DE102021131971A1 - Electrical surface heating based on a grid-shaped basic structure with different fiber elements - Google Patents

Abstract

An electric surface heating (100) for laying in the construction sector is described, the electric surface heating (100) being essentially elastic and having a lattice-like, in particular net-like, basic structure (110) which has a plurality of openings (115) has, the basic structure (110) having:i) a plurality of longitudinal elements (111) which extend along a longitudinal direction (MD) of the basic structure (110), the longitudinal elements (111) having:ia) a first fiber element (120 ), which is low-impedance and has a permanent current-carrying capacity of at least 5 A, andib) a second fiber element (130), wherein the first fiber element (120) has a higher electrical conductivity than the second fiber element (130), and wherein the first fiber element (120 ) has the same or a higher coefficient of thermal expansion in at least one coordinate direction than the second fiber element (130);ii) a plurality of transverse elements (112) which extend along a transverse direction (CD) of the basic structure (110), the transverse elements (112 ) comprise: iia) a third fiber element (140), wherein the first fiber element (120) has a higher electrical conductivity than the third fiber element (140).

Description

technical field

The invention relates to an electric surface heating for the construction sector with a lattice-like basic structure, which has fiber elements with different properties in the longitudinal and transverse directions. Furthermore, the invention relates to a surface heating system which has the electric surface heating. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for producing the electric surface heating. In addition, the invention relates to the use of a woven basic structure as an electric panel heater.

The invention can thus relate to the technical field of heating systems, in particular electrical panel heating systems.

Technical background

Electric panel heaters (eFH) with electric heating elements are known as flat resistance heaters or systems based on heating cables.

However, (permanently installed) electric panel heaters can pose reliability and safety risks. EFHs can, for example, be firmly connected to a structure or covering that stresses, particularly tensile stresses, from the building (e.g. settlement cracks in the concrete) or from the covering (e.g. shrinkage of plastic floors due to ageing) are transferred to the heating element. This is particularly the case with designs that are provided with holes or recesses for mortar or adhesive to penetrate.

As an illustrative example, heating elements can often have a proportion of carbon, in particular graphite, as the active heating material, which is then subjected to the tensile stresses described above. These tensile stresses act on the carbon (graphite) components and can negatively change their resistance and thus their heating behavior. This problem can be particularly noticeable with foil systems (or other thin and elastic embeddings of heating elements).

Known surface heating systems have not yet solved the problems mentioned above (in particular with regard to expansion behavior) in connection with a suitable power supply. A system that is organized into individual systems (e.g. 10 m long and 1 m wide), is supplied with sufficient power, is inexpensive to manufacture and can also be rolled out to the point of embedding on the floor without disturbing ripples can be particularly desirable.

Summary of the Invention

It is an object of the present invention to provide an (elastic) electric surface heating for the construction sector, which on the one hand can be laid stably and on the other hand is supplied with electricity safely and reliably.

This object is solved with the subject matter of the independent claims. Advantageous configurations emerge from the dependent claims.

1. i) eine Mehrzahl von Längselementen, welche sich entlang einer Längsrichtung (machine direction MD) der Grundstruktur erstrecken, wobei die Längselemente aufweisen:
   • ia) ein erstes Faserelement (z.B. ein Kupferkabel), welches niederohmig ist und eine permanente Stromtragfähigkeit (Strombelastbarkeit) von zumindest 5 A (Ampere) aufweist, und
   • ib) ein zweites Faserelement (z.B. Glasfaser-verstärkter Kunststoff),
   • ic) wobei das erste Faserelement eine höhere elektrische Leitfähigkeit (Leitfähigkeit des Faserelements als Ganzes, nicht die spezifische Leitfähigkeit) aufweist als das zweite Faserelement, und
   • id) wobei das erste Faserelement in zumindest einer Koordinatenrichtung (x, y, z) denselben oder einen höheren thermischen Ausdehnungskoeffizienten aufweist als das zweite Faserelement,
2. ii) eine Mehrzahl von Querelementen, welche sich entlang einer Querrichtung (cross-direction CD) der Grundstruktur erstrecken, wobei die Querelemente aufweisen:
   • iia) ein drittes Faserelement (z.B. Glasfaser-verstärkter Kunststoff, insbesondere mit einem Heizmaterial beschichtet oder ein carbon roving),
   • iib) wobei das erste Faserelement eine höhere elektrische Leitfähigkeit (und insbesondere in zumindest einer Koordinatenrichtung (x, y, z) denselben oder einen höheren thermischen Ausdehnungskoeffizienten) aufweist als das dritte Faserelement.

According to one aspect of the invention, an electric surface heating is described for laying in the construction sector, wherein the electric surface heating is (essentially) elastic (e.g. designed as a heating foil and can be rolled up) and has a lattice-shaped (in particular net-shaped) basic structure, which has a plurality of openings (between fiber elements). The basic structure also shows:

1. i) a plurality of longitudinal elements, which extend along a longitudinal direction (machine direction MD) of the basic structure, the longitudinal elements having:
   • ia) a first fiber element (eg a copper cable) which is low-impedance and has a permanent current-carrying capacity (current-carrying capacity) of at least 5 A (ampere), and
   • ib) a second fiber element (e.g. glass fiber reinforced plastic),
   • ic) wherein the first fiber element has a higher electrical conductivity (conductivity of the fiber element as a whole, not the specific conductivity) than the second fiber element, and
   • id) wherein the first fiber element has the same or a higher coefficient of thermal expansion than the second fiber element in at least one coordinate direction (x, y, z),
2. ii) a plurality of transverse elements extending along a cross-direction (CD) of the chassis, the transverse elements comprising:
   • iia) a third fiber element (e.g. glass fiber reinforced plastic, in particular coated with a heating material or a carbon roving),
   • iib) wherein the first fiber element has a higher electrical conductivity (and in particular in at least one coordinate direction (x, y, z) the same or a higher coefficient of thermal expansion) than the third fiber element.

1. i) eine elektrische Flächenheizung wie oben ausgeführt,
2. ii) einen Untergrund (z.B. ein Boden, eine Wand, eine Decke), wobei die elektrische Flächenheizung mit dem Untergrund fest verbunden (z.B. angeklebt, eingebettet, abgedeckt) ist.

According to a further aspect of the invention, a surface heating system is described which has:

1. i) an electric surface heating as described above,
2. ii) a substrate (e.g. a floor, a wall, a ceiling), with the electric surface heating being firmly connected to the substrate (e.g. glued, embedded, covered).

1. i) Bereitstellen einer Mehrzahl von Längselementen, welche sich entlang einer Längsrichtung erstrecken, wobei die Längselemente aufweisen:
   • ia) ein erstes Faserelement, welches niederohmig ist und eine permanente Stromtragfähigkeit von zumindest 5 A aufweist, und
   • ib) ein zweites Faserelement, wobei das erste Faserelement eine höhere elektrische Leitfähigkeit aufweist als das zweite Faserelement, und wobei das erste Faserelement in zumindest einer Koordinatenrichtung denselben oder einen höheren thermischen Ausdehnungskoeffizienten aufweist als das zweite Faserelement;
2. ii) Bereitstellen einer Mehrzahl von Querelementen, welche sich entlang einer Querrichtung erstrecken, wobei die Querelemente aufweisen:
   • iia) ein drittes Faserelement, wobei das erste Faserelementeine höhere elektrische Leitfähigkeit aufweist als das dritte Faserelement; und
3. iii) Verbinden (insbesondere Weben) der Längselemente und der Querelemente, um eine Gitter-förmige, insbesondere Netz-förmige, Grundstruktur mit der Längsrichtung und der Querrichtung zu erhalten.

According to a further aspect of the invention, a method for producing a (substantially) elastic electric surface heating is described, the method having:

1. i) providing a plurality of longitudinal members extending along a longitudinal direction, the longitudinal members having:
   • ia) a first fiber element, which is low-impedance and has a permanent current-carrying capacity of at least 5 A, and
   • ib) a second fiber element, wherein the first fiber element has a higher electrical conductivity than the second fiber element, and wherein the first fiber element has the same or a higher thermal expansion coefficient in at least one coordinate direction than the second fiber element;
2. ii) providing a plurality of transverse elements extending along a transverse direction, the transverse elements comprising:
   • iia) a third fiber element, the first fiber element having a higher electrical conductivity than the third fiber element; and
3. iii) connecting (in particular weaving) the longitudinal elements and the transverse elements to obtain a lattice-shaped, in particular net-shaped, basic structure with the longitudinal and the transverse direction.

According to a further aspect of the invention, the use of a woven lattice-like basic structure, which has electrically insulating fibers with a coating of heating material, is described as being used as elastic electric surface heating.

According to a further aspect of the invention, the use of a metal cable as a chain (in the sense of the weaving technique) in the woven basic structure (as described above) is described in order to enable a specific expansion behavior.

In the context of this document, the term "electric surface heating" (eFH) can be understood in particular to mean a device which emits thermal energy when electrical energy is supplied to it. The eFH is preferably flat, ie it has two main directions of extension (length direction x and width direction y). An eFH can have a heating element, e.g. a heating wire, a heating cable, a heating foil, or a heating surface. In a simple exemplary embodiment, an eFH can be implemented by means of a flat heating wire through which current flows, so that it heats up and correspondingly emits heat to the environment. In another embodiment, a heating cable is used as the heating element. This can be arranged on or in a carrier material of a carrier structure (for example a carrier foil). In a preferred example, a heating cable, in particular in a curved, more particularly meandering arrangement, can be attached to a carrier material or embedded in the carrier material. For example, the carrier structure can be designed as a film, which can then be transported on rollers. To lay the eFH as a wall, ceiling or floor covering, the rolls can then be unrolled and fastened. In one embodiment, the installed eFH can be covered with a floor, e.g. parquet, or with wallpaper. In particular, electric panel heating can be used in the construction sector, e.g. house construction and building construction. An eFH can have a modular structure and have a number of heating components. In one example, the term "construction" does not include industrial or aviation applications.

In the context of this document, the term “heating component” or “heating element” can in particular refer to an element which is particularly suitable for dissipating heat to the environment when electrical energy is supplied. A heating element can, for example, comprise a heating wire, a heating cable, a heating foil, or a heating surface. A heating element can also be realized, for example, by a copper track or a heating material such as a heating lacquer.

In this document, the term "basic structure" can refer in particular to a material structure that can be used as a framework for an eFH. In particular, the basic structure can have a stabilizing effect against tension. On the other hand, there should be a certain elasticity so that an elastic eFH is possible. In one embodiment, the basic structure is structured as a fabric, lattice, or mesh. in a white In the other example, the basic structure is constructed as a fleece and/or from fibers.

The (lattice-shaped) basic structure can in particular have longitudinal elements and transverse elements. These elements in turn have fiber elements. The material of the fiber elements can have an increased tensile strength, for example glass fiber can be used as a material. The basic structure can be manufactured for use as an eFH scaffold. This can have the advantage that a large area can be covered with little material, and yet there is a (tensile) stress-stabilizing effect. Corresponding structures are known from reinforcement fabric and plaster reinforcements, but have hitherto been used for a different purpose.

In the context of this document, the term “fiber element” (alternatively: filament) can be understood in particular as a linear element of the basic structure, which has an extension in one spatial direction that is significantly larger than the extension in the other two spatial directions. In other words, a fiber element is characterized in that it is particularly long and thin (and elastic). A fiber element can comprise an inorganic material (e.g. glass fiber) or an organic material (carbon fiber, plastic). In another example, a fiber element comprises a metal, such as copper. The fiber element can be designed like a cable, for example. The fiber material is preferably non-combustible. In one embodiment, the first fiber element has a metal, while the second and third fiber elements have a glass fiber reinforced plastic. In this case, the first fiber element has a low resistance, while the second and the third fiber element have a high resistance.

The term "fiber" refers here in particular to the longitudinal extension. A fiber element may comprise a single fiber or a multiplicity of fibers (e.g. fiber bundles). For example, a fiber element can have a large number of glass fibers. A metal cable without individual fibers can also be referred to as a fiber element in this context. A specific exemplary embodiment of a second/third fiber element can be: Carbon Roving ZOLTEK PX35 from Zoltek Europe, H-2537 Nyergesüjfalu in Hungary.

In this document, the term “electrically conductive heating material” can in particular refer to an electrically conductive material which is suitable for use as a coating (for an electrically insulating base element) and which is also suitable for functioning as a heating element. In an example, the heating material can be a heating lacquer. A heating lacquer can be an electrically conductive substance that can be processed in liquid form and can change into a hard or gelled form, e.g. by means of curing, drying out, or reacting. This heating material is used in particular as a heating component in the surface heating system described here.

In one embodiment, in particular, the third fiber element is provided with a heating material. The electrically conductive first fiber element can be used here as a power supply for the heating material.

In this document, the term “elastic insulating material” can in particular refer to an electrically insulating material which is suitable for embedding the (coated) base element. In order to additionally provide an elastic property, a thermoplastic elastomer or silicone, for example, can be suitable.

In the context of this document, the term "elastic" is to be interpreted in particular to mean that an elastic material (e.g. an eFH) can return to its original shape (essentially) non-destructively after the action of a force. For example, an elastic eFH can be rolled up, while this is not possible with a non-elastic eFH.

In this document, the term "tensile strength" (or tear strength) can refer in particular to a strength parameter of the basic structure. In particular, the tensile strength can be determined according to ISO 537.

In the context of this document, the term “surface heating module” can in particular refer to one or more heating elements, which can be summarized as a module. Such a module can, for example, be specifically controlled/regulated by a control device. In particular, such a heating component can be distinguished from another heating component. A heating component can particularly preferably be a module which can be controlled/regulated independently of other heating components. In this case, an eFH can (at least partially) have a modular structure, ie have a plurality of heating component modules. A heating component can be, for example, a specific section of a heating element (eg heating cable) or a lattice structure made up of a plurality of rod-shaped heating elements. In an example, a heating component can be a heating field (or heating zone) in a heating surface. A heating component can be a partitioned or separable area. In another example, a heating component along with other heating components in the same area (e.g. floor of a room) (also inseparable), but each heating component can still be controlled/regulated independently of the other heating components. A heating component can represent a surface heating module or be part of a surface heating module.

In addition to the heating component, a surface heating module can also have a control device or control device, in particular the control device/control device being integrated into the surface heating module.

According to an exemplary embodiment, the invention can be based on the idea that an (elastic) electric surface heating can be provided for the construction sector, which is stable on the one hand and is also supplied with electricity safely and reliably on the other if a grid-shaped (longitudinal element and transverse elements) basic structure is selected, in which (isolated) first fiber elements are introduced as longitudinal elements, which have a significantly higher electrical conductivity (and a higher coefficient of expansion) than second and third fiber elements.

• Ein höherer thermischer Ausdehnungskoeffizient (z.B. zweites Faserelement e-Glas (5 * 10-6/Kelvin) und erstes Faserelement Kupfer (16 * 10-6/Kelvin) oder Aluminium (23 * 10-6/Kelvin) kann z.B. den Faktor 2 bis 3 betragen. Bei einer vollständigen Einbettung der eFH Grundstruktur in eine feste Masse (z.B. Beton), haben die Faserelemente keine Ausweichmöglichkeiten, sondern bilden Schub- oder Zugspannungen bei Temperaturänderungen. Bei aktivierter Heizung dehnen sich somit die ersten Faserelemente für die Versorgung der Heizung mehr aus als die (parallel liegenden) zweiten Faserelemente. Diese Ausdehnung der ersten Faserelemente kann zu einem verbesserten Kontakt zwischen den Faserelementen (Heizleitungen) und zu einer Reduktion der Hotspotbildung an den Übergängen/Schnittstellen führen.

Surprisingly, it was found that the use of second/third high-impedance fiber elements with a low coefficient of expansion in combination with first low-impedance (high current-carrying capacity) fiber elements with a higher coefficient of expansion can bring about stabilization and improvement in the electrical properties. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, this is currently understood as follows:

• A higher coefficient of thermal expansion (e.g. second fiber element e-glass (5 * 10-6/Kelvin) and first fiber element copper (16 * 10-6/Kelvin) or aluminum (23 * 10-6/Kelvin) can be a factor of 2 to 3. If the eFH basic structure is completely embedded in a solid mass (e.g. concrete), the fiber elements have no alternative but create shear or tensile stresses when the temperature changes than the (parallel) second fiber elements.This expansion of the first fiber elements can lead to improved contact between the fiber elements (heating lines) and to a reduction in hotspot formation at the transitions/interfaces.

Surprisingly, it was also found that this expansion of the low-resistance first fiber elements when heated can be ideally combined with the property of second/third fiber elements, which tend to become thicker in the transverse direction of the fiber when heated, but experience only an insignificant change in length in the longitudinal direction of the fiber. At the crossing points of the longitudinal and transverse directions, a mechanical thickening of the third fiber elements can thus meet the expansion of the first fiber elements in the transverse direction. This measure can also reduce the corresponding electrical contact resistance and counteract local overheating.

The low-impedance fiber elements (e.g. copper cables) can also be used as feed lines and/or heating elements.

Exemplary implementation examples

According to an exemplary embodiment, the chassis is formed (at least in part) as a woven fabric, with the longitudinal members forming the warp(s) of the fabric and the transverse members forming the weft of the fabric. This can result in the advantage that a low structural height and a low bending load (and thus a higher tensile load on the basic structure) can be achieved with simple manufacturability.

Weaving can also achieve some self-retaining of the weft in the transverse direction if the warps are kept under enough tension in the longitudinal direction. This can be of particular importance given the large openings (compared to the area occupied by the material of the net) in the net (so that when installed in a surface the adhesive, screed, cement, etc. can pass through these openings and solidify the net), since straight in the case of large openings in a netting product, there is no longer any great cohesion between warp and weft.

Subsequent coating with a binder (see below) can have a stabilizing effect, but until the binder is stiffened, high tensile stress on the warp can reduce or prevent slipping at the interfaces between warp and weft. The special feature of the material selection for the fiber elements can play a role here: if, for example, a particularly high-tensile non-conductor (e.g. made of e-glass) is placed in the immediate vicinity of the first fiber element, the tension on the chain filaments required to prevent slipping can be maintained without that the first fiber element experiences an overstretching.

According to a further exemplary embodiment, the basic structure (at least partially) formed by at least one of weaving, fixing, knotting, or knitting, the fibers of the longitudinal members and the transverse members. This can have the advantage that a basic structure with a low structural height and low tensile load can be obtained in a simple manner.

This production of the net structure can be achieved by several different production processes, including lattice-like laying of filaments and fixing at the crossing points, knotted filaments, knotless knitting (textile net forming techniques), knitting.

According to a further exemplary embodiment, the first fiber element has metal, in particular copper or aluminum. In particular, the first fiber element is designed as a cable. As a result of this measure, an electrically conductive material with a comparatively high thermal expansion can be provided in a cost-effective manner. The first fiber element can also be used as an electrical supply line or even as a heating material.

According to a further exemplary embodiment, the second fiber element and/or the third fiber element has a high resistance, in particular an electrically insulating design. A plurality of second fiber elements, which have different physical properties, are preferably arranged parallel to the first fiber element in order to enable the behavior described above. The second fiber elements can be designed like the third fiber elements (also with heating material), but they can also have a different composition.

According to a further exemplary embodiment, the second fiber element and/or the third fiber element has at least one from the group consisting of: polyethylene, HP-polyethylene, polyamide, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyetheretherketone, aramid, para-aramid, in particular Kevlar, carbon , Glass, cellulose, flax, jute, cotton, basalt, a non-combustible material, an inorganic material. This can have the advantage that proven and industry-relevant materials can be implemented directly.

According to a further exemplary embodiment, the eFH also has an electrically conductive heating material as a heating component, which at least partially encloses the third fiber element (in one example also second fiber elements). According to an exemplary embodiment, the electrically conductive heating material has penetrated at least partially into the material of the basic structure, in particular has flowed into spaces between fibers (in particular glass fibers) of the basic structure.

In one embodiment, the basic structure or the second/third fiber element for the application of heating material (e.g. heating lacquer) is soaked in heating material in a processing step, whereby this penetrates into the material. As a result, this also becomes electrically conductive inside and becomes a heat generator. Penetration allows more heating material to accumulate per volume, which can result in deeper resistance. This can be of particular advantage in the case of longer current paths and low supply voltages, because this allows a higher heating output to be achieved (in particular with operating voltages of, for example, below 60 V).

According to an exemplary embodiment, the heating material has at least one from the group consisting of: heating lacquer (e.g. EHC-OL-SC), carbon, in particular graphite, conductive carbon black, copper, aluminum, silver, a 2K material, an electrically conductive hardener , an electrically conductive binding material, a thermoplastic elastomer, an ester, in particular polyvinyl ester, polyacrylic, polyacrylonitrile. This can have the advantage that proven and industry-relevant materials can be implemented directly.

According to an exemplary embodiment, the heating material has an elastic extensibility which is greater than an elastic extensibility of the second/third fiber element.

An advantageous aspect can be an adjustability of the elasticity of the heating material. If this is selected in such a way that the elastic extensibility is greater than that of the fiber elements, the heating material is not stretched to the deformation limit when the tensile loads are transferred to the eFH and can thus largely retain its electrical properties.

According to an exemplary embodiment, the electrically conductive heating material is 1/100 or more, in particular 1/20 or more, further in particular 1/5 or more, of the volume (or thickness and/or density) of the second/third Fiber element (especially a single fiber or a fiber bundle) penetrated or flowed.

In one example, the capillary absorbency of a heterogeneous basic structure material (e.g. staple fiber: air and fiber material) can be utilized so that it can absorb a larger amount of heating material and thereby ensure uniformity resistance values can be more precisely controlled. As a result, the heating material not only adheres to the surface of the basic structure, but at least partially penetrates more than one tenth of the diameter of a carrier thread, preferably more than one fifth, particularly preferably more than half of the carrier thread.

According to an exemplary embodiment (in the operating mode or heating mode of the eFH) a higher temperature is provided inside the basic structure than on the surface of the basic structure. As described above, this can be due to the fact that heating material has penetrated into the interstices of the basic structure.

As a result, the interior of the basic structure also becomes electrically conductive and becomes a heat generator. Since the heat is only dissipated outside, depending on the design variant, heat builds up inside and the temperature is therefore higher than outside.

According to an exemplary embodiment, the eFH has a binder which at least partially encloses the second/third fiber element. The binder can be electrically conductive or electrically insulating. During curing, the binder can shrink by more than 0.5%, in particular by more than 2%, more particularly by more than 8% of its volume. The heating material replaces or supplements the binder, which can lead to material savings.

When manufacturing the eFH, an area of the basic structure can be left without heating material. In this area, for example, normal insulating binders can be used or, alternatively, reinforcement elements made of other materials can be used (e.g. subrack materials for electronic components, which also contain the power supply lines to the heating material).

In one example, areas of the basic structure can be free of heating material, in particular reinforced by a non-conductive stiffening material (binder, carrier material for electronic components, etc.), in particular with electrical leads also being introduced in this area.

According to an exemplary embodiment, the binder is (at least partially) introduced, in particular attached to the recesses. As a result, independent heating components/panel heating modules can be delimited in an electrically insulating and stabilizing manner.

Surprisingly, a further functionalization of the binder was also achieved: by using suitable binders, it can be achieved that they experience shrinkage (e.g. volume reduction due to the loss of solvent/water) when a higher viscosity is reached (as part of the gelation process) or during final curing. This can be used with suitable dimensioning of material diameters (low-resistance conductor or heating filament) in relation to binder sheath thickness to increase the contact pressure between heating filament (heating material) and low-resistance conductor (first fiber elements). In addition to the implicit effects of a 'contraction', similar to a shrink tube (possibly less diameter reduction, as well as less force of radial compression, at most volume reduction in all directions), this mechanism is also supported by capillary, adhesive and cohesive forces.

In analogy to the boiler formula, a radial compression (analogous to the pressure in the boiler) occurs around crossings between the low-ohmic conductor and the heating filament, which occur due to the tensile forces in the tangential direction due to volumetric shrinkage during the curing process of the binder. As a result, with a uniform volumetric reduction of a cylinder (as a model of a coating on a filament), a reduction in the inner diameter takes place, which increases the compression. For this reason, in one example, concave metal molds are not used in glass casting: the uniform thermal volume reduction of the metal mold would cause such great compression that the glass may crack, because the metal has a larger coefficient of expansion than glass.

However, the volume reduction process taking place here according to the invention does not take place through thermal change, but through
chemical/physical volume reduction in the transition from "slightly stiff" to "stiffened" of the binder takes place - the compression effect can, however, be subject to the same geometry mechanics.

This radial compression can increase the contact pressure between the two types of conductors (fiber elements) for a better connection. Corresponding improvements in contact have already been found in binders with a volume reduction/shrinkage of more than 0.5%, in particular more than 2%, preferably more than 8%.

According to a further exemplary embodiment, the second fiber elements and/or the third fiber elements are provided with a Coa ting, in particular the heating material and/or the binder. In particular, the coating has a thickness in the range of 0.01 to 4 mm, in particular 0.05 and 2 mm, more particularly 0.1 and 1 mm.

According to a further exemplary embodiment, an interface between the first fiber element and the third fiber element is at least partially covered with the coating.

According to a further exemplary embodiment, the eFH also has: insulation and/or separation at an interface between the first fiber element and the third fiber element.

A coating can advantageously increase the contact pressure. An additional increase in contact pressure can be achieved by multiple coatings (application of a coating when the underlying coating is at least half stiffened). If you want to increase this effect, you can also use more strongly shrinking materials for the outer covering, such as those used for heat-shrink films (and thus, for example, laminate the net-shaped basic structure between two layers of heat-shrink film and then thermally shrink them).

For this purpose, an outer covering of the point of intersection of the third fiber element and the first fiber element is preferably minimally covered by coating, more preferably a large-area coating covering is provided.

In one embodiment, the terms heating material, binder, and coating can also overlap.

In one example, individual warp threads (longitudinal elements) are insulated so that they have no contact with the heating lacquer/heating element or electrically conductive weft of the third fiber element (e.g. carbon rovings). This can allow later installation of a controller (control unit) for individual bays using a separate connection. This can, for example, be produced using insulation displacement technology in such a way that the controller can draw the energy from the isolated chain and regulate it when it is released to the field. When using heating lacquer, this insulation can only be temporary and can be removed again after impregnation.

According to a further exemplary embodiment, the eFH has an (elastic) insulating material in which the basic structure is at least partially embedded. As a result, a stable and robust eFH can be provided which is nevertheless elastic.

According to an exemplary embodiment, the elastic insulation material has at least one from the group consisting of: silicone, polyurethane, in particular a polyurethane dispersion, a 2K elastomer, in particular based on at least one of epoxy, polyurethane, polyurea. In particular, the elastic insulation material can be cured by means of UV light and/or polyaddition. This can have the advantage that proven and industry-relevant materials can be implemented directly.

In one example, the enveloping external insulation (insulation material) can be made alkali-resistant. For example, UV-crosslinking silicone is already resistant to weak acids and alkalis in the various design variants.

In one embodiment, the insulation material can continue to provide the basic functionalities of reinforcement fabrics/plaster reinforcements in the area close to the surface: bridging cracks in the plaster, prevention of damage, slip resistance during installation, surface irregularities can be compensated for, absorption of stresses caused by temperature ( e.g. interesting for thermal insulation composite systems (ETICS) and stabilization).

According to a further exemplary embodiment, the electric surface heating is designed as a heating foil. This can have the advantage that the elastic eFH can be transported efficiently and installed with little effort and a low installation height.

According to a further exemplary embodiment, the electric surface heating can be rolled up. In particular, it can be rolled up into rolls with a diameter of 2 m or less, in particular 1.2 m or less, more particularly 65 cm or less, more particularly 40 cm or less. This measure also enables efficient transport and simple assembly.

In one embodiment, the eFH is wheeled for transport to the destination. In order to achieve the smallest possible transport volume, it may be desirable to roll up rolled goods in rolls with the smallest possible diameter. In the case of heating systems, this is primarily limited by the thickness and mechanical strength. In particular, the transition from elastic to deforming elongation is a limiting factor, because then Unrolling on the wall or on the floor creates dents that can no longer be made flat by simply unrolling.

However, the eFH described can now make it possible to produce narrow rolls for transport by combining it with a correspondingly suitable insulation material with a high restoring force. In addition, non-plastic deformation can be used by the basic element, which can consist of a number of individual fibers (a so-called roving), for example. These measures can make it possible to roll the eFH with a particularly small diameter (diameter seen overall).

According to an exemplary embodiment, the waviness of the electrical surface heating after it has been unrolled is 20 cm or less, in particular 12 cm or less, more particularly 5 cm or less, more particularly 2 cm or less. A particularly efficient and robust embedding in a floor covering (e.g. mortar, adhesive, plaster, etc.) can therefore be made possible.

The term "ripple" here can be the greatest maximum amplitude of any of the group hump, raised ends/corners, dent, a wave on a flat surface. In other words, waviness can refer to uneven surfaces that occur periodically at longer intervals than roughness, which can be defined as a deviation from an ideal surface that repeatedly occurs at relatively longer intervals than depth.

In one example, the memory effect of bending the heating track is reduced. The undesired memory effect of a heating track being "rolled up" (e.g. due to the imprinting of the roll shape when a heating track is stored for a long time) occurs when laying because the heating track "does not want to lie flat on the floor". This memory effect can be reduced by using a very thin structure or by adjusting the properties of the binder appropriately. This is shown, for example, by the fact that after a heating sheet has been unrolled, it does not have any bulging in relation to the lying surface of more than 10 cm, preferably more than 3 cm, in particular more than 1 cm. Small bumps are kept flat, e.g. by the adhesive force (or the adhesion forces in the fluid or gel phase) of the binding material (adhesive, mortar, etc.).

According to a further exemplary embodiment, the electric surface heating also has: a control unit for controlling/regulating a heating output, in particular with the control unit being coupled to the first fiber element, further in particular with this first fiber element being formed separately from the third fiber element. In this way, a targeted control is possible and fiber elements can be used separately for heating.

According to a further exemplary embodiment, the electric surface heating also has: a sensor unit, in particular a temperature sensor, which is coupled to the basic structure via a sensor line, in particular woven into it.

According to a further exemplary embodiment, the openings of the basic structure have a diameter in the range of 0.5 mm to 120 mm, in particular 1.5 mm to 80 mm, more particularly 3 mm to 45 mm, in the plan view. This can result in a stable yet elastic mesh and the embedding material can pass through these openings.

According to a further exemplary embodiment, the electric surface heating at least partially has a thickness (z) of 10 mm or less, more particularly 8 mm or less, more particularly 5 mm or less, more particularly 3 mm or less. This advantageously results in a particularly small installation height. With particularly thin but high-strength base materials or with flat (not round, i.e. oval or flat-lying rectangular) strands of the base element, a very small construction height can be achieved.

Due to the high mechanical stability of the eFH described, the low installation height can be achieved, e.g. < 20 mm (reinforcement fabric laid in adhesive for tiles), in particular < 10 mm (e.g. plaster reinforcement with finished plaster on top for a wall). In one example, the installation height is measured without taking into account the height/thickness of connection cables and/or power supply units.

According to a further exemplary embodiment, the nominal heating power is between 50 W and 200 W per m ² , in particular between 100 W and 200 W per m ² . This ensures efficient heating performance.

So that the eFH described can be implemented in strips (e.g. 1 mx 10 m), the first fiber element should have a current carrying capacity (or current carrying capacity) of > 5 A so that sufficient energy can be fed into the heating element to achieve the nominal heating output. The nominal heating output can be understood as the output under the intended normal voltage (depending on the system design, this can be e.g. at 48 V alternating current for low-voltage systems or at 60 V DC). Excessive heat output can lead to overheating of locally thermally insulating items on the floor (e.g. clothes) - but can also lead to local overheating in the transition from the low-impedance conductor (first fiber element) to the heating filament (heating element). In one example, too low a heating output may not be sufficient to bring the room to the target temperature within a short time.

According to another exemplary embodiment, the electric panel heater is configured to operate heating components with a voltage of 60 V or less. As a result, energy can be saved while operational reliability can be increased.

According to a further exemplary embodiment, the flexural rigidity of the electric surface heating is different in the longitudinal direction (MD) and transverse direction (CD), in particular the difference being more than 1%, in particular more than 5%, more particularly more than 10%. This can have the advantage that greater stability is achieved for the (elastic) eFH.

Appropriate measures can thus be taken to achieve different rigidity in MD and CD. If, for example, the heater only has to be rolled in MD for transport, a different rigidity can be set in CD. With higher stiffness in CD, more stability for lying flat in CD is achieved. With a higher stiffness in MD, the risk of buckling around a fiber element in CD is reduced. Depending on the detailed requirements of the heating system, a different rigidity can be adjusted. This can be achieved, for example, by adapting the cross sections and/or the aspect ratios of cross sections of the fiber elements. For example, a copper strand with a square cross-section is stiffer in MD than a copper strand with a large width and small height (i.e. a thin ribbon in MD). With unchanged cross-sections, this can be achieved by pre-treating the fiber elements (liquid-repellent/liquid-attracting, compared to the binder) or by pre-stiffening the fiber elements. In this context, rigidity can be understood as meaning the flexural rigidity of the finished heating track.

According to a further exemplary embodiment, the electric surface heating also has: at least one electric supply line, which is coupled to a heating component of the eFH. In particular by means of at least one from the group consisting of: clamps, soldering, gluing, welding, insulation displacement connections, knots, further in particular with the electrical supply line being woven into the basic structure.

This means that the heating material can be supplied directly with electrical energy (e.g. from the socket) using tried and tested technology.

In one embodiment, a contact-improving measure (relating to the electrical contact) is applied to improve the electrical connection (i.e. to reduce the contact resistance) at at least individual (if not all) crossing points between the heating filament (third fiber element) and the supply filament (supply line and/or first fiber element). .

According to an exemplary embodiment, the insulating material embeds the at least one electrical supply line (at least partially). As a result, a particularly stable and yet elastic eFH with integrated functionalities can be provided. In this way, in particular, fault currents from the heating system to the building structure can be reduced or prevented.

According to a further exemplary embodiment, the second fiber element and/or the third fiber element has a tensile strength of 10 MPa or more, in particular 100 MPa or more, in particular 1000 MPa or more, further in particular 1200 MPa or more.

In a preferred embodiment, the tensile strength of the materials used for the mesh is at least similar to a tensile strength of graphite (depending on 20-70 MPa). Tensile strengths above 100 MPa and above 1000 MPa can be preferred. While common (simple) plastics can be used for lower tensile strengths (e.g. PE, PA, PP, PET, etc.), more special plastics (PEEK and similar) are available for higher tensile strengths (> 100 MPa). With a material class of over > 1000 MPa, e.g. HP-PE, aramid fibers or glass fibers are possible. In the case of organic materials in the medium tensile strength range, natural fibers such as flax, jute, cellulose, cotton, basalt fibers etc. can also be considered.

According to an exemplary embodiment, the fiber elements have at least one from the group consisting of: a fleece, an inorganic material, a non-combustible material.

A fleece can have the advantage that the heating material can be absorbed particularly efficiently, thus creating a low-impedance heating element stands, which can be particularly suitable for low supply voltages. This fleece can have recesses for the penetration of adhesive/plaster/mortar, etc. In one example, it has proven to be particularly advantageous if this fleece contains glass fibers or consists of glass fibers (for example glass fiber fleeces such as are used to repair damage to car bodies).

Inorganic and/or non-combustible materials can be laid on/in a substrate in a particularly safe and robust manner.

It can be advantageous if fibers are used to produce a thread, a rope, a bundle or a twine, from which the basic fabric of the basic structure is then produced. On the one hand, this allows good flexibility to be achieved and, on the other hand, the heating material can either "claw" at the surface of the thread (or the fibers) or penetrate at least into the upper areas of the thread (or the fibers) through capillary forces and thus particularly good adhesion to reach. The high temperature insensitivity of glass fibers can be advantageous here with regard to aging (e.g. compared to a plastic, which would promote thermal oxidation).

A concrete (example) implementation consists of a glass fiber net, which is made up of strands of 6 yarns with 300 tex in the y-direction and a roving with 2400 tex in the x-direction and has a mesh size of 4 cm (e.g. the basic net from PFL 130 40x40 from Solidian).

According to an exemplary embodiment, the tear strength of the electrical surface heating (or the high-tensile basic structure) in the main directions of extension (MD, CD) is 200 N/5 cm or more, in particular 1000 N/5 cm or more, more particularly 2000 N/5 cm or more more. In particular, the tear strength after manufacture of the electric surface heating is reduced by 50% or less within 10 years. As a result, a particularly stable and high-tensile eFH can be provided.

Efficient resistance to aging can be achieved in particular by using rovings in combination with the outer hermetic covering (insulation material): in one example, after aging for ten years, the above values will be reduced by less than 50%.

According to an exemplary embodiment, the heating element (or heating material) hardens over a period of several years. In particular, the material is harder two years after production than 24 hours after production; this hardness is in particular 5% or more, more particularly 15% or more, more particularly 30% or more.

In one embodiment, a special elastic heating lacquer is used. This can be of great importance for the time between fabrication and laying on site. In one example, the hardening and embrittlement changes in the heating lacquer that take place after installation in the building object can no longer be a problem. On the contrary, it can even be desirable after installation if the heating lacquer adheres extremely firmly to the base material. For this reason, a heating lacquer is used in this example, which initially has special elastic properties after production, but which then becomes harder and more brittle over time.

According to an exemplary embodiment, the electric surface heating also has: a further insulating material, which is applied to the insulating material.

In one embodiment, a second (independent) layer of insulation/protection and/or a grounding shield is applied to the outer electrical insulation. This allows additional personal protection, especially when the system is operated with voltages above 60 V.

According to a further exemplary embodiment, the basic structure has recesses on which no heating component is arranged. In particular, these recesses serve as a delimitation for separate panel heating modules. This can have the advantage that surface heating modules that are independent of one another can be provided, which can be clearly defined (in particular can be controlled/regulated independently of one another).

1. i) einen Heizbereich, in welchem eine Heizkomponente, insbesondere mit Heizelement, angeordnet ist; und
2. ii) einen Freibereich, in welchem die Heizkomponente, insbesondere mit Heizelement, nicht angeordnet ist.

According to a further exemplary embodiment, the electric surface heating also has:

1. i) a heating area, in which a heating component, in particular with a heating element, is arranged; and
2. ii) a free area in which the heating component, in particular with a heating element, is not arranged.

In particular, the free area extends in a main direction of extension (along the X and Y axes) of the electrical surfaces heating 1 cm or more, in particular 2 cm or more, further in particular 3 cm or more.

In the context of this document, the term “heating area” can in particular refer to an area within an electric surface heating system which has an electric heating component and is therefore not suitable for being processed (in particular drilled through). In an example of a heating area, a heating cable is embedded in a support structure of the electric surface heating. In the heating area, the probability of damaging the heating component (e.g. the heating cable, the heating foil) and/or its insulation when drilling through non-transparent covering material and the heating area underneath (e.g. through the support structure of the electric surface heating) can be significantly increased ( or to pierce). This probability can be so increased in the heating area that a person skilled in the art advises against piercing because the risk of damage is too great. In one example, the term “heating area” refers not only to the heating component itself, but also to the surrounding area around the heating component, in which machining or drilling would generally not be carried out because safety is jeopardized. In an example, the heating area of an electric surface heating is defined or documented.

In the context of this document, the term "free area" can in particular refer to an area within an electric surface heating system which has no electric heating component or no heating element and is therefore suitable for being processed (in particular drilled through). In an example of an open area, no heating cable is embedded in an area of the support structure of the electric surface heating. In another example, a heating foil has free areas without a heating function. In a further example, heating foil sections are used as heating areas, between which free areas are then left. The free area can have appropriate dimensions so that drilling through non-transparent covering material and the free area underneath is possible without risk. The size of the free area can be selected in such a way that the probability of missing the free area when drilling becomes negligibly small.

According to an exemplary embodiment, the electric surface heating has, at least in sections, 10 or more, in particular 20, more particularly 40 or more open areas, in particular recesses, per square meter.

So that few mechanical forces act on the eFH, the eFH can be designed in such a way that it has a plurality of cutouts which are larger than 1 cm in the x and y direction, preferably larger than 2 cm, particularly preferably larger than 3 cm . As a result, assembly fluid can pass through these openings and thus form a stable connection between the subfloor and the top covering after the mounting fluid has hardened (in certain cases, the mounting fluid can also form the top covering immediately after hardening (poured floor).

According to an exemplary embodiment, the electric surface heating also has: at least one control device. In particular, wherein the control device is configured to control and/or regulate an energy supply to a heating component of the eFH, and wherein the control device is further configured to control the energy quantity of the energy supply in such a way that a time-limited energy burst is sent to the heating component provided to the eFH.

In this document, the term "control device" can in particular refer to a device, e.g. a computer, a PLC (programmable logic controller), a computer system, a processor, which is suitable for controlling the energy supply to an electric surface heating or to control (and regulate) individual heating components.

In the case of an electric surface heating, the term "energy supply" can relate in particular to an electric energy supply. In a simple embodiment, the energy supply is realized by a power cable, which provides electricity to the electric surface heating or a heating element of the eFH. The control device can be implemented in such a way that the amount of electrical energy provided to the eFH is controlled or regulated, e.g. by means of a control computer. In a further exemplary embodiment, a plurality of energy supply lines are controlled by a computer system and readjusted during operation by means of a sensor network.

In one exemplary embodiment, the control device can be set up in such a way that the amount of energy in an energy burst can be variably adjusted. In particular, the control device can determine this amount of energy itself or can also have it specified (e.g. by a user or another control system).

The term "control device" can denote a single device or also a plurality of devices, each of which may be referred to as a "control unit". In an exemplary example, an eFH can have a control device which consists of a plurality of control units, each of which is assigned to a heating component (in particular is integrated into the respective heating component). In one example, the control device can measure the local temperature of a heating component by means of a temperature sensor system (eg temperature sensor) and possibly determine the current energy consumption. Furthermore, the control device can be set up to provide a specific temperature characteristic(s) (heat profile) to a specific heating component.

In this document, the term "energy surge" can refer in particular to an amount of energy (in the context of an energy supply to an eFH) that is significantly higher than the usual amount of energy that is supplied to an eFH during operation. In one exemplary embodiment, the amount of energy in an energy burst can be at least 40% or more, in particular twice (or more) the usual amount of energy that is supplied to an eFH in steady-state operation. In a specific example, the amount of energy of the energy burst may essentially correspond to the maximum (heating) output). In a further specific example, the energy requirement is 50 W/m ² with leveled-off operation in the height of winter, with the maximum output being 80 to 150 W/m ² .

The significantly higher amount of energy of the energy surge can lead to a corresponding heat surge (or a heat surge that corresponds to the energy amount of the energy surge) in an eFH, or an initial thermal overheating. In one example, such a thermal shock can lead to a sudden, extremely rapid heating of the eFH and thus also of the surrounding space. Thus, immediate heating to a comfortable temperature (not necessarily reaching an absolute temperature) can be achieved.

In another embodiment, such an energy surge can be carried out on a heating cable, but not on a self-limiting heating cable (which achieves temperature limitation by means of a PTC thermistor or PTC effect, with an increase in temperature leading to an increase in resistance and thus an energy reduction), because in the latter the temperature-dependent resistance of the self-limiting material (see below) counteract rapid heating.

In an exemplary embodiment, the duration of the energy burst is in the range of 20 seconds to 20 minutes (in particular 10 minutes, more particularly 5 minutes, more particularly 2 minutes).

1. i) Schnellaufheizung des ganzen Raumes.
2. ii) Ortsabhängige Schnellaufheizung (z.B. unter einem Fenster, wenn dieses geöffnet wurde oder für einige Zeit nach dessen Schließung).
3. iii) Boostfunktion lokal abhängig von vorher aufgezeichneten Daten, welche z.B. beinhalten können, auf welchen Heizkomponenten (Feldern) wieviel Heizenergie in den Raum abgestrahlt werden kann. Diese Daten können z.B. durch Konfigurieren, Einlernen oder gezieltes Kalibrieren entstanden sein.
4. iv) Kurzzeitige Überhitzung eines lokalen Feldes im Wissen um die Wärmespeicher und -leitfähigkeit des Bodenaufbaus. Dabei kann die Temperaturbegrenzungsfunktion eines einzelnen Feldes kurzzeitig übersteuert werden, im Wissen, dass die über der eFH liegenden baulichen Komponenten für eine gezielte Verzögerung der Wärmeabgabe (Speicherfunktion) und Temperaturmaximalbegrenzung sorgen (beispielsweise ein dicker Steinboden kann zuerst einmal sehr viel Wärmeenergie aufnehmen, bis diese dann an den Raum abgegeben wird).

Due to the large-scale heat generation, a boost function (energy surge) can be implemented without large temperature differences. A boost function allows a large amount of energy to be supplied to a room within a short period of time. A boost function allows a large amount of energy to be supplied to a room within a short period of time. The following mechanisms can be coupled with each other:

1. i) Rapid heating of the whole room.
2. ii) Localized rapid heating (e.g. under a window when it is open or for some time after it is closed).
3. iii) Boost function locally depending on previously recorded data, which can include, for example, on which heating components (fields) how much heating energy can be radiated into the room. This data can have been created, for example, through configuration, teach-in or targeted calibration.
4. iv) Short-term overheating of a local field in the knowledge of the heat storage and conductivity of the soil structure. The temperature limitation function of an individual field can be overridden for a short time, in the knowledge that the structural components above the eFH ensure a targeted delay in heat emission (storage function) and maximum temperature limitation (e.g. a thick stone floor can initially absorb a great deal of heat energy, until this is then delivered to the room).

According to an exemplary embodiment, the energy burst has at least one characteristic from the group consisting of: locally variable, dependent on historical data, dependent on the environmental conditions. Accordingly, the energy burst can advantageously be used in a dynamic manner. In particular, heating components can be subjected to different energy bursts independently of one another.

1. i) ein erstes Flächenheizmodul, und
2. ii) ein zweites Flächenheizmodul, wobei zumindest eine Steuervorrichtung an das erste Flächenheizmodul und an das zweite Flächenheizmodul gekoppelt ist. Insbesondere ist die Steuervorrichtung konfiguriert
   1. a) das erste Flächenheizmodul gemäß einer ersten Temperaturcharakteristik zu steuern und/oder zu regeln, und, unabhängig davon,
   2. b) das zweite Flächenheizmodul gemäß einer zweiten Temperaturcharakteristik zu steuern und/oder zu regeln, weiter insbesondere wobei die erste Temperaturcharakteristik von der zweiten Temperaturcharakteristik verschieden ist.

According to an exemplary embodiment, the electric surface heating also has:

1. i) a first surface heating module, and
2. ii) a second panel heating module, wherein at least one control device is coupled to the first panel heating module and to the second panel heating module. In particular, the control device is configured
   1. a) to control and/or regulate the first surface heating module according to a first temperature characteristic, and, independently of this,
   2. b) to control and/or regulate the second surface heating module according to a second temperature characteristic, further in particular wherein the first temperature characteristic differs from the second temperature characteristic.

An electric panel heater can be provided which allows selective and rapid heating, but is at the same time safe and reliable if a control device of the eFH applies specific temperature characteristics to different heating components of the eFH independently of one another.

According to a further exemplary embodiment, a region of the third fiber element has no heating material, with this region forming a boundary between the first surface heating module and the second surface heating module.

According to a further exemplary embodiment of the electrical surface heating system, the electrical surface heating is (at least partially) embedded in a substrate material. In particular, the substrate material includes at least one of the group consisting of floor covering, wall covering, wallpaper, concrete, cement, screed, tile, wood, laminate, plastic, adhesive. There is a wide range of applications for the eFH described, which can include a wide variety of substrate materials (floor, wall, ceiling).

According to an exemplary embodiment, the substrate material also has: a surface heating top layer, which is arranged on the electric surface heating, wherein a temperature difference, in the operating mode, between the heating element and the surface heating top layer is 10 ° C or less, in particular 7 ° C or less, more particularly 5°C or less. This can result in the advantage that an efficient and robust heating output is achieved with a low installation height. This can be achieved in particular with a thin and wide-area warming eFH with efficient heat conduction.

In one embodiment, surface heating can be implemented in such a way that it can be installed as close as possible to the surface of the building volume to be heated. In particular, when used as a reinforcement fabric, the heater can be used very close to the surface without the negative effects of mechanical loads. Usual sensitive electrical heaters have to be installed deeper in the structure of a wall or floor (because they are either thicker or have to be installed deeper in the floor/wall due to sensitivity (necessary pressure load distribution of point surface loads) to mechanical loads).

According to a further exemplary embodiment of the method, the joining comprises: at least partially weaving the basic structure, wherein the longitudinal elements form the warp of the fabric and the transverse elements form the weft of the fabric (see above).

According to a further exemplary embodiment, the method also includes: enclosing the third fiber element with a binder and/or a heating material.

According to a further exemplary embodiment, the third fiber element is first surrounded by the heating material. According to a further exemplary embodiment, the third fiber element is first surrounded by the binder.

According to a further exemplary embodiment, the method also includes: leaving an area of the third fiber element free, in particular this area forming a boundary between surface heating modules.

According to another exemplary embodiment
the electrically conductive heating material liquid or solid when enclosing.

According to a further exemplary embodiment, the enclosing has at least one from the group consisting of: impregnation, imprinting, laminating, plasma coating, etching, vapor deposition, spraying, brushing, gluing, printing. A large number of tested and standardized methods can thus be used directly in an advantageous manner.

In one exemplary embodiment, the enclosing involves immersing or immersing the base element in a liquid that forms the heating element (simple variant: lacquer with copper or carbon particles). Other variants of this configuration apply a solid or liquid heating material by spraying, painting, vaporizing, gluing or similar methods. A corresponding application can be structured below.

According to an exemplary embodiment, the provision also includes: modifying the surface properties of the base element, in particular by means of coating.

By controlling the surface properties of the base element material (material selection/coating/treatment), penetration of the heating material into the base material can be achieved even with only superficial addition of heating material (e.g. by printing), e.g. due to the capillary effect of fiber bundles. This advantageously reduces the superficial damage sensitivity of the eFH.

According to a further exemplary embodiment, the method further comprises: isolating and/or separating the heating material from the first fiber element at an interface of the first fiber element and the third fiber element.

According to an exemplary embodiment, the enclosing also includes: leaving areas of the basic structure free to provide recesses, in particular by means of at least one from the group consisting of: screen printing, reserve printing, in particular wax reserve printing, temporary covering.

In one embodiment, the base element is covered in places before being coated with the heating material. This can be done using stencils, temporary coverings (e.g. wax or resin that can be removed later), printing industry mechanisms, etc. This can have the advantage that the surface heating can be divided up so that several heating components (fields) or surface heating modules can be implemented.

According to an exemplary embodiment, the embedding further includes: soaking the base element enclosed by the heating element in the elastic insulating material. According to an exemplary embodiment, the embedding also includes: curing of the elastic insulation material, in particular by means of UV radiation and/or polyaddition.

According to an exemplary embodiment, the method is carried out (at least in part) in a reel-to-reel process.

In one example, the outer electrical insulation of the eFH is applied in a roll-to-roll production. As a result, the insulation material can consist of a silicone material, for example, through which the base element is pulled (soaked) after the heating material has been applied and dried. Subsequent curing by means of UV curing can allow rapid curing, so that the insulation material can then be rolled up again on rolls.

character list

• 1 zeigt eine Draufsicht auf eine Grundstruktur einer elektrischen Flächenheizung gemäß einem Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung.
• 2 zeigt eine Detailaufnahme der Grundstruktur der elektrischen Flächenheizung gemäß einem weiteren Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung.
• 3 zeigt eine Draufsicht auf eine elektrische Flächenheizung gemäß einem Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung.
• 4a bis 4c zeigen Detailansichten von Faserelementen der elektrischen Flächenheizung gemäß Ausführungsbeispielen der Erfindung.
• 5a bis 5c zeigen schematisch Schnittstellen von Faserelementen der elektrischen Flächenheizung gemäß Ausführungsbeispielen der Erfindung.
• 6 zeigt eine Draufsicht auf eine elektrischem Flächenheizung, welche Flächenheizmodule aufweist, gemäß einem Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung.

Exemplary embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below with reference to the following figures.

• 1 shows a plan view of a basic structure of an electric panel heater according to an embodiment of the invention.
• 2 shows a detailed view of the basic structure of the electric surface heating according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention.
• 3 shows a plan view of an electric panel heater according to an embodiment of the invention.
• 4a until 4c show detailed views of fiber elements of the electrical surface heating according to embodiments of the invention.
• 5a until 5c show schematic interfaces of fiber elements of the electrical surface heating according to embodiments of the invention.
• 6 shows a plan view of an electric surface heating, which has surface heating modules, according to an embodiment of the invention.

Detailed description of the figures

Before the figures are described in detail, the following is a discussion of some exemplary embodiments of the invention.

According to an exemplary embodiment, a copper cable is used for the first time as a single warp (or as an addition to individual warp threads) for weaving an electrical panel heating element. Furthermore, for the first time, a conductively coated glass fiber or a carbon filament is used as a weft (in the case of mostly insulating glass fibers as a warp) in an eFH. A net-like surface heating is provided, with at least individual filaments being used in MD, which have low-resistance properties with high current-carrying capacity.

1. i) Verwendung von carbon-rovings, welche an den entsprechenden Stellen (Schnittstellen) mit einer Steuerung oder einem Niedrigohmleiter (erste Faserelemente) in MD verbunden werden. Danach wird das noch nicht eigenstabile Netz (Grundstruktur) in ein Material getaucht, welches einen Binder zur Erreichung der nötigen Transport- und Installationsstabilität enthält.
2. ii) Verwendung von isolierenden Materialien in CD (insbesondere e-Glas). Nach der Netzherstellung wird das noch nicht eigenstabile Netz in einem Material getaucht, welches sowohl einen Binder zur Erreichung der nötigen Transport- und Installationsstabilität enthält, als auch eine mittlere elektrische Leitfähigkeit aufweist, welche dann als Heizleiter (Heizelement) dient. Bei dieser Variante sollten eventuell einzelne Übergänge an Leiter in MD isoliert oder nach der Aufbringung elektrisch aufgetrennt werden.
3. iii) Verwendung von isolierenden Materialien in CD (insbesondere e-Glas), welches vorgängig mit einem elektrisch leitenden Coating versehen wurden, oder in einen elektrisch leitenden Lack getaucht wurden. Danach wird das noch nicht eigenstabile Netz in einem Material getaucht, welches einen Binder zur Erreichung der nötigen Transport- und Installationsstabilität enthält.

According to an exemplary embodiment, there are, for example, the following three variants for realizing the actual heating conductors in CD (third fiber elements):

1. i) Use of carbon rovings, which are connected to a controller or a low-impedance conductor (first fiber elements) in MD at the appropriate points (interfaces). the. The net (basic structure), which is not yet inherently stable, is then immersed in a material that contains a binder to achieve the necessary transport and installation stability.
2. ii) Use of insulating materials in CD (particularly e-glass). After the net has been produced, the net, which is not yet inherently stable, is immersed in a material that contains both a binder to achieve the necessary transport and installation stability and has medium electrical conductivity, which then serves as a heating conductor (heating element). With this variant, individual transitions on conductors in MD should possibly be insulated or electrically separated after application.
3. iii) Use of insulating materials in CDs (in particular e-glass) which have previously been provided with an electrically conductive coating or have been dipped in an electrically conductive lacquer. The net, which is not yet inherently stable, is then immersed in a material that contains a binder to achieve the necessary transport and installation stability.

With all variants, there can then be a rest period for the solidification (drying, off-gases from solvents or the reaction of gelling/hardening processes, etc.) and the net can be assembled and rolled up for transport.

1 shows a plan view of a basic structure 110 of an electric surface heating (eFH) 100 according to an embodiment of the invention. The electric surface heating 100 is elastic and the basic structure 110 is in the form of a lattice or mesh, resulting in a plurality of openings 115 . A plurality of longitudinal elements 111 extend along a longitudinal direction MD (machine direction) of the basic structure and a plurality of transverse elements 112 extend along a transverse direction CD (cross direction) of the basic structure 110. In this exemplary embodiment, the basic structure 110 is designed as a woven fabric, wherein the longitudinal elements 111 form the warp of the fabric, and the transverse elements 112 form the weft of the fabric.

The longitudinal elements 111 have at least a first fiber element 120 and second fiber elements 130 parallel to one another, with the number of second fiber elements 130 being higher. The first fiber element 120 has a low resistance, has a permanent current-carrying capacity of at least 5 A, and has a high coefficient of thermal expansion compared to the second fiber element 130 (in at least one coordinate direction). The first fiber element 120 comprises a metal (in particular copper or aluminum) and is preferably designed as a cable (a thick carbon filament is also possible, for example). The second fiber element 130 has a high resistance, is essentially electrically insulating, and has e-glass, for example.

The transverse elements 112 have third fiber elements 140 which can be configured similarly to the second fiber elements 130 . In particular, the third fiber elements 140 also have a lower electrical conductivity and a lower thermal expansion coefficient than the first fiber element 120. The third fiber elements 140 also have an electrically conductive heating material 160 as a heating component/heating element, which is applied, for example, as a heating lacquer layer. The heating material 160 preferably has an elastic extensibility which is greater than an elastic extensibility of the third fiber element 140.

2 shows a detailed view of the basic structure 110 of the electric surface heating 100 according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention. A first fiber element 120 is designed as a copper cable and third fiber elements 140 are alternately pushed through between two parallel parts of the first fiber element 120 . There are thus interfaces/crossing points 125 at the push-through points.

3 shows a plan view of an electric panel heater 100 according to an embodiment of the invention. The eFH 100 has the basic structure 110 described above, which is embedded by an (elastic) insulating material 130 as a carrier structure. The basic structure 110 forms the heating element of the eFH 100.

The electric panel heater 100 also has: a heating area 102 in which the heating element 110 is arranged, and a free area 104 in which the heating element 110 is not arranged. The latter serves as a free zone, for example to drill holes if the electric surface heating 100 is covered by a floor or wallpaper and is no longer visible.

The electric surface heating 100 has a first surface heating module 108 (first zone) in which a first heating element (first field) is arranged, and a second surface heating module 109 (second zone) in which the second heating element (second field) is arranged. Both surface heating modules 108, 109 are connected to one another via a connecting element 170. Furthermore, the eFH 100 can have a control device (eg integrated into the connecting element 170), which is not shown. In one embodiment, the Steuervorrich control or regulate the panel heating modules 108, 109 (or their heating components) independently of one another.

The heating element 110 is connected to a source of electrical power by means of leads 171,172. The feed lines 171, 172 are embedded in the insulating material 150 at least in sections.

The 4a until 4c show detailed views of fiber elements of the electrical surface heating 100 according to embodiments of the invention.

4a shows a cross section through a third fiber element 140, which is embedded in the insulation material 150. A layer (or a coating) of an electrically conductive heating material (eg heating lacquer) encloses the fiber element 140. The latter is electrically insulating, so that the heating material 160 can be controlled in a targeted manner.

4b also shows a cross section through a third fiber element 140 with the difference that glass fiber bundles are used. Gaps are thus created between the glass fibers, into which electrically conductive heating material 160 can flow during a manufacturing process (eg impregnation). A particularly compact eFH 100 can be provided by means of this configuration. In special embodiments, a higher temperature can be reached inside the fiber element 140 than on the surface of the fiber element 140.

4c 12 shows an interface 125 between a first fiber element 110 in the longitudinal direction MD and a third fiber element 140 in the transverse direction CD. The interface 125 is essentially covered or at least once surrounded by a binder 165 .

The 5a until 5c 12 show interfaces 125 between longitudinal elements 111 and transverse elements 112 according to embodiments of the invention. The 5a and 5b show knotted intersections 125, particularly twisted and braided. The 5c shows a non-knotted, woven interface 125.

6 shows a plan view of an electric surface heating 100, which has surface heating modules 108, 109, according to an embodiment of the invention. In an exemplary example, the section shown can have an area of approximately 1 m×1 m. The surface heating modules 108, 109 are designed as individually controllable fields: Auxiliary lines (first and second fiber elements) are woven into the basic structure 110, which can then be separated at suitable points. A control unit 170 is arranged within a surface heating module 108 and can specifically control this field, for example. Sensor lines 180 may be coupled to controller 160 . Separate temperature sensors 185 can measure the temperature in individual fields and thus provide the temperature data required for regulation. For safety reasons, the temperature can be measured at several points within a field and, if there is a risk of overheating, the amount of energy supplied to an entire field can be throttled. This prevents local overheating and, for example, small children playing on the bathroom floor cannot injure themselves. Furthermore, supply lines 171, 172 to the individual panel heating modules 108, 109 are provided. These can also be integrated with first fiber elements 120 .

Reference List

100

Electric panel heating

102

heating area

104

free area

108

First surface heating module

109

Second surface heating module

110

basic structure

111

longitudinal elements

112

transverse elements

115

openings

120

First fiber element, low resistance fiber element

125

interface

130

Second fiber element, high resistance fiber element

140

Third fiber element, high resistance fiber element

150

Elastic insulation material

160

heating material, heating component

165

binder

170

Connection element, control unit, control device

171

First electrical supply

172

Second electrical supply line

180

sensor line

185

sensor

CD

transverse direction

md

Longitudinal, machine direction

Claims (50)

An electric surface heating (100) for laying in the construction sector, wherein the electric surface heating (100) is essentially elastic and has a lattice-shaped, in particular net-shaped, basic structure (110) which has a plurality of openings (115), wherein the basic structure (110) has: a plurality of longitudinal elements (111) which extend along a longitudinal direction (MD) of the basic structure (110), the longitudinal elements (111) having: a first fiber element (120) which has a low resistance and a permanent current-carrying capacity of at least 5 A, and a second fiber element (130), wherein the first fiber element (120) has a higher electrical conductivity than the second fiber element (130), and wherein the first fiber element (120) has the same or a higher coefficient of thermal expansion than the second fiber element (130) in at least one coordinate direction; a plurality of cross members (112) extending along a cross direction (CD) of the chassis (110), the cross members (112) having: a third fiber element (140), wherein the first fiber element (120) has a higher electrical conductivity than the third fiber element (140). The electric surface heating (100) according to claim 1 , wherein the basic structure (110) is at least partially formed as a woven fabric, wherein the longitudinal elements (111) form the warp of the fabric, and wherein the transverse elements (112) form the weft of the fabric. The electric surface heating (100) according to claim 1 or 2 wherein the basic structure (110) is at least partially formed by means of at least one of weaving, fixing, knotting, or knitting, the fibers of the longitudinal elements (111) and the transverse elements (112). The electric panel heater (100) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first fiber element (120) has metal, in particular copper or aluminum, in particular wherein the first fiber element (120) is designed as a cable. The electric surface heating (100) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the second fiber element (130) and/or the third fiber element (140) is designed to have a high resistance, in particular to be electrically insulating. The electric panel heater (100) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the second fiber element (130) and/or the third fiber element (140) comprises at least one from the group consisting of: polyethylene, HP-polyethylene, polyamide, polypropylene, Polyethylene terephthalate, polyetheretherketone, aramid, para-aramid, especially Kevlar, carbon, glass, cellulose, flax, jute, cotton, basalt, a non-combustible material, an inorganic material. The electric panel heater (100) according to any one of the preceding claims, further comprising: an electrically conductive heating material (160) as a heating component, which at least partially encloses the third fiber element (140). The electric surface heating (100) according to claim 7 , wherein the heating material (160) has at least one from the group consisting of: heating lacquer, carbon, in particular graphite, conductive carbon black, copper, aluminum, silver, a 2K material, an electrically conductive hardener, an electrically conductive binding material, a thermoplastic Elastomer, an ester, in particular polyvinyl ester, polyacrylic, polyacrylonitrile. The electric panel heater (100) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the heating material (160) has an elastic extensibility which is greater than an elastic extensibility of the third fiber element (140); and or wherein the electrically conductive heating material (120) has penetrated into 1/100 or more, in particular into 1/20 or more, further in particular into 1/5 or more, of the volume of the third fiber element (140). The electric panel heater (100) according to any one of the preceding claims, further comprising: a binder (165) which at least partially encloses the third fiber element (140), in particular wherein the binder (165) is electrically conductive or electrically insulating, further in particular wherein the binder (165) hardens by more than 0.5%, in particular by more than 2%, further in particular by more than 8%, of its volume shrinks. The electric surface heating (100) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the second fiber elements (130) and/or the third fiber elements (140) are coated with a coating, in particular the heating material (160) and/or the binder (165). , In particular, wherein the coating has a thickness in the Range 0.01 to 4 mm, in particular 0.05 and 2 mm, further in particular 0.1 and 1 mm. The electric surface heating (100) according to claim 11 , wherein an interface (125) between the first fiber element (120) and the third fiber element (140) is at least partially covered with the coating. The electric panel heater (100) according to any one of the preceding Claims 1 until 11 , further comprising: an isolation and/or a separation at an interface (125) between the first fiber element (120) and the third fiber element (140). The electric panel heater (100) according to any one of the preceding claims, further comprising: an elastic insulating material (150) in which the basic structure (110) is at least partially embedded. The electric surface heating (100) according to Claim 14 , wherein the elastic insulating material (150) has at least one from the group consisting of: silicone, polyurethane, in particular a polyurethane dispersion, a 2K elastomer, in particular based on at least one of epoxy, polyurethane, polyurea, in particular wherein the elastic insulation material can be cured by means of UV light and/or polyaddition. The electric panel heater (100) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the electric panel heater (100) is configured as a heating foil. The electric surface heating (100) according to Claim 16 , wherein the electric surface heating (100) can be rolled up, in particular rolled up into rolls with a diameter of 2 m or less, in particular 1.2 m or less, more particularly 65 cm or less, more particularly 40 cm or less. The electric surface heating (100) according to Claim 16 or 17 , wherein the corrugation of the electrical surface heating (100) after unrolling is 20 cm or less, in particular 12 cm or less, more in particular 5 cm or less, more in particular 2 cm or less. The electric panel heater (100) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the electric panel heater (100) further comprises: a control unit (170) for controlling/regulating a heating output, in particular wherein the control unit (170) is coupled to the first fiber element (120), further in particular wherein this first fiber element (120) is formed separately from the third fiber element (140). The electric panel heater (100) according to any one of the preceding claims, further comprising: a sensor unit (185), in particular a temperature sensor, which is coupled to the basic structure (110) via a sensor line (180), in particular woven into it. The electric surface heating (100) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the openings (115) of the basic structure (110) in plan view have a diameter in the range 0.5 mm to 120 mm, in particular 1.5 mm to 80 mm, more in particular 3 mm to 45 mm. The electric panel heater (100) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the electric panel heater (100) at least partially has a thickness of 10 mm or less, more particularly 8 mm or less, more particularly 5 mm or less, more particularly 3 mm or less , having. The electric panel heater (100) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the nominal heating power is between 50 W and 200 W per m ² , in particular between 100 W and 200 W per m ² . The electric panel heater (100) of any preceding claim, wherein the electric panel heater (100) is configured to operate heating components at a voltage of 60V or less. The electric panel heater (100) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the flexural rigidity of the electrical surface heating (100) differs in the longitudinal direction (MD) and the transverse direction (CD), in particular the difference being more than 1%, in particular more than 5%, more particularly more than 10%. The electric panel heater (100) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the electric panel heater (100) further comprises: an electrical supply line (171, 172) which is electrically coupled to a heating component of the electric panel heater (100), in particular by means of at least one from the group consisting of: Clips, soldering, gluing, welding, insulation displacement connections, knots, more particularly with the electrical supply line (171, 172) being woven into the basic structure (110). The electric panel heater (100) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the second fiber element (130) and/or the third fiber element (140) has a tensile strength of 10 MPa or more, in particular 100 MPa or more, in particular 1000 MPa or more in particular 1200 MPa or more. The electric surface heating (100) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the tear strength of the electric surface heating (100) in the main extension directions (MD, CD) is 200 N/5 cm or more, in particular 1000 N/5 cm or more, more particularly 2000 N/5 cm or more, more particularly where the tensile strength after production of the electric surface heating (100) is reduced by 50% or less within 10 years. The electric panel heater (100) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the basic structure (110) has recesses on which no heating component is arranged, in particular, these recesses serving as delimitation of separate surface heating modules (108, 109). The electric panel heater (100) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the electric panel heater (100) further comprises: a heating area (102) in which a heating component is arranged; and a free area (104) in which the heating component is not arranged, in particular wherein an extension of the free area (104) in a main extension direction of the electric surface heating (100) is 1 cm or more, in particular 2 cm or more, further in particular 3 cm or more, amounts to. The electric surface heating (100) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the electric surface heating (100) has 10 or more, in particular 20, more particularly 40 or more open areas (104), in particular recesses, at least in sections per square meter. The electric panel heater (100) according to any one of the preceding claims, further comprising: a control device (170), wherein the control device (170) is configured to control and/or regulate an energy supply to a heating component of the electric surface heating (100), and wherein the control device (170) is further configured to measure the energy quantity of the To control energy supply in such a way that a time-limited burst of energy is provided to the heating component of the electric surface heating (100). The electric surface heating (100) according to Claim 32 , wherein the energy burst has at least one feature from the group consisting of: locally variable, dependent on historical data, dependent on environmental conditions. The electric surface heating (100) according to Claim 32 or 33 , wherein the electric surface heating (100) further comprises: a first surface heating module (108); and a second surface heating module (109); wherein the control device (170) is coupled to the first panel heating module (108) and to the second panel heating module (109), and wherein the control device (170) is configured to control and/or regulate the first panel heating module (108) according to a first temperature characteristic , and, independently of this, to control and/or regulate the second surface heating module (109) according to a second temperature characteristic, the first temperature characteristic being different from the second temperature characteristic. The electric surface heating (100) according to Claim 34 , if dependent on claim 9 , wherein an area of the third fiber element (140) has no heating material (160), and wherein this area forms a boundary between the first surface heating module (108) and the second surface heating module (109). A panel heating system that has: an electric panel heater (100) according to any one of the preceding claims; a substrate, wherein the electric surface heating (100) is firmly connected to the substrate. The electric surface heating system according to Claim 36 , wherein the electric surface heating (100) is at least partially embedded in a substrate material, in particular wherein the substrate material has at least one from the group consisting of floor covering, wall covering, wallpaper, concrete, cement, screed, tiles, wood, laminate, glue. The electric surface heating system according to Claim 37 , wherein the substrate material further comprises: a surface heating cover layer, which is arranged on the electric surface heating (100), wherein a temperature difference, in the operating mode, between the basic structure (110) and the surface heating cover layer is 10°C or less, in particular 7°C or less, more particularly 5°C or less. A method for producing a substantially elastic electric panel heater (100), the method comprising: providing a plurality of longitudinal members (111) extending along a longitudinal direction (MD), the longitudinal members (111) having: a first fiber element (120) which has a low resistance and a permanent current-carrying capacity of at least 5 A, and a second fiber element (130), wherein the first fiber element (120) has a higher electrical conductivity than the second fiber element (130), and wherein the first fiber element (120) has the same or a higher coefficient of thermal expansion than the second fiber element (130) in at least one coordinate direction; providing a plurality of cross members (112) extending along a cross direction (CD), the cross members (112) having: a third fiber element (140), wherein the first fiber element (120) has a higher electrical conductivity than the third fiber element (140); Connecting the longitudinal elements (111) and the transverse elements (112) to obtain a lattice-shaped, in particular net-shaped, basic structure (110) with the longitudinal direction (MD) and the transverse direction (CD). The procedure according to Claim 39 wherein the joining comprises: at least partially weaving the ground structure (110), with the longitudinal elements (111) forming the warp of the fabric, and with the transverse elements (112) forming the weft of the fabric. The procedure according to Claim 39 or 40 , the method further comprising: enclosing the third fiber element (130) with a binder (165) and/or a heating material (160). The procedure according to Claim 41 wherein the third fibrous element (130) is first encased with the heating material (160), or wherein the third fibrous element (130) is first encased with the binder (165). The procedure according to Claim 41 or 42 , wherein the method further comprises: leaving a region of the third fiber element (140) free, in particular with this region forming a boundary between surface heating modules (108, 109). The method according to any of the Claims 41 until 43 wherein the electrically conductive heating material (120) is liquid or solid when enclosed. The method according to any of the Claims 41 until 44 , wherein the enclosing has at least one from the group consisting of: impregnating, printing, laminating, plasma coating, etching, vaporizing, spraying, brushing, gluing, printing. The method according to any of the Claims 41 until 45 , the method further comprising: isolating and/or separating the heating material (160) from the first fiber element (120) at an interface of the first fiber element (120) and the third fiber element (140). The method according to any of the Claims 41 until 46 , wherein the enclosing further comprises: leaving areas of the basic structure (110) free to provide recesses, in particular by means of at least one from the group consisting of: screen printing, reserve printing, in particular wax reserve printing, temporary covering. The method according to any of the Claims 39 until 47 , the method having a reel-to-reel process. Use of a woven lattice-like basic structure (110), which has electrically insulating fibers (130, 140) with a heating material coating, as elastic electric surface heating (100). Using a metal cable (120) as a warp in the woven framework (110) of FIG Claim 49 , to allow a specific expansion behavior.

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