DE102017000653A1 - Novel open reactor design of a fusion reactor designed as an open flow reactor - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a novel fusion reactor, which is not closed in contrast to the previous fusion reactors, but designed as an open flow reactor in which only very, very small amounts of unused fuel (especially hydrogen) is preferably introduced continuously into the fusion chamber and thus the Unconsumed fuel preferably passes through the fusion chamber continuously, so that the actual nuclear fusion reaction takes place continuously in the fusion chamber, and then the spent fuel (in particular helium) is preferably removed continuously. Instead of a continuous mode of operation, the plant may also be operated in a pulsed mode of operation or in a combination of continuous or pulsed mode of operation. The main difference with conventional fusion reactors is that only a small amount of fuel is supplied to the open fusion reactor, but the latter Flows through the fusion chamber, preferably continuously.

Description

Introduction:

In order to meet the ever increasing global energy demand, various sources of energy are used, such as fossil fuels, regenerative energy sources or nuclear power. All of these energy sources have significant drawbacks, such as finite resources that are in danger of becoming exhausted, or CO ₂ emissions that are suspected of contributing to global warming. In nuclear power plants, there is always a residual risk of a GAU, but also during everyday operations falls to the nuclear fission radioactive waste, which must be disposed of consuming. Even the so-called "green" regenerative energy sources are not free of disadvantages: a hydroelectric power plant is a major intervention in the biotope of a river system, wind turbines erode the landscape, constantly generate a lightning strike and disturbing noises in the immediate vicinity and pose a threat to migratory birds In addition, the permanent magnets of the generators of wind turbines require metallic materials such as rare earths, which are obtained almost exclusively from China; in mines that have a very, very high level of natural radioactivity and where OSH does not meet the highest standards. Thus it comes to the superficially paradoxical fact that more people (especially Chinese miners) have been contaminated by radioactivity by German wind power than by German nuclear power plants. Solar energy has also shown that it is unable to economically and efficiently meet the immense energy requirements of the market economy, but at the very most it represents a sensible addition to a balanced energy mix.

One way out of this dilemma can be nuclear fusion, which can theoretically produce vast amounts of energy with relatively little risk to humans and the environment. Regrettably, so far only uncontrolled nuclear fusion has been mastered, which is unsuitable for civilian use for energy production. So far, various nuclear fusion reactors have been designed, built and tested; but at the moment's discretion, nuclear fusion has always been, is and will be the energy source of the future.

State of the art:

In nuclear fusion, two atomic nuclei are fused together. For this one must bring the two atomic nuclei close enough together. In this case, the Coulomb interaction of the two repulsive positively charged nuclei (the so-called Coulomb potential barrier or Coulomb barrier for short) must be overcome kinetically until the strong interaction causes a fusion of the two atomic nuclei.

Since, in addition to the kinetic pathway, the Coulomb barrier according to Gamov can also be overcome by means of the tunnel effect, the tunneling effect on the conditions for nuclear fusion has a very favorable effect [1]. But nevertheless the necessary temperatures and pressures are incredibly high: they are at the significant deuterium - tritium - reaction at about 100 to 200 million degrees.

In nuclear fusion energy is released in the case of light cores. This energy production by nuclear fusion is based on the so-called mass defect and can be explained as follows: The mass defect is the mass difference between the total of the individual masses of all individual nucleons in the unbound state and the total mass of an atomic nucleus in which the same nucleons in a bound Condition exist. According to Einstein's mass-energy equivalence E = mc ^2, this mass difference is interpreted as the binding energy that holds the nucleus together. In 1 the mass defect per nucleon is plotted over the atomic number Z of the individual elements [2 - 3]. It can be seen from the curve that iron-56 has the maximum, ie for iron the mass difference per nucleon is the largest of all elements. Before that, the curve rises steeply to drop relatively easily after the maximum. This means that on the left-hand branch of the curve (light elements with a low atomic number Z) energy is released during the fusion of two atomic nuclei: during nuclear fusion or nuclear fusion, for example, two lighter atomic nuclei produce a heavier atomic nucleus (but still one) has low atomic number Z). Since the heavier elements produced by the nuclear fusion reaction have a larger mass defect per nucleon than the lighter initial elements prior to the nuclear fusion reaction, the residual energy is released. The left-hand area is therefore also called the nuclear fusion area. On the right-hand slightly sloping branch of the curve (heavy elements with a high atomic number Z), the situation is exactly the opposite: in the case of nuclear fission or nuclear fission from a heavier atomic nucleus, for example, two lighter atomic nuclei are created Have mass defect per nucleon than the heavier output elements: here, too, the remaining energy is released again. The right-hand area is therefore also referred to as the nuclear fission area.

There are quite a number of nuclear fusion reactions, but only the significant deuterium - tritium reaction is presented here, since it is thought to be technically the simplest to realize and the most energetic (17.4 MeV per single fusion process) ): $${}^2\text{D}{+}^3\text{T}{\to }^4\text{He}+\text{n}+17\text{4 MeV}$$

Other fusion reactions involve the fusions of two light hydrogen nuclei or between a light and a heavy hydrogen nucleus or between two helium nuclei or between a lithium nucleus and a neutron [1] [4]. In the sun, the so-called Bethe-Weizsäcker cycle takes place, in which hydrogen is converted into helium via many intermediate stages. The resulting energy reaches u.a. as life-giving sunlight to the earth. In huge stars, far larger than our Sun, the boundary conditions are so extreme that even "heavier" elements like carbon, oxygen or neon are burned by nuclear fusion [1].

In the following, the term "nuclear fusion", unless explicitly stated otherwise, always refers to the deuterium-tritium reaction. Hereinafter, the term "unused fuel" means hydrogen and the term "spent fuel" means helium, unless explicitly stated otherwise.

In the deuterium-tritium reaction, the two hydrogen atoms fuse deuterium and tritium and release energy, as discussed above, for example. in the form of heat, radiation, kinetic energy of fusion products ((fast) neutrons, helium, etc.) that release energy to the environment through collision processes. As a result, the kinetic energy or temperature of the surrounding material or of the surrounding hydrogen increases, as a result of which these too can overcome the repulsive potential barrier and fuse with one another, whereby further energy is released. The energy released by nuclear fusion is thus used to stimulate further nuclear fusion reactions of other particles. Thus, the fusion reaction can be further maintained by itself. Of course, heat can be given to a coolant in the cooling circuit for energy; the heating of the coolant thus serves to generate energy. Quantitatively, the relationships in a fusion plasma are described by the MHD equations, which are a combination of the Navier-Stokes equations of hydrodynamics and the Maxwell equations of electrodynamics.

Process parameters of the fusion process:

• (Prozess-) Temperatur T: Als erster Parameter wird bei der Kernfusion die (Prozess-)Temperatur T eingeführt. Unter der (Prozess-)temperatur versteht man die Temperatur des sich in der Brennkammer des Fusionsreaktors befindlichen Brennstoffs, insbesondere als unverbrauchter Brennstoff Wasserstoff und als verbrauchter Brennstoff Helium. Bei der Kernfusion gibt es eine Schwelltemperatur oder eine kritische Temperatur T_krit, die überschritten werden muss, damit die Potentialbarriere zwischen den beiden zu fusionierenden Teilchen überwunden werden und die eigentliche Kernfusionsreaktion stattfinden kann. Dagegen findet unterhalb der Schwelltemperatur keine Kernfusionsreaktion statt, da die Potentialbarriere in ausreichendem Maße nicht überwunden werden kann, weil die meisten Kerne keine ausreichend hohe kinetische Energie besitzen. Man kann daher die folgenden beiden Fälle unterscheiden:
  1. 1. Fall: T < T_krit Befindet sich die Prozesstemperatur unterhalb der kritischen Temperatur T_krit, findet keine Kernfusion statt, da die durchschnittliche kinetische Energie der einzelnen Atome / Moleküle nicht ausreicht, die Potentialbarriere zu überwinden. Folglich findet auch keine Kernfusion statt.
  2. 2. Fall: T > T_krit Überschreitet die Prozesstemperatur T die kritische Temperaturschwelle T_krit, dann reicht die durchschnittliche kinetische Energie der einzelnen Atome / Moleküle aus, die Potentialbarriere zu überwinden, und die Kernfusion findet statt.
• (Prozess-)Dichte d oder (Prozess-)Druck p: Als zweiten Prozessparameter gibt es bei der Kernfusion neben der (Prozess-)Temperatur T die (Prozess-) Dichte d oder den (Prozess-) Druck p: neben der kritischen Temperatur T_krit gibt es auch eine Schwelldichte oder eine kritische Dichte d_krit oder einen Schwelldruck oder einen kritischen Druck p_krit, der überschritten werden muss, damit der gesamte Kernfusionsvorgang nicht zum Erliegen kommt: Wenn die kritische Temperatur T_krit überschritten wird, so finden zwar einzelne Kernfusionsreaktionsprozesse zwischen einzelnen Wasserstoffteilchen statt; aber wie viel Energie pro Zeit und Volumen im weiteren Verlauf der Fusionsreaktionsprozesse freigesetzt wird, hängt auch entscheidend von der Dichte der fusionsfähigen Wasserstoffkerne ab: Ist die Dichte bzw. der Druck zu niedrig, laufen pro Volumen und Zeit zu wenig Fusionsprozesse ab, und durch diese gerade ablaufenden Fusionsreaktionsprozesse wird zu wenig Energie pro Zeit und Volumen freigesetzt, so dass die freigesetzte Energiedichte nicht ausreicht, um eine ausreichende Anzahl von Folgefusionsreaktionen pro Zeit und Volumen auszulösen und somit die Kernfusion am Laufen zu halten. Außerdem befinden sich bei einer zu geringen Dichte / Druck in der unmittelbaren Umgebung des Fusionsvorgangs nicht ausreichend viele fusionsfähige Wasserstoffatome, so dass durch die freigesetzte Energie nicht ausreichend viele Wasserstoffatome in unmittelbarer Nähe zu einer Folgefusion angeregt werden können. Andere fusionsfähige Wasserstoffatome, die vom Fusionsort zu weit weg sind, werden vom Fusionsort mit einer zu geringen Energiedichte der freigesetzten Kernfusionsenergie beaufschlagt, als dass sie ebenfalls fusionieren können und somit den Fusionsvorgang fortsetzen können. In Folge dessen erlischt der Kernfusionsvorgang. Erst wenn eine kritische Dichte d_krit an umgebenden fusionsfähigen Wasserstoffkernen bzw. der kritische Druck p_krit überschritten wird, wird ausreichend Energie pro Zeit und Volumen freigesetzt, und es befinden sich in der unmittelbaren Fusionsumgebung noch ausreichend viele „unverbrauchte“ Wasserstoffatome, um eine ausreichende Anzahl von Folgefusionsreaktionen pro Zeit und Volumen zu ermöglichen und somit den gesamten Kernfusionsvorgang aufrechtzuerhalten. Zusammenfassend kann man sagen, dass je nach Dichte bzw. Druck entsprechend viel Energie freigesetzt wird und je nach Menge der freigesetzten Energie der Fusionsprozess erlischt oder aufrechterhalten wird. Voraussetzung ist aber dabei immer, dass die kritische Temperatur T_krit überschritten wurde. Wird die kritische Temperatur T_krit nicht überschritten, finden erst gar keine Kernfusionsprozesse statt, unabhängig davon, ob der kritische Druck überschritten worden ist oder nicht.

In the following, the process parameters relevant for nuclear fusion are discussed:

• (Process) Temperature T: The (process) temperature T is introduced as the first parameter in the nuclear fusion. The (process) temperature is understood to mean the temperature of the fuel located in the combustion chamber of the fusion reactor, in particular as unused fuel hydrogen and as spent fuel helium. In nuclear fusion, there is a threshold temperature or a critical temperature T _crit which must be exceeded in order to overcome the potential barrier between the two particles to be fused and allow the actual nuclear fusion reaction to take place. In contrast, no nuclear fusion reaction takes place below the threshold temperature, since the potential barrier can not be overcome to a sufficient extent because most nuclei do not have sufficiently high kinetic energy. One can therefore distinguish the following two cases:
  1. 1st case: T <T _crit If the process temperature is below the critical temperature T _crit , no nuclear fusion takes place, since the average kinetic energy of the individual atoms / molecules is not sufficient to overcome the potential barrier. Consequently, no nuclear fusion takes place.
  2. Case 2: T> T _crit If the process temperature T _exceeds the critical temperature _threshold T _crit , then the average kinetic energy of the individual atoms / molecules is sufficient to overcome the potential barrier and nuclear fusion takes place.
• (Process) density d or (process) pressure p: As a second process parameter in nuclear fusion, apart from the (process) temperature T, there is the (process) density d or the (process) pressure p: in addition to the critical temperature T _crit, there is also a threshold density or a critical density d _crit or a threshold pressure or a critical pressure p _crit , which must be exceeded so that the entire nuclear fusion process does not come to a standstill: If the critical temperature T _{crit is} exceeded, although individual nuclear fusion reaction processes take place between individual hydrogen particles; but how much energy is released per time and volume in the further course of the fusion reaction processes also depends crucially on the density of the hydrogen nuclei capable of fusion: If the density or the pressure is too low, then too few fusion processes take place per volume and time, and through these currently running fusion reaction processes too little energy is released per time and volume, so that the energy density released is not sufficient to trigger a sufficient number of Folgefusionsreaktionen per time and volume and thus to keep the nuclear fusion running. In addition, if the density / pressure in the immediate vicinity of the fusion process is too low, there will not be enough fusionable hydrogen atoms, so that the released energy will not generate enough hydrogen in the immediate vicinity of a follow-on fusion. Other fusable hydrogen atoms that are too far away from the fusion site are subjected to too low an energy density of the released nuclear fusion energy by the fusion site, so that they can also fuse and thus continue the fusion process. As a result, the nuclear fusion process expires. Only when a critical density d _crit at surrounding fusible hydrogen nuclei or the critical pressure p _{crit is} exceeded, sufficient energy is released per time and volume, and there are still enough "unused" hydrogen atoms in the immediate fusion environment to a sufficient number to allow follow-up fusion reactions per time and volume, thus maintaining the entire nuclear fusion process. In summary, one can say that depending on the density or pressure correspondingly much energy is released and depending on the amount of energy released, the fusion process is extinguished or maintained. However, the prerequisite is always that the critical temperature T _{crit has been} exceeded. If the critical temperature T _{crit is} not exceeded, no nuclear fusion processes take place, regardless of whether the critical pressure has been exceeded or not.

1. 1. Fall: p < p_krit; T > T_krit: Aufgrund der geringen Dichte ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines Zusammenstoßes zweier Wasserstoffatome sehr reduziert, und daher finden nur sehr wenige Fusionsprozesse pro Raumeinheit und Zeiteinheit statt, so dass relativ wenig Energie freigesetzt wird, bzw. die freigesetzte Energiedichte relativ gering ist. Außerdem befinden sich nur wenige fusionsfähige Wasserstoffatome in der unmittelbaren Umgebung, so dass zwar die entstandene Energie aus den vorangegangenen Kernfusionsprozessen noch hoch genug sein kann, eine ausreichend hohe Temperatur zu erzeugen, so dass einige einzelne der wenigen benachbarten Wasserstoffatome genügend kinetische Energie E_kin besitzen, um gegenseitig die Potentialbarriere zu überwinden und in einem darauffolgenden Kernfusionsprozess zu fusionieren. Aber da es einfach zu wenige fusionsfähige Kerne in der unmittelbaren Umgebung gibt, reicht in diesem Stadium die Anzahl der sich anschließenden Fusionsprozesse schlichtweg nicht aus, um ausreichend Energie für genügend weitere Folgefusionsprozesse zu erzeugen. Auch weil die Dichte so gering ist, ist erstens die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass durch die durch den Fusionsvorgang freigesetzte Energie in unmittelbarer Umgebung des Fusionsortes weitere Wasserstoffteilchen über die notwendige kritische Temperatur „aufgeheizt“ werden, sehr klein, und zweitens, falls doch einige wenige Wasserstoffteilchen in unmittelbarer Umgebung des Fusionsortes über die kritische Temperatur „aufgeheizt“ worden sind, ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines weiteren Zusammenstoßes zweier „aufgeheizter“ Wasserstoffkerne und somit ein nachfolgender Fusionsprozess sehr gering, so dass zu wenig Energie für weitere Folgereaktionen freigesetzt wird. Aus diesen Gründen ist somit die in den Fusionsvorgang reingesteckte Energie E_ein größer als die aus dem Fusionsvorgang herauskommende Energie E_aus. Folglich endet der Fusionsvorgang. Auch wenn eine sehr große Menge an Wasserstoff vorhanden wäre, allerdings mit geringer Dichte, würde dies nichts an der Situation ändern, da die Energiedichte der vom Ort des Fusionsprozesses ausgehenden freigesetzten Energie (in Form von Photonenenergie, Wärmebewegung oder kinetischer Energie von Neutronen oder Heliumatomen) sich umgekehrt proportional mit dem Quadrat der zunehmenden Entfernung r vom Fusionsort abschwächt, so dass irgendwann sehr schnell die notwendige Energiedichteschwelle unterschritten wird, die zur Aufheizung des umgebenden Wasserstoffs über die kritische Temperatur T_krit notwendig wäre (siehe weitere Erläuterungen zu diesem Fall in Anhang 1)
2. 2. Fall: p > p_krit; T > T_krit: In diesem Falle befinden sich ausreichend viele fusionsfähige Wasserstoffkerne in unmittelbarer Umgebung, so dass die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines weiteren Zusammentreffens zwischen zwei einzelnen Wasserstoffkernen (und somit eines daraus resultierenden Fusionsprozesses) ausreichend hoch und die gesamte Anzahl der folgenden Fusionsreaktionen groß genug ist, so dass ausreichend viel Energie für weiter folgende Fusionsreaktionen freigesetzt wird und der Fusionsvorgang am Laufen bleibt: es befinden sich auch in unmittelbarer Umgebung des Ortes, an dem die Fusionsreaktion stattfindet, eine ausreichende Anzahl von Wasserstoffteilchen, die wiederum über die kritische Temperatur „aufgeheizt“ werden können, die dann wegen der hohen Dichte mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit miteinander kollidieren und somit auch fusionieren. Die in den Fusionsvorgang reingesteckte Energie E_ein ist somit kleiner als die durch den Fusionsvorgang freigesetzte Energie E_aus. Allerdings wird die gesamte Energie E_aus in einem sehr kurzen Zeitraum explosionsartig freigesetzt, was sehr schwer zu steuern und zu kontrollieren ist. Allerdings ist eine allzu hohe Dichte auch nicht unproblematisch, da man dann eine sehr große Anzahl von umgebenden Wasserstoffteilchen auf eine Temperatur über der kritischen Temperatur T_krit aufheizen muss. Dazu könnte die durch eine einzelne Kernfusionsreaktion zwischen zwei oder wenigen Wasserstoffkernen freigesetzte Energie eventuell nicht ausreichen.
3. 3. Fall: p = p_krit; T > T_krit: Der dritte Fall liegt genau zwischen dem ersten und zweiten Fall, d.h. die eingetragene Energie E_ein ist genau gleich der freigesetzten Energie E_aus. Das bedeutet, dass die Kernfusion gestartet wird, da zwischen den einzelnen Wasserstoffkernen die Fusionsreaktion stattfindet, jedoch nur bei so vielen Wasserstoffkernen, so dass genau die Menge an Energie frei wird, die für die Aufrechterhaltung des Fusionsvorgangs notwendig ist, nicht mehr und auch nicht weniger. Die durch den Fusionsprozess freigesetzte Energie „heizt“ gerade so viele weitere Wasserstoffteilchen auf, so dass gerade so viele Wasserstoffkerne desweiteren miteinander fusionieren, so dass der Fusionsvorgang gerade am Laufen bleibt. Somit wird der Fusionsvorgang aufrechterhalten, ohne jedoch überschüssige Energie an die Umgebung abzugeben.

With respect to the critical pressure _pcrit , one may consider the following considerations and thus distinguish the following cases from each other (always assuming that T> T _crit ):

1. 1st case: p <p _crit ; T> T _crit : Due to the low density, the probability of a collision of two hydrogen atoms is very reduced, and therefore very few fusion processes take place per unit of space and time unit, so that relatively little energy is released, or the released energy density is relatively low. In addition, there are only a few fusable hydrogen atoms in the immediate vicinity, so that although the resulting energy from the previous nuclear fusion processes may still be high enough to produce a sufficiently high temperature, so that some of the few adjacent hydrogen atoms have sufficient kinetic energy E _kin , to mutually overcome the potential barrier and fuse in a subsequent nuclear fusion process. But since there are simply too few fusible nuclei in the immediate vicinity, at this stage the number of subsequent fusion processes is simply not sufficient to generate enough energy for enough further fusing processes. Also, because the density is so low, first, the likelihood that the energy released by the fusion process in the immediate vicinity of the fusion site will "heat up" further hydrogen particles above the necessary critical temperature will be very small, and second, if a few hydrogen particles in The immediate vicinity of the fusion site has been "heated" above the critical temperature, the probability of a further collision of two "heated" hydrogen nuclei and thus a subsequent fusion process is very low, so that too little energy is released for further follow-up reactions. For these reasons, the purely stuck in the fusion process energy E is thus _a greater than that coming out of the merger process energy E _of. Consequently, the fusion process ends. Even if a very large amount of hydrogen were present, but with low density, this would not change the situation, since the energy density of the energy released from the location of the fusion process (in the form of photon energy, thermal motion or kinetic energy of neutrons or helium atoms) inversely proportional to the square of the increasing distance r from the fusion site weakens, so that sometime very quickly falls below the necessary energy density threshold, which would be necessary for heating the surrounding hydrogen above the critical temperature T _crit (see further explanations to this case in Appendix 1)
2. 2nd case: p> p _crit ; T> T _crit : In this case, there are enough fused hydrogen nuclei in the immediate vicinity, so that the probability of a further meeting between two individual hydrogen nuclei (and thus a resulting fusion process) sufficiently high and the total number of subsequent fusion reactions is large enough, so that sufficient energy is released for further fusion reactions and the fusion process continues: there are also in the immediate vicinity of the place where the fusion reaction takes place, a sufficient number of hydrogen particles, which in turn can be "heated" above the critical temperature, then because of high density are likely to collide with each other and thus fuse. The pure inserted in the fusion process energy E _a is thus _made smaller than that released by the fusion process energy E. However, the total energy E is released _from an explosion in a very short period of time, which is very difficult to manage and control. However, too high a density is not unproblematic, since then you have to heat a very large number of surrounding hydrogen particles to a temperature above the critical temperature T _crit . In addition, the energy released by a single nuclear fusion reaction between two or a few hydrogen nuclei may not be sufficient.
3. 3rd case: p = p _crit ; T> T _crit: The third case is equidistant between the first and second case, ie the energy input E _is exactly equal to the energy released _from E. This means that nuclear fusion is started because the fusion reaction takes place between each hydrogen nucleus, but only with so many hydrogen nuclei that it releases exactly the amount of energy needed to sustain the fusion process, nothing more, not less , The energy released by the fusion process "heats up" just as many more hydrogen particles, so that just as many hydrogen nuclei further fuse together, so that the fusion process is just going on. Thus, the fusion process is maintained without giving up excess energy to the environment.

(Supply) amount M of unused fuel

As a further third relevant process parameter, the entire available (supply) quantity M of unused fuel (in particular hydrogen here) available for the fusion process is introduced. This refers to the total amount of hydrogen that is available for the entire fusion process from beginning to end, and which is located in the storage tank and is gradually fed to the combustion chamber of the fusion reactor. It depends on it, how much energy has been released after the completion of the fusion process after its completion, the bottom line. However, it is always essential that both the process temperature exceed the critical temperature and the process pressure exceed the critical pressure. If the process temperature does not exceed the critical temperature, no fusion process is started at all; and if the process pressure does not exceed the critical pressure, the fusion process, if it has ever started, will not last long, so there will be no steady-state fusion process. On the other hand, there is no threshold for the stock of unused nuclear fuel (on the other hand, nuclear fission must have a critical mass for it to be exhausted).

1. 1. Fall: geringe Wasserstoffvorratsmenge M; p > p_krit; T > T_krit: Der Fusionsvorgang startet zwar und erhält sich von alleine aufrecht, jedoch mangels Brennstoffnachschubs erlischt der Fusionsvorgang sehr schnell, ohne dass viel Energie freigesetzt wird; dieser Fall entspricht einer Wasserstoffbombe mit sehr wenig nuklearem Brennmaterial
2. 2. Fall: große Wasserstoffvorratsmenge M; p > p_krit; T > T_krit: Der Fusionsvorgang startet und hält sich selber am Laufen; aufgrund der großen Menge an Wasserstoff wird die Energie in kürzester Zeit unkontrolliert explosionsartig freigesetzt, ohne dass man irgendeine Möglichkeit hat, den Ablauf zu kontrollieren oder zu steuern, um die Energieabgabe über einen längeren Zeitraum zu dosieren oder zeitlich in die Länge zu ziehen. Dieser Fall entspricht einer Wasserstoffbombe, die über viel Wasserstoff als Brennmaterial verfügt.

The following case analysis can now be carried out (in all cases, T> T _crit , p> p _crit , but the individual cases differ by the amount of hydrogen present):

1. 1st case: low hydrogen storage quantity M; p> p _crit ; T> T _crit : Although the fusion process starts and maintains itself, but lack of fuel replenishment, the fusion process extinguishes very quickly, without much energy is released; this case corresponds to a hydrogen bomb with very little nuclear fuel
2. 2nd case: large hydrogen storage quantity M; p> p _crit ; T> T _crit : The fusion process starts and keeps itself running; Due to the large amount of hydrogen, the energy is released in an explosive manner in an uncontrolled manner in a very short time, without any possibility of controlling or controlling the process, in order to meter or prolong the energy release over a longer period of time. This case corresponds to a hydrogen bomb that has a lot of hydrogen as fuel.

River F of the unused fuel

As a further fourth process-relevant parameter, the flow rate or the flow F of unused fuel is defined. Under the flow F of unused fuel is understood as the amount Hydrogen per unit time, which flows from the reservoir into the combustion chamber of the fusion reactor or is introduced. Since the hydrogen is supplied to the combustion chamber, the flow F is equal to or equal to the flow of fuel through the combustion chamber. The flow rate is important because you can set the process pressure p via the flow rate F. In addition, the flow rate determines what amount of unconsumed fuel (hydrogen) is present immediately in the combustion chamber to keep the entire fusion process running immediately, so that the flow F can be used to control the extent to which the fusion process is proceeding. In this way, the fusion process can be controlled in a controlled manner: if the inflow is increased, the fusion process is intensified, while if the inflow is reduced, the fusion process is weakened (in the case of a stop of the inflow, the fusion process is completely stopped, ie the fusion process lapses).

Theoretically, there is no threshold value for the flow F of the unconsumed fuel if it can be guaranteed by other measures such as the geometric design of the entire flow system (for example diameter of the supply and discharge channel and the reaction combustion chamber, etc.) that the process pressure can exceed the critical pressure value ; However, since the process pressure depends, inter alia, on the inflow and the geometry of the flow system during operation is virtually unchangeable, one must not fall below a critical value for the flow rate in practice.

The inflow of hydrogen per unit time is not to be confused with the total amount of hydrogen available, which is located in the reservoir.

It depends on the flow rate F to what extent the fusion process is currently maintained; and how much energy is ultimately released in total depends on the amount of fuel that is not consumed, M, for how long the entire fusion process is sustained.

1. 1. Fall: großer Fluss F; große Wasserstoffvorratsmenge M; p > p_krit; T > T_krit: In der Brennkammer ist eine große Wasserstoffmenge anwesend, so dass dieser zeitlich nicht dosiert nachgeliefert werden muss. Im Extremfall bedeutet dies, dass der gesamte Vorrat an Wasserstoff sich in der Brennkammer befindet, (d.h. der Fluß F ist für eine sehr kurze Zeit extrem groß, aber die Flussdauer dafür extrem kurz). Dies bedeutet, dass der gesamte Brennstoff mit einem Male gleichzeitig verbraucht wird. Dies entspricht dem weiter oben stehenden vorangegangenen Fall 2 (Wasserstoffbombe) im Unterkapitel (Vorrats-)menge M an unverbrauchtem Brennstoff.
2. 2. Fall: kleiner Fluss F; große Wasserstoffvorratsmenge M; p > p_krit; T > T_krit: In der Brennkammer ist nur eine geringe Wasserstoffmenge anwesend; jedoch wird diese zeitlich dosiert nachgeliefert, und zwar in dem Maße, wie der Wasserstoff durch den Fusionsvorgang verbraucht wird, auch wenn eine große Menge an Vorrat im Vorratsbehälter verfügbar ist. Der Fusionsvorgang startet, und es ist gerade so viel Wasserstoff in der Brennkammer anwesend, dass durch den Fusionsvorgang gerade mal so viel Energie freigesetzt wird, wie für die nachfolgenden Fusionsreaktionen verbraucht wird. Es ist also nur so viel Wasserstoff in unmittelbarer Fusionsumgebung anwesend, wie es notwendig ist, um den Fusionsvorgang am Laufen zu halten, ohne dass Energie an die Umgebung abgegeben wird; oder aber genau die Menge an überschüssiger Energie wird in die Umgebung abgeführt, die nicht für die nachfolgend stattfindenden Fusionsprozesse benötigt wird. Dieser Fall entspricht gerade nicht einer Wasserstoffbombe, denn bei einer Wasserstoffbombe wird das gesamte anwesende Brennmaterial sofort auf einen Schlag verbraucht und nicht über einen längeren Zeitraum dosiert nachgeliefert, um den Fusionsvorgang zeitlich in die Länge zu ziehen. Diesen Fall kann man entweder als Zwischenschritt zwischen dem ersten und dem zweiten Fall der unter dem dritten Prozessparameter (Vorratsmenge M des unverbrauchten Brennstoffs) gemachten Fallunterscheidung oder als permanent in kleinem Maßstab andauernden zweiten Fall im selben Unterkapitel (Vorrats-)menge M an unverbrauchtem Brennstoff auffassen.

In all cases it must be considered that the critical temperature and the critical pressure have been exceeded: T> T _crit , p> p _crit , and that a (sufficiently) large amount of hydrogen is available. However, the individual cases differ by the flow rate F, ie by the amount of hydrogen supplied per unit time:

1. 1st case: big river F; large hydrogen reserve amount M; p> p _crit ; T> T _crit : A large amount of hydrogen is present in the combustion chamber, so that it does not have to be replenished in time. In extreme cases, this means that the entire supply of hydrogen is in the combustion chamber (ie, the flow F is extremely large for a very short time, but the flow time for it is extremely short). This means that all the fuel is used up at the same time. This corresponds to the previous case 2 above (hydrogen bomb) in the subchapter (supply) amount M of unused fuel.
2. 2nd case: small flow F; large hydrogen reserve amount M; p> p _crit ; T> T _crit : Only a small amount of hydrogen is present in the combustion chamber; however, it will be replenished in a timely manner, as the hydrogen is consumed by the fusion process, even if a large amount of stock is available in the reservoir. The fusion process starts, and just enough hydrogen is present in the combustion chamber to release just enough energy from the fusion process that is consumed for subsequent fusion reactions. Thus, there is only enough hydrogen present in the immediate fusion environment as is necessary to keep the fusion process running without giving off energy to the environment; or just the amount of excess energy is dissipated into the environment that is not needed for subsequent fusion processes. This case is just not a hydrogen bomb, because in a hydrogen bomb, the entire present fuel is consumed immediately in one fell swoop and not metered over a longer period metered to drag the fusion process in the length of time. This case can be considered either as an intermediate step between the first and the second case of the case distinction made under the third process parameter (stock quantity M of the unconsumed fuel) or as a second case lasting on a small scale in the same subchapter (reserve) quantity M of unused fuel ,

In the following, a brief overview of the process parameters that are relevant for the fusion process, and in the right order (in order to emphasize the relationship between the individual process parameters and the mutual dependencies of the process parameters from each other, it depends on the correct order) :

First process parameter: the (process) temperature T:

The process temperature is decisive as to whether the fusion reaction at the atomic level between the individual nucleated hydrogen nuclei is actually going to start, ie can be started. There is a threshold temperature / critical temperature T _crit .

Second process parameter: the (process) density D or the (process) pressure p:

Density or pressure is critical as to whether the ongoing fusion reaction is ongoing and self-sustaining.

The prerequisite is that the critical temperature T _{crit has been} exceeded. Otherwise, the merger process does not even start; regardless of whether the critical pressure p _{crit has been} exceeded or not and whether there is little or no fresh fuel left. Here, too, at the process density d or at the process pressure p, there is a threshold value, namely the critical density d _crit or the critical pressure p _crit , which must be exceeded.

Third process parameter: (supply) quantity M of unused fuel:

The total amount of unused fusion fuel present is relevant to how long the entire nuclear fusion process lasts and what amount of energy is released throughout the nuclear fusion process. The prerequisite is that both the critical temperature T _crit and the critical pressure p _{crit have been} exceeded. In addition, from a macroscopic point of view, this is relevant both for the space requirement and for the period.

The first requirement is that the critical temperature T _{crit is} exceeded and the second condition is that the critical pressure p _{crit be} exceeded.

If the critical temperature T _{crit is} not exceeded, then the fusion process does not even start, regardless of whether the critical pressure p _{crit has been} exceeded or not and regardless of whether little or much unused fuel is present.

If the critical temperature T _{crit is} exceeded, but the critical pressure p _{crit is} not exceeded, the fusion process starts, but comes to a halt very quickly because it can not support itself. It does not matter whether much or little fresh fuel is available.

Only when both the critical temperature T _crit and the critical pressure p _{crit are} exceeded, the fusion reaction starts and is kept running. Now it depends on the amount of fuel available, how long the fusion process lasts and how much energy is released.

There is virtually no threshold value for the stock quantity of unused fuel, or at least just enough hydrogen must be present in the combustion chamber of the fusion reactor in the immediate vicinity of the nuclear fusion process for the critical density d _crit / the critical pressure p _crit and the critical temperature T _crit can be exceeded.

Fourth process parameter: flow (rate) F of the unused fuel

The flow rate F, called flow F for short, is understood to mean how much mass or volume per unit of time (and optionally per unit of space) is introduced into or out of the combustion chamber. The flow rate F thus determines how much unconsumed fuel is currently present in the immediate fusion environment in the combustor of the fusion reactor. The flow F can be used to control the fusion process in a controlled manner, ie it is possible to set via the flow how fast or to what extent the fusion process takes place. However, for reasons mentioned above, this requires that both the critical temperature T _crit and the critical pressure p _{crit have been} exceeded, and at the same time a (sufficiently) large amount of unconsumed fuel M is available. The flow rate F can also be referred to as inflow (rate) or outflow (rate).

Theoretically, there is no threshold value for the flow F, but in practice at least just enough hydrogen per unit of time has to be replenished that in the immediate vicinity of the Nuclear fusion process, the critical density d _crit / the critical pressure p _crit and the critical temperature T _crit can be exceeded. If inflow F fails, the merger process comes to a halt in no time.

As already explicitly stated above, although a threshold value exists for the process temperature T, for the process pressure p and for the flow rate F at least in practice, there is no threshold value for the supply quantity and for the amount of unconsumed hydrogen present directly in the combustion chamber. In addition, a supplementary note: in nuclear fusion, in contrast to nuclear fission, there are no neutrons that need to be decelerated so that the chain reaction does not stop; and thus no moderating materials (moderators) are necessary to produce thermal neutrons. There is no critical mass necessary. In principle, therefore, even the smallest amounts of hydrogen (in a correspondingly very small space of the combustion chamber) are capable of fusion (in particular if sufficient supply of unconsumed fuel is provided), so that there is no limit or restriction or threshold below which quantity and to what extent a nuclear fusion process can take place.

Therefore, nuclear fusion is possible even on a small or very small scale, with only enough replenishment to keep the fusion process running when the other process parameters such as temperature, pressure, etc., have exceeded their threshold.

1. 1. Fall: Temperatur T < T_krit: Aufgrund der zu niedrigen T mit T < T_krit wird keine Kernfusion gestartet, d.h. es finden erst keine.Fusionsreaktionen statt, da die kinetische Energie E_kin zu klein ist, um die Coulomb-Barriere zu überwinden. Dabei ist es egal, ob der Druck kleiner oder größer als p_krit ist, (d.h. ob eine niedrige oder eine hohe Dichte vorherrscht,), und es ist gleichgültig, ob eine geringe oder große Menge an Wasserstoff als unverbrauchter Brennstoff vorhanden ist und/oder ob eine niedrige oder hohe Flussrate F vorliegt.
2. 2. Fall: Temperatur T > T_krit, Druck p < p_krit: Zwischen einzelnen fusionsfähigen Wasserstoffkernen finden Fusionsreaktionsprozesse statt; aber wegen der geringen Dichte wird nicht genügend Energie freigesetzt, um den Fusionsvorgang alleine aufrecht erhalten zu können, so dass er schnell erlischt, sobald die extern eingekoppelte Energie versiegt. Dabei ist es egal, ob eine geringe oder große Brennstoffmenge anwesend ist oder ob die Flussrate hoch oder niedrig ist.
3. 3. Fall: T > T_krit, Druck p > p_krit, geringe Brennstoffmenge: Einzelne Fusionsprozesse finden zwischen zwei Wasserstoffkernen statt und starten den Fusionsvorgang, der sich selber tragen kann; aber dieser dauert nicht lange an, sondern nach kurzer Zeit erlischt er wieder, da nur eine geringe Brennstoffmenge in der Brennkammer anwesend ist, die schnell aufgebraucht worden ist. Folglich ist nur wenig Energie gewonnen oder erzeugt worden.
4. 4. Fall: T > T_krit, Druck p > p_krit, große Brennstoffmenge M: Eine Fusionsreaktion zwischen einzelnen Kernen tritt ein (T > Tkrit), die wegen der ausreichend hohen Dichte sich selber trägt. Es ist viel Wasserstoff in der Brennkammer anwesend, was ausreicht, um genügend Energie für weitere Fusionsreaktionsprozesse zu produzieren. Aufgrund der großen Menge an Wasserstoff, die in der Brennkammer anwesend ist, wird augenblicklich sehr viel Energie freigesetzt, was man kaum kontrolliert steuern kann (Wasserstoffbombe). Allerdings muss das Volumen des Fusionsreaktors sehr groß sein, um die gewaltigen Mengen an Wasserstoff zu speichern. Bei einer solchen großen Menge an Wasserstoff muss von außen auch viel Energie eingekoppelt werden, um diese Menge über die kritische Temperatur aufzuheizen.
5. 5. Fall: T > T_krit, Druck p > p_krit, große Brennstoffmenge M, kleine Flussrate F: Die Kernfusion wird ausgelöst, d.h. der Kernfusionsvorgang startet; wegen der ausreichend hohen Dichte trägt sich der Kernfusionsvorgang selber. Zwar gibt es nur eine geringe Menge an unverbrauchtem Brennstoff (Wasserstoff), der sich momentan in der Brennkammer befindet, allerdings sorgt der permanent andauernde (kontinuierliche) Nachschub aus dem die gesamte Brennstoffmenge M speichernden Vorratsbehälter dafür, dass permanent genügend Wasserstoff in der Brennkammer anwesend ist und somit der Kernfusionsvorgang über einen beliebig langen Zeitraum aufrecht erhalten wird (zumindest solange der Nachschub aufrecht erhalten wird und die unverbrauchte Brennstoffmenge im Vorratsbehälter ausreicht). Der Fusionsvorgang ist über die Nachschubmenge kontrollierbar und steuerbar: erst beim Versiegen des Nachschubs stoppt der Fusionsvorgang augenblicklich. Wie bereits oben angedeutet, ermöglicht der kontinuierliche Nachschub an Brennstoff, dass permanent eine ausreichende Menge an Wasserstoff in der Brennkammer anwesend ist, die aber wegen des kontinuierlichen Nachschubs klein gehalten werden kann, d.h. es befindet sich immer nur eine geringe Menge an Wasserstoff in der entsprechend kleinen Fusionsbrennkammer, die augenblicklich gebraucht wird. Da aber die momentan benötigte Menge an Wasserstoff klein gehalten werden kann, kann man in ihr ohne großen technischen Aufwand mit den bereits bekannten Technologien eine ausreichend hohe Temperatur T > T_krit und einen ausreichend hohen Druck p > p_krit erzeugen. Zudem benötigt man auch nur eine entsprechend kleine Reaktionsfusionskammer mit einem entsprechend kleinen Volumen. Außerdem lässt sich bei einer geringen Menge an in der Brennkammer befindlichem Wasserstoff nicht nur die extern erfolgende Energiezugabe, sondern auch die Abgabe der durch den Fusionsvorgang entstehenden Energiemenge besser kontrolliert steuern oder handhaben.

In the following, the cases based on the above considerations will be discussed. One can distinguish the following five cases:

1. 1st case: temperature T <T _crit : Due to the too low T with T <T _crit no nuclear fusion is started, ie no fusion reactions take place, because the kinetic energy E _{kin is} too small to increase the Coulomb barrier overcome. It does not matter whether the pressure is less than or greater than p _crit (ie, whether low or high density prevails), and it does not matter if a small or large amount of hydrogen is present as unconsumed fuel and / or whether a low or high flow rate F is present.
2. 2nd case: temperature T> T _crit , pressure p <p _crit : Fusion reaction processes take place between individual fusable hydrogen nuclei; but because of the low density, not enough energy is released to sustain the fusion process alone, so that it goes out as soon as the externally injected energy dries up. It does not matter if a small or large amount of fuel is present or if the flow rate is high or low.
3. 3rd case: T> T _crit , pressure p> p _crit , small amount of fuel: individual fusion processes take place between two hydrogen nuclei and start the fusion process, which can carry itself; but this does not last long, but after a short time it goes out again, since only a small amount of fuel in the combustion chamber is present, which has been used up quickly. As a result, little energy has been gained or generated.
4. 4th case: T> T _crit , pressure p> p _crit , large fuel quantity M: A fusion reaction between individual nuclei occurs (T> Tcrit), which carries itself because of the sufficiently high density. There is a lot of hydrogen present in the combustion chamber, which is sufficient to produce enough energy for further fusion reaction processes. Due to the large amount of hydrogen that is present in the combustion chamber, a lot of energy is released immediately, which is hardly controlled controlled (hydrogen bomb). However, the volume of the fusion reactor must be very large in order to store the enormous amounts of hydrogen. With such a large amount of hydrogen, a lot of energy has to be coupled in from the outside in order to heat up this amount above the critical temperature.
5. 5th case: T> T _crit , pressure p> p _crit , large fuel quantity M, small flow rate F: The nuclear fusion is triggered, ie the nuclear fusion process starts; because of the sufficiently high density, the nuclear fusion process carries itself. Although there is only a small amount of unused fuel (hydrogen) that is currently in the combustion chamber, however, the permanently ongoing (continuous) replenishment from the reservoir storing the entire fuel quantity M ensures that sufficient hydrogen is constantly present in the combustion chamber and thus the nuclear fusion process is maintained over an arbitrarily long period of time (at least as long as the replenishment is maintained and the unused amount of fuel in the reservoir is sufficient). The fusion process can be controlled and controlled via the replenishment quantity: the fusion process stops immediately when the replenishment stops. As already indicated above, the continuous supply of fuel, that permanently a sufficient amount of hydrogen in the combustion chamber is present, but because of the continuous supply can be kept small, ie there is always only a small amount of hydrogen in the corresponding small fusion combustion chamber, which is needed immediately. However, since the currently required amount of hydrogen can be kept small, you can produce in her without great technical effort with the already known technologies, a sufficiently high temperature T> T _crit and a sufficiently high pressure p> p _crit . In addition, you only need a correspondingly small reaction fusion chamber with a correspondingly small volume. In addition, with a small amount of hydrogen present in the combustion chamber, not only the external energy addition, but also the delivery of the amount of energy produced by the fusion process can be controlled or managed in a better controlled manner.

In summary, the first three process parameters process temperature T, process pressure p and density d and total fuel stock quantity M adequately describe the (static) nuclear fusion process in a hydrogen bomb or a classic nuclear fusion reactor with a closed reactor design such as Tokamak or Stellarator, but for the description a (dynamic) nuclear fusion process in the nuclear fusion reactor according to the invention with an open reactor design nor the fourth process parameter flow rate F is necessary.

As discussed in detail above, the critical temperature T _crit must be exceeded for nuclear fusion to take place at all, and the critical pressure p _crit must be exceeded for nuclear fusion to be self-sustained.

$$\text{, mit }{\mathrm{\tau }}_{\text{E}}={\text{W/P}}_{\text{v}}{\text{ und W=3 n}}_{\text{e}}{\text{k}}_{\text{B}}\text{TV}$$

, mit n_e als die Elektronenteilchendichte, τ_E als Energieeinschlusszeit, k_B als Boltzmann-Konstante, T als die Temperatur, <σv> als über die Geschwindigkeitsverteilung der Teilchen gemittelte Reaktionsrate (Teilchengeschwindigkeit v multipliziert mit dem geschwindigkeitsabhängigen Wirkungsquerschnitt σ), ε als dem auf das Alphateilchen entfallenden Teil der freiwerdenden Energie pro Fusion, W als die im Plasma enthaltene thermische Energie, P_v als die durch Strahlungs- und Teilchentransportvorgänge bewirkte Verlustleistung und V als das Plasmavolumen.From the literature, various fusion criteria are known, which must be met for the start and the course of a nuclear fusion. The Lawson criterion is the best known [5]: $${\text{n}}_{\text{e}}{\mathrm{\tau }}_{\text{e}}\ge 12{\text{k}}_{\text{B}}\text{T /}\mathrm{<\sigma }\text{v}\mathrm{>}\epsilon$$

$$\text{, With}{\mathrm{\tau }}_{\text{e}}={\text{W / P}}_{\text{v}}{\text{and W = 3n}}_{\text{e}}{\text{k}}_{\text{B}}\text{TV}$$

, with n _e as the electron particle density, τ _E as the energy confinement time, k _B as the Boltzmann constant, T as the temperature, <σv> as the reaction rate averaged over the velocity distribution of the particles (particle velocity v multiplied by the velocity dependent cross section σ), ε as the the amount of released energy per fusion, W as the thermal energy contained in the plasma, P _v as the power loss caused by radiation and particle transport processes, and V as the plasma volume.

, mit p als thermischer Druck, p_mag als magnetischer Druck, B als magnetische Flussdichte und µ₀ als magnetische Feldkonstante.In addition, the β factor (equal to the ratio between the plasma pressure and the magnetic field pressure) must also be taken into account [6]: $$\mathrm{\beta }={\text{p / p}}_{\text{like}}={\text{nk}}_{\text{B}}{\text{T / B}}^{\text{2}}\text{/}\left(\text{2}{\mathrm{\mu }}_0\right)$$

, with p as thermal pressure, p _mag as magnetic pressure, B as magnetic flux density and μ ₀ as magnetic field constant.

Various nuclear fusion processes and reactors

1. 1. das magnetische Tokamak-Einschlussverfahren (Sakharov and Tamm, 1952): in einer ringförmigen Plasmakammer wird mittels ringförmiger Magnetfeldspulen ein toroidales Magnetfeld und aufgrund des Plasmastroms ein poloidales Magnetfeld erzeugt, die sich beide überlagern und somit ein helikal verlaufendes (schraubenförmiges) Magnetfeld ausbilden; der Tokamak kann nur pulsartig betrieben werden
2. 2. das magnetische Stellarator - Einschlussverfahren (Lyman Spitzer jr., 1951): in einer torusförmigen Plasmakammer werden durch poloidale, nicht-ebene Magnetfeldspulen ein verdrilltes, schraubenförmiges Magnetfeld erzeugt. Der Stellarator kann auch kontinuierlich betrieben werden
3. 3. das Trägheits-Einschlussverfahren (Laserfusion) (NOVA-Experiment): bei diesem Verfahren werden kleine D + T - Fusionspellets mittels Beschuss von sehr leistungsstarken Neodym-Glas-Lasern zur Implosion gebracht, wodurch der in den Pellets vorhandene Brennstoff dermaßen komprimiert und erhitzt wird, dass der kritische Druck und die kritische Temperatur überschritten werden und eine sich selbst tragende Kernfusion ausgelöst werden soll.

In the past decades, a number of nuclear fusion processes including the corresponding nuclear fusion reactor types have been developed and built:

1. 1. the magnetic tokamak inclusion method (Sakharov and Tamm, 1952): a toroidal magnetic field is generated in an annular plasma chamber by means of annular magnetic field coils and a poloidal magnetic field due to the plasma flow, both of which overlap, thus forming a helically extending (helical) magnetic field; The Tokamak can only be operated in a pulsed manner
2. 2. The magnetic stellarator-inclusion method (Lyman Spitzer Jr., 1951): In a toroidal plasma chamber, a twisted, helical magnetic field is generated by poloidal, non-planar magnetic field coils. The Stellarator can also be operated continuously
3. 3. The inertial confinement process (laser fusion) (NOVA experiment): in this process, small D + T fusion pellets are imploded by bombardment of very powerful neodymium glass lasers, thus compressing and heating the fuel present in the pellets will exceed the critical pressure and temperature and trigger a self-sustaining nuclear fusion.

• 1. die Myonen-katalysierte kalte Fusion (Frederick Charles Franck, Andrei Sacharow, 1948), bei der durch Bestrahlung mit Myonen eine Kernfusion eingeleitet wird; jedoch hat sich gezeigt, dass die Myonen-katalysierte Kernfusion sich nicht selber trägt; es wurden auch Gedankenmodelle einer τ-Leptonen basierten kalten Fusion, also einer zur Myonen-katalysierten Fusion analogen Tauonen-katalysierten Fusion angestellt, bei der das Elektron des Wasserstoffs nicht durch ein Myon, sondern durch ein negativ geladenes Tauon ersetzt wird. Da das Tauon eine wesentlich größere Masse besitzt als das Elektron und auch als das Myon, ist die reduzierte Masse des Tauon-Wasserstoffs gegenüber dem normalen Wasserstoff und dem Myon-Wasserstoff erheblich größer und somit der Bahnradius erheblich reduziert. Somit steigt die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass die Coulombbarriere nach Gamov mittels des Tunneleffekts überwunden werden kann, erheblich an. Allerdings ist die Herstellung von ausreichend vielen Tauonen sehr aufwendig und technisch kaum zu realisieren, und die Lebensdauer eines Tauonen liegt in der Größenordnung von 10^-13 s, so dass die Zahl der katalysierten Einzelreaktionen fast vernachlässigbar ist. Im Prinzip lässt sich das Elektron des Wasserstoffs theoretisch durch jedes andere negativ aufgeladene Elementarteilchen ersetzen wie beispielsweise Antiteilchen, insbesondere Antiprotonen oder Superpartner, wenn man eine geeignete Quelle dafür zur Verfügung hat, um solche exotischen Teilchen wie Protonium oder Positroniumhydrid mit hoher reduzierter Masse und geringem Bahnradius zu erzeugen, so dass analog zur Myonen-katalysierten Fusion ein entsprechender Fusionsprozess stattfinden kann
• 2. das Perhapstron - Einschlussverfahren (James Tuck, frühe 1950er Jahre), bei dem das Plasma induktiv durch toroide Spulen eingeschlossen wird und optional magnetische Spiegel implementiert worden sind; allerdings hat sich herausgestellt, dass diese Methode nicht funktioniert
• 3. das magnetische Spiegel-Einschlussverfahren: bei diesem Verfahren wird ein eingeschlossenes homogenes Magnetfeld (Fusionszone) erzeugt, an deren flaschenförmigen Enden sich zwei magnetische Spiegel mit sehr hoher Magnetflussdichte befinden, die ankommende Plasmateilchen in die Fusionszone zurückreflektieren. Aufgrund der Verschiebungsinstabilität kann das Plasma trotz diverser Lösungsansätze für dieses Problem dauerhaft nicht in ausreichendem Maße in der Fusionszone eingeschlossen werden, so dass der Fusionsprozess nicht lange genug aufrecht erhalten werden kann
• 4. die kalte Fusion (Fleischmann, Pons, 1989), bei der es zu einer Verschmelzung verschiedener Wasserstoff-Isotope während der Elektrolyse eines Elektrolyten an der Oberfläche eines Palladium-Kathoden-Geflechts gekommen sein soll, was inzwischen allgemein aber stark angezweifelt wird.

For historical reasons, the following merger principles are mentioned:

• 1. the muon-catalyzed cold fusion (Frederick Charles Franck, Andrei Sakharov, 1948), in which nuclear fusion is initiated by irradiation with muons; however, it has been shown that muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion is not self-sustaining; Also, thought models of a τ-lepton-based cold fusion, ie, a muon-catalyzed fusion-analogous tauon-catalyzed fusion were made, in which the electron of hydrogen is replaced by a negatively charged tauon, not by a muon. Since the tauon has a much larger mass than the electron and also as the muon, the reduced mass of the tauon hydrogen compared to the normal hydrogen and the muon hydrogen is significantly larger and thus significantly reduced the orbit radius. Thus, the probability that the Coulomb barrier according to Gamov can be overcome by means of the tunneling effect increases considerably. However, the production of sufficiently many tauons is very complicated and technically difficult to realize, and the lifetime of a tauon is in the order of 10 ^-13 s, so that the number of catalyzed individual reactions is almost negligible. In principle, the electron of hydrogen can theoretically be replaced by any other negatively charged elementary particles, such as antiparticles, especially antiprotons or super-partners, if one has a suitable source available for such exotic particles as proton or positronium hydride with high reduced mass and small orbit radius so that analogous to muon-catalyzed fusion, a corresponding fusion process can take place
• 2. The perhapstron inclusion method (James Tuck, early 1950s), in which the plasma is inductively confined by toroidal coils and optionally magnetic mirrors have been implemented; however, it has turned out that this method does not work
• 3. the magnetic mirror confinement process: this process produces an enclosed homogeneous magnetic field (fusion zone), at the end of which there are two magnetic mirrors with very high magnetic flux density, which reflect incoming plasma particles back into the fusion zone. Due to the shift instability, despite various approaches to this problem, the plasma can not be permanently trapped in the fusion zone to a sufficient extent, so that the fusion process can not be sustained long enough
• 4. the cold fusion (Fleischmann, Pons, 1989), where fusion of different hydrogen isotopes during the electrolysis of an electrolyte on the surface of a palladium-cathode braid is said to have come about, which is now generally but strongly doubted.

Attempts have also been made in which hydrogen has been subjected to intensive irradiation with negatively charged elementary particles, in particular electrons. The aim was to at least partially cancel the Coulomb barrier according to Gamov by the action of negatively charged electric charge in order to increase the tunneling probability and thus to start a fusion process in order to enable a self-supporting fusion process. For this purpose, hydrogen was positioned on the tip of the field electron microscope in a field electron microscope and bombarded with electrons by reversing the applied voltage polarization (see Appendix 2: Field Electron Microscope). A modified version of this experimental arrangement, in which protons are emitted from the inside of the glass bulb of the field electron microscope and focused onto the tip by a correspondingly applied electric field, was realized and tested. However, all experiments with the field electron microscope failed.

However, the basic idea of lowering or totally eliminating the Coulomb barrier by an externally applied electric (or magnetic or electromagnetic) field to thereby increase the tunneling probability according to Gamov and thus allow a fusion process, is not fundamentally discarded. Especially the rapidly developing nanotechnology produces many nanostructures with sharp edges and steep contours, in which locally huge electric field strengths (gradients) prevalence. If locally hydrogen molecules can be positioned at these sites, the locally prevailing electric field strengths (gradients) with suitable orientation can cause a lowering of the Coulomb barrier and thus promote the tunneling effect. Magnetic fields can also be generated with stationary current flow and with alternating electrical polarity and / or non-stationary current flow, electromagnetic fields can also be generated and used for "nanofusion". Such suitable nanostructures could be stacked quantum wells. The heterostructures known from semiconductor physics also appear as a possible candidate in which n-doped disk-shaped semiconductor regions alternate with p-doped disk-shaped semiconductor regions. If the height of the doped disk-shaped semiconductor regions is only a few nm, the forming space charge zone causes a sufficiently strong field strength gradient already at small potential differences, after which the hydrogen molecules can align, orient or arrange in order to enable the "nanofusion process".

It is not excluded that in 1989 a similar process in the experiments of Fleischmann and Pons has expired, since the surface of the nanometer-scale palladium-cathode mesh could be very sharp-edged. Without this nanostructuring, however, this effect can not take place, which could possibly explain the failed follow-up experiments. Only with sufficiently strong nanostructured palladium surface can sufficiently high field strength gradients be realized, which are indispensable as a prerequisite for a cold fusion process. If this nanostructuring is missing, no successful cold fusion process is to be expected. Only with sufficiently fine nanostructuring can appropriate electric field gradients be built up and the cold fusion process can be reproduced.

In 2014, Thomas John McGuire, a senior scientist with Lockheed Martin Corporation, surprised the world public with an international patent application ( WO 2014/165641 A1 ), in which he introduces a fusion reactor, which represents a new combination of proven components of already known nuclear fusion reactors, including the magnetic mirror inclusion method. However, some scientists expressed doubts as to whether such a type of reactor could meet the fusion criteria, and in particular whether this type of β-factor could be achieved. Although work is being carried out on this fusion reactor, experimental confirmation is still pending.

system components

From a current perspective, the tokamak and stellarator systems appear to be the most promising approaches to realizing a viable and economically viable nuclear fusion device.

Especially in the tokamak and stellarator systems, the following components were tested, which have already proven themselves in part:

Aufheizkomponenten

• - Hochfrequenz-Heizung: Mikrowellen werden in das Plasma eingestrahlt, um es durch Resonanzabsorption aufzuheizen
• - Neutralteilchenheizung: elektrisch neutrale Teilchen mit sehr hoher kinetischer Energie werden in das Plasma hineingeschossen, um es durch Stoßprozesse aufzuheizen.

In order to sufficiently heat the plasma, the following two heating methods have prevailed in particular:

• - High-frequency heating: Microwaves are radiated into the plasma to heat it up by resonance absorption
• Neutral particle heating: electrically neutral particles with very high kinetic energy are shot into the plasma to heat it up by impact processes.

• - Düsen: Der Brennstoff wird mittels Düsen in das Fusionsplasma eingeleitet. Allerdings bleibt der eingespeiste Brennstoff in den Randschichten des Plasmas stecken.
• - Neutralinjektion: Der Brennstoff wird in Form von hochenergetischen neutralen Einzelteilchen in das Plasma hineingeschossen. Das Verfahren ist sehr unökonomisch und ineffizient.
• - Injektion von Brennstoffpellets: Einzelne Brennstoffpellets werden in die Mitte des Plasmas hineingeschossen, wo sie verdampfen. Dieses Verfahren ist am vielversprechendsten.

Replenishment or replenishment components in order to maintain the supply of unconsumed fuel in such a closed system, the following components and methods have been developed:

• - Nozzles: The fuel is introduced into the fusion plasma via nozzles. However, the injected fuel remains stuck in the surface layers of the plasma.
• - Neutral injection: The fuel is shot into the plasma in the form of high-energy neutral particles. The process is very uneconomical and inefficient.
• - Injection of fuel pellets: Individual fuel pellets are shot into the center of the plasma where they evaporate. This procedure is the most promising.

In summary, it can be stated that the problem of fuel replenishment has not yet been satisfactorily resolved. Both technical and procedural economic issues still need to be resolved.

For the understanding of the subject invention and the associated embodiments, the following prior art is still relevant:

Flow or continuous flow reactors

In technical chemistry so-called flow or continuous flow reactors with an open reactor design are used if required, which have an open inlet and outlet during the course of the reaction for incoming reactants / reactants and effluent reaction products [7]. In contrast to closed reactors, the two starting materials (reactants or reactants) are passed through a flow tube, which react with one another during the flow through the flow tube. The resulting reaction products are then discharged. The advantage of this type of reactor is that it allows the instantaneous reaction to take place only between small quantities of starting materials, but over an arbitrarily long period of time, since sufficient replenishment is permanently provided by means of reacting reactants. The course of the chemical reaction can be pulled apart on the time scale. The supply of reactants can be controlled and channeled, and thus the actual course of the reaction can be specifically controlled. The reaction heat generated in the meantime can be dissipated. Ideally, a quasi-stationary equilibrium is created in the flow tube to allow the reaction to proceed under the same conditions over the reaction time.

As an example, an internal combustion engine can be regarded as a continuous reactor in the broadest sense.

Conservation of energy

In an environment-locked system, no physical process can change the total amount of energy present, ie no energy can be generated or destroyed; only energy can be transformed from one form of energy to another, with the total amount of energy remaining constant. In terms of a nuclear chemical reaction, this means that within the unfinished nuclear reaction system, the energy change ΔE during an overall process is the sum of the energy changes of the individual process steps. It follows that the energy change ΔE does not depend on the reaction path, but only on the initial and final state of the system (path independence). Thus, the energy released to the environment and the native energy in a nuclear reaction depend only on the starting and final products, not the reaction pathway. $$\Delta \text{e}={\displaystyle \Sigma {\text{e}}_{\text{Product}}-{\displaystyle \Sigma {\text{e}}_{\text{reactants}}}}$$

This means that the energy gain or energy loss of a non-environmental nuclear reaction system is equal to the energy difference between the total energy of the products and the total energy of the reactants.

Tritium cycle

Tritium is the superheated hydrogen isotope, which decays by β-radiation with a half-life of several years [8]. Since tritium naturally occurs primarily through the bombardment of rapid protons of cosmic radiation on the nitrogen in the stratosphere, and this then migrates down to the earth's surface, there is always a small amount of tritium naturally present in the water on Earth , In addition to the natural production of tritium, it can also be artificially large Amounts are produced, for example, as a by-product of nuclear fission or by production from lithium.

The unstable tritium nucleus T decays with a half-life of 12.32 years by means of the beta-minus decay into the helium isotope ³ He, an electron e ^- and an electron antineutrino νe ^anti [8]: $$\text{T}\to {}^3\text{H}\text{e}+{\text{e}}^{-}+{\mathrm{\nu }}_{\text{e}}^{\text{anti}}+18.552\text{keV}$$

Because of the low energy of the emitted electron (5.7 keV), this β-radiation thus generated outside the body is not extremely dangerous because it is already fully absorbed in the upper (dead) skin layers.

$$\text{T}\to {}^3\text{H}\text{e}+{\text{e}}^{-}+{\mathrm{\nu }}_{\text{e}}^{\text{anti}}+\mathrm{18,552}\text{ keV}$$

$${}^3\text{He}\mathrm{+}\text{n}{\to }^4\text{He}$$

If one subjects light hydrogen to a strong neutron flux, then this simple nuclear reaction would be conceivable: $$2\text{n}+\text{p}\to \text{T}$$

$$\text{T}\to {}^3\text{H}\text{e}+{\text{e}}^{-}+{\mathrm{\nu }}_{\text{e}}^{\text{anti}}+18.552\text{keV}$$

$${}^3\text{He}\mathrm{+}\text{n}{\to }^4\text{He}$$

For artificial tritium production, lighter hydrogen is used as a starting point and not nitrogen as in natural tritium production. The bombardment of hydrogen / helium with neutrons is unproblematic, since no Coulomb barrier has to be overcome by the missing electric charge of the neutron. Therefore, the necessary critical temperatures and pressures are very low compared to the D + T reaction.

oder vereinfacht qualitativ:
Wasserstoff + viele Neutronen -> Helium (jedoch erst nach ausreichend langer Wartezeit, da die Halbwertzeit von Tritium 12,32 Jahre beträgt)In summary, it results in the following gross reaction (considering only initial and final products): $$3\text{n}+\text{p}{\to }^4\text{He}+{\text{e}}^{-}+{\mathrm{\nu }}_{\text{e}}^{\text{anti}}$$

or simplified qualitatively:
Hydrogen + many neutrons -> helium (but only after a sufficiently long waiting time, since the half-life of tritium is 12.32 years)

The bombardment of hydrogen with many neutrons makes it easier to convert hydrogen into helium via several intermediate stages. However, nothing else happens in the case of the known fusion reactions, namely the conversion of hydrogen into helium, for example the D + T reaction. Applying the law of conservation of energy, the released energy is only dependent on the initial and final products, more precisely on the difference between the total energy of all end products and the total energy of all initial educts; and thus the released energy is not dependent on the reaction path or reaction path. Thus, if the energy gain is path independent, one can instead of the classical nuclear fusion reactions (for example, the D + T reaction) also go through the above reaction path, so to speak, a nuclear fusion through the "back door". However, the half-life of tritium is very high at 12.32 years, so you need a very large amount of hydrogen fuel. Also, the generation of a sufficiently large neutron current requires considerable energy, so that you have to balance the energy required for this against the energy obtained. The total energy gain is probably negative if the neutron flux has to be artificially generated. But in space near a natural neutron source, you can use it without spending energy on it. Under these special circumstances, the use of such an energy source could be economically viable.

Even measures that could lead to a reduction in the half-life of tritium, may be taken, even if the isolated reports in the professional or self-proclaimed (semi) professional world are not yet recognized. (See prior art in the patent application DE 10 2010 026 585 )

Task:

The aim is to design a functional nuclear fusion reactor in whose nuclear fusion combustion chamber a nuclear fusion reaction of light nuclei can take place in a controlled manner so that the energy released by the fusion process can be released (continuously) to the environment in any amount of energy for any length of time. In doing so, the fusion process taking place in the fusion chamber can be controlled in an arbitrarily controlled manner, either by strengthening or weakening it by suitable measures.

Basic approach:

The general solution presented here refers to case 5 (in the chapter: process parameters of the fusion process, summarizing at the end). For educational reasons, the following special case is first discussed as an introduction: We consider a very small amount of hydrogen capable of fusion, which occupies a very small volume and therefore requires only one fusion chamber with a correspondingly small volume. Due to its very small amount, the present hydrogen can easily be heated above the critical temperature by means of a heating element common in fusion technology (see chapter "State of the art" subchapter System components / heating components) and slightly above the critical pressure by a pressure element commonly used in fusion technology become. The then beginning fusion reaction process continues until the very small amount of fusible hydrogen has been consumed and only nuclear "fuel ash" in the form of helium (spent fuel) remains because there is no supply of fresh fuel (here: hydrogen) , This is achieved within a very short time. However, if a supply of fusable hydrogen were to be permanently provided as fuel for nuclear fusion, the fusion reaction would continue to run, to the extent that much unused hydrogen would be replenished per unit time, i. If the supply amount of hydrogen is reduced, the extent of the fusion reaction process is reduced; if, on the other hand, the supply quantity of hydrogen is increased, the process of the fusion reaction is intensified and spreads: the extent of the fusion reaction process can thus theoretically be controlled by the amount supplied per time (inflow rate F). However, this requires a continuous or intermittent influx of hydrogen as a nuclear fuel (unconsumed fuel) and a continuous or intermittent outflow of helium as a nuclear fuel ashes or waste product (spent fuel). If this can be realized technically, a nuclear fusion process of "smaller" extent can be controlled controlled. The entire fusion reactor should therefore be open or at least semi-open (i.e., partially open) as a dynamic flow system which can flow through the fusion plasma such that the fusion plasma is in motion (permanently or intermittently). Thus (permanently or intermittently) the spent fuel (helium) is replaced by new unused fuel (hydrogen).

In such an open circuit of an open reactor design of a fusion reactor, the entire fuel medium undergoes a flowing flow motion: new, unused fuel (hydrogen) flows from outside via the feed line to the reaction zone of the reactor (ie, supply or inflow of unconsumed fuel from outside to inside) , In the reaction zone, the actual fusion process takes place, where the hydrogen (unused fuel) burns to helium (spent fuel).

The spent fuel (helium) and possibly the remaining, unnecessary, remaining unused portions of hydrogen flow out of the reaction zone of the reactor via a discharge to the outside (i.e., discharge or outflow of the spent fuel from inside to outside).

In the fusion reactor according to the invention with an (at least semi) open reactor design are compared to the conventional fusion reactors only small amounts of unused fuel in the fusion chamber, so firstly only a small amount of energy per time can be generated, so that the energy release easy to control and, secondly, above all, the handling of the unused fuel (compression, heating, flow control, etc.) with the system components known in the prior art is easier to accomplish than conventional fusion reactor types with a large amount of fuel in the fusion combustor.

In addition, the fuel medium flowing through is to some extent subject to the laws of fluid mechanics for compressible flow fluids; This is also used, among other things, to control within narrow limits the process parameters such as pressure, flow and temperature in order to control the fusion process; Thus, for example, the extent of the fusion process via the fuel throughput can be controlled in a controlled manner (eg in the case of no throughput, the fusion process disappears in the shortest possible time).

Since the nuclear fusion process takes place practically on a small scale, only relatively little energy is obtained per unit of time (at least in comparison to the expectations of the large nuclear fusion reactors such as Tokamak or Stellarator). However, the fusion process can be maintained in a controlled manner over a longer period of time.

Another problem is the achievement of the β-factor, which will be discussed in detail below.

The case 5 is thus realized by a special (partially) open reactor design, in which by a continuous flow of fuel or plasma medium in an open or semi-open circuit (including supply and discharge) replenished permanently unconsumed fuel and spent fuel is discharged, so that dosed over a longer period just the right amount of fuel in the combustion chamber and can be removed from the combustion chamber. This effectively allows a time-extended controlled explosion of a hydrogen bomb over an extended period of time, which can be used to selectively control the extent of the overall fusion process as a function of time.

All this is in sharp contrast to today's conventional fusion reactors, whose combustion chamber has been filled with a large amount of fuel, and which have been constructed as a static / stationary and closed system in which the fusion plasma does not move and does not flow in and outflow (permanently or intermittently) is exchanged. If the plasma were to move in such a closed reactor, then at most by Brown thermal thermal motion, microflows, and / or local (swirl) flows for local pressure equalization, convection, or closed macro flow in the form of closed loop flow , All of this either serves for the (desired) mixing of the plasma medium, or it is unintentional, but it is tolerated because its elimination is too costly and does not interfere with the fusion process, or it is totally undesirable, but not preventable. However, there is no exchange of fuel with the environment in the form of (through) flow of the (un) spent fuel / plasma medium instead of what should be the case with the (semi) open reactor according to the invention.

Definition of the state of motion

As already indicated above, with an open design of a fusion reactor, in addition to the exactly selected quantity and flow rate of hydrogen, the correct movement of the fuel or plasma medium is particularly important. Therefore, in the following, the state of motion is described in more detail and different types of movement are precisely defined.

• - Oszillierende Bewegung („Hin- und Herbewegung“): dabei wird das Medium lediglich hin- und her bewegt (Beispiel: Brown'sche Wärmebewegung). Dabei bleibt der Schwerpunkt der bewegten Teilchen zeitlich und/oder räumlich gemittelt immer an derselben Stelle (auch wenn die einzelnen Teilchen des Mediums sich durchaus bewegen können); dies gilt sowohl für die zeitliche Mittelung eines einzelnen Teilchens über ein ausreichend großes Zeitintervall als auch für die räumliche Mittelung aller oder zumindest ausreichend vieler Teilchen des Mediums zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt.
• - Geschlossene Bewegung: dabei wird das Medium in einem geschlossenen Kreislauf bewegt, wobei man einen Ausgangspunkt der Bewegung und einen Endpunkt der Bewegung definieren kann und der Ausgangspunkt und der Endpunkt der Bewegung zusammenfallen; das Medium durchströmt also immer dieselbe Strecke (Beispiele: s.o.).

In a conventional fusion reactor, the fuel medium or the plasma medium (hereinafter also referred to as "medium" or "fluid" or "plasma" for short) may also be moved. There are two different types of movement:

• - Oscillating movement ("back and forth movement"): the medium is merely moved back and forth (example: Brownian thermal movement). The center of gravity of the moving particles remains always in the same place in terms of time and / or space (even if the individual particles of the medium can certainly move); This applies both to the time averaging of an individual particle over a sufficiently large time interval and to the spatial averaging of all or at least sufficiently many particles of the medium at a particular time.
• - Closed movement: the medium is moved in a closed cycle, whereby one can define a starting point of the movement and an end point of the movement and the starting point and the end point of the movement coincide; the medium thus always flows through the same distance (examples: see above).

However, both types of movement have in common that in both cases it is not a flow or a flow in which unconsumed fuel (continuously and / or intermittently) is replenished from the reservoir into the combustion chamber and already consumed Fuel is discharged from the combustion chamber, but only the already located in the fusion chamber old fuel is moved within the reactor vessel, without being able to increase or discharge.

There is thus no replenishment and thus no exchange with new unused fuel instead.

In contrast, in the open reactor design according to the invention, the fuel medium during the entire time, in particular during the fusion process, at best, subject to a single uniform flow flow, which moves smoothly in one and the same resulting preferred direction and preferential speed. The resulting preferred direction or preferential speed of the movement of the flow medium is understood to mean the direction of movement or speed of movement resulting from the direction of movement or speed of movement of all the individual particles composing the flow medium, by the direction of movement or speed of movement of all the individual particles at each point of the total reactor volume and at each instant is averaged. In this case, the averaged over a certain period of time and / or volume volume scattering should not be too large, i. all individual particles should have approximately the same direction of movement or speed of movement. Only in this way can it be ensured that a uniform, uniform and laminar flow flow or flow of the fuel medium, preferably as a parallel layer flow, is permanently and macroscopically permanently formed at any time and at any point, and the resulting movement (flow) direction and movement speed are merely is determined by the predetermined flow cross-section and the generated pressure difference. In this way, it can be prevented that in the open circuit of the open reactor design, a stagnant or stationary state of the fuel medium can not adjust at any time and at any point, but that the flow conditions are approximately quasi-stationary.

Therefore, the conventional fusion reactor has rather a static or stationary closed motion circulation, while the new, inventive fusion reactor has a dynamic (semi) open flow circuit whose flow can be set quasi-static or quasi-stationary (at the pressure p, and the density d and possibly the temperature T of the flowing medium temporally and locally does not change), but if necessary, the flow rate can be increased or reduced and thus in addition to any variations in the flow conditions, the process parameters temperature and pressure are changed and thus set a desired new quasi-stationary flow state targeted and controlled can be.

Technical embodiment:

• - bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Fusionsreaktor ist nur eine extrem kleine Menge an Brennstoff in der entsprechend kleinen Brennkammer momentan anwesend, während bei den konventionellen Fusionsreaktoren eine ungleich größere Masse an Brennstoff in der Reaktionszone vorhanden ist
• - da bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Fusionsreaktor nur eine extrem kleine Menge an Brennstoff augenblicklich in der Reaktionszone vorhanden ist, konzentriert sich die von den Aufheizkomponenten in das Brennstoffmedium eingekoppelte Energie nur auf wenige Teilchen in einem sehr kleinen Raumvolumen, die sich daher umso stärker aufheizen und besser komprimieren lassen können, um die Temperatur und den Druck zu erhöhen; wegen der geringen Menge des momentan in der Brennkammer oder Fusionszone anwesenden Brennstoffs wird dieser sofort verbraucht, so dass bei Versiegen der Brennstoffzufuhr der Kernfusionsvorgang sofort erlischt
• - der erfindungsgemäße Fusionsreaktor besitzt ein offenes Reaktordesign (offener, kein geschlossener Strömungskreislauf mit Einlass und Auslass für den (un-)verbrauchten Brennstoff), während die konventionellen Fusionsreaktoren ein geschlossenes Reaktordesign besitzen
• - bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Fusionsreaktor ist ein Eingang implementiert, durch den eine Einleitung / Zuleitung / Zufluss des unverbrauchten Brennstoffs als Nachschub stattfindet, während bei den konventionellen Fusionsreaktoren der Nachschub an Brennstoff sich kompliziert gestaltet
• - bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Fusionsreaktor ist ein Ausgang implementiert, durch den eine Ausleitung / Ableitung / Abfluss des verbrauchten Brennstoffs als Abfallprodukt ermöglicht wird, während bei den konventionellen Fusionsreaktoren der verbrauchte Brennstoff durch magnetische Ablenkung (Divertoren) und anschließender Abkühlung und Absaugung herausgefiltert wird
• - der erfindungsgemäße Fusionsreaktor ist gekennzeichnet durch einen kontinuierlichen oder pulsartigen bzw. intervallweisen Durchfluss (oder Durchfließen oder Durchströmen) des Plasmamediums bzw. Brennstoffs, welches den Gesetzen der Strömungsmechanik der kompressiblen Strömungsfluiden unterliegt; dies wird u.a. auch dazu ausgenutzt, die Prozessparameter wie Temperatur, Druck und Durchfluss zu kontrollieren, um den Fusionsvorgang zu steuern; beispielsweise ist somit das Ausmaß des Fusionsvorgangs über den Durchsatz an Brennstoff kontrolliert steuerbar, während dies bei den konventionellen Fusionsreaktoren nicht der Fall ist, da keine Durchströmung der Reaktorzone durch das Brennstoffmedium stattfindet

First, a brief overview in which the main differences between a conventional fusion reactor (in particular tokamak and Stellarator) and the fusion reactor according to the invention have been summarized and listed:

• - In the fusion reactor according to the invention, only an extremely small amount of fuel in the correspondingly small combustion chamber is currently present, while in the conventional fusion reactors a much larger mass of fuel in the reaction zone is present
• - Since in the fusion reactor according to the invention, only an extremely small amount of fuel is present in the reaction zone immediately, concentrated by the Aufheizkomponenten in the fuel medium energy concentrated only on a few particles in a very small volume of space, therefore, the more heat and compress better let to increase the temperature and pressure; because of the small amount of fuel currently present in the combustion chamber or fusion zone, this is consumed immediately, so that when the fuel supply is dry, the nuclear fusion process extinguishes immediately
• the fusion reactor according to the invention has an open reactor design (open, no closed flow circuit with inlet and outlet for the (un) spent fuel), while the conventional fusion reactors have a closed reactor design
• - In the fusion reactor according to the invention, an input is implemented through which takes place an introduction / supply / inflow of fresh fuel as replenishment, while in the conventional fusion reactors, the supply of fuel is complicated
• in the fusion reactor according to the invention an output is implemented by which a discharge / discharge / outflow of the spent fuel is allowed as a waste product, while in the conventional fusion reactors, the spent fuel is filtered out by magnetic deflection (divertors) and subsequent cooling and suction
• - the fusion reactor according to the invention is characterized by a continuous or pulsed or intermittent flow (or flow or flow) of the plasma medium or fuel, which is subject to the laws of fluid mechanics of the compressible flow fluids; this is also used, among other things, to control the process parameters such as temperature, pressure and flow in order to control the fusion process; Thus, for example, the extent of the fusion process is controllably controllable via the throughput of fuel, while this is not the case in conventional fusion reactors, since no flow through the reactor zone takes place through the fuel medium

Spatial and structural design of the reactor

The fusion reactor according to the invention can be spatially divided into the following sections, through which the fuel flows ( 2 ):

The reactor comprises in its center an area in which the actual nuclear fusion takes place (combustion chamber or reaction zone) and at its beginning an inlet in the form of a supply or inflow, flows in the unconsumed fuel (hydrogen) as replenishment in the reaction zone, and at his End of an outlet in the form of a discharge or outflow, from which the spent fuel (helium) flows out as waste from the reaction zone.

Lead section:

The feed line section or inflow section of the fusion reactor according to the invention is the flow tube in which unconsumed fuel (hydrogen) flows into or flows into the reaction zone. This can preferably be configured in the form of a convergent, funnel-shaped flow tube in which the cross-sectional area in the flow direction decreases, so that the pressure of the flow medium, that is the unused fuel, can be brought above the value of the critical pressure in order to start the fusion process can. In this case, the flow tube can be designed mechanically and / or electromagnetically; i.e. mechanically in the form of a flow tube, as known from fluid mechanics or electromagnetically in the form of electric, magnetic and / or electromagnetic lenses (or a combination thereof), in which an electrically non-neutral flow medium such as a plasma passed as it passes through, can be shaped, accelerated and / or braked. By decelerating, the pressure can also be increased, in particular above the value of the critical pressure. For this purpose, however, the flow medium must first be ionized, i. The fuel (hydrogen) must first be transferred to a plasma phase by heating it up beforehand. Since only very small amounts of hydrogen are currently introduced into the fusion chamber and therefore the fusion chamber has only a very small volume, the narrowing cross-section of the convergent flow tube of the supply section is relatively easy to implement.

Instead of an axial convergent flow tube, the compression can also be achieved by centrifugal forces similar to a radial or centrifugal compressor. This type of compression could be of interest for the cyclic arrangement discussed below of the heating components AHK, which will be presented below.

Stage reaction zone:

The reaction zone section RZA extends over the entire fusion region in which the fusion process takes place, so that the actual fusion process takes place in the reaction zone RZ ( 2 ). Due to the convergent feed section, the reaction zone has a relatively small cross-sectional area which remains substantially constant throughout the entire fusion region. Because of the very small amount of fuel currently present in the reaction zone section, the volume of the reaction zone section or the reaction fusion combustion chamber is correspondingly low.

Derivation section:

The discharge section or outflow part of the fusion reactor according to the invention is the flow tube in which spent fuel (helium) flows out of the reaction zone or is removed. This can preferably be designed in the form of a divergent flow tube, in which the cross-sectional area increases in the flow direction, so that the pressure of the flow medium, ie the spent fuel, can be brought below the value of the critical pressure, so that the Fusion process is terminated by the unused hydrogen still in the fuel. In this case, the flow tube of the discharge section, like that of the supply section, can be designed mechanically and / or electromagnetically. Both the inlet section and the outlet section are directly adjacent to the reaction zone, but they are spatially separated, ie substantially not overlapping, but are arranged one after the other in the following order: first comes the introduction section, then the reaction zone section and then the discharge section closes the inventive fusion reactor from. Together, all three sections form a single flow system. The reactor is thus designed so that the entire fuel medium in the reactor as a whole forms a uniform, continuous flow medium, which complies with the laws of fluid mechanics of the compressible flow fluids, in particular the Euler equations and / or the Navier-Stokes equations and / or the MHD equations, obeys. This is also used, among other things, to control the process parameters of the flow medium, such as flow, pressure and temperature in the fusion reactor, in a temporally and locally controlled and defined manner in order to control the fusion process:

First, thus, the extent of the fusion process is controllably controllable via the flow or throughput of fuel: as the flow increases, the fusion process expands, while if the flow is reduced, the fusion process is reduced; in extreme cases, with a flow rate equal to zero (ie blocking of the hydrogen supply), the fusion process comes to a standstill.

Secondly, by changing the flow cross-section, the pressure can be changed locally: When the flow cross-section is narrowed, the flowing medium is compressed, for example in the supply region, so that the critical pressure or critical density can be reached or exceeded self-sustaining nuclear fusion process to start. By widening the flow cross-section, the flowing medium dilutes, for example in the discharge region, so that the critical pressure or the critical density is (just) undershot in order to end the nuclear fusion process.

In the case of a supersonic flow, the supply line section and the discharge section (and possibly also the reaction zone section) can be designed such that shock waves or shock waves occur within which the pressure / temperature can suddenly be increased above the critical value.

Due to the precise setting of the flow or process parameters within the inflowing or inflowing and / or outflowing or flowing flow medium, for example in the region of the compressor, a quasi-stationary flow can form in the compression region of the supply line, in which the Pressure and the density of the flowing medium in the same place do not change over time. Thus, at a certain point in the compression region, the critical pressure or the critical density is exceeded so that a self-supporting and self-sustaining nuclear fusion process is started there.

Of course, in this way, even in the remaining regions of the reactor, a quasi-stationary flow can be established with a well-defined pressure or density distribution, if necessary for starting or maintaining or terminating the nuclear fusion process, e.g. on the inside of the tubular reactor section, in which the reaction zone is located, or on the edge regions of the reaction zone, or in the case of not yet ignited or proceeding nuclear fusion in the central region about the longitudinal axis of the tubular reactor section in which the reaction zone is located.

Third, the temperature can be set locally, since the pressure increases due to the internal friction of this non-ideal flow medium, the temperature increases. Thus, when the flow cross-section of the flow medium is concentrated, not only the pressure increases from a value just below the critical pressure p _crit to a value just above the critical pressure p _crit , but with it the value of the temperature rises from a value just below critical temperature T _crit to a value just above the critical temperature T _crit . Of course, other scenarios are conceivable in other parts of the flow-through fusion reactor, for example, in the discharge section or Abfließteil lowering the pressure from just above the critical pressure p _crit to a value just below the critical pressure p _crit and thus lowering the temperature of just above the critical Temperature T _crit to a value just below the critical temperature T _crit .

In summary, in the case of the flow-through fusion reactor, the process parameters are determined on the one hand by the inflow and outflow conditions and on the other hand by the flow parameters ( For example, change in the flow cross-section), that can be controlled by the electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields by means of the flow laws:

Using the classical laws of fluid mechanics of compressible fluids, the process parameters in the flow medium can be set locally to a limited extent so that, for example, the temperature exceeds or falls below the critical temperature and the pressure exceeds or falls below the critical pressure.

Due to the local setting of the process parameters, in particular the exceeding of the critical temperature and the critical pressure, it is possible to instantaneously and locally generate conditions within the flow medium which make possible a fusion process: Within the convergent region in the introduction section, the flow medium is compressed, see above in that the critical pressure and the critical temperature are exceeded at the interface between the introduction section and the reaction zone section. Consequently, the fusion process is then initiated within the reaction zone, and at this point a fusion reaction front is formed, the fusion zone being bounded by a front fusion reaction front F1 and a rear fusion reaction front F2. There is no self-sustaining nuclear fusion in front of the front and rear of the rear fusion reaction front, while the self-sustained nuclear fusion takes place behind the front and rear fusion reaction front, ie between the two fusion reaction fronts.

By changing the flow conditions by means of the electric, magnetic or electromagnetic lenses (or a combination thereof), the process parameters such as pressure or temperature can be locally locally and temporally varied, and thus also the locations and the time intervals at which the critical pressure or the critical temperature is exceeded, controlled change. Thereby, the shape and the position of the fusion reaction front can be selectively changed within the fusion reaction zone: for example, the fusion reaction front can be shifted forwards or backwards.

Also, the inflow and outflow conditions of the fuel have an effect on the fusion reaction zone: if the inflow of unconsumed fuel is reduced or if the outflow of the flow medium consisting of spent and residual unused fuel is increased, the particle density and thus the likelihood of subsequent fusion decreases firstly less energy is generated and secondly less fusible particles are in the immediate fusion environment.

Consequently, the expansion of the fusion zone decreases as it contracts: both fusion reaction fronts, both anterior and posterior, retract towards the middle of the fusion zone until a new equilibrium is found. Increasing inflow or decreasing outflow causes the opposite: the fusion zone expands as both the front and rear fusion reaction front shifts further forward or backward.

The position of the fusion reaction front can therefore also be selectively controlled by the inflow or outflow conditions. In this way, in addition to the flow parameters, the fusion region can also be narrowed or expanded by reducing or increasing the hydrogen inflow or the helium outflow, and thus shifting the fusion reaction front backwards or forwards.

It can be summarized that both the flow parameters and the inflow and outflow parameters have an influence on the fusion process and on its process parameters and thus on the position of the equilibrium of the fusion process and thus determine the position of the fusion reaction fronts.

A control of the process parameters by the flow laws or by adjusting the flow parameters and by adjusting the inflow and outflow parameters is not possible in a conventional fusion reactor, at least to this extent, since the flow is crucial: without flow this principle does not work.

Technical embodiment and design of the flow tube:

The control can be realized for controlled alteration of the flow cross-section by stationary and / or time-variable electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields, which, for example, give the flow tube for an ionized medium such as a plasma a divergent or a convergent flow cross-section and thus the function of a funnel lend: through such an electromagnetic funnel, the density targeted and controlled time and space resolution be set exactly. By the inflowing medium in the open circuit thus practically a quasi-stationary state is set, in which the density of the flow medium spatially and temporally accurately determined and kept constant or changed (similar to a flow medium in the wind tunnel or in a pipe through). It benefits from this fusion reactor concept with an open reactor design that is handled only with extremely small amounts of fuel, since, as discussed in detail above no threshold of fuel quantity for the nuclear fusion process exists. In this case, the density of the hydrogen plasma can be precisely controlled and controlled: for example, just before the fusion zone, the density of the plasma is just below the critical density and at the point at which the fusion process in the combustion chamber is to begin, ie at the boundary between the introduction section and fusion zone (fusion reaction front), the density of the plasma by means of the electromagnetic funnel jumps exactly or slightly above the critical density, in order to trigger and maintain an independent course of the nuclear fusion process within the nuclear fusion zone. By controlling the electromagnetic funnel its shape and size can be varied and thus the density of the plasma flowing therethrough can be changed locally, so that the fusion reaction fronts can be moved further forward or backward. Thus, the size of the fusion zone and thus the amount of energy generated within certain limits can be set arbitrarily.

This is not possible, or at least not to the same extent, with the same accuracy in a closed, dynamic circuit or in a stationary or static arrangement for the reasons already discussed above.

Comparison with conventional fusion power plants:

We have seen that devices can also be implemented in an open circuit, which can serve for shaping and guiding the flow fluid: above all, an intended location-dependent compression can be realized and immediately reversed or changed. Although this is also possible in conventional nuclear fusion reactors, but only in a stationary stationary plasma medium or a plasma medium in a closed circuit without supply or discharge of the plasma-shaped nuclear fuel. So no flow-related densifications (localized local increase in plasma density) can be achieved as in a flow medium, but if in a closed circuit somewhere the plasma medium is compressed, then for reasons of compensation, the plasma must be locally diluted elsewhere. This is completely different in the proposed open fusion reactor according to the invention:

Due to the flow with inflow and outflow, the plasma can be densified or diluted locally at any point, or the plasma density can be changed periodically; or the plasma may be deformed or constricted or expanded, and the like. without this having any influence on the density or shape of the plasma elsewhere, as the permanently supplied replenishment always provides enough plasma particles to compensate for the effects of this intervention elsewhere. It can thus be seen that by means of the flow with inflow and outflow, the design of the plasma in the case of an open fusion reactor design can be made much more flexible than in a conventional fusion reactor with a closed fusion reactor design. However, the prerequisite is that the fuel medium moves in the form of a flow or flow, because without flow can be achieved in this way no compression.

However, in both cases, in the conventional closed fusion reactors and in the open fusion reactor of the invention, helium and neutrons formed during nuclear fusion have high kinetic energy due to the released energy and therefore migrate to the inner wall of the fusion chamber to deliver their energy to the cooling elements. which are then routed by the cooling elements further for economic use to the outside.

β-factor:

However, the technical difficulty or challenge of such an open fusion system is the compression and heating of the newly flowing and unused fuel (hydrogen) in the fusion zone, in which the temperature T above the critical temperature T _crit and the pressure above the critical pressure p _crit in order to have any chance of igniting the nuclear fusion process; ie the Lawson criterion must be met and the β-factor must also be taken into account. In order to be able to achieve and maintain the required temperature and pressure conditions in the fusion zone with the available heating and pressure components and other structural components, a very small amount of hydrogen is chosen exactly. If too much hydrogen is present, the available heating and pressure elements can no longer bring the hydrogen above the critical temperature and above the critical pressure. It is important to ensure that the very small amount of hydrogen is supplied and exactly the amount of helium and residual fuel is removed, which is necessary to maintain the nuclear fusion process. With even the slightest deviation, the process can get out of balance. If the hydrogen supply is reduced too much, the fusion zone may contract and become smaller, so that there is the danger that, if the amount of (incoming) hydrogen is too low, the fusion process will cease. If too much inflowing hydrogen is present, the fusion zone can expand and there is a risk of an uncontrolled course of the fusion process (explosion) or the critical temperature is undershot and the fusion process is extinguished. In particular, the fusion reaction front has to be set precisely defined in terms of time and, above all, locally, so that the critical temperature T _crit and the critical pressure p _{crit of} the inflowing medium lie exactly at the entry point at the fusion reaction front.

In order to meet the requirements of the working conditions of the fusion reactor according to the invention, i. In order to be able to reach the critical values such as critical temperature and critical pressure in the combustion chamber of the open-plan flow-through fusion reactor, it is necessary that only a very small amount of hydrogen is currently in the combustion chamber of the open fusion reactor because a very small amount of It is easier to handle and heat and combust the gas present in the combustion chamber than a very large amount of hydrogen present in the combustion chamber. In addition, at this point, with regard to this problem, reference is made to the further measures described below for the fulfillment of the Lawson criterion and the β-factor and to the associated concrete exemplary embodiments, in particular the heating components (AHK).

Carrier gas:

It is also possible to mix the fuel with a carrier gas to reduce the fuel concentration as needed or to optimize other functional properties of the flow medium. The addition of carrier gas to the fuel can be constant or variable over time.

As carrier gas, noble gas, for example helium, could be used. In general, noble gases have a high ionization energy and good plasma properties, not least because of their elastic impact properties in a plasma, so that certain plasma characteristics can be optimized.

A possible use of helium as the carrier gas could be as follows: at a certain (high) temperature, hydrogen may be in ionized and helium in non-ionized form, since the ionization energy of helium is higher than that of hydrogen. Therefore, the mixture of both is heated to this temperature and thus brought above the critical temperature. The fluid medium now consists of two components: non-ionized helium and ionized hydrogen. Both components flow into an electromagnetic funnel. Because of the electrical neutrality of helium, its flow behavior remains unaffected, i. the direction of flow and the density of the helium component do not change; In contrast, the ionized hydrogen plasma is compressed by the electromagnetic fields: the density rises above the critical value, and the nuclear fusion begins to carry or sustain itself. Optionally, the hydrogen component may be deflected, but preferably it will continue to flow axially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the flow-through fusion reactor. The helium, which is not affected by the electromagnetic fields, continues to flow unperturbed, also or especially in the marginal zone area. There he can u.a. serve as a cooling or heat exchange means. In the narrowed central tube along the longitudinal axis, where the ionized hydrogen resides and continues to flow, the nuclear fusion processes take place. The fusion process converts the unused fuel (hydrogen) into spent fuel (helium). The spent fuel helium then precipitates and joins the carrier gas (also helium), which flows unaffected by the electromagnetic fields in the edge region, and can either serve as a heat exchange means (heat exchanger on the wall at the edge of the fusion reactor) or because of high temperature expand to the rear to either drive a turbine or cause a recoil, so that the flow-through reactor can also be used as an engine.

Instead of cooling elements as a heat exchanger for energy production, a magnetohydrodynamic generator (MHD generator) can be used: the plasma medium flows through the magnetic field between the electrodes and induces an electrical voltage at the electrodes.

In addition to the heat or energy, there is another application, namely by using the nuclear fusion reactor as an engine and thus misappropriated: the heated fusion products helium and neutrons do not have to give off the energy at the cooling elements on the reactor inner wall, but the heated fusion products (helium, Neutrons, etc.) and possibly the remaining fuel medium heated by them (also not left over by the fusion process, leftover hydrogen with or without carrier gas) can be directed away to the rear and expand through a discharge nozzle, so that a recoil arises. This could be exploited to create a thrust and thus a propulsion. The nuclear fusion reactor is then practically used as an engine.

Flow generation:

There are several ways to create a flow in the flow reactor. These include pressure differences between the flow inlet and outlet as well as suitably applied electrical, magnetic and / or electromagnetic fields (possibly with a corresponding field gradient) that can lead, shape, accelerate or decelerate an electrically charged ionized plasma medium.

Ignition:

The fusion process ignites by itself when the hydrogen is sufficiently compressed so that the critical temperature and the critical pressure are exceeded and thus the Lawson criterion is met. This is generally achieved with electromagnetic lenses that are designed to jam or compress the flow.

However, one can support this ignition process, especially when the temperature and pressure are just below the critical temperature and critical pressure. Although it is possible to use a mini-atom bomb as an igniter (problem: disposal of the radioactive waste, albeit to a much lesser extent than in a conventional nuclear reactor) or another detonation device. But you do not necessarily have to use a small atomic bomb as an igniter, which can also certain vortex or shock or shock waves in the plasma (created by sharp edges or cracks in the funnel) accomplish, but the resulting flow direction parallel to the longitudinal axis of the reactor show got to.

Other measures to increase the temperature and density are possible as known for example from engine technology. These include radial or axial compressors, compression joints on angular edges, especially in supersonic flow or similar to a ramjet engine. However, in the case of the flow-through fusion reactor, because of the high temperatures, the compressors are not made of materials but are realized by electric, magnetic and / or electromagnetic fields.

Other ignition supportive measures are the bombardment of the unused fuel with tritium, neutrons, muons, pions, neutrinos and / or noble gas atoms to increase the temperature slightly by impact processes and / or (additional) bombardment of the unconsumed fuel from electrically negatively charged particles such as electrons, ions, muons, tauons, in order to reduce the Coulomb potential and thus to increase the tunneling probability according to Gamov. The bombardment should take place spatially preferably shortly before the front fusion reaction front, ie shortly before the fusion process starts.

Other measures to lower the Coulomb barrier and increase the tunneling probability can also be initiated on their own or in addition to the above measures.

Also, the confluence of two flow media at a flow combination point appears to be possible for a slight increase in pressure.

• - bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Fusionsreaktor wird der unverbrauchte Treibstoff von vorne in die Brennkammer eingeleitet, während beim Staustrahltriebwerk der Treibstoff in der Brennkammer eingespritzt wird
• - die Schubdüse bei einem Staustrahltriebwerk, in dem die heißen Gase expandieren, wird als mechanisches Strömungsrohr ausgebildet, während der Ableitungsabschnitt beim erfindungsgemäßen offenen Fusionsreaktor wegen der vorherrschenden sehr hohen Temperaturen in Form von elektromagnetischen Feldern ausgestaltet wird
• - beim Staustrahltriebwerk fungiert Luft als notwendiges Trägermedium, während der erfindungsgemäße Fusionsreaktor nicht unbedingt ein Trägermedium benötigt; aber wenn ein Trägermedium eingesetzt werden sollte, bietet sich hierfür Helium oder anderen Edelgase an.

Superficially, the flow-through fusion reactor has many space-constructive features of an aircraft engine, especially a ramjet engine, but the similarity is only apparent; there are important differences:

• - In the fusion reactor according to the invention, the unused fuel is introduced from the front into the combustion chamber, while the ramjet of the fuel is injected into the combustion chamber
• - The exhaust nozzle in a ramjet engine, in which the hot gases expand, is formed as a mechanical flow tube, while the discharge section in the open Fusion reactor is designed because of the prevailing very high temperatures in the form of electromagnetic fields
• - In the ramjet air acts as a necessary carrier medium, while the fusion reactor according to the invention does not necessarily require a carrier medium; but if a carrier medium should be used, this is helium or other noble gases.

Aufheizkomponenten:

One problem is the achievement of the β-factor, i. the temperature and pressure must exceed a minimum value. This is especially difficult with an open reactor system.

For this purpose, the following solution is proposed:

A column or cascade of individual heating stages in the form of heating components (AHK) is realized. Within this column, the individual heating components (AHK) are successively arranged in a row, i. the AHK are consecutively connected in series. The individual heating components are connected to each other through an opening through which the unused and aufheizende fusion fuel, usually hydrogen to flow through. An inhomogeneous and asymmetrical magnetic field (in the simplest case a current-carrying coil) or an inhomogeneous and asymmetrical electrical or an inhomogeneous and asymmetric electromagnetic field is applied externally to this connection point between the individual heating components, ie at their connection junctions (generated, for example, by a component similar to that Wehneltzylinder the Braun tube), in such a way that charged particles can move preferentially only in one direction, from the current current Aufheizkomponente in the subsequent Aufheizkomponente in which they are to be heated further. In contrast, movement in the opposite direction for the charged particles into the previous APC is obstructed or at least severely impeded by the externally applied asymmetric electric / magnetic / electromagnetic field. Although it can not be ruled out 100% that already heated hydrogen particles can move in the undesired reverse direction, ie back to the previous bake component from which they came, for statistical reasons, over many heating stages, the hottest particles become be selected out. If these heated particles have not yet reached the required threshold temperature, then a few additional heating stages must be run through. Alternatively, the externally applied asymmetric field does not necessarily have to be located between two AHKs, but may be formed instead of or additionally within the AHK.

Superficially, this can be understood analogously to a distillation operation in a refinery where the petroleum to be distilled is passed through a plurality of columns until it reaches the desired degree of purity. Only here it depends on the temperature instead of the degree of purity. As a further superficial analogous example, the uranium enrichment can be cited by passing the uranium material through a series or chain of centrifuges or separation stages and enriching the uranium a little more in each stage, or the production of ultrapure substances in chemistry / pharmacy by passing the substances to be purified through a series of filters.

A single heating component (AHK1) is configured as follows (Figure 3):

The heating component consists centrally of a conventional heating element H1, as it has already proven in fusion technology. This can be a high-frequency heating or a neutral particle heating. The heating component has on one side an inlet opening E1 through which cooler, unused fuel, in particular hydrogen, is introduced and on the other side an outlet opening A1, through which the hydrogen heated by the heating element can escape.

In between there is a cavity or chamber K1, in or on which the heating element is located and in which the cool, unused hydrogen can just be heated by this heating element to a certain temperature.

The following heating component (AHK2) is connected to the previous heating component (AHK1) through an opening ( 4 ); Ideally, the output opening A1 of the first heating component AHK1 is directly connected to the input opening E2 of the second heating component AHK2 and form the interface of the two adjacent heating components. Eventually, the exit opening A1 and the entrance opening E2 are similar or even configured. However, located at this interface between the momentary heating component, from now on also generally referred to as AHKn, and the heating component following from this, now also generally referred to as AHKn + 1, as well as at the interface between instantaneous heating component AHKn and preceding heating component, now also generally known as AHKn-1 denotes an externally applied asymmetric magnetic, electric or electromagnetic field (or a combination thereof) which gives the electrically charged particles a preferential direction, ie the electrically charged particles which have been heated by the heating element of the AHKn to a certain temperature and thus due to move the heat movement much faster in the room, due to the asymmetry of the externally applied electric or magnetic field with a much higher probability in a predetermined by the asymmetric fields preferred direction, more precisely in the direction of the output opening at the AHKn, than in the opposite direction, more precisely in the direction of the entrance opening En of the AHKn. The reason is that the asymmetric magnetic field on the moving electrically charged particles of the plasma Lorentz force only in a certain direction and / or the asymmetric electric field on the electrically charged particles a Coulomb force only in a certain direction (the electromagnetic field exercises just correspondingly both types of forces on the charged particles) and thus give the electrically charged particles a preferred direction. In the simplest case, such an asymmetric magnetic field is realized by a simple coil winding or a simple coil; In this case, the coil is placed around the interface between the output opening at the preceding AHKn and the input opening En + 1 of the following AHKn + 1. If current now flows through the coil winding, a magnetic field is created around this coil winding whose magnetic field lines are arranged concentrically around the conductors of the coil winding through which current flows. The individual magnetic field lines superimpose to form an asymmetric magnetic field within the coil winding which exerts such a force on a penetrating electrically charged particle that it is preferably accelerated in one direction while being accelerated away from the exact opposite direction. Thus, the resulting magnetic field is asymmetrically aligned, and a charged particle is preferably accelerated in one direction, depending on the charge, in the direction in which the forces act, while preferably not accelerated in other directions.

Thus, averaged over many heating stages results in a preferred movement from right to left or from the first cold AHK to the last hottest AHK, since the velocity distribution or velocity direction is not isotropic because of the externally applied asymmetric / inhomogeneous field, but has a preferred direction.

The atomic hydrogen fuel is passed through a column or series of such heating components consisting of series AHK ( 5 ), and heated up to the critical temperature as follows: the cold hydrogen enters the right entry opening E1 of the first heating component AHK1. There it is heated to a certain temperature, which is still far below the critical fusion temperature. However, due to the elevated temperature, the kinetic energy of the individual hydrogen molecules is increased. This thermal movement of the individual particles is initially undirected, that is, the heated and accelerated hydrogen molecules move uniformly in all directions. However, they eventually encounter one of the two externally applied magnetic fields; either to the first magnetic field applied to the right of the input port E1 and exerting a force which accelerates the charged particle back back to the center of the cavity or chamber of the AHK1 or to the second externally applied magnetic field which is to the left is applied to the exit opening A1 and which exerts on the charged particle such a force, which accelerates the charged particle further into the following, left-arranged adjacent AHK2. Both magnetic fields are aligned to accelerate a charged particle striking them to the left. Thus, the likelihood that a heated or accelerated charged particle, which initially has no preferential direction due to the thermal motion, is much more likely to enter the chamber of the following AHK2 to the left than to the AHK1 entrance aperture E1, where it is currently located. Although it can not be ruled out that sometimes a particle overcomes the first magnetic field at the entrance opening E1 and then gets outside (or in the case of an AHKn with n> 1 in the previous chamber), but this is not bad, since that only very few are because this scenario is very unlikely and, in addition, it has opportunity again, with a high probability, to wander to the left again.

This heating effect is further supported by the fact that the particles are subject to Maxwell's velocity distribution, that is, all particles perform Brownian thermal motion, but not all particles move at the same velocity: some particles move higher and others with one lower speed. This can be illustrated by the following experiment: Two chambers of equal size are filled with the same amount of gas: the first chamber has a temperature T1 and the second chamber has a temperature T2. The temperature T2 of the second chamber is greater than the temperature T1 of the first chamber: T2> T1. Both chambers are now interconnected by a flow channel which is now opened so that cooler gas from the first chamber into the second chamber and warmer gas from the second flows into the first chamber, so that increases the temperature in the first chamber and is lowered in the second chamber. As expected, the warmer gas moves faster from the second to the first chamber than the colder gas from the first to the second chamber because the gas particles of the warmer gas have a higher average velocity. Now, however, it turns out that, although the temperature in the first chamber first increases to the temperature T1 *> T1, the temperature of the first chamber falls to the value T1 ** in the further course of the experiment, so that the following applies: T2> T1 *> T1 **> T1. The explanation for this is provided by the Maxwellian velocity distribution of the gas particles from the second chamber: in the second chamber, not all gas particles have the same velocity, but there are faster ("hotter") and slower ("colder") gas particles. Because of their high speed, only the "hottest" gas particles migrate from the second chamber into the first chamber and heat them to the temperature T1 *. Over time, the "colder" gas particles from the second chamber follow and lower the temperature to T1 **.

Over the many heating intermediate steps from right to left, ie from the initial AHK via AHK with ascending index up to the end AHK, the plasma medium is heated stepwise or stepwise, and due to the laws of probability a resulting movement of the plasma particles forms from the right to the left, so that at the last outlet of the end-AHK only extremely heated plasma particles will escape.

Another approach may be as follows: the externally applied inhomogeneous or asymmetric fields change their polarity or direction so that the preferential direction of the resulting movement of the ionized plasma particles points towards the first input port E1, ie, exactly in the opposite direction as in the previously discussed embodiment , Thus, only the most highly heated particles can overcome the externally applied fields at the input or output ports, so that only the "hottest" particles are selected in the transition from a heating stage to the subsequent heating stage. Not so "hot" particles can not overcome the threshold or barrier of the external fields and remain in their heating element until they have enough energy and can then overcome this hurdle caused by the externally applied fields and thus enter the subsequent heating stage , Thus, due to the laws of probability, when passing through a sufficiently high number of heating stages, only the most highly heated particles emerge at the final exit opening.

A combination of the two embodiments also appears possible:

Then, at the opening between two adjacent heating elements, there are two inhomogeneous and asymmetric magnetic fields; a stronger one, which induces a preferential movement of the heated particles from right to left, and a weaker one whose direction of effect is opposite and does not select out so "hot" particles and sends them back to the AHK from which they came, so that only the am strongest heated particles can overcome this magnetic field barrier. Alternatively, only a single magnetic field between the two heating components exist, but which changes its polarity very quickly in time to perform the same task.

Of course, instead of the magnetic field, an electric field or an electromagnetic field or a combination thereof can also be used.

At relatively low temperatures, the screening or filtering function of the heating cascade described above does not yet work, since at low temperatures below the ionization temperature the particles, preferably hydrogen, are not yet ionized. Therefore, prior to the first heating stage, the hydrogen must already be heated to the required ionization temperature or above by means of a preheating stage so that the hydrogen enters the first heating component in ionized form (plasma).

Hereinafter, hydrogen is referred to as unused fuel and spent fuel as helium, whether it is in electrically neutral form or in ionized form.

1. 1. Das Plasma kann getrennt werden in positiv geladene Ionen und negativ geladene freie Elektronen; beide entgegengesetzt aufgeladene Plasmakomponenten können getrennte Wege gehen, indem sie durch zwei verschiedene Aufheizkolonnen geschickt werden, wobei die Polung der jeweiligen Aufheizkolonne an die Ladung der in ihr befindlichen Teilchen angepasst ist. Zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt können die beiden entgegengesetzt aufgeladenen Plasmakomponenten wieder zusammengeführt werden.
2. 2. Die Aufheizung des Wasserstoffs wird mittels Elektronenkanonen vorgenommen oder vollzogen. Dadurch kann der elektrische „Ladungsverlust“, der dadurch entsteht, dass die Elektronen sich in die entgegengesetzte Richtung bewegen, ausgeglichen werden. Falls es einen Überschuss an negativer elektrischer Ladung geben sollte, da aus der nachfolgenden AHKn+1 Elektronen zurückkehren, so können diese durch spezielle Elektroden aufgefangen werden. Ein Elektron besitzt ca. 1/2000 Masse eines Wasserstoffatoms. Durch elastische und inelastische Stöße werden Bewegungsenergie und Impulse zwischen den einzelnen Stoßpartnern (freie Elektronen und teilweise oder vollständig ionisierte Atome / Moleküle) übertragen. In einem Plasma besitzen die freien Elektronen aufgrund der viel geringeren Masse durchschnittlich gemittelt eine viel höhere kinetische Energie und somit eine viel höhere Temperatur als die viel, viel schwereren Ionen. Es ist schon möglich, dass in einem 200°C bis 300°C heißen Plasma die Elektronen eine Temperatur von 20 000°C besitzen. Das bedeutet aber auch, dass die Flußdichte der Elektronen viel größer ist als die der Ionen. Somit treffen pro Zeiteinheit und pro Flächeneinheit mehr Elektronen auf die das Plasma umgebende Innenwandung auf als die viel schwereren positiv geladenen Ionen. So wird die Innenwand negativ aufgeladen, und der unmittelbar neben der Wandung sich befindliche schmale räumliche Plasmabereich wird wegen des Ladungserhaltungssatzes positiv aufgeladen: es bildet sich eine elektrisch aufgeladene Doppelschicht. Auf diese Weise wird auch eine in ein Plasma gehaltene Elektrode oder eine ein Plasma umgebende elektrisch leitfähige Innenwand elektrisch negativ aufgeladen, so dass ein schmaler räumlicher Plasmabereich vor der Wandung positiv aufgeladen bleibt. Man braucht daher nur eine Elektrode in ein Plasma zu halten, oder eine ein Plasma umgebende elektrisch leitfähige Innenwand wird automatisch elektrisch negativ aufgeladen, indem es die Elektronen aus dem Plasma „herausfischt“, bzw. dem Plasma entzieht.
3. 3. Wie bereits oben ausführlich erläutert, werden im Plasma die freien Elektronen im Plasma und die positiven Ionen durch die extern angelegten elektrischen, magnetischen oder elektromagnetischen Felder in die entgegengesetzte Richtung beschleunigt; in unserem Beispiel werden die positiven Ionen nach links und die negativen Teilchen (in der Mehrzahl Elektronen, und nur wenige negative Ionen) nach rechts bewegt. Wenn wir eine augenblicklich aktuelle Aufheizkomponente AHKn betrachten, so befindet sich auf deren linken Seite eine darauffolgende Aufheizkomponente AHKn+1 und auf der rechten Seite eine vorangegangene Aufheizkomponente AHKn-1, wenn der Wasserstoffstrom eine Fließrichtung von rechts nach links besitzt. Dies bedeutet, dass zwar die positiven Ionen von der augenblicklich aktuellen AHKn in die nachfolgende AHKn+1 wandern, während die negativen Elektronen von der augenblicklich aktuellen AHKn in die vorangegangene AHKn-1 gelenkt werden (5). Somit wandern die positiven Ionen von der vorangegangenen AHKn-1 in die augenblickliche AHKn und die Elektronen von der folgenden AHKn+1 werden in die augenblicklich aktuelle AHKn bewegt. So existieren praktisch zwei verschieden aufgeladene und entgegengesetzt gerichtete Teilchenströme: der erste geladene Teilchenstrom bestehend aus positiven Ionen wandert von rechts nach links (durchgehender Pfeil in 5) und der zweite geladene Teilchenstrom bestehend aus negativen Elektronen wandert von links nach rechts (gestrichelter Pfeil in 5), also in die genau entgegengesetzte Richtung; beide Teilchenströme treffen sich dann in der augenblicklichen AHKn. Abgesehen davon, dass diese diametral entgegengesetzt gerichteten Teilchenströme miteinander kollidieren und somit sich weiter gegenseitig aufheizen, heben sich somit die elektrischen Ladungen der beiden Teilchenströme innerhalb der augenblicklichen AHKn gegenseitig auf und kompensieren sich elektrisch gegenseitig.
4. 4. Time-Multiplexing: Wie bereits oben detailliert erörtert, beträgt die Masse eines Elektrons ca. 1/2000 der Masse eines Wasserstoffatoms; daher besitzen die Elektronen eine viel höhere durchschnittliche Bewegungsenergie und eine viel höhere Temperatur. Folglich ist deren durchschnittliche Geschwindigkeit der freien Elektronen auch viel höher. Das bedeutet, dass die Elektronen pro Zeiteinheit eine viel größere Strecke zurücklegen als die viel schwereren positiven Ionen. Dieser Umstand sollte bei der Schaltung oder Ansteuerung der Feldspulen berücksichtigt werden: wenn die Feldspulen mit einem entsprechenden Erregerstrom beaufschlagt werden und dieser Erregerstrom mit einer entsprechenden Frequenz umgepolt wird, dann bewegen sich im extern erzeugten elektrischen Feld lediglich die schnellen freien Elektronen und die trägen langsamen Ionen bleiben praktisch auf der Stelle stehen. Man kann somit den Elektronenstrom vom lonenstrom entkoppeln und getrennt steuern. Denkbar ist es auch, dass man ein asymmetrisch geformtes elektrisches Signal als Erregerstrom an die Feldspule anlegt, beispielsweise eine Sägezahnspannung oder ein Rechteckimpuls bestehend aus einer Hochphase mit einem Spannungswert UH und darauf folgend einer Tiefphase mit dem Spannungswert UT mit UH > UT, wobei UH, UT auch gleich Null oder negativ sein können, mit gleicher oder unterschiedlicher Breite oder Dauer der Hoch- und der Tiefphasen (d.h. die Hochphase besitzt dieselbe oder eine andere Dauer als die Tiefphase, wobei sämtliche Hochphasen dieselbe Dauer D1 und alle Tiefphasen dieselbe Dauer D2 besitzen, wobei D1 gleich oder ungleich D2 ist), oder die einzelnen Hochphasen der Rechteckimpulse besitzen unterschiedliche Zeitdauern, d.h. die erste Hochphase besitzt eine erste Dauer D1a und die darauf folgende zweite Hochphase besitzt eine zweite Dauer D1b mit D1a ungleich D1b. Analoges gilt auch für die Tiefphasen. Optional kann das sich zeitlich veränderbare Spannungssignal mittels eines Feedbacks an die Erfordernisse der augenblicklichen Plasmasituation angepasst werden.

A problem in the stepwise or stepwise heating of the hydrogen by means of the AHK column is that differently charged particles of the plasma under the action of the same magnetic field or electric field due to the force acting on them electric or magnetic force in different, more precisely, in opposite directions move: the positively charged ions (molecules) In the above example, in the left direction, the negatively charged electrons move to the right. If this should be a problem in the heating of hydrogen, the following suggestions are made to solve it:

1. 1. The plasma can be separated into positively charged ions and negatively charged free electrons; both oppositely charged plasma components can go their separate ways by being passed through two different heating columns, the polarity of the respective heating column being adapted to the charge of the particles in it. At a later time, the two oppositely charged plasma components can be recombined.
2. 2. The heating of the hydrogen is carried out or completed by means of electron guns. This can compensate for the electrical "charge loss" that results from the electrons moving in the opposite direction. If there is an excess of negative electrical charge, as electrons return from the following AHKn + 1, they can be trapped by special electrodes. An electron has about 1/2000 mass of a hydrogen atom. By elastic and inelastic collisions kinetic energy and impulses between the individual collision partners (free electrons and partially or completely ionized atoms / molecules) are transmitted. On average, in a plasma, the free electrons have a much higher kinetic energy due to the much lower mass and thus a much higher temperature than the much, much heavier ions. It is already possible that in a 200 ° C to 300 ° C hot plasma, the electrons have a temperature of 20 000 ° C. But this also means that the flux density of the electrons is much larger than that of the ions. Thus, more electrons per unit of time per unit area hit the inner wall surrounding the plasma than the much heavier positively charged ions. Thus, the inner wall is negatively charged, and the immediately adjacent to the wall located narrow spatial plasma area is positively charged because of the charge conservation rate: it forms an electrically charged double layer. In this way, an electrode held in a plasma or an electrically conductive inner wall surrounding a plasma is also electrically negatively charged, so that a narrow spatial plasma region in front of the wall remains positively charged. It is therefore necessary to hold only one electrode in a plasma, or an electrically conductive inner wall surrounding a plasma is automatically negatively charged electrically by "fishing out" the electrons from the plasma, or withdrawing them from the plasma.
3. 3. As explained in detail above, in the plasma, the free electrons in the plasma and the positive ions are accelerated by the externally applied electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields in the opposite direction; In our example, the positive ions are moved to the left and the negative particles (in the majority of electrons, and only a few negative ions) to the right. When we consider an instantaneous heating component AHKn, there is a subsequent heating component AHKn + 1 on the left side thereof and a preceding heating component AHKn-1 on the right side when the hydrogen flow has a right-to-left flow direction. This means that although the positive ions migrate from the instantaneous AHKn into the following AHKn + 1, while the negative electrons are directed by the current AHKn into the preceding AHKn-1 ( 5 ). Thus, the positive ions from the previous AHKn-1 migrate to the current AHKn, and the electrons from the following AHKn + 1 are moved to the current AHKn. Thus, there are practically two differently charged and oppositely directed particle streams: the first charged particle stream consisting of positive ions migrates from right to left (continuous arrow in FIG 5 ) and the second charged particle stream consisting of negative electrons moves from left to right (dashed arrow in 5 ), in the opposite direction; both particle streams then meet in the instantaneous AHKn. Apart from the fact that these diametrically oppositely directed particle streams collide with each other and thus continue to heat each other, so the electric charges of the two particle currents cancel each other within the instantaneous AHKn and compensate each other electrically.
4. 4. Time Multiplexing: As discussed in detail above, the mass of an electron is about 1/2000 of the mass of a hydrogen atom; therefore, the electrons have a much higher average kinetic energy and a much higher temperature. Consequently, their average velocity of free electrons is also much higher. This means that the electrons travel a much greater distance per unit time than the much heavier positive ions. This circumstance should be taken into account when switching or controlling the field coils: when the field coils are subjected to a corresponding exciting current and this exciting current is reversed by a corresponding frequency, then only the fast free electrons and the sluggish move in the externally generated electric field slow ions remain practically on the spot. It is thus possible to decouple the electron current from the ion current and control it separately. It is also conceivable that an asymmetrically shaped electrical signal is applied to the field coil as an exciter current, for example a sawtooth voltage or a rectangular pulse consisting of a high phase with a voltage value UH and then a low phase with the voltage value UT with UH> UT, where UH, UT can also be zero or negative, with equal or different width or duration of the high and low phases (ie the high phase has the same or a different duration than the low phase, all high phases having the same duration D1 and all deep phases having the same duration D2, where D1 is equal to or not equal to D2) or the individual high phases of the rectangular pulses have different durations, ie the first high phase has a first duration D1a and the subsequent second high phase has a second duration D1b with D1a not equal to D1b. The same applies to the deep phases. Optionally, the time-varying voltage signal can be adjusted by means of a feedback to the requirements of the instantaneous plasma situation.

Cyclic arrangement of the AHK in a circuit-shaped feed section When heating the hydrogen by means of the columns, the problem arises that one may have to switch very many stages and thus very many AHK in series. If each AHK can heat up the hydrogen in it by 10,000 K, it takes about 150 million / 10,000 = 15,000 AHK to reach the critical temperature of about 150 million K. This could be an obstacle to economic use. Therefore, it makes sense to make the AHK series or column non-linear but closed, i. the AHK are arranged in the form of a circuit consisting of relatively few AHK: the hydrogen passes through this cycle several times to be heated by the cyclically arranged AHK until the critical temperature has been reached. The term "closed" in this context does not mean that the fusion reaction chamber of the (semi-) open-ended fusion flow reactors according to the invention are closed in the same way as those of the conventional fusion reactors (stellarator, tokamak), so that no flow through or passage through the plasma medium takes place the hydrogen flows through the feed section of the fusion reactor in a semi-closed path several times until it is hot enough, when hot enough, to replenish sufficiently heated hydrogen as the unconsumed fuel to the fusion process in the fusion combustor, and a divert section to extract helium as spent fuel dissipate. This semi-closed track of the lead portion can be configured either circular (cyclic) or in any other semi-closed form. Thus, the fuel to be heated can then repeatedly pass through the half-closed supply section of AHK until it has reached the critical temperature. Thereafter, the hydrogen fuel can be decoupled into the actual fusion chamber. Shortly before entering the fusion chamber, the hydrogen / fuel can be compressed once more by means of the electric / magnetic / electromagnetic fields by once again reducing the flow cross section through the external fields.

The cyclic cycle can be either pulsed or continuous. In pulsed mode, there could be problems with the supply of unconsumed hydrogen fuel for the fusion process in the fusion combustor. In continuous mode, one must then separate the highly heated hydrogen molecules from the less heated hydrogen molecules. It can be exploited that strongly heated hydrogen particles due to their more pronounced thermal movement can not be distracted by externally applied fields as easily as less heated hydrogen particles. Thus, by applying suitable external fields, it is possible to divert the sufficiently heated hydrogen into the actual fusion chamber. Another possibility is that one exploits the already described above effect that differently strongly heated and thus different fast hydrogen ions by a magnetic field which has been created at the interfaces between the individual AHK, deflected differently strongly and thus in different solid angle or Spaces can be directed. This is done according to the Lorentz force F = q (v × B); that is, the charged plasma particle is deflected perpendicular to the plane spanned by the velocity vector and the magnetic field vector. If the magnetic field lines are oriented perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the AHK and perpendicular to the plane of the drawing, the charged particles are deflected parallel to the plane of the drawing, depending on the electrical charge to the left or to the right to the edge of the AHK. Thus, depending on the polarity of the externally applied magnetic field, the faster particles collect either at the outer or inner edge of the circular array of the AHK. When the critical temperature is reached, it is necessary to extract or scavenge the sufficiently heated hydrogen ions at a suitable point.

For this purpose, the cross-section of the opening, which connect two consecutive AHK, increases ( 6 ) and / or to each other ( 7 ) to the heated hydrogen particles be able to spread spatially wider depending on their speed, so that the selection of the faster, heated particles of the not so much heated residual plasma is easier to perform.

In the following two embodiments are presented:

In the first embodiment, the supply section in which the unused fuel (hydrogen) is heated and supplied to the fusion chamber is formed in the form of an open circuit. The cold hydrogen is introduced from the right into the open circuit, in which it passes through the cyclically arranged AHK several times and is heated in this way by the AHK until they have reached the critical temperature. The externally applied fields in the circuit of the supply section are designed so that the plasma particles are accelerated simultaneously with increasing heating, so that they reach an increasing speed with increasing temperature. In addition, due to the high temperature, the thermal movement of the heated plasma particles is particularly pronounced. Because of the high speed and the particularly pronounced thermal movement, the plasma particles are no longer so easily deflected and thus held in its orbit, but the heated plasma particles migrate due to their inertia during their circulation on the outer tracks of the circular feed line part, so that they at the fly out of the open circuit system above branch point and thus directed towards the fusion reaction combustion chamber.

In the second embodiment, the heated plasma particles thus directed out of the circuit are discharged through an angled flow tube. The heated plasma particles then have a temperature and a pressure just below the critical value. Shortly before entering the fusion reaction chamber, the cross-section of the flow tube narrows, so that the plasma medium is thereby compressed and heated once again and thus its temperature and its pressure when entering the fusion reaction chamber just exceed the critical value and in this way the nuclear fusion process is started , Upon exiting the fusion reaction combustor, the plasma medium passes through a divergent flow tube, i. the cross section of the flow tube becomes larger again, so that the plasma medium is expanded and its temperature and pressure drops below the critical value and thus the fusion process is terminated.

The changing cross-sectional areas of the convergent entrance and divergent exit flow tubes do not necessarily have to be realized fluidically by a change in the geometric diameter of the flow tube, but because of the unbelievably high temperatures by appropriately designed externally applied electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields or by a combination thereof be designed.

Both embodiments may be operated in either pulse or continuous mode. In pulse mode, all plasma particles are heated almost equally, so that all circulating plasma particles are present in a narrow temperature range or temperature spectrum. Therefore, in this mode of operation, all of the plasma particles (almost) simultaneously exceed the critical temperature so that all of the plasma particles are simultaneously deflected and directed into the fusion combustor. For this, the polarity of the externally applied fields must be changed accordingly.

In a continuous mode of operation, cold hydrogen is continuously added to the circuit of the supply section and sufficiently hot hydrogen is led out of the circuit of the supply section. Therefore, the plasma mixture always consists of slower, less heated and faster, more heated particles. From this mixture of differently heated particles now sufficiently heated particles must be sieved out. It is exploited that move the sufficiently heated particles on the outer orbit. Therefore, the polarity of the coils and / or the electrodes that induce the external fields is switched so that, at the appropriate time, the plasma particles on the outer orbits, which have been sufficiently heated, are led out of the circuit of the lead-in portion and supplied to the fusion chamber become. The less heated particles are not affected by this selection and remain in circulation to be further heated until finally they are also selected out. Thus, continuous operation of the supply operation can be maintained.

A combination of both operating modes is conceivable; For example, cold hydrogen is added in sections to the circuit, even if there is still "older" hydrogen in the circuit that has not yet been selected out. Then there are plasma media with different temperatures in the system in different sections of the circulation, which are then brought out in due course and into the fusion reaction chamber. Optionally, there may still be an electric / magnetic / electromagnetic field or at least one AHK just before the fusion chamber to safely bring the plasma medium out of the critical temperature and pressure.

Such a compression and Aufheizkolonne can also be integrated into an existing closed fusion reactor such as the Tokamak or Stellarator as a replenishment device for the nuclear fuel. This would then represent an intermediate variant of a conventional closed and open reactor design according to the invention.

Another embodiment of a fusion reactor is based on the last-mentioned embodiment ( 9 ), but you do not need a costly distraction or decoupling of the sufficiently heated fuel medium to direct it into the actual fusion chamber (reaction fusion zone), but the circuit itself forms the same fusion chamber: the ring is thus both heating zone and fusion zone :

As in the latter embodiment ( 9 ) Unused fuel (hydrogen) in the annular circuit consisting of many individual heating components, which together form the ring structure, is introduced so that the hydrogen passes from a heating component to the other and is heated at each step by the respective heating component. If the hydrogen now has a sufficiently high temperature and pressure for the fusion process, then it does not become as in the last-mentioned embodiment (FIG. 9 ), but remains within the ring structure, so that just there within the ring structure of the fusion process can proceed. This of course eliminates the externally arranged in the discharge section fusion chamber (in the latter embodiment designed as part of the flow tube in the discharge section with initially convergent and then divergent cross-section), but the heat exchange components must be implemented on the outer walls of the ring structure to dissipate the heat energy obtained and accessible to the consumer close. However, this eliminates the resulting in the latter embodiment recoil of the in the embodiment according to 9 Externally arranged fusion chamber exiting spent fuel (helium), which could possibly be used as a thrust to move an object. However, if this is neither desired nor necessary, because the fusion reactor is used only for heat generation, it can be dispensed with anyway, and the otherwise released recoil energy can be additionally converted into heat energy in the current embodiment.

However, such a nuclear fusion device according to the current embodiment requires a very high degree of synchronization of the components involved, because the "cold" portion of the fuel medium still to be heated is conducted through the ring structure parallel to the already sufficiently heated and subject to the fusion process portion of the fuel medium, so that heating process and fusion process in all ring sections simultaneously and in parallel. In this case, the "cold" portion of the fuel medium in the inner region of the ring structure with a small radius of rotation and the sufficiently "hot" and already subjected to the fusion process shares of the fuel medium in the outer regions of the ring structure can be shifted with a large radius of curvature, so that practically a temperature gradient within the is present in the annular structure circulating fuel medium from the inner region in the outer region of the ring structure. On the other hand, a complete and homogeneous mixing of the "cold" and "sufficiently hot" portions of the fuel medium makes no sense, since the temperature differences could compensate too quickly and thus cool the "hot" portions of the fuel medium too much, so that there is no fusion process in them more can take place; a local spatial separation of the fuel medium in "cold" and "hot" shares is therefore necessary.

Possibly, such a nuclear fusion reactor without externally arranged fusion combustion chamber can not be operated in continuous operation, but only in a pulsed operation. In this case, the gradually heated fuel medium is then transported in portions of a ring section or from the annular section forming heating component to the next, until it has reached the critical temperature and the critical pressure. Then, the ring portion or the heating portion forming the ring portion of the operating mode "heating" in the operating mode "fusion process" by the heating is turned off, so that, for example, no more neutrons are radiated into the fuel medium, but the electromagnetic fields within the Change the ring structure so that the fuel medium is further compressed to initiate the nuclear fusion process. In addition, the heat-dissipating medium must then be set in motion in the heat exchangers implemented on the ring structure in order to transport away the released fusion energy.

After completion of the fusion process, ie when the hydrogen is consumed and (almost) completely converted into helium, the spent fuel (helium) has to be transported away. This can happen again similar to the latter example by the derivative component in the form of a discharge tube. It is clear at what angle the discharge pipes of the discharge component are arranged to the ring structure. The same applies to the flow tubes of the supply line component.

Optionally, the heating process and the fusion process may take place from one ring segment or heating component to the other alternately and sequentially (ie alternately one after the other):
in the even-numbered ring sections or heating components, the fuel is heated up (operating mode "heating up"), while in the adjacent ring sections with odd numbering the fusion process takes place (operating mode "Fusion"). When the fuel then flows from one ring section or heating component into the adjacent ring section, the operating mode of the corresponding ring section changes from "heating mode" to "fusion mode" or vice versa.

Literature:

• [1] Stratis Karamanolis: Hotter than the Sun - Energy from Nuclear Fusion ?, 1992, Elektra Verlags-GmbH
• [2] Internet: <URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massendefekt>, researched on 27.07.2016
• [3] Internet: <URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernfusion#/media/File:Binding_energy_curve_-common_isotöpes_DE.svg>, researched on 27.07.2016
• [4] Internet: <URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernfusion>, researched on 27.07.2016
• [5] Internet: <URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawson-Kriterium>, researched on 27.07.2016
• [6] Internet: <URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betafaktor>, researched on 27.07.2016
• [7] Peter Grassmann; Fritz Widmer; Hansjörg Sinn: Introduction to Thermal Process Engineering, ed. By Fritz Widmer and Hansjörg Sinn., 3rd edition, 1997, de Gruyter, Berlin, New York, 1997
• [8] Internet: <URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tritium, researched on 27.07.2016
• [9] Internet: <URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldelectronmicroscope>, researched on 27.07.2016

list of figures

• 1 : Mean binding energy per nucleon in MeV plotted against the number of nucleons in the atomic nucleus; one can clearly see that iron is the maximum; for lighter cores, a steep rise tends to occur, while for heavier cores, the curve drops relatively flat
• 2 : general schematic of an open reaction fusion reactor according to the invention with an open reactor design; Arrows indicate the direction of flow (inflow and outflow) of the fuel medium; in the case of a fusion reaction, a first fusion reaction front F1 and at the rear a second fusion reaction front F2 form in front
• 3 : Schematic drawing of a single heating component (AHK)
• 4 : Schematic drawing of two adjacent AHK with an externally applied at their interface magnetic, electrical and / or electromagnetic field, which gives the charged plasma particles a preferred direction; both AHK have the same longitudinal axis
• 5 : Schematic drawing of a column of several AHK connected in series for stepwise or stepwise heating of hydrogen up to the critical temperature; the positively charged ions travel in exactly the opposite direction (solid arrow) as the negatively charged electrons (dashed arrow)
• 6 : Two adjacent AHK with an externally applied magnetic field at their interface: the transition in the interface between the two AHKs is shortened and broadened; Scaling in the x and y directions is not uniform
• 7 : Enlarged section of an interface between two adjacent AHKs with externally applied magnetic field and a shortened and widened cross-sectional area; the two adjacent AHK are angled to each other so that the faster and more heated plasma particles migrate to the outside.
• 8th : first exemplary embodiment of a flow-through fusion reactor with a circularly designed supply line section; the supply line section is designed as an open circuit; Cold hydrogen (unconsumed fuel) is introduced into the circuit of the supply section and hot hydrogen is discharged from the circuit of the supply section and fed to the fusion reaction chamber
• 9 : second exemplary embodiment of a flow-through fusion reactor with a circularly configured supply section ZLA; Hot hydrogen is discharged from the circuit of the supply section through an angled flow pipe S1 and passed through a subsequent convergent flow pipe S2 before being introduced into the fusion reaction chamber FRK, from which the spent fuel exits through a divergent flow pipe S3

attachment 1 : Case 1 : p <P _crit ; T> T _crit

In the first case (low density and low pressure) with a very large amount of fuel, the type of energy transfer from the location of the fusion reaction between two hydrogen nuclei to the environment may play a role. In the case of modeling, one must consider that the energy transfer from the approximate punctiform fusion site to the environment is isotropic and homogenous by means of photons or gamma radiation or thermal motion; however, in an energy transfer by means of neutrons or helium atoms, statistically preferred directions could be formed, since a particle can only strike a certain direction and fly until it meets a fusion-capable hydrogen nucleus. In the case of a low density, this may mean a certain distance. Thus, more distant hydrogen nuclei are heated, and the released fusion energy is not limited to the immediate environment of the fused reaction partners. Distributing energy to more distant layers reduces energy density and does not heat up to such an extent as it does in the immediate environment. Therefore, the heat is distributed in a larger spherical shell-shaped volume, and the critical temperature T _crit can be _exceeded , with the result that the fusion goes out.

attachment 2 : The field electron microscope

The field electron microscope mainly consists of a highly evacuated glass bulb. On the inside of the glass bulb is a (photoluminescent or fluorescent) layer that acts as an anode and screen. On the opposite inside of the glass bulb is a very fine tip (with a diameter of a few nm and thus smaller than the wavelength of visible light), which acts as a cathode. If a voltage of a few kilovolts is applied between the cathode and the anode, an electric field with an approximately radial field line profile is generated. At field strengths of more than 10 ⁹ V / m, electrons are released from the cathode by means of field emission, favored by the tunnel effect, and accelerated towards the anode. On a luminescent screen layer in the glass bulb then appears a million times enlarged image of the cathode tip [9].

Due to the emissivity of the needle tip, a kind of image of the atomic structure of the cathode crystal surface can be seen on the screen, because the electrons are more easily leached from the surface of the surface where the work function is minimum and accelerated towards the anode (luminescent screen) become. Due to the distance between the cathode and the anode and the ball symmetry, a pattern is obtained on the luminescent screen, which represents the enlarged tip. With this relatively simple method, it is possible to achieve an enlargement of up to 500,000 times without great experimental effort [9].

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of the documents listed by the applicant has been generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited patent literature

• WO 2014/165641 A1 [0043]
• DE 102010026585 [0061]

Claims (1)

Novel open reactor design of a fusion reactor designed as an open flow reactor

Images