process of the same. This includes the shaping production and processing of the shell, gap, support and/or pillar spacers and/or the support or pillar bar profiles by means of additive manufacturing (3D printing), by means of injection and/or die casting or by means of pressing or punching. This processing method refers to extended forms of starting materials.

Processing reinforcement: The embodiment of the method for processing the starting materials for the reinforcement consists in a shaping processing step with regard to their border and/or geometric shape. This includes trimming and/or cutting to length the starting materials, which are in the form of rods, bars, grids, nets, textiles, fleeces or fibers and whose materialization includes metal, plastic, composite materials, fiber materials (metal, plastic, wood, stone, glass) and/or a combination and/or a composite of the aforementioned, by means of material processing that is as automated as possible (CNC processing and robotics). A further processing step of the starting materials for the reinforcement consists in the application of circular material removals such as holes and/or millings and/or the application of profile-shaped material removals such as threads, grooves, notches, rectangular or inclined folds, dovetail or double folds and/or general millings by means of material processing that is as automated as possible (CNC processing and robotics).

Manufacturing reinforcement: An extended embodiment of the method for manufacturing and processing the starting materials of the reinforcement consists in an extended manufacturing process of the same. This includes the shaping production and processing of the reinforcement by means of additive manufacturing (3D printing), by means of injection and/or die casting or by means of pressing or punching. This processing method refers to extended shapes of starting materials.

Preparation of technical components: The embodiment of the process for preparing the technical components consists of a shaping processing step with regard to their border and/or geometric shape. This includes trimming, cutting to length and/or bending the technical components such as fluid lines, pipes, hoses, capillaries, cables and/or sealing materials using material processing that is as automated as possible (CNC machining and robotics). A further processing step consists in the preparation and adaptation of the technical components such as valves, containers, pumps, compressors, filters, dryers, sight glasses, capillaries and/or all types of heat exchangers, conventional components of refrigeration and/or heat pump technology and prefabricated building or supply technology elements such as condenser units, plate exchangers, heat radiation panels, PV and/or battery storage units or general measurement and/or control technology elements (hardware).

Pre-assembly of building scaffolding: The embodiment of the method for pre-assembling the building scaffolding in the form of a construction module, a modular building block, a beam or pillar construction module and/or a beam or pillar module building block as pre-assembled components consists of a shaping assembly step in relation to its border and/or geometric shape. Basically, this includes assembling and fastening the processed starting materials such as shell, gap, beam and/or pillar spacers with the formwork and/or the beam or pillar bar profiles and any reinforcement with, against and among each other by means of manual work, automated material assembly (assembly machines and robotics) or a combination of the same with the anchoring means described above. Technical components are then assembled within the building scaffolding in the form of a construction module, a modular building block, a beam or pillar construction module and/or a beam or pillar module building block and/or on its outer and/or inner end. The pre-assembly of the building scaffolding in the form of a construction module, a modular building block, a support or pillar construction module and/or a support or pillar module building block as a pre-assembled component, which is as automated as possible, comprises shaping assembly steps for all the above-described embodiments of the construction, in particular the building scaffolding, in their device aspect.

If the design of the shell and/or gap spacers is inclined, at an angle other than 90° to the surface of a formwork, and/or if the design of the beam and/or pillar spacers is inclined, at an angle other than 90° to a surface of a beam bar profile facing the upper floor, an extended design of the same can be used to optimize pre-assembly that is as automated as possible. The ends of the shell, gap, beam and/or pillar spacers are designed at an angle other than the angle of the inclination of the shell, gap, beam and/or pillar spacers. This enables improved sliding and assembly behavior when assembling the shell and/or gap spacers in the formwork and/or the beam and/or pillar spacers in the beam or pillar bar profiles.

Pre-assembly fastening: An extended embodiment of the process for pre-assembling the building framework in the form of a construction module, a modular building block, a beam or pillar construction module and/or a beam or pillar module building block as a pre-assembled component consists in the use and/or application of a special anchoring or fastening technique of the individual processed raw materials to one another if they consist of wood or other porous, open-pored materials and change their volume when moisture is introduced or removed. The processed raw materials such as the formwork, the beam and/or pillar bar profiles, the shell, gap, beam and/or pillar spacers and possibly the reinforcement are brought to a low moisture content in suitable equipment or rooms before the assembly step. The processed raw materials are then joined together and fastened while maintaining the low or a slightly higher moisture content and brought into their final border and/or geometric shape. The pre-assembled components are then exposed to ambient conditions that are characterized by a higher moisture content and that are similar to the ambient conditions of the finished building or structure. The processed raw materials absorb moisture again, swell and bond and anchor, particularly in the contact area of the mutual connection and fastening points. Since the building framework assembled and secured in this way in the form of a building module, a modular building block, a beam or pillar construction module and/or a beam or pillar module building block as a pre-assembled component is no longer exposed to ambient conditions with deep moisture after its pre-assembly, the fastening of the mutual connections of the pre-assembled components remains intact. Since the mutual anchoring and fastening points of the pre-assembled components also include mutual sealing with respect to the outside and/or inside area as well as with respect to each other and against each other, e.g. in the case of bores that penetrate a processed starting material, this embodiment of the method for pre-assembling the building scaffolding corresponds to a special sealing in its device and/or process aspect.

All inclined designs such as inclined spacer bars and/or beams or pillar spacers and/or connections of the processed starting materials For materials that contain inclined surfaces such as dovetail joints, no glue is required for the static-dynamic fastening and anchoring of the processed raw materials. However, glue can be used to prevent the processed raw materials from shifting relative to each other in relation to the connection and sealing point.

Pre-assembly assembly cage: An extended embodiment of the method for pre-assembling the building scaffolding in the form of a construction module, a modular building block, a support or pillar construction module and/or a support or pillar module building block as a pre-assembled component consists in the use and/or application of an assembly cage, which serves as an assembly template for the shaping assembly step of the pre-assembly in relation to the border and/or geometric shape of the building scaffolding as a pre-assembled component in the form of a construction module, a modular building block, a support or pillar construction module and/or a support or pillar module building block. In this process, individual processed starting materials to be assembled, such as the formwork, the beam and/or pillar bar profiles, the shell, gap, beam and/or pillar spacers and/or any reinforcements, are introduced into the assembly cage for the shaping assembly step in order to position and fix their final position within the building framework in the form of a construction module, a modular building block, a beam or pillar construction module and/or a beam or pillar module building block for the further assembly steps. The assembly cage can consist of individual, composable parts that can be opened and closed, and it can also have a clamping and/or holding device that brings the processed starting materials into their final position within the building framework and holds them there. In a specific embodiment, for example, the formwork or the beam and/or pillar bar profiles are introduced and clamped into the assembly cage and thereby positioned and fixed at their predefined spacing. The shell and/or spacer brackets or the beam and/or pillar spacers are then inserted, fastened and anchored from outside the assembly cage. Finally, the pre-assembled component is removed from the assembly cage and released for further processing. The assembly cage can be handled manually, automatically (assembly machines and robotics) or a combination of both. The aim of using the assembly cage, however, is to increase the level of automation of the pre-assembly. In addition, the assembly cage is prepared and equipped so that technical components can be assembled within the building framework as a pre-assembled component in the form of a construction module, a modular building block, a beam or pillar construction module and/or a beam or pillar module building block or on its outer and/or inner end. The assembly cage also contains receptacles and/or brackets as a mechanical link for its use in robotics and/or with assembly machines.

Assembly cage and centering devices: An extended version of the assembly cage consists in attaching positioning devices and/or centering devices that position and fix the processed starting materials introduced for pre-assembly, such as the formwork, the beam and/or pillar bar profiles, the shell, gap, beam and/or pillar spacers and/or any reinforcements, in their final position within the building framework for the further assembly steps. These can consist of grooves, folds or the like that are additionally provided with fixing and/or centering edges or the like.

Assembly cage in parallel parts: An extended embodiment of the assembly cage consists in making it from individual, joinable parts that accommodate individual parts and/or sections of the building framework in the form of a construction module, a modular building block, a beam or pillar construction module and/or a beam or pillar module building block as a pre-assembled component and position and fix the processed starting materials such as the formwork, the beam and/or pillar bar profiles, the shell, gap, beam and/or pillar spacers and/or any reinforcements in their final position within the building framework for the further assembly steps. This enables the shaping assembly step in relation to the border and/or geometric shape of the building framework in the form of a construction module, a modular building block, a beam or pillar construction module and/or a beam or pillar module building block to be carried out as a pre-assembled component in individual and/or different steps. The division of the individual, joinable parts of the assembly cage is carried out parallel to the surface of a formwork or the longitudinal plane of the support and/or pillar bar profiles, ie the processed starting materials of individual of the at least two spaced apart shells, individual spaces delimited by the at least two spaced apart shells and enclosed between them and/or a combination thereof can be introduced into the corresponding assembly cage parts and in their final position within the building framework in the form of a construction module, a modular building block, a support or pillar construction module and/or a support or pillar module component can be positioned and fixed as a pre-assembled component for the further assembly steps.

Step-by-step assembly: A special embodiment of the method for pre-assembling the building scaffolding in the form of a construction module, a modular building block, a beam or pillar construction module and/or a beam or pillar module building block as a pre-assembled component consists in a step-by-step assembly of the processed starting materials using the partial assembly cage, since the design of individual processed starting materials such as the formwork, the beam and/or pillar bar profiles, the shell, gap, beam and/or pillar spacers and/or any reinforcements would hinder or make it impossible to assemble them together in the assembly direction. In this case, for example, the formwork and/or the beam or pillar bar profiles are first clamped and fixed in a partial assembly cage, after which the gap spacers and/or the beam or pillar spacers are mounted, fastened and anchored. Each partial assembly cage includes the assembly jig for assembling a single space delimited by and enclosed between the at least two spaced-apart shells and/or the space between the beams or pillars in the form of a construction module or a modular building block and/or a beam or pillar construction module or a beam or pillar modular building block. The corresponding partial assembly cages and any other parts of the assembly cage are then assembled and fastened with the processed starting materials clamped in them, whereupon the shell spacers are assembled, fastened and anchored in the anchoring points provided for them in the formwork.

Assembly cage and modular building block: An extended version of the assembly cage consists in optimizing its design in relation to the modular building block and/or the support or pillar modular building block. The assembly cage can accommodate any geometric shape of the processed starting materials and at the same time have end extensions that are required for building connections such as doors, windows, reveals.

Intermediate assembly component: An extended embodiment of the method for pre-assembling the building framework in the form of a construction module, a modular building block, a support or pillar construction module and/or a support or pillar module building block as a pre-assembled component consists of an extended assembly step, an intermediate assembly, which combines already pre-assembled components of the building framework in the form of a construction module, a modular building block, a support or pillar construction module and/or a support or pillar module building block to form larger components in terms of size, even before the final assembly on the construction site. On the one hand, already pre-assembled construction modules, modular building blocks, support or pillar construction modules and/or support or pillar module building blocks can be combined to form individual larger components such as wall, floor, ceiling or roof parts, a combination of these or to form entire room modules or parts thereof. On the other hand, pre-assembled building modules consisting of individual components such as wall, floor, ceiling or roof parts, or a combination of these, can be assembled to form entire room modules or parts thereof. The size and weight of the components and/or room modules created by means of intermediate assembly, as well as their geometric shape, are mainly determined by optimizing their subsequent transport (volume, weight) and final assembly (handling). Special mention should be made of the intermediate assembly of building modules, modular building blocks, support or pillar building modules and/or support or pillar module building blocks to form room modules based on the geometry of an ISO 20' or 40' overseas container. In certain cases, the intermediate assembly process step can already include the installation of the shell building material in at least one of the formwork provided for this purpose as a shaping formwork/casting mold.

The intermediate assembly can also include the assembly of a single beam or pillar. The corresponding beam or pillar module components are assembled and then provided with a bar reinforcement that penetrates the beam or pillar along its entire length, which is connected to one another within the fully assembled beam or pillar using a connection mechanism (screw, plug, click or bolt connection) and additionally prestresses or raises the beam or pillar. This assembly step can take place both in the prefabrication rooms and on the construction site.

Final assembly: Final assembly is the final process step for producing the thermally active construction in its device aspect. The final assembly steps, carried out on site, include the incremental and additive assembly and mutual sealing of the construction modules, the modular building blocks, the support or pillar construction modules and/or the support or pillar module building blocks for erecting the building framework and the simultaneous incremental and additive installation of the shell construction toffs. This process step can be carried out manually by hand, by skilled workers, or automatically, using construction robotics and/or general assembly machines. If the building framework or parts thereof in the form of a building module, a modular building block, a beam or pillar construction module and/or a beam or pillar module building block is designed as a pre-assembled component exclusively with individual formwork, the final assembly takes place without the installation of the shell building material. During final assembly, the final structure of the building or any structure is created in relation to its border and/or geometric shape. The structure of the building is created entirely using the existing construction or the construction is built on a previously created building foundation or attached to existing buildings and/or parts thereof (conversions, renovations). The building foundation can consist of an excavated and leveled building bed, consolidated with gravel and/or lean concrete, a fixed building foundation (concrete slab) and/or basement, cellar, ground floor and/or upper floors, or any existing structures (conversions, renovations).

As already described above, the shell building material is a building material which is filled in loose, liquid or flowable form into at least two shells which are spaced apart from one another and delimited by the formwork and which, shortly after the incremental and additive installation in the formwork as a shaping formwork/casting mold, either remains loose or flowable or, after a certain time, solidifies and hardens and thus attains its full strength. The shell building material can be concrete or a concrete-like building material. On the other hand, it can also consist of a powder, pellets, dust, sand or other loose, flowable or liquid materials, as well as materials which are in different physical states of aggregation and which have the aforementioned properties of the shell building material. In principle, the physical conditions of the shell building material during the incremental and additive installation correspond to the physical conditions of the liquid state of aggregation of water. The incremental and additive installation of the shell building material can be carried out vertically from above into the formwork provided for this purpose as a shaping formwork/casting mold using suitable equipment, directly in the area of the upper assembly layer of the building scaffolding or using hoses or lines previously inserted into the formwork provided for this purpose as a shaping formwork/casting mold, which bring the shell building material directly into the lower areas of the formwork of the building scaffolding and which are gradually pulled upwards during the incremental and additive installation, thus ensuring that the shell building material is installed vertically evenly. On the other hand, the shell building material can be installed and pressed up from bottom to top from within the building scaffolding using suitable equipment such as impact valves or the like. However, it must be ensured that the pressure fluctuations triggered by the pumping mechanism do not overstress the strength of the formwork and its spacers. In order to ensure perfect incremental and additive installation even in slim constructions, it is also possible to install the shell material under constant hydrostatic pressure via a so-called pressure equalization tank, which is brought into the appropriate vertical position, e.g. with a crane.

If the building framework or parts thereof consist of construction modules and/or support or pillar construction modules measuring several meters, such as wall, floor, ceiling and/or roof components, a combination of these or entire room modules and/or parts thereof, their connection and sealing points or the formwork must be sealed from the outside and inside as well as from each other and from one another during the final assembly of the building framework, i.e. when the construction modules are put together. This is done as described above, on the one hand with the sealing points already prepared in their device aspect during the processing of the starting materials on the adjacent connection and sealing points of the processed starting materials or only during the final assembly with suitable sealing agents. If individual processed raw materials such as the formwork, the beam or pillar bar profiles, the shell, gap, beam and/or pillar spacers are made of wood or other porous, open-pored materials which swell through contact with the shell material and thereby increase their volume, the adjacent connection and sealing points of the processed raw materials and/or the pre-assembled components can also be sealed against each other with the help of this volume-increasing effect. During prefabrication, suitable connections such as the mutually overlapping folds or grooves described above with a rectangular or slanted overlapping surface were made and prepared in the processed raw materials. This embodiment of the method for sealing individual components or individual processed raw materials with each other corresponds to an embodiment of the method for special sealing in its device and/or process aspect.

Final assembly of modular building blocks: An extended embodiment of the process for the final assembly of the building framework consists in erecting it with modular building blocks and/or support or pillar modular building blocks in order to achieve a higher degree of automation. The prefabricated modular building blocks and/or support or pillar modular building blocks are assembled incrementally and additively according to a specific assembly plan. The sealing of the modular building blocks and/or support or pillar modular building blocks or the formwork from the outside and inside as well as from each other and from each other, which as described above have specially provided mutual connection and sealing points such as mutually overlapping folds with rectangular or slanted overlapping areas, is carried out by joining them together and generally does not require any further sealing processes. The embodiment of the method for assembling the modular components and/or the support or pillar modular components can, on the one hand, involve assembling them manually by hand, using skilled workers, or, if possible, automatically, using automated material assembly (assembly machines, construction robotics or additive construction) and/or general assembly machines or a combination thereof, or the assembly of the modular components and/or the support or pillar modular components can be carried out using aircraft, such as assembly drones. Furthermore, assembly aids such as stretchable suspension devices attached to cranes can be used, which are adapted to the weight of the modular component and support its handling.

Final assembly and gripping device: An extended embodiment of the method for the final assembly of the building framework using modular building blocks and/or support or pillar modular building blocks consists in the use and/or application of a gripping device or assembly gripper, which serves as an assembly and fastening aid for the incremental and additive assembly of the modular building blocks and/or support or pillar modular building blocks. The modular building block and/or support or pillar modular building block to be assembled is picked up with the gripping device and brought to its final position within the current assembly position of the incrementally and additively growing building framework. The gripping device can then support the assembly of the modular building block and/or support or pillar modular building block, consolidate and complete it more quickly and seal it against the already assembled modular building blocks and/or support or pillar modular building blocks using a vibration and/or impact mechanism built into the same. The gripping device can consist of individual, connectable parts that can be opened and closed, and it can also have a clamping and/or holding device that supports the final assembly of the modular components. The gripping device can be handled manually, automatically (assembly machines and robotics) or a combination of the two. The aim of using the gripping device, however, is to increase the level of automation of the final assembly. In addition, the gripping device is prepared and equipped so that technical components can be mounted within the final assembled building framework or on its external and/or internal closure. The gripping device also includes mounts and brackets as a mechanical link for its use in robotics and/or with assembly machines.

Final assembly and components: An extended version of the process for the final assembly of the building framework consists of assembling the components that were previously created using intermediate assembly. The components that are larger in size are assembled on site with simultaneous, incremental and additive installation of the shell construction material or, if the components already have the shell construction material or the building framework is constructed exclusively with individual formwork, they are assembled without installing the shell construction material.

Final assembly of components: The final process step in the final assembly of the construction in its device aspect consists in the final assembly of any missing technical components such as measurement and/or control technology elements (hardware) or building or supply technology elements at the locations prepared for this purpose within the construction.

Final assembly: An extended embodiment of the process for the final assembly of the building framework in the form of a construction module, a modular building block, a beam or pillar construction module and/or a beam or pillar module building block as a pre-assembled component consists of the final assembly of any additional construction systems such as windows, doors, facades and/or interior closures if these have not already been integrated and assembled into the construction modules or modular building blocks during prefabrication. It remains to be seen whether the final assembly described above is part of the manufacturing process of the thermally active construction in its device aspect. should be considered or is considered as an independent procedural step.

Manufacturing process for space travel: An extended embodiment of the process for manufacturing the thermally active structure in its device aspect consists of a process sequence of prefabrication with subsequent final assembly for extraterrestrial applications such as for surface habitats (lunar or planetary bases) or orbital habitats (space stations). The highest precision and quality of the components must be ensured while simultaneously minimizing the complexity of the embodiment of the process for manufacturing the thermally active structure against the background of an optimized cost/payload volume ratio for the Earth's launch into Earth's orbit and the further space transport. This suggests an embodiment of the process that mines or procures the additive material for the shell construction material on site (in situ) or in the orbital vicinity of the habitat. It also follows from this that the prefabrication process step should be carried out at different manufacturing locations. In order to achieve a realistic and feasible implementation for the construction of habitats, complex construction steps and the use of high-tech equipment in all non-earth-based process steps must be reduced to a minimum.

Processing and preparation for space travel: The embodiment of the process for processing the starting materials such as the formwork, the beam or pillar bar profiles, the shell, spacer, beam and/or pillar spacers and the reinforcement and for preparing the technical components for extraterrestrial applications are carried out on earth, using the embodiments of the process for processing the starting materials as described above. This is because a non-earth-based embodiment of the process cannot guarantee the required accuracy and quality, reduced complexity and an optimized cost/payload-volume ratio. Special attention must be paid to the manufacture and preparation of the reinforcement. Due to the long-term effects of the additional exposure to intense sun, solar and cosmic radiation, the reinforcement components will probably have to consist of a metallic compound, even if they are embedded in the protective shielding of the structure.

• • Das Kosten-/Nutzlast-Volumen-Verhältnis für Erdstarts in den Erdorbit und den weiterführenden Weltraumtransport ist grundverschieden. Mittels Vormontage der Bauteile in einer erdnahen, orbitalen Vorfabrikationsraumstation kann dieses für den gesamten Transport der Bauteile von der Erde bis zum Bestimmungsort des Habitats optimiert werden, d.h. die Erdstarts können mittels dichtgepackter Ausgangsmaterialien ausgeführt werden.
• • Die Umgebungsbedingungen während der Vormontage in einer Vorfabrikationsraumstation können kontrolliert und/oder an die Umgebungsbedingungen des Bestimmungsortes des Habitats angepasst werden was eine stark risikobehaftete Vormontage vor Ort nicht gewährleisten kann.
• • Erreichbarkeit der Vorfabrikationsraumstation von der Erde innert nützlicher Frist (ca. 12h) erlaubt die Kontrolle der Komplexität der Vorfabrikation mittels Anpassungen des Verfahrens sowie Unterhalt und Reparatur der Maschinen und Anlagen.
• • Die benötigten Maschinen und Anlagen für das Herstellungsverfahren der Konstruktion können an denjenigen Fabrikationsorten eingesetzt werden wo das Kosten-/Nutzlast-Volumen-Verhältnis für deren Transport optimiert ist und die Komplexität der Verfahrensschritte kontrolliert werden können, d.h. schwere und volumenintensive Maschinen und Anlagen (CNC-Bearbeitung und Robotik) für die komplexe Bearbeitung der Ausgangsmaterialien bleiben erdgebunden oder können in speziellen Fällen ev. in der Vorfabrikationsraumstation betrieben werden wohingegen Montagemaschinen für die Vorfabrikation (Robotik) mit einem mittleren Grad an Komplexität zur Vorfabrikationsraumstation und die Montagemaschinen für die Endmontage (Robotik) mit einem tiefen Grad an Komplexität bis zum Bestimmungsort des Habitats gebracht werden.
• • Würden die Bauteile erdgebunden vormontiert, wären sie während des Erdstarts, höheren strukturellen Belastungen unterworfen. Dies wird mit der raumstationsgebundenen Vormontage verhindert.
• • Die Vorfabrikationsraumstation kann für weitere Zwecke wie als Gateway, als Nachfüll- oder Umladestation von Erdstartsystemen zu Weltraumtransportsystemen, verwendet werden.

Pre-assembly space travel: The embodiment of the process for pre-assembling the building framework in the form of a construction module, a modular building block, a support or pillar construction module and/or a support or pillar module building block as pre-assembled components for extraterrestrial applications is carried out in a near-Earth, orbital space station, a prefabrication space station, as the manufacturing site. The starting materials such as the formwork, the support or pillar bar profiles, the shell, gap, support and/or pillar spacers and the reinforcement are brought to space conditions such as greatly reduced pressure, low temperatures and exposure to sun, solar and cosmic radiation before the assembly step. This ensures that the required accuracy and quality of the pre-assembled components are achieved. This embodiment of the method for pre-assembling the building scaffolding in the form of a construction module, a modular building block, a beam or pillar construction module and/or a beam or pillar module building block as pre-assembled components is based on the following considerations:

• • The cost/payload volume ratio for Earth launches into Earth orbit and onward space transport is fundamentally different. By pre-assembling the components in a low-Earth orbital prefabrication space station, this can be optimized for the entire transport of the components from Earth to the habitat's destination, ie the Earth launches can be carried out using densely packed starting materials.
• • The environmental conditions during pre-assembly in a prefabrication space station can be controlled and/or adapted to the environmental conditions of the habitat's destination, which a high-risk pre-assembly on site cannot ensure.
• • Accessibility of the prefabrication space station from Earth within a reasonable time (approx. 12 hours) allows control of the complexity of prefabrication by adapting the process as well as maintenance and repair of machines and equipment.
• • The machines and equipment required for the manufacturing process of the construction can be used at those manufacturing locations where the cost/payload-volume ratio for their transport is optimized and the complexity of the process steps can be controlled, ie heavy and volume-intensive machines and equipment (CNC machining and robotics) for the complex processing of the raw materials remain groundbound or can, in special cases, be operated in the prefabrication space station, whereas assembly machines for prefabrication (robotics) with a medium degree of complexity go to the prefabrication space station and the assembly machines for final assembly (robotics) with a low degree of complexity to the destination of the habitat.
• • If the components were pre-assembled on Earth, they would be subjected to higher structural loads during the launch. This is prevented by pre-assembling on the space station.
• • The prefabrication space station can be used for other purposes such as a gateway, a refueling station or a transfer station from Earth launch systems to space transportation systems.

Final assembly for space travel: The embodiment of the method for final assembly of the building framework in the form of a construction module, a modular building block, a support or pillar construction module and/or a support or pillar module building block as pre-assembled components for extraterrestrial applications are carried out at the destination of the habitat, using the embodiments of the method for final assembly as described above. Their high degree of automation reduces complexity and involves minimal risks with the best quality of execution.

Final assembly and building material: An extended embodiment of the process for the final assembly of the building framework in the form of a building module, a modular building block, a support or pillar building module and/or a support or pillar module building block as pre-assembled components for extraterrestrial applications consists in implementing extended installation conditions for the shell building material. These consist of any physical states of the shell building material, which is brought from the loose or flowable phase into the liquid phase by means of suitable apparatus and devices shortly before the incremental and additive introduction into the formwork provided for this purpose as a shaping formwork/casting mold. In this context, special mention should be made of an installation method for extraterrestrial applications, which consists of briefly bringing the shell building material made of frozen water, water-like substances or loose or flowable particles (chips, grains, pellets, granules or the like) into the liquid physical phase for the final incremental and additive installation in the formwork provided for this purpose as a shaping formwork/casting mold, so that a perfect bond with the building framework is guaranteed. This can be done with a filling and/or installation device which briefly and intensively heats the shell building material at its outlet (e.g. microwaves or heating rings) so that it briefly becomes liquid and thus spreads and distributes evenly in the shells of the building framework prepared for this purpose or in the formwork as a shaping formwork.

Short description of the drawings

• 1 a partially sectioned, perspective view of a building framework in the form of a quadrilateral hexagonal modular block, which contains a miniaturized heating and/or cooling unit,
• 2a a schematic cross-sectional view of a construction consisting of at least two spaced-apart shells and a space delimited by them and enclosed between them according to an embodiment of the invention
• 2 B , c, d schematic cross-sectional representations of a construction consisting of at least two spaced-apart shells and a space delimited by them and enclosed between them according to further embodiments of the invention
• Fig. 2'a, b, c, d schematic cross-sectional representations of a construction consisting of at least two spaced-apart shells and a space delimited by them and enclosed between them according to further embodiments of the invention
• 3a , b, c, d schematic cross-sectional representations of a construction consisting of at least two shells spaced apart from one another and a space delimited by them and enclosed between them, which contains a heating and/or cooling circuit, according to further embodiments of the invention
• 4a , b schematic cross-sectional representations of a support consisting of at least two spaced-apart support bar profiles and a support gap delimited by them and enclosed between them, integrated into the structure according to a further embodiment of the invention
• 5 a perspective view of a sliding connection with sliding stop or sliding limitation of the beam or pillar bar profiles according to a further embodiment of the invention
• 6 a schematic longitudinal sectional view of a beam integrated into the structure consisting of at least two spaced-apart beam bar profiles and a beam gap delimited by them and enclosed between them according to another embodiment of the invention
• 7 a schematic representation of a heating and/or cooling circuit according to a further embodiment of the invention
• 8a , b schematic representations to illustrate a method according to a further embodiment of the invention
• 9 a schematic representation to illustrate a method according to a further embodiment of the invention
• 10 a perspective view of a mounting cage according to another embodiment of the invention
• 11 a , b, c schematic cross-sectional representations of a connection and sealing point according to a further embodiment of the invention
• 12 a schematic side view of a design detail of a connection and sealing point according to a further embodiment of the invention
• 13 a schematic side view of module components to illustrate a method according to a further embodiment of the invention
• 14 a schematic cross-sectional view of an anchoring of the spacer according to a further embodiment of the invention
• 15a , b schematic cross-sectional representations of a construction consisting of at least two spaced-apart shells and a space delimited by them and enclosed between them according to further embodiments of the invention

Way to implement the invention

1 shows a partially sectioned, perspective view of a building framework (12) in the form of a quadruple hexagonal modular building block (52), which contains a miniaturized heating and/or cooling unit (23) which is positioned on the side of the shell facing the outside area (7) facing the outside area (7).

2a shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a construction (11) consisting of at least two shells (14a, 14b) spaced apart from one another and a space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them. The construction (11) comprises, on the one hand, a building framework (12) which contains formwork (1) which forms the at least two shells (14a, 14b) spaced apart from one another by delimiting them on the side facing the outside (7) and inside (8) of the construction. The at least two shells (14a, 14b) spaced apart from one another also contain reinforcements (2) and shell spacers (3) which are anchored at least in the formwork (1). Furthermore, a plurality of spacer bars (4) are arranged in the intermediate space (16) delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) and enclosed between them, which spacer bars are anchored at least in the formwork (1) adjacent to the intermediate space (16) and are arranged at an angle other than 90° to the surface of a formwork (1). The construction (11) also comprises a shell building material (13) which fills the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) and adjoins the formwork (1).

2 B shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a construction (11) consisting of at least two shells (14, 15) spaced apart from one another and an intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them. The construction (11) comprises, on the one hand, a building framework (12) which contains formwork (1) which forms the at least two shells (14, 15) spaced apart from one another by delimiting at least one of the at least two shells (14) spaced apart from one another on its side facing the outside (7) and inside (8) of the construction and by forming at least one of the at least two shells (15) spaced apart from one another by means of a single formwork (1). At least one of the at least two shells (14) spaced apart from one another further contains reinforcements (2) and shell spacers (3) which are anchored at least in the formwork (1). Furthermore, a plurality of spacer bars (4) are arranged in the intermediate space (16) delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells (14, 15) and enclosed between them, which spacer bars are anchored at least in the formwork (1) adjacent to the intermediate space (16) and are arranged at an angle other than 90° to the surface of a formwork (1). The construction (11) also comprises a shell building material (13) which fills at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14) and adjoins the formwork (1).

2c shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a construction (11) consisting of at least two spaced apart shells (15a, 15b) and a space between them which is delimited and enclosed between them. Intermediate space (16). The construction (11) comprises a building framework (12) which includes formwork (1) which forms the at least two spaced-apart shells (15a, 15b) by means of individual formwork (1). Furthermore, a plurality of intermediate space spacers (4) are arranged in the intermediate space (16) delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells (15a, 15b) and enclosed between them, which are anchored at least in the individual formwork (1) adjacent to the intermediate space (16) and are arranged at an angle other than 90° to the surface of a formwork (1).

2d shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a construction (11) consisting of at least two shells (14, 15a, 15b) spaced apart from one another and intermediate spaces (16a, 16b) delimited by them and enclosed between them. The construction (11) comprises, on the one hand, a building framework (12) which contains formwork (1) which forms the at least two shells (14, 15a, 15b) spaced apart from one another by delimiting at least one of the at least two shells (14) spaced apart from one another on its side facing the outside (7) and inside (8) of the construction and by forming at least one of the at least two shells (15a, 15b) spaced apart from one another by means of a single formwork (1). At least one of the at least two shells (14) spaced apart from one another further contains reinforcements (2) and shell spacers (3) which are anchored at least in the formwork (1). Furthermore, shell spacers (3) or a plurality of spacer spacers (4) are arranged in the gaps (16a, 16b) delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells (14, 15a, 15b) and enclosed between them, which are anchored at least in the formwork (1) adjacent to the gaps (16a, 16b) and are arranged at an angle other than 90° to the surface of a formwork (1). The construction (11) also comprises a shell building material (13) which fills at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14) and adjoins the formwork (1).

Fig. 2'a corresponds to the 2a which shows a schematic cross-sectional representation of a construction (11) consisting of at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) and an intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them, wherein a porous, open-pored material (17) is additionally arranged in the intermediate space (16) delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) and enclosed between them.

Fig. 2'b corresponds to the 2 B which shows a schematic cross-sectional representation of a construction (11) consisting of at least two spaced-apart shells (14, 15) and an intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them, wherein a porous, open-pored material (17) is additionally arranged in the intermediate space (16) delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells (14, 15) and enclosed between them.

2 'c corresponds to the 2c which shows a schematic cross-sectional representation of a construction (11) consisting of at least two spaced-apart shells (15a, 15b) and an intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them, wherein a porous, open-pored material (17) is additionally arranged in the intermediate space (16) delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells (15a, 15b) and enclosed between them.

2 'd corresponds 2d which shows a schematic cross-sectional representation of a construction (11) consisting of at least two spaced-apart shells (14, 15a, 15b) and intermediate spaces (16a, 16b) delimited by them and enclosed between them, wherein a porous, open-pored material (17) is additionally arranged in the intermediate spaces (16a, 16b) delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells (14, 15a, 15b) and enclosed between them.

3a equals to 2a which shows a schematic cross-sectional representation of a construction (11) consisting of at least two shells (14a, 14b) spaced apart from one another and an intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them, wherein the construction (11) additionally comprises a heating and/or cooling circuit (22) and a miniaturized heating and/or cooling unit (23) positioned on the side of the shell (14b) facing the outdoor area (7) facing the outdoor area (7). At least one of the at least two shells (14a, 14b) spaced apart from one another and/or the intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them contains fluid lines (21) which are connected and sealed to one another and to the miniaturized heating and/or cooling unit (23) by means of building or supply technology elements (20) and are in fluid contact with one another and with the miniaturized heating and/or cooling unit (23). The fluid lines (21) are arranged in at least one of the at least two mutually spaced apart spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) and/or the intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them by means of arbitrarily arranged loops or any arbitrary line geometry. In addition, a fleece (30) can be arranged on the side of the shell (14a) facing the inner region (8) which is connected to a capillary tube (29) and is in fluid contact. The capillary tube (29) is arranged from the side of the shell (14a) facing the inner region (8) facing the inner region (8) across the structure (11) to any point on the side of any of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) of the structure (11) facing the outer region (7).

3b equals to 2 B which shows a schematic cross-sectional representation of a construction (11) consisting of at least two shells (14, 15) spaced apart from one another and an intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them, wherein the construction (11) additionally comprises a heating and/or cooling circuit (22) and a miniaturized heating and/or cooling unit (23) positioned on the side of the shell (15) facing the external area (7) facing the external area (7). At least one of the at least two shells (14, 15) spaced apart from one another and/or the intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them contains fluid lines (21) which are connected to and sealed with the miniaturized heating and/or cooling unit (23) and are in fluid contact. The fluid lines (21) are laid out from the side of the shell (15) facing the outside area (7) in at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14, 15) and/or the space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them by means of arbitrarily arranged loops or an arbitrary line geometry. In addition, a fleece (30) can be arranged on the side of the shell (14) facing the inside area (8) facing the inside area (8), which fleece is connected to a capillary tube (29) and is in fluid contact. The capillary tube (29) is arranged from the side of the shell (14) facing the inside area (8) facing the inside area (8) across the structure (11) to any point on the side of any of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14, 15) of the structure (11) facing the outside area (7).

3c equals to 2c which shows a schematic cross-sectional representation of a construction (11) consisting of at least two shells (15a, 15b) spaced apart from one another and an intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them, wherein the construction (11) additionally comprises a heating and/or cooling circuit (22) and contains a miniaturized heating and/or cooling unit (23) positioned on the side of the shell (15b) facing the outside area (7) facing the outside area (7). In this case, fluid lines (21) which are connected and sealed to the miniaturized heating and/or cooling unit (23) and are in fluid contact are laid out from the side of the shell (15b) facing the outside area (7) in such a way that they pass through the at least two shells (15a, 15b) which are spaced apart from one another and the intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them, and are connected and sealed to a heat radiation panel (31) positioned on the side of the shell (15a) facing the inside area (8) facing the inside area (8) and are in fluid contact with the same. Alternatively, the fluid lines (21) are connected and sealed to a plate heat exchanger (32) positioned on the side of the shell (15a) facing the inside area (8) facing the inside area (8) and are in fluid contact with the same.

3d equals to 2d which shows a schematic cross-sectional representation of a construction (11) consisting of at least two shells (14, 15a, 15b) spaced apart from one another and intermediate spaces (16a, 16b) delimited by them and enclosed between them, wherein the construction (11) additionally comprises a heating and/or cooling circuit (22) and a miniaturized heating and/or cooling unit (23) positioned on the side of the shell (15b) facing the external area (7) facing the external area (7). At least one of the at least two shells (14, 15a, 15b) spaced apart from one another and/or the intermediate spaces (16a, 16b) delimited by them and enclosed between them contains fluid lines (21) which are connected to and sealed with the miniaturized heating and/or cooling unit (23) and are in fluid contact. The fluid lines (21) are laid out from the side of the shell (15b) facing the outside area (7) in at least one of the at least two spaced apart shells (14, 15a, 15b) and/or the spaces (16a, 16b) delimited by them and enclosed between them by means of arbitrarily arranged loops or an arbitrary line geometry. In addition, a fleece (30) can be arranged on the side of the shell (14) facing the inside area (8) that is connected to a capillary tube (29) and is immersed in fluid. contact. The capillary tube (29) is arranged from the side of the shell (14) facing the inner region (8) across the structure (11) to any point on the side of any of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14, 15a, 15b) of the structure (11) facing the outer region (7).

4a shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a construction (11) consisting of at least two shells (14a, 14b) spaced apart from one another and a gap (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them. The construction (11) comprises on the one hand a building framework (12) which contains formwork (1) which forms the at least two shells (14a, 14b) spaced apart from one another by delimiting them on their side facing the upper (9) and lower (10) floors of the construction. Due to gravity, the side of the shell (14b) facing the upper (9) floor does not require any formwork (1) to delimit it. The at least two shells (14a, 14b) spaced apart from one another further contain reinforcements (2) and shell spacers (3) which are anchored at least in the formwork (1). Furthermore, in the intermediate space (16) delimited by the at least two shells (14a, 14b) spaced apart from one another and enclosed between them, a plurality of intermediate space spacers (4) are arranged, which are anchored at least in the formwork (1) adjacent to the intermediate space (16) and are arranged at an angle other than 90° to the surface of a formwork (1). The building framework (12) additionally contains a support (18) which is fully integrated into the building framework (11) and consists of at least two support bar profiles (6) spaced apart from one another and a support intermediate space (19) delimited by them and enclosed between them, wherein a plurality of support spacers (5) are arranged in the support intermediate space (19), which are anchored at least in the support bar profiles adjacent to the support intermediate space and are arranged at an angle other than 90° to a surface of a support bar profile (6) facing the upper (9) floor. The support bar profiles (6) also contain reinforcements (2). The construction (11) also comprises a shell building material (13) which fills the at least two shells (14a, 14b) spaced apart from one another and, on the one hand, borders on the formwork (1) and, due to gravity, forms the closure on the side of the shell (14b) facing the upper (9) floor facing the upper (9) floor.

4b equals to 4a which shows a schematic cross-sectional representation of a construction (11) consisting of at least two shells (14a, 14b) spaced apart from one another and an intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them, wherein the support (18) is integrated protrudingly into the building framework (12) on the side of the shell (14a) of the construction (11) facing the lower (10) floor.

5 shows a perspective view of a front-side sliding connection of support bar profiles (6), which for this purpose have a mutually interlocking corner and/or round profile (45) on their front side and also contain a sliding stop or sliding limiter (46). In this case, one support bar profile (6') is introduced into the corresponding support bar profile (6") in the sliding direction of the mutually interlocking corner and/or round profile and pushed together, whereupon the sliding stop or sliding limiter (46) prevents further sliding in the sliding direction and pushes the support bar profiles (6', 6") together until their support bar profile axes are aligned.

6 shows a schematic longitudinal sectional view of several support modules or support module building blocks (51, 53) in an odd number, each of which contains a reinforcement (2), in particular a rod reinforcement (tension rod, tension cable) with a certain inclination, and which form a support (18) in a row and by means of mutually sliding and interlocking corner and/or round profiles (45) with a sliding stop or a sliding limit (46). The direction of the inclination of the rod reinforcement (2) determines in its process aspect the order in which support modules or support module building blocks (51, 53) are lined up and connected to one another. The sliding stops or the sliding limits (46) of the sliding connections (45) of the mutually corresponding support bar profiles (6) of the support modules or support module blocks (51, 53) act in the middle of the support (18) on both front sides of the support bar profiles (6) in such a way that the adjacent support modules or support module blocks (51, 53) attached on one side of the middle support module or support module block (51, 53) only slide together in the sliding direction until the support bar profile axes are aligned and the sliding stop or the sliding limit (46) prevents further sliding in the sliding direction. The sliding stops or the sliding limits (46) of the support modules or support module blocks which are further lined up and connected to one another. Carrier module blocks (51, 53) act in the same way.

7 shows a schematic representation of a heating and/or cooling circuit (22) integrated into the construction (11) or into the building framework (12) in the form of a construction module (50), a modular component (52), a support construction module (51) or a support module component (53). In this case, fluid lines (21) which act as evaporators or condensers (27) are laid out in at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (14a, 14b) and/or the intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them, by means of arbitrarily arranged loops or an arbitrary line geometry, wherein the coolant is injected at least once. The heating and/or cooling circuit (22) integrated into the construction (11) comprises a miniaturized heating and/or cooling unit (23), which includes fluid lines (21), a refrigerant-air heat exchanger (24), a compressor (25), a 4-way valve (26), a filter/dryer (28) and other conventional refrigeration components.

8a shows schematically in the form of a simple flow chart, as an embodiment of the control method according to the invention, which is designed either centrally or decentrally, a sequence for achieving a certain value of the thermal compensation of any thermal transmission losses of the reduced thermal insulation of a structure (11) in its device aspect. The first method step consists in reading, comparing and/or processing the actual value of the physical quantity of the heat flow of the transmission losses, which is present as input information in the form of a measured quantity, with the target value of the physical quantity of the heat flow of the transmission losses, which is present as input information in the form of a stored or calculated value. If the actual value is less than or equal to the target value of the physical quantity of the heat flow of the transmission losses, the control method ends the sequence for achieving a certain value of the thermal compensation of any thermal transmission losses. If the actual value is not less than or equal to the target value of the physical quantity of the heat flow of the transmission losses, the second process step is triggered. This consists of reading, comparing and/or processing the actual value of the outside temperature of the structure (11) with the actual value of the inside temperature of the structure (11), which are available as input information in the form of a measured variable. If the actual value of the outside temperature of the structure (11) is greater than the actual value of the inside temperature of the structure (11), the control process triggers a further process step, a rule-based control command, which puts the heating and/or cooling circuit or the miniaturized heating and/or cooling unit responsible for the corresponding point within the structure (11) into operation in cooling mode. After a specific and predefined period of time, the first process step begins again. If the actual value of the outside temperature of the structure (11) is disproportionately greater than the actual value of the inside temperature of the structure (11), the control method triggers a further process step, a rule-based control command, which puts the heating and/or cooling circuit or the miniaturized heating and/or cooling unit responsible for the corresponding location within the structure (11) into operation in heating mode. After a specific and predefined period of time, the first process step then begins again.

8b shows schematically in the form of a simple flow chart, as an embodiment of the control method according to the invention, which is designed either centrally or decentrally, a process for achieving a certain value of heat radiation in the interior and/or exterior of a structure (11). The first method step consists in reading, comparing and/or processing the actual value of the physical quantity of heat radiation, which is present as input information in the form of a measured quantity, with the target value of the physical quantity of heat radiation, which is present as input information in the form of a stored or calculated value. If the actual value is equal to the target value of the physical quantity of heat radiation, the control method ends the process for achieving a certain value of heat radiation in the interior and/or exterior of a structure (11). If the actual value is not equal to the target value of the physical quantity of heat radiation, the second method step is triggered. This consists of reading, comparing and/or processing the actual value of the physical quantity of the thermal radiation, which is available as input information in the form of a measured quantity, with the target value of the physical quantity of the thermal radiation, which is available as input information in the form of a stored or calculated value. If the actual value is greater than the target value of the physical quantity of the thermal radiation, the control method triggers a further process step, a rule-based control command, which puts the heating and/or cooling circuit or the miniaturized heating and/or cooling unit responsible for the corresponding location within the construction (11) into operation in cooling mode. After a certain and predefined period of time, the first process step then begins again. If the actual value is smaller than the target value, Value of the physical quantity of the heat radiation, the control method triggers a further process step, a rule-based control command, which puts the heating and/or cooling circuit or the miniaturized heating and/or cooling unit responsible for the corresponding location within the structure (11) into operation in heating mode. After a certain and predefined period of time, the first process step then begins again.

9 shows schematically in the form of a simple flow chart, as an embodiment of the manufacturing method according to the invention, a process for manufacturing the construction (11). The first process step consists in processing the starting materials. A subsequent, further process step consists in preparing the technical components. A subsequent, further process step consists in pre-assembling the processed starting materials and the prepared technical components to form a building framework (12) in the form of a modular building block (52). A subsequent, further process step consists in the final assembly of the technical components. These process steps can be summarized as the prefabrication of the building framework (12) in the form of a modular building block (52). The process steps of the final assembly are then carried out on the construction site. The first process step of the final assembly consists of the incremental and additive joining and mutual sealing of the modular building blocks (52). A subsequent, further process step consists in the incremental and additive installation of a shell building material (13). A further process step is then triggered. This consists of reading, comparing and/or processing the actual value of the current status of final assembly, which is available as input information in the form of a measured variable, with the target value of the status of final assembly, which is available as input information in the form of a stored or calculated value. If the result of the comparison of the actual value with the target value is equal to the value of building finished, the manufacturing process is terminated. If the result of the comparison of the actual value with the target value is not equal to the value of building finished, the first process step of final assembly is carried out again.

10 shows a perspective view of an assembly cage (47) which serves as an assembly jig for the shaping assembly step of the pre-assembly in relation to the border and/or geometric shape of the building framework (12) as a pre-assembled component in the form of a modular building block (52). The assembly cage (47) has receptacles and/or holders (48) as a mechanical link for its use in robotics as well as clamping and/or holding devices (49) which bring the processed starting materials into their final position within the building framework (12) and hold them there.

11a to 11c show schematic cross-sectional representations of the connection and sealing points (40) between the individual, adjacent construction modules (50), module blocks (52), support construction modules (51) and/or support module blocks (53) or their formwork (1). 11a .) shows a schematic cross-sectional representation of a connection and sealing point (40), carried out by means of a mutually overlapping fold with a cross-section in rectangular shape. 11b .) shows a schematic cross-sectional representation of a connection and sealing point (40), carried out by means of a mutually overlapping fold with a cross-section of an inclined overlapping surface (sheet tongue fold). 11c .) shows a schematic cross-sectional representation of a connection and sealing point (40), carried out by means of a mutually overlapping fold with a cross-section of an inclined overlapping surface, which additionally includes a click system. In this case, the inclined overlapping surface of the formwork (1) of one construction module (50), modular building block (52), carrier construction module (51) and/or carrier module building block (53) has a material elevation in the form of a knob, an edge and/or a hook, while the mutually corresponding, inclined overlapping surface of the formwork (1) of the adjacent construction module (50), modular building block (52), carrier construction module (51) and/or carrier module building block (53) has a material depression in the form of a groove, a fold and/or a hook at the same point, so that when the adjacent construction modules (50), modular building blocks (52), carrier construction modules (51) and/or carrier module building blocks (53) or their formwork (1) are joined together, the material elevation of the one inclined overlapping surface and the material depression of the mutually corresponding adjacent, inclined overlapping surface click into one another and connect and fasten together in this way.

12 shows a schematic side view of the connection and sealing points (40) between the individual, adjacent module blocks (52) or their formwork (1). In particular, 12 an enlarged, schematic side view of the connection and sealing point (40), wherein the mutually overlapping fold of the formwork (1) within a module building block (52) is arranged alternately with respect to the assembly direction, ie the mutually overlapping fold is in the upper Half of the modular component (52) is removed from the side facing the outer region (7) of the construction (11), whereas in the lower half of the modular component (52) it is removed from the side facing the inner region (8) of the construction (11) and is designed to be machine-compatible for machining with rotary tools.

13 shows a schematic side view of several adjacent modular blocks (52) in any number and their assembly direction during final assembly. To erect the building framework (12), the modular blocks (52) are assembled incrementally and additively in a vertical direction, from top to bottom, and sealed against each other.

14 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of the anchoring of the spacer (4) in at least one formwork (1) adjacent to the space, wherein the spacer (4) completely penetrates the formwork (1) and projects into at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells adjacent to the space. The spacer (4) can thus be additionally anchored using the shell building material (13). In particular, 14i . an enlarged, schematic side view of the said anchoring point. The spacer (4) is made of a porous, open-pored material. In this case, it is possible that during the installation process of the loose, liquid or flowable shell construction material (13) this penetrates into the pores of the spacer material and, when it subsequently solidifies, causes additional mechanical anchoring of the same in at least one of the at least two shells spaced apart from one another and bordering the space. In particular, 14ii . an enlarged, schematic side view of the said anchoring point. The anchoring of the spacer (4) in the shell construction material (13) is achieved with grooves, notches or millings etc. in the end area of the spacer (4), which mechanically connect the shell construction material (13) to the shell construction material after loose, flowable or liquid installation with subsequent solidification of the shell construction material (13). In particular, 14iii . an enlarged, schematic side view of the said anchoring point. The spacer (4) is made of wood. In this case, there is a possibility that during the installation process of the loose, liquid or flowable shell material (13), this penetrates into the pores of the spacer material made of wood (4). The spacer made of wood (4) swells and increases its volume in the area inside the shell. Since additional liquid shell material (13) can penetrate into the pores of the front surface of the spacer made of wood (4), it swells more at the end of the spacer than at its shaft. This creates a conical increase in volume, with the cone increasing in size towards the end of the spacer. The subsequent hardening and solidification of the shell material (13) leaves behind a conically swollen spacer made of wood (4) in the area inside at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells.

15a shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a construction (11) consisting of at least two shells (15a, 15b) spaced apart from one another and a gap (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them. The construction (11) contains formwork (1) which forms the at least two shells (15a, 15b) spaced apart from one another by forming at least one of the at least two shells (15a, 15b) spaced apart from one another using a single formwork (1). Furthermore, a plurality of gap spacers (4) are arranged in the gap (16) delimited by the at least two shells (15a, 15b) spaced apart from one another and enclosed between them, said gap spacers being anchored at least in the formwork (1) adjacent to the gap (16). The construction (11) additionally comprises a heating and/or cooling circuit (22) and a miniaturized heating and/or cooling unit (23) positioned on the side of the shell (15b) facing the outside area (7) that faces the outside area (7). At least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (15a, 15b) and/or the intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them contains fluid lines (21) that are connected to the miniaturized heating and/or cooling unit (23) and sealed and in fluid contact. The fluid lines (21) are laid out from the side of the shell (15b) facing the outside area (7) that faces the outside area (7) in at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (15a, 15b) and/or the intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them by means of arbitrarily arranged loops or an arbitrary line geometry. In addition, a fleece (30) can be arranged on the side of the shell (15a) facing the inner region (8) that is connected to a capillary tube (29) and is in fluid contact. The capillary tube (29) extends from the side of the shell (15a) facing the inner region (8) facing the inner region (8) across the structure (11) to any point on the side facing the outer region (7). facing side of any of the at least two spaced-apart shells (15a, 15b) of the construction (11). Furthermore, at least one fluid line (21) is embedded in at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (15a, 15b) and/or in the intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them, which optionally consists of a porous, open-pore material and is connected and sealed and is in fluid contact with the fluid lines (21) of the heating and/or cooling circuit (22), wherein the coolant is injected at least once.

15b shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a construction (11) consisting of at least two shells (39, 15) spaced apart from one another and a gap (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them. The construction (11) contains formwork (1) which forms the at least two shells (39, 15) spaced apart from one another by forming at least one of the at least two shells (39, 15) spaced apart from one another using a single formwork (1). Furthermore, a plurality of gap spacers (4) are arranged in the gap (16) delimited by the at least two shells (39, 15) spaced apart from one another and enclosed between them, which gap spacers are anchored at least in the formwork (1) adjacent to the gap (16). In this embodiment of the construction (11), at least one of the at least two spaced-apart individual formworks (1) includes a sealing layer (38) arranged on its side facing the outside area (7) and/or on its side facing the inside area (8) and/or a closed-pore layer and/or a combination and/or a composite of different sealing materials of the materialization of the formworks (1), which serves to seal against the outside and/or inside area of the construction (11) and/or against the intermediate space (16) delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells (39, 15) and enclosed between them. Furthermore, the individual formwork (1), if it consists of a porous, open-pore material and/or a thermal insulation material, can be filled, filled or offset at least in sections with a shell building material (13). In addition, a porous, open-pored material (17) is arranged in the intermediate space (16) delimited by the at least two spaced-apart shells (39, 15) and enclosed between them. The construction (11) additionally comprises a heating and/or cooling circuit (22) and a miniaturized heating and/or cooling unit (23) positioned on the side of the shell (15) facing the outside area (7) that faces the outside area (7). At least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (39, 15) and/or the intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them contains fluid lines (21) that are connected to and sealed with the miniaturized heating and/or cooling unit (23) and are in fluid contact. The fluid lines (21) are laid out from the side of the shell (15) facing the outside area (7) in at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (39, 15) and/or the intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them by means of arbitrarily arranged loops or an arbitrary line geometry. In addition, a fleece (30) can be arranged on the side of the shell (39) facing the inside area (8) facing the inside area (8), which fleece is connected to a capillary tube (29) and is in fluid contact. The capillary tube (29) is arranged from the side of the shell (39) facing the inside area (8) facing the inside area (8) across the structure (11) to any point on the side of any of the at least two spaced-apart shells (39, 15) of the structure (11) facing the outside area (7). Furthermore, at least one fluid line (21) is embedded in at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells (39, 15) and/or in the intermediate space (16) delimited by them and enclosed between them, which optionally consists of a porous, open-pore material and is connected and sealed and is in fluid contact with the fluid lines (21) of the heating and/or cooling circuit (22), wherein the coolant is injected at least once.

List of reference symbols

1

formwork

2

reinforcement

3

Shell spacer

4

Spacer

5

Beam or pillar spacers

6

6', 6", ... beam or pillar bar profile

7

Exterior of the construction

8th

Interior of the construction

9

Side facing the upper floor of the structure

10

Side facing the lower floor of the structure

11

Construction consisting of building framework and shell material

12

Building scaffolding

13

Shell building material

14

14a, 14b, ... At least two spaced apart shells, constructed using shell construction material together with the two formworks adjacent to the shell construction material on both sides

15

15a, 15b, ... At least two spaced-apart shells, constructed by means of a single formwork

16

16a, 16b, ... Space delimited and enclosed between at least two spaced-apart shells

17

Porous, open-pored material, thermal insulation material, material for absorbing moisture and/or material for absorbing or reflecting thermal radiation

18

Beams or pillars

19

Beam or pillar gap

20

Building or supply technology elements

21

Fluid lines

22

Heating and/or cooling circuit

23

Miniaturized heating and/or cooling unit

24

Refrigerant-air heat exchanger

25

compressor

26

4-way valve

27

Evaporator or condenser

28

Filter/Dryer

29

Capillary tube

30

fleece

31

Heat radiation panel

32

Plate heat exchanger

33

Measurement and/or control technology elements

34

Control unit

35

Sensor and/or input devices

36

Actuator and/or output means

37

Electrical line

38

Waterproofing layer and/or closed-pore layer and/or combination and/or composite of different waterproofing materials of the formwork materialization.

39

39a, 39b, ... At least two spaced-apart shells, wherein at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells is filled, filled or offset at least in sections with a shell building material

40

Connection and sealing point

41

Partial or full penetration drilling

42

Rectangular fold

43

Fold using an inclined overlapping surface (tongue and groove fold)

44

Fold with click system

45

Mutually sliding and interlocking corner and/or round profile

46

Sliding stop or sliding limitation

47

Mounting cage

48

Mounting and/or holder

49

Clamping and/or holding device

50

Construction module

51

Beam or pillar construction module

52

Module building block

53

Beam or pillar module

QUOTES INCLUDED IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of documents listed by the applicant was generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA accepts no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited patent literature

• US3968831 [0008]
• DE 3625454 [0008]
• WO 200161118 [0008]
• WO 2010122353 [0008]
• WO 2011146025 [0008]
• WO 2011107731 [0008]
• DE 102008009553 [0008]
• US4075808 [0011]
• US4478021 [0011]
• US5566521 [0011]
• US5921046 [0011]
• US5964067 [0011]
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Cited non-patent literature

• Jelle et al, THE PATH TO THE HIGH-PERFORMANCE THERMAL BUILDING INSULATION MATERIALS AND SOLUTIONS OF TOMORROW, Journal of Building Physics 34 (2) 99, (2010) [0006]
• Gasser et al, BUILDING TECHNOLOGY. FACTOR 10, Construction + Architecture 4/5 (2005) [0007]
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Claims (20)

Construction (11), in particular wall, floor, ceiling and/or roof construction and/or cantilevered construction of a building or a structure, consisting on the one hand of a building framework (12) which comprises at least two shells (14, 14a, 14b) spaced apart from one another, which delimit and enclose between them an intermediate space (16, 16a, 16b) which is essentially empty with the exception of supporting structure and/or technical components or at least partially filled with porous, open-pore material and sealed from the outside and inside of the construction, wherein the at least two shells spaced apart from one another comprise a shell facing the outside of the construction (7) and a shell facing the inside of the construction (8), and includes formwork (1) which forms the at least two shells spaced apart from one another by delimiting them on their side facing the outside and inside of the construction, wherein the at least two shells spaced apart from one another comprise shell spacers (3) which are anchored at least in the formwork and statically and dynamically space them apart, and on the other hand from a shell construction material (13) which fills the at least two shells spaced apart from one another and borders the formwork, whereby in the gap delimited by the at least two shells spaced apart from one another and enclosed between them, a plurality of structural components such as gap spacers (4) are arranged, which are anchored at least in the formworks adjacent to the gap and which statically and dynamically space the at least two shells spaced apart from one another and delimit the gap. Construction according to Claim 1 , wherein at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells contains a reinforcement (2). Construction according to Claim 1 , wherein at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells is designed by means of a single formwork (1) which in particular replaces the shell building material (13) together with the formwork (1) delimiting the at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells on its side facing the outside and inside of the construction. Construction according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the building framework is designed in the form of a modular building block (52) whose border and/or boundary surface extends parallel to the building or structure surface within a size scale in the range of one square meter. Construction according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the building framework (12) includes a support (18) which comprises at least two support bar profiles (6) spaced apart from one another, which delimit and enclose between them a support space (19) which is essentially empty with the exception of shell, supporting structure and/or technical components or at least partially filled with porous, open-pore material, wherein a plurality of support spacers (5) are arranged in the support space, which are anchored at least in the support bar profiles adjacent to the support space and statically-dynamically space them apart. Construction according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the building framework is designed in the form of a support module (51) or a support module building block (53), the border and/or boundary surface of which extends parallel to the floor, ceiling, roof or structural surface within a size scale in the range of one square meter. Construction according to Claim 6 , wherein the support bar profiles (6) of adjacent support modules or adjacent support module building blocks have a sliding connection on their front side, which is designed by means of mutually sliding and interlocking corner and/or round profiles (45) and contain a sliding stop or a sliding limiter (46) and connect the support modules or the support module building blocks to one another in their longitudinal direction under tension and compression. Construction according to one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one of the at least two shells spaced apart from one another and/or the space delimited by them and enclosed between them contains fluid lines (21) of a heating and/or cooling circuit (22) integrated into the construction for the controlled supply and removal of heat into and from the construction, which comprises a miniaturized heating and/or cooling unit (23) positioned on the side of the shell facing the outside area and which injects the coolant at least once. Construction according to Claim 8 , wherein at least one of the at least two spaced apart shells and/or the space delimited by them and enclosed between them The fluid chamber contains at least one fluid line (21) which is arranged from the side of the shell facing the outside area by means of arbitrarily arranged loops or an arbitrary line geometry. Construction according to one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one of the at least two spaced-apart shells and/or the intermediate space delimited by them and enclosed between them contains at least one fluid line which consists of a porous, open-pored material and is connected and sealed and is in fluid contact with the fluid lines of the heating and/or cooling circuit. Construction according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the construction includes at least one capillary tube (29) which is arranged from the side of the shell facing the interior region across the construction to any point on the side of any of the at least two spaced-apart shells of the construction facing the exterior region for discharging the condensate water which occurs on the cooling surfaces of the construction in the event of a cooling load. Construction according to one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one construction module (50), one modular component (52), one carrier construction module (51) and/or one carrier module component (53) contains fluid lines (21) and at least one miniaturized heating and/or cooling unit (23) and are optionally connected and sealed to the fluid lines and/or the miniaturized heating and/or cooling unit of at least one adjacent construction module, modular component, carrier construction module and/or carrier module component and are in fluid contact. Construction according to one of the preceding claims, wherein sensor and/or input means (35) for detecting or inputting construction-specific values or input information of a thermally relevant state variable, in particular a measured or estimated outside and/or inside temperature, outside and/or inside surface temperature, temperature at any location within the construction, sunlight intensity, physical quantity of the thermal radiation in the outside and/or inside area of the construction and/or a moisture content are connected on the input side to control means of the miniaturized heating and/or cooling units. Method for controlling, which is designed either centrally or decentrally, the thermal compensation of any thermal transmission losses of the reduced thermal insulation of the construction in its device aspect and/or the thermal radiation in the interior and/or exterior of a building or a structure, in particular with a construction (11) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the controlled supply and removal of heat into and out of the construction is effected by means of miniaturized heating and/or cooling units (23), thus bringing about the procedural functionality of the thermally active construction. Procedure according to Claim 14 , wherein the miniaturized heating and/or cooling units (23) are operated in a controlled manner in response to values recorded or entered, in particular in the outside and/or inside of the structure, on the outside and/or inside surface of the structure and/or within the structure, construction-specific values or input information of a thermally relevant state variable, in particular a measured or estimated outside and/or inside temperature, outside and/or inside surface temperature, temperature at any location within the structure, sunlight intensity, physical quantity of the thermal radiation in the outside and/or inside of the structure and/or a moisture content. Method for producing a construction (11), in particular a construction according to one of the Claims 1 - 13 , wherein the manufacturing process includes prefabrication steps which include the processing of the starting materials, the preparation of the technical components and the subsequent pre-assembly of the processed starting materials and the prepared technical components to form a building framework (12) in the form of a construction module (50), a modular building block (52), a carrier construction module (51) and/or a carrier module building block (53), as well as final assembly steps which are carried out on the construction site and consist of the incremental and additive joining and mutual sealing of the construction modules (50), the modular building blocks (52), the carrier construction modules (51) and/or the carrier module building blocks (53) for erecting the building framework (12) and the simultaneously carried out incremental and additive installation of a shell building material (13) which is poured in loose, liquid or flowable form into the at least two shells which are spaced apart from one another and delimited by formwork (1) on their side facing the outside and inside of the construction which is filled and which shortly after the incremental and additive installation in the formwork as a shaping formwork either remains loose or flowable or subsequently solidifies and hardens after a certain period of time. Procedure according to Claim 16 , wherein the connection and sealing points (40) between the individual, adjacent building modules (50), modular building blocks (52), support building modules (51) and/or support module building blocks (53) or their formwork (1) are designed by means of mutually overlapping folds with a cross-section in rectangular shape (42) or by means of an inclined overlapping surface (43) and optionally, in the case of the formwork (1) being made of wood, additionally include the swelling effect on contact with the shell building material (13) for sealing the connection and sealing points (40). Procedure according to Claim 16 , wherein the pre-assembly of the processed starting materials and the prepared technical components to form a building framework (12) in the form of a construction module (50), a modular building block (52), a support construction module (51) and/or a support module building block (53) is carried out with the aid of an assembly cage (47) which serves as an assembly template for the shaping assembly step of the pre-assembly in relation to the border and/or geometric shape of the building framework as a pre-assembled component in the form of the construction module, the modular building block, the support construction module and/or the support module building block. Building or structure with a fixed foundation and a construction (11) according to any of the Claims 1 - 13 . Mobile building or mobile structure with a construction (11) according to one of the Claims 1 - 13 or a vehicle with a construction (11) according to one of the Claims 1 - 13 .

Images