DE102017120222B3 - Method and system for predicting a fuel composition in the thermal utilization of waste - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a method and a system for predicting a fuel composition in the thermal utilization of waste in a waste incineration plant. In this case, a detection of property information of the waste at each individual emptying of a collection container (3) in a collection vehicle (4) in the respective collection area (2, 2 '). It is a quartiers- and area-typical and time-dependent composition shown, the property information is transferred from the collection vehicle (4) to a waste incineration plant (1) and based thereon an assignment takes place a discharge point (12) for the collection vehicle (4) at a refuse bunker (11) the waste incinerator (1) where the waste is discharged and a waste package (14) is formed. According to the invention, the respective characteristic information is processed during a collection tour of the collection vehicle (4), so that prospective combustion characteristics are determined and a filling profile for the collecting vehicle (4) is created, during and at the end of the collection tour the composition of the waste can be determined. At least one calorific value, an expected elemental composition, an ash content and an ash composition and / or a pollutant load of the waste are determined as combustion properties. A method for operating a waste incineration plant based thereon, wherein an exhaust gas composition is calculated from the combustion calculation, is also the subject matter of the invention.

Description

The invention relates to a method and a system for predicting a fuel composition in the thermal utilization of waste in a waste incineration plant, also referred to as waste incineration plant, wherein a detection of property information of the waste at each individual emptying of a collection container into a collection vehicle in the respective collection area, wherein a district-and area-typical and time-dependent composition is presented, the property information is transferred from the collection vehicle to a waste incineration plant and based on an assignment of a collection point for the collection vehicle at a waste bunker of the incineration plant, where the waste discharged and a waste package is formed. A further aspect of the invention relates to a method for operating a waste incineration plant, wherein an exhaust gas composition is calculated from the combustion calculation.

The accruing waste (also called garbage, waste, residual waste, residual waste, rubbish) is collected by means of refuse vehicles, collectors referred to below, and centrally fed waste incineration plants with a refuse bunker as part of such a system. Depending on the type of energy recovery, waste incineration plants are also referred to as waste incineration plants, waste-to-energy plant (MKW), waste-to-energy plant (MHW) or waste-to-energy plant (MHKW). The present invention is applicable to any of these systems. Currently, a continuous online prediction of the fuel-technical properties (for example, calorific value, slagging tendency, pollutant load) of the residual waste supplied from the refuse bunker via a chimney of the furnace is not possible.

A prediction of fuel properties of the waste is a significant improvement with regard to the homogenization of the waste composition, to account for temporal variations and to optimize the plant itself EP 0 566 527 B1 For example, the driver of the collection vehicle himself makes an input on an interface based on the loaded materials and indicates the calorific value in a rough gradation. Based on this information can then be a steering of the collection vehicle to a discharge point in the refuse bunker with the aim to achieve a balanced distribution of waste in the refuse bunker not only on the amount, but also on the calorific value. This would eliminate the time-consuming distribution and homogenization within the refuse bunker. However, the specification of the driver is dependent on his subjective assessment and therefore error prone.

In order to exclude the human error factor, put the pamphlets DE 44 45 954 A1 and DE 44 46 022 A1 to an automatic determination of the fuel properties of waste. However, this is limited to the determination of the moisture by means of microwave absorption and derives from this a calorific value. Although this provision gives an approximation of the calorific value, it disregards the other clearly varying properties of the waste materials. Thus, the method is unsuitable for a more accurate forecast.

After the publication CN 102889598 A the calorific value of an unknown waste composition is determined. The basis for this is the comprehensive recording of operating state parameters in a waste incineration plant. Thus, a neural network is trained and limited by the Garson algorithm to the essential parameters, which accelerates the later calculation. As a result, however, the method can only generate a prognosis retroactively or in the case of repetitive operating states.

From the publication DE 693 01 331 T2 For example, a method for predicting a fuel composition is known (see pages 3, lines 3 to 13 and pages 6 to 6 to 25), which is used for the thermal utilization of waste in a waste incineration plant (cf., p. Z. 1 -10). Based on this, a collection point for the collection vehicle is assigned to a refuse bunker of the waste incineration plant, where the waste is unloaded and a waste package is formed (see p 7, lines 15-25 and page 12, line 22 - p. Z. 29). However, this is done without a detection of property information of the waste at each individual emptying of a collection container in a collection vehicle in the respective collection area, there are also no quartiers- and area-typical and time-dependent composition shown and the property information is not transferred from the collection vehicle to a waste incineration plant.

In the publication WO 92/16907 A1 a method for monitoring a waste collection vehicle is described, in which a detection of information such as place and time of each emptying of a collection container in a collection vehicle in the respective collection area is (see p 1 Z 1 - 6, p 3, Z. 31 - p.4, Z. 6, p.4, Z. 26 - 32). The corresponding data are transferred to the respective waste collection point (cf. 2 , Reference numeral 58 step iVm description p. 9, Z. 26 - p. 10, Z. 14).

From the relevant specialist literature Martin Kranert, Klaus Cord-Landwehr (ed.), Introduction to the waste management, Wiesbaden, Vieweg + Teubner, 2010, pp. 35-37 and 65-66, it is known that the waste composition and thus the fuel properties of the waste may vary widely with the season, area or type of collection. In addition to the location and time of waste collection, however, there is a lack of time, district and area information regarding waste composition.

From the publication DE 699 23 357 T2 For example, a method for operating an incinerator (see paragraphs [0001], [0027] - [0032]) is known wherein an exhaust gas composition is calculated from the combustion calculation (see paragraphs [0056] - [0060]). The combustion calculation and an online balancing are linked together in such a way (see paragraphs [0027] - [0032]) that the exhaust gas composition is calculated from the combustion calculation (see paragraphs [0027] - [0032]) and the actual Measured exhaust gas composition (see Abs. [0027] - [0032]) is.

The publication US 5,367,470 A discloses a similar method as the aforementioned document (see. 1 i .Vm Sp. 3, lines 16-45; Sp. 15, line 49 - section 17, line 9).

The known technical methods and solutions for predicting the fuel properties of inhomogeneous waste in waste incineration plants, in particular waste incineration plants, provide that the composition of the fuel is determined at best while in the shaft of a refuse bunker, when supplied to a boiler comprising a steam generator and a combustion chamber is located for combustion. The combustion chamber, also referred to as reactor space, can be designed, for example, as a grate, rotary kiln, fluidized bed or multiple-hearth furnace. Thus, at least conclusions can be drawn on a possible optimization of the instantaneous operation, ie the immediate plant state, but this always represents a reaction to the waste that has just been burned. The methods of the prior art shorten the delay between determination of the state of the plant and the reaction to it however, they can not provide a truly predictive driving experience as the information on the fuel is not available until it is in the process of combustion and is already affecting the plant. In addition, no combustion properties such as a calorific value, an expected elemental composition, an ash content and an ash composition and / or a pollutant load of the waste are determined.

It is therefore an object of the present invention, already in the collection of waste and storage in the bunker, in the bunker itself and thus before feeding into the firing shaft to make a statement about the fuel properties of the waste.

To achieve the object according to the invention, a method is provided for forecasting a fuel composition in the thermal utilization of waste, in particular according to a prognosis model, in which a detection of property information of the waste takes place at each individual emptying of a collection container into a collection vehicle in the respective collection area.

The basis for determining the characteristics of the collected waste is their composition typical of the district and the area. In this context, temporal dependencies (public holidays, weekdays, seasons) can also be taken into account. For these characteristic compositions are already published data to varying degrees, which can be used for the inventive method proposed here and constantly expanded and improved. This property information is transmitted together with the mass and the volume (for example, resulting from the detected fill level of a waste container) of the collected waste to the collection vehicle or directly to the incinerator or a central server as the evaluation unit.

The property information is transmitted from the collection vehicle to a waste incineration plant, either upon arrival of the collection vehicle at the incinerator or previously by remote transmission. Based on the property information, after processing the property information, preferably during the collection tour in the collection vehicle or in the waste incineration plant, an allocation of a discharge point in a refuse bunker of the waste incineration plant takes place.

The detection of property information when emptying the collection container is done for example by manual input, preferably by GPS and / or barcode scanner or RFID technology.

It has proved to be advantageous if at least part of the property information is determined by location, collection area, fill weight, fill level and / or emptying frequency and, as a directly derived therefrom, the average density of the collected waste. It is particularly advantageous if historical information, such. B. from a database, a storage device or other data source, are recorded in the previous results of the locally resolved property information included.

An advantageous embodiment of the invention provides that the respective determined property information is processed during the collection tour in the collection vehicle, so that probable combustion properties are determined and a filling profile is created for the collection vehicle. As a result, a composition of the waste can be determined during and at the end of a collection tour.

According to the invention, it is provided, in particular, to determine at least one calorific value, an expected stochastic-empirical elemental composition, an ash content and an ash composition (for determining the slagging tendency) and / or a contaminant load of the waste (both in the ash and in the flue gas) as combustion properties , In an advantageous embodiment, the bunker is subdivided into discrete volumes in which waste packages are located, depending on the filling level. The size of the volumes or waste packages varies depending on the system and circumstances and does not have to be uniform within a plant.

It has proved to be advantageous if detection of movements of the waste packages takes place, wherein the movements are preferably detected by means of the bunker crane which is provided for mixing the waste and / or for feeding processes. The movements of the waste packages as a whole or only as sub-packages within the bunker of the incineration plant are linked to the associated property information, so that the location of the respective waste packages can be traced as a whole or only as sub-packages.

Particular advantages are achieved if the detection of the movement in the refuse bunker by profiling, for example on an optical basis, preferably by means of a laser system occurs. The measuring system systematically scans the refuse bunker and uses it to create a height profile, in which the movement of waste volumes, also referred to as waste packages, can be reconstructed in the refuse bunker from the difference between two recorded profiles between two measuring cycles. Both newly created waste packages in the form of rubbish heaps of waste as well as redistribution and removal by a bunker crane are recorded. In addition, the associated masses are measured by the integrated weight measurement of the bunker crane and processed to determine the location of the movements of the bunker crane. Due to the profile recording are also shifts in the bunker, the z. B. caused by slipping of waste, taken into account.

After processing the measured values for the location and origin of the waste located in the refuse bunker, the property information of the waste packages (as a whole or only as partial packages) can be transmitted when the boiler combustion chamber is charged. It is particularly advantageous if, taking into account the property information, in particular the previously assigned waste composition, the waste packages are assigned fuel properties. This is possible by the aforementioned tracking of the waste moving in the refuse bunker and in particular the waste packages.

A further aspect of the invention relates to a method for operating a waste incineration plant, wherein a fuel composition is determined by waste fractions from the operating data of the plant. This is preferably done according to a fraction model. The results of the fraction model are then used again to validate and improve the forecasting model as previously described. A further embodiment of the method for operating a waste incineration plant according to a fraction model is described below.

The object according to the invention is also achieved by a system for forecasting a fuel composition in the thermal utilization of waste. Here are means for detecting property information of the waste at each individual emptying of a collection container in a collection vehicle in the respective collection area, means for transferring the property information from the collection vehicle to a waste incineration plant, for example by remote transmission or on arrival of the collection vehicle at the incinerator, and a device for Processing the property information provided. The processing of the property information may be done prior to transmission in the collection vehicle and / or after transmission in the waste incineration plant. The device for processing the property information outputs a discharge point in a refuse bunker of the waste incineration plant, wherein furthermore a device for detecting movements of the waste packages and their associated input information, preferably by means of the bunker crane, are provided.

The device for detecting movements of the waste packages preferably comprises a measuring system that systematically scans the refuse bunker and creates a height profile therefrom.

Furthermore, a measuring system is included, which determines the mass of the waste by an integrated weight detection when receiving the waste, preferably by the bunker crane itself. In addition, a measuring system for path detection is provided, which records the movement sequence of the bunker crane, furthermore, a processing unit is provided, which is connected to the measuring systems in such a way that an allocation and tracking of the waste packages and a transmission of this information to the incineration plant becomes possible. As a result, according to the invention, a prognosis of the fuel composition in the thermal waste utilization is achieved. This prognosis can be further validated and improved by determining a fuel composition according to waste fractions from the operating data of the plant during or after combustion (fraction model) and compared with the previously calculated fuel composition.

With the presented method and the system required for this purpose, it is possible to make a statement about the composition of the waste before the combustion chamber is charged (eg, carried out as a grate, rotary kiln, fluidized bed, deck oven). As a result of the invention, the available reaction time for the plant operator extended in a particularly advantageous manner, so that a largely constant and uniform operation with high throughputs for effective waste disposal is possible.

1. 1. Erfassung der einzelnen Entleerung der grauen Tonne, des Abfallbehälters für Restabfall, im jeweiligen Sammelgebiet durch manuelle Eingabe, GPS und/ oder Barcodescanner oder RFID-Technik;
2. 2. Verarbeitung der jeweiligen Inputinformation während der Sammeltour;
3. 3. Übergabe der Informationen vom Sammelfahrzeug an die Abfallverbrennungsanlage und darauf basierende Zuweisung einer Abwurfstelle im Müllbunker;
4. 4. Erfassung von Bewegungen der Abfallpakete und deren zugehörige Inputinformation mittels des Bunkerkrans (z. B. zur Mischung) und
5. 5. Erfassung der Beschickung einer Verbrennungsanlage.

The task of prediction of the composition in the refuse bunker and task on a chute, which serves to load the combustion chamber is summarized as follows:

1. 1. Detection of the individual emptying of the gray bin, the waste container for residual waste, in the respective collection area by manual entry, GPS and / or barcode scanner or RFID technology;
2. 2. Processing of the respective input information during the collection tour;
3. 3. Transfer of the information from the collection vehicle to the waste incineration plant and the assignment of a discharge point in the refuse bunker based thereon;
4. 4. Detection of movements of the waste packages and their associated input information by means of the bunker crane (eg for mixing) and
5. 5. Detection of the feed of an incinerator.

• Zu 1) Erfassung der einzelnen Entleerung der grauen Tonne (Abfallbehälter für Restabfall) im jeweiligen Sammelgebiet sind beispielsweise vorgesehen:
  • Einsatz passiver RFID-Chips:
    • ◯ Codierung enthält nur Standort und eventuell weitere notwendige Informationen, Rückschlüsse auf Eigner sind aufgrund des Datenschutzes ggf. auszuschließen;
    • ◯ Standort wird nur codiert gespeichert (Zahlen-/ Buchstabenkombination) und später im System einer charakteristischen Zusammensetzung zugeordnet;
    • ◯ beim Auslesen vor Ort durch Dritte sind keine persönlichen Informationen, außer dem Standort des Abfallbehälters, enthalten;
    • ◯ das Auslesen des Chips erfolgt bei der Entleerung ins Sammelfahrzeug;
    • ◯ bei der Leerung erfassen die Sammelfahrzeuge mittels geeichter Waagen oder dergleichen das Gewicht jedes einzelnen Abfallbehälters;
    • ◯ Neben der Ermittlung des Füllgewichts ist ebenfalls die Messung des Füllstands des Abfallbehälters vorteilhaft. Dafür eignen sich besonders vorteilhaft optische Messsysteme, die beim Öffnen der Behälterabdeckung, unmittelbar vor der Entleerung, die Füllhöhe ermitteln. Geeignete Messmethoden sind einerseits Laufzeitmessungen über Ultraschallsensoren (robust und preisgünstig) und andererseits die Messung über Lasertriangulation (bestehend aus einer fokussierbaren Lichtquelle sowie einem optischen Sensor, z. B. einer Kamera)
  • Als erfasste Daten kommen in Betracht der Ort bzw. das Sammelgebiet, das Füllgewicht, der Füllstand, die Leerungshäufigkeit sowie als unmittelbar hiervon abgeleitete Größe die mittlere Dichte der eingesammelten Abfälle. Andere Erfassungsmethoden nach dem Stand der Technik sind ebenso umfasst.
• zu 2) Verarbeitung der jeweiligen Inputinformation während der Sammeltour:
  • Durch die Aufnahme der oben genannten Daten kann ein Füllprofil und ein Zusammensetzungsprofil (Fraktionen, Elementarzusammensetzung) für das jeweilige Sammelfahrzeug erstellt werden. Damit kann während und am Ende einer Sammeltour die Abfallzusammensetzung ermittelt werden.
  • Die zuvor aufgenommenen Daten sind nicht ausreichend, um eine hinreichend qualifizierte Aussage über die brennstofftechnisch relevante Abfallzusammensetzung zu treffen. Für ein genaueres Bild ist es vorteilhaft, zunächst empirische Untersuchungen der Zusammensetzung durchzuführen. Dabei werden für ein sozio-ökonomisch (weitgehend) homogenes Sammelgebiet über einen längeren Zeitraum bzw. über mehrere Sammelzyklen Stichproben vollständig analysiert. Darunter fällt die Erfassung von:
    • ◯ Müllarten (Papierreste, mineralische Bestandteile, organischen Bestandteile, Kunststoffe);
    • ◯ Mengenanteilen;
    • ◯ Elementarzusammensetzung der jeweiligen Bestandteile;
    • ◯ mittlere Dichten, sowohl der Einzelbestandteile als auch typischer Mischungen.
• zu 3) Übergabe der Informationen vom Sammelfahrzeug an die Abfallverbrennungsanlage und darauf basierende Zuweisung einer Abwurfstelle im Müllbunker. Bei Ankunft des Sammelfahrzeuges am Müllbunker wird die spezifische Zusammensetzung der Beladung per Datenübertragung an die Abfallverbrennungsanlage übergeben. Diese Information wird genutzt um dem Sammelfahrzeug eine bestimmte Abladestelle am Müllbunker zuzuweisen.
• zu 4) Erfassung von Bewegungen der Abfallpakete und deren zugehörige Inputinformation mittels des Bunkerkrans (z. B. zur Mischung der Abfälle im Müllbunker eingesetzt). Für eine genaue Erfassung der Bewegung im Müllbunker ist eine Ultraschallmessung, wie bereits bei der Erfassung der Füllhöhe des Abfallbehälters, nicht hinreichend, da die Messung zu ungenau und langsam ist. Für die Festinstallation eignet sich vorzugsweise eine Messmethode zur Profilerfassung auf optischer Basis (z. B. Lasersysteme). Das Messsystem muss den Müllbunker systematisch abtasten und daraus ein Höhenprofil erstellen. Aus der jeweiligen Differenz zwischen zwei erfassten Profilen zwischen zwei Messzyklen kann die Bewegung von Müllvolumina im Müllbunker nachvollzogen werden. So werden durch Entladung von Sammelfahrzeugen sowohl neu geschaffene Müllschütthaufen (auch als Abfallpakete oder Schütthaufen bezeichnet) als auch Umschichtungen und Entnahmen durch den Bunkerkran (auch als Müllkran bezeichnet) erfasst. Die zugehörigen Massen sind durch die integrierte Gewichtserfassung des Bunkerkrans messbar. Im Zusammenspiel ist dann eine Nachverfolgung (Tracking) der bewegten Müllmengen möglich. Den Abfallpaketen können unter Berücksichtigung der zuvor zugeordneten Abfallzusammensetzung Brennstoffeigenschaften zugeordnet werden.
• zu 5) Erfassung der Beschickung:
  • Für die Beschickung der Anlage ist selbst kein weiteres technisches System notwendig, da die Abfallpakete bereits durch Masse, Volumen und Zusammensetzung charakterisiert sind. Im Aufgabeschacht der Verbrennungsanlage liegt nach der Beschickung durch den Bunkerkran ein definierter Schütthaufen an Brennstoff vor.

The technical implementation of the inventive concept is carried out within the scope of a preferred embodiment as described in detail below with reference to the overview:

• For 1) Detection of the individual emptying of the gray bin (waste container for residual waste) in the respective collection area are provided, for example:
  • Use of passive RFID chips:
    • ◯ coding contains only location and possibly further necessary information, conclusions on owners can be excluded due to data protection;
    • ◯ location is stored only coded (number / letter combination) and later assigned to a characteristic composition in the system;
    • ◯ third-party on-site reading does not contain any personal information other than the location of the waste container;
    • ◯ the chip is read when it is emptied into the collection vehicle;
    • ◯ when emptying the collection vehicles by means of calibrated scales or the like, the weight of each waste container;
    • ◯ In addition to the determination of the filling weight, the measurement of the filling level of the waste container is also advantageous. For this purpose, optical measuring systems are particularly advantageous, which determine the filling level when opening the container cover, immediately before emptying. Suitable measuring methods are on the one hand transit time measurements via ultrasonic sensors (robust and inexpensive) and on the other hand the measurement via laser triangulation (consisting of a focusable light source and an optical sensor, eg a camera)
  • The recorded data includes the location or collection area, the fill weight, the fill level, the emptying frequency and, as a directly derived quantity, the average density of the collected waste. Other detection methods of the prior art are also included.
• to 2) Processing of the respective input information during the collection tour:
  • By including the above data, a fill profile and a composition profile (fractions, elemental composition) for the respective collection vehicle can be created. Thus, the waste composition can be determined during and at the end of a group tour.
  • The previously recorded data are not sufficient to make a sufficiently qualified statement about the fuel technology relevant waste composition. For a more accurate picture, it is advantageous to first perform empirical investigations of the composition. Here are for a socio-economic (largely) homogeneous collection area over a longer period or over Multiple collection cycles Samples completely analyzed. This includes the detection of:
    • ◯ types of waste (scraps of paper, mineral components, organic components, plastics);
    • ◯ quantity shares;
    • ◯ elemental composition of the respective components;
    • ◯ average densities, both of the individual constituents and of typical mixtures.
• to 3) transfer of the information from the collection vehicle to the waste incineration plant and the assignment of a discharge point in the refuse bunker based thereon. Upon arrival of the collection vehicle at the refuse bunker, the specific composition of the load is transferred by data transfer to the waste incineration plant. This information is used to assign the collection vehicle to a specific unloading point at the refuse bunker.
• to 4) Detection of movements of the waste packages and their associated input information by means of the bunker crane (eg used for mixing the waste in the refuse bunker). For an accurate detection of the movement in the refuse bunker ultrasonic measurement, as already in the detection of the filling height of the waste container, is not sufficient, since the measurement is too inaccurate and slow. For permanent installation, a measuring method for profile detection on an optical basis (eg laser systems) is preferably suitable. The measuring system must systematically scan the refuse bunker and create a height profile from it. From the respective difference between two recorded profiles between two measuring cycles, the movement of waste volumes in the refuse bunker can be traced. Thus, by unloading collection vehicles both newly created Müllschütthaufen (also referred to as waste packages or Schüthaufen) as well as shifts and withdrawals by the bunker crane (also referred to as a waste crane) recorded. The associated masses can be measured by the integrated weight measurement of the bunker crane. In interaction then a tracking (tracking) of the moving waste quantities is possible. The waste packages may be assigned fuel properties taking into account the previously assigned waste composition.
• to 5) Detection of the feed:
  • There is no need for a further technical system to feed the system, since the waste packages are already characterized by their mass, volume and composition. In the feed chute of the incinerator there is a defined pile of fuel after being fed through the bunker crane.

The core of the process idea according to the invention is the precise local detection of the waste collection points which are approached during the collection of waste with the collection vehicle. The local detection takes place for example by the determination of geodetic data, z. B. GPS coordinates. As a result, a prediction of the expected composition of the charged waste can be made taking into account the characteristic, in particular the socioeconomic situation in the collection area concerned. The composition now allows conclusions to be drawn regarding the anticipated combustion characteristics (calorific value, slagging tendency, pollutant load) of the collected and loaded waste, especially if this concerns the waste. These properties are important influencing factors for process management in thermal waste treatment plants.

Now, if the waste composition and derived therefrom the fuel properties are known, then this information can be used for a more efficient filling of the refuse bunker in waste-to-energy plants. In particular, instead of the hitherto completely unknown waste composition in the refuse bunker, areas with characteristic fuel properties can be created in a refuse bunker, depending on the unloading location, and prepared for specific, demand-based removal (cf. 2 ). This ultimately leads to a defined, targeted operation of the combustion process.

With the defined loading also results a position-related information (for example, in the Cartesian coordinate system x, y, z) on the waste composition and quality within the refuse bunker. Depending on requirements, the residual waste in the refuse bunker must be further mixed for further homogenization of the waste by bunker crane movement. Each waste movement within the refuse bunker is recorded with quantity and associated input information (unloading and unloading point), so that a new, up-to-date status of the composition of the waste in the refuse bunker can be calculated.

The inventive method takes the place of the previous loading of the chute or the combustion chamber in waste incineration plants, which is based on experience. An employee decides so far due to the visual registration and as required from the control center, which quantities and from which area waste is taken to the further fuel task. However, since the refuse bunker according to the invention can be loaded and mixed intelligently, it is possible for the plant operator to specifically organize the charging of the chute, ie to optimize the combustion process with the downstream processes of the exhaust gas purification, slag disposal or other valuable material recovery.

• - die Abgasreinigung (Vermeidung von Schadstoffspitzen, weniger Korrosion) und damit
• - verbesserte Standzeiten, weniger Reparaturbedarf und verlängerte Wartungsintervalle an der Verbrennungstechnik und nachfolgenden Anlagenbestandteilen (Kessel, Rauchgasreinigung),
• - geringerer Additivbedarf,
• - verbesserte Schlackeeigenschaften,
• - verringerte Verschmutzung,
• - Verbesserung von Verfügbarkeit und Durchsatz der gesamten Anlage.

Advantageously influenced by:

• - the emission control (avoidance of pollutant spikes, less corrosion) and thus
• - improved service life, less need for repair and longer maintenance intervals for the combustion technology and subsequent plant components (boiler, flue gas cleaning),
• - lower additive requirement,
• - improved slag properties,
• - reduced pollution,
• - Improve availability and throughput of the entire plant.

On the basis of the method according to the invention for predicting a fuel composition during the thermal utilization of waste in a waste incineration plant, the operation of such a plant can also be advantageously carried out. This is especially the case when the actual exhaust gas composition is determined during operation of the waste incineration plant and used as an input variable of the online balancing including the fractions model. In this case, an exhaust gas composition from the combustion calculation is determined. For this purpose, the combustion calculation, an online accounting and a prognosis model are linked together accordingly.

This makes it possible, with hindsight, to calculate the waste composition of the already incinerated waste fed to the combustion process. At the same time, according to the method of the present invention for predicting the waste composition as described above, the waste composition was calculated in advance or simultaneously. By comparing the predicted with the subsequently calculated waste composition, the forecasting model can be adapted and continuously improved. This represents a further embodiment of the method for operating a waste incineration plant according to a fraction model.

In the context, it has proven to be particularly advantageous if the online balance comprises a faction model which is based on an objective function $${\left({\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{\Sigma }}{x}_i}\right)}^2-2\cdot {\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{\Sigma }}{x}_i}\to \text{min}|Oder{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{\Sigma }}{x}_i=1}$$

Mass fractions of the n predefined waste fractions i determined. For this purpose, a definition of basal waste fractions, an assignment of fractional properties for uniform features, an introduction of fraction mass fractions x as determinant variable and a mathematical combination of model components to describe the resulting waste on the basis of mass conservation and / or energy conservation for weighted with the fractions of mass shares characteristics x of individual fractions. Advantageously, the weighted features x comprise at least one elemental composition, a calorific value and a pollutant content of the individual fractions.

A comprehensive description of this can be found in the description of an embodiment.

Further details, features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following description of exemplary embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings.

1 shows a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the inventive solution for the fundamental improvement of thermal waste utilization in a waste incineration plant 1. Shown are two collection areas 2 where waste is in collection bins 3 for collection by collection vehicles 4 to be provided. The information that the collection vehicles generate when emptying the collection containers as well as location information is sent to a facility 5 to transfer the information and thereby to the waste incineration plant 1 transfer.

2 schematically shows a refuse bunker 11 the waste incineration plant 1 , shown schematically as a bunker model with areas 2 . 2 ' known fuel composition from which fuel properties are derivable. These are symbolized by a circle diagram at different locations in the refuse bunker 11 , Based on the previously collected vehicle 4 to the waste incineration plant 1 transmitted information is the collection vehicle 4 to a discharge point 12 directed. The result is the location of the waste packages unloaded there 14 in the garbage bunker 11 known. In the course of time can be in this way a three-dimensional bunker model of waste agglomerations or waste packages 14 create, where the dimension in the plane is defined by the assignment of the shaft, the dimension of the height by the order of the Unloading, because later unloaded waste packages 14 higher than previously unloaded. Thus, the fuel properties for discrete waste packages 14 anywhere in the refuse bunker 11 known.

A bunker crane 13 moves the waste packages 14 for mixing or for combustion. The movement of waste packages 14 is defined and comprehensible, so that even with a change of location due to the mixing of the new location of the waste package 14 known in the system. In addition, a height profile 15 the garbage bunker 11 determined by the mixing, by removing or adding waste constantly changes.

Due to the respective characteristic, in particular socio-economic situation in different collection areas 2 . 2 ' conclusions can be drawn on the composition of the waste in the collection containers or waste containers set up there (eg gray bin for residual waste). The waste composition is determined on the one hand by the separate collection according to valuable materials (eg paper, glass, light packaging), which are removed from the waste with proper sorting, as well as the accumulation of waste per se. On the other hand, the sorting quality also varies significantly depending on the collection area. This results in area-specific characteristic compositions of the waste, which is mainly supplied to the thermal utilization.

3 schematically shows an embodiment of the method according to the invention involving a "numerical fraction model". The combination with this faction model and the online accounting, in particular for checking and comparing the predictions, results in a particularly advantageous possibility of correction and a learning capability of the method.

1. a) Verbrennungsrechnung [nach dem Stand der Technik bekannt aus Scholz, Beckmann, Schulenburg: Abfallbehandlung in thermischen Verfahren, Teubner Verlag, Stuttgart, 2001], dargestellt in der linken Spalte: Ist die Abfallzusammensetzung bekannt, kann durch eine Verbrennungsrechnung das entstehende Abgas bzw. die Abgaszusammensetzung berechnet werden.
2. b) Online-Bilanzierung, dargestellt in der rechten Spalte: Berechnet Anlagenzustände und mit dem nachfolgend beschriebenen Fraktionsmodell auch die Abfallzusammensetzung anhand der gemessenen Rauchgasdaten, somit durch eine ex post Betrachtung. Dies basiert auf der Verbrennungsrechnung.
3. c) Prognosemodell (links): Stellt die wahrscheinliche Abfallzusammensetzung des Abfalls, wie er auf dem Rost der Brennkammer anlangt, anhand der gesammelten Daten aus den Sammelfahrzeugen und bekannten Fraktionsanteilen zusammen. Die Abfallzusammensetzung wird damit zur Eingangsgröße für die Verbrennungsrechnung und stellt daher eine ex-ante-Betrachtung dar.

The system can be designed to be adaptive, since several sources of information for the calculation of the waste composition and the combustion-resultant flue gas composition already exist and can be included in the prior art:

1. a) Combustion calculation [from the prior art known from Scholz, Beckmann, Schulenburg: waste treatment in thermal processes, Teubner Verlag, Stuttgart, 2001], shown in the left column: If the waste composition is known, the resulting exhaust gas or the exhaust gas composition can be calculated.
2. b) Online balancing, shown in the right-hand column: Calculates system states and, with the fraction model described below, also calculates the waste composition on the basis of the measured flue gas data, thus by an ex-post analysis. This is based on the combustion calculation.
3. c) Predictive model (left): Compiles the likely waste composition of the waste as it arrives on the grate of the combustion chamber, based on collected data from the collection vehicles and known fractions. The waste composition thus becomes the input parameter for the combustion calculation and therefore represents an ex-ante consideration.

The aim of the method described below using the numerical fraction model is to calculate the composition of the fractions of unknown waste fuels in waste incineration plants, which is operationally synchronous with the results of online balancing. By assigning average properties to the individually predefined waste fractions, numerous parameters and features can be quantitatively evaluated for the resulting mixture of reacting waste fuel. From a mathematical perspective, an optimization calculation with constraints is used to solve the described task.

• ◯ Schritt 1: Definition grundständiger Abfallfraktionen (z. B. Kunststoff, Organik, Textilien);
• ◯ Schritt 2: Zuordnung von Fraktionseigenschaften für einheitliche Merkmale;

For this purpose, a target function is set up, which must be fulfilled in compliance with all secondary conditions. The variables x _{i of} the objective function are then the sought-after mass fractions of the predefined n waste fractions i. For the approach to calculate the fractions composition, the following procedure with the associated mathematical relationships follows:

• ◯ Step 1: Definition of basic waste fractions (eg plastic, organics, textiles);
• ◯ Step 2: Allocation of fractional properties for uniform features;

• ◯ Schritt 3: Einführung der Fraktionsmassenanteile x als zu determinierende Variable;
• ◯ Schritt 4: Mathematische Verknüpfung der Modellkomponenten zur Beschreibung des resultierenden Abfalls anhand der Massen- bzw. Energieerhaltung für die mit den Fraktionsmasseanteilen gewichteten Merkmale (z. B. Elementarzusammensetzung, Heizwert, Schadstoffgehalt) der Einzelfraktionen;
• ◯ Schritt 5: Aufstellung der Zielfunktion $${\left({\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^n{x}_i}\right)}^2-2\cdot {\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^n{x}_i}\to \text{min}|oder{\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^n{x}_i=1}$$
  
• ◯ Schritt 6: Aufstellung der Nebenbedingungen (zwei Arten: Gleichheit, Ungleichheit);
• ◯ Schritt 7: Festlegung des Optimierungsverfahrens (kommerziell verfügbare Algorithmen der quadratischen Programmierung o. ä. nichtlineare Optimierungsverfahren) und der mathematischen Randbedingungen (Toleranzen, Abbruchkriterien) für die numerische Berechnung.

The under step 1 At least for the elemental composition and the calorific value, selected fractions are assigned concrete values representing a representative mean value for the catchment area in question (eg regional, national or continental). Like the decision for certain political groups, the choice of characteristics is not restrictive, but dependent on the use case and subordinate to the data available.

• ◯ Step 3: Introduction of fraction mass fractions x as variable to be determined;
• ◯ Step 4: Mathematical linking of the model components to describe the resulting waste on the basis of mass or energy conservation for the features weighted with the fraction mass fractions (eg elemental composition, calorific value, pollutant content) of the individual fractions;
• ◯ Step 5: Setting up the objective function $${\left({\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{\Sigma }}{x}_i}\right)}^2-2\cdot {\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{\Sigma }}{x}_i}\to \text{min}|Oder{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{\Sigma }}{x}_i=1}$$
  
• ◯ Step 6: List of constraints (two types: equality, inequality);
• ◯ Step 7: Definition of the optimization procedure (commercially available algorithms of quadratic programming or similar nonlinear optimization methods) and the mathematical boundary conditions (tolerances, termination criteria) for the numerical calculation.

By means of the constraints, the range of possible solutions is reduced so much that only one (in the sense of uniqueness) extremely small range for the fulfillment of the objective function comes into question.

In the present example case, the constraints are divided into two categories: equality conditions and inequality conditions. The equality conditions are: This calculated waste consists exclusively of the predefined fractions and meets the carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and water contents as well as the calorific value determined with the help of the separate online balance calculation. The inequality or range constraints limit the expected ranges of variation for the waste fractions and thereby reduce the amount of solutions to useful compositions by eliminating unrealistic fractions (e.g., 80% by mass of textiles). Depending on the spectrum of the delivered waste, these secondary conditions must be individually adapted for each application.

These three calculation approaches, combustion calculation, online accounting and prognosis model, can be contrasted and make it possible to compare the respective results against each other. This can reveal discrepancies and determine causes in a more targeted manner and, as a result, improve the system and its functionality in terms of a learning ability.

Claims (12)

A method for predicting a fuel composition in the thermal utilization of waste in a waste incineration plant, wherein a detection of property information of the waste at each individual emptying of a collection container (3) in a collection vehicle (4) in the respective collection area (2, 2 '), wherein a representation of the characteristics of the collection vehicle (4) to a waste incineration plant (1) and based thereon an allocation of a discharge point (12) for the collection vehicle (4) at a refuse bunker (11) of the waste incineration plant ( 1) takes place, where the waste is discharged and a waste package (14) is formed, characterized in that the respective property information during a collection tour of the collection vehicle (4) are processed so that prospective combustion properties determined and a filling profile for the collecting vehicle (4) ers The composition of the waste can be determined during and at the end of the collection tour, whereby at least one calorific value, an expected elemental composition, an ash content and an ash composition and / or a pollutant load of the waste are determined as combustion properties. Method according to Claim 1 , wherein the detection of property information in the emptying of the collecting container (3) by manual input, GPS, RFID technology and / or barcode scanner takes place. Method according to Claim 1 or 2 , wherein at least a part of the property information by location, collection area (2), fill weight, level and / or emptiness frequency and as directly derived therefrom, the average density of the collected waste are determined, including historical information. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the refuse bunker (11) is divided into discrete volumes in which the waste packages (14) are located before combustion. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein a detection of movements of the waste packages (14), linked to the associated property information, within the refuse bunker (11) of the waste incineration plant (1) is provided. Method according to Claim 5 wherein the detection of the movement of the waste in the refuse bunker (11) by profiling on an optical basis by means of a laser system, the measuring system scans the refuse bunker (11) systematically and from a height profile (15) created by the difference between two detected profiles between two measuring cycles, the movement of waste packages (14) or parts thereof in the refuse bunker (11) is determined and by unloading collection vehicles (4) newly created waste packages (14) and shifts and withdrawals are detected by a bunker crane (13), wherein the associated masses are measured by an integrated weight detection of the bunker crane (13) and the movements of the bunker crane (13) are processed, so that after processing the acquired measured values with the transferred waste to a combustion chamber property information can be transmitted. A method for operating a waste incineration plant, wherein an exhaust gas composition is calculated from the combustion calculation, characterized in that the combustion calculation, an online balance and a forecasting model are linked together in such a way that the exhaust gas composition is calculated from the combustion calculation, the actual exhaust gas composition metrologically detected and is used as an input to online balancing, including a fractional model that determines a fuel composition by fraction of waste from the plant's operating data, and subsequently calculates the waste composition of the already burnt waste that was sent to the combustion process. Method according to Claim 7 in which, at the same time, according to the method of one of the preceding claims for predicting the waste composition, the waste composition is calculated in advance and the prognosis model is adapted and improved by comparing the predicted with the subsequently calculated waste composition. Method according to Claim 7 or 8th , where the online accounting includes a faction model that looks for an objective function $${\left({\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{\Sigma }}{x}_i}\right)}^2-2\cdot {\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{\Sigma }}{x}_i}\to \text{min}|Oder{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{\Sigma }}{x}_i=1}$$

Determining mass fractions of the predefined n waste fractions i, a definition of basic waste fractions, an assignment of fractional properties for uniform features, introduction of fractions mass fractions x as variables to be determined and a mathematical combination of model components to describe the resulting waste on the basis of mass conservation and / or energy conservation for weighted with the fraction mass fractions features x of individual fractions are provided. Method according to Claim 9 , wherein the weighted features x comprise at least one elemental composition, a calorific value and a pollutant content of the individual fractions. System for forecasting a fuel composition in the thermal waste utilization, wherein means for detecting property information of the waste at each individual emptying of a collection container (3) in a collecting vehicle (4) in the respective collection area (2, 2 '), a device (5) for transmission the property information from the collecting vehicle (4) to a waste incineration plant (1) and a device for processing the property information, which outputs a discharge point (12) at a refuse bunker (11) of the waste incineration plant (1), further comprising means for detecting Movements of the waste packages (14) and their associated input information is provided, characterized in that the respective property information during a collection tour of the collection vehicle (4) are processed so that prospective combustion characteristics determined and a filling profile for the collecting vehicle (4) are created, wherein during and at the end of the collection tour, the composition of the waste can be determined, wherein at least one calorific value, an expected elemental composition, an ash content and an ash composition and / or a pollutant load of the waste are determined as combustion properties. System after Claim 11 wherein the means for detecting movements of the waste packages (14) comprises a measuring system which systematically scans the refuse bunker (11) and therefrom creates a height profile (15) of the refuse in the refuse bunker (11), further comprising a measuring system which measures the mass of the refuse bunker (11) Waste is detected by an integrated weight detection when receiving the waste through the bunker crane (13), and also a measuring system for path detection is provided, which records the movement of the bunker crane (13), further comprising a processing unit, which in the manner with the measuring systems connected, that an assignment and tracking of the waste packages (14) in the refuse bunker (11) and a transfer of information to the waste incineration plant (1) are possible.

Images