DE102016111175A1 - Grid element, process for its preparation and its use - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a multi-layer grid element (1), in particular for reinforcement of concrete, comprising at least two spaced-apart layers (2; 10) each having a plurality of fiber bundles (4; 6; 12; 14), both layers (FIG. 2, 10) are spaced apart from each other by at least one spacer fabric (18) arranged at least partially between the layers, such that the at least two layers (2, 10) at least partially have a gradient-like spacing (A).

Description

The invention relates to multilayer grid element, in particular for reinforcing concrete, a method for its production and its use.

In civil engineering, the demand for concrete is unbroken. The material has very high compressive strengths after setting. At the same time the tensile strength is significantly reduced by the pore formation within the set material, so that in building or in road construction reinforcing elements are needed to reduce cracking due to the low tensile strength. Known manner, this steel beams are introduced into the liquid concrete.

However, such steel beams prove in practice more than disadvantageous because they are rigid and inflexible due to their material properties. In addition, it is necessary to provide these steel reinforcements surrounded by sufficient concrete, otherwise there can be no adequate protection against corrosion. Consequently, steel concrete always requires concrete layers of high thickness and consequently high weight. However, this is no longer desirable in modern architecture.

In addition to these steel beams, biaxial knitted fabrics have recently been described as textile concrete reinforcements. These knitted fabrics generally have two biaxial layers, which are connected to one another via a spacer knit. Known knitted fabrics always have mutually parallel layers. Exactly this training, however, proves to be disadvantageous, since it is important, for example in the floor renovation, to reinforce the screed and at the same time use as little as possible material. In such large areas, it usually requires several knitted fabrics. In order to save material, the individual knitted fabrics would have to be stacked on top of each other. However, mere stringing together can not produce sufficient force dissipation across the fabric, so that the reinforcement properties drop drastically. For good reinforcement properties, the known knitted fabric must be arranged at least partially overlapping each other. This in turn means that there is a material thickening, more precisely to a material doubling, in the overlapping areas, which must be compensated by your significantly larger amount of screed again. This is clearly disadvantageous especially for particularly thin types of laying, since more material inevitably has to be used due to the overlap, so that the screed thickness and also the costs increase.

Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a grid element and a manufacturing method for this grid element which enables thinner, lighter concrete elements than known from the prior art. Moreover, it is an object of the present invention to provide a grid element which is itself formed changeable in its shape.

This object is achieved according to the features of claim 1 and the independent claim 9.

An essential point of the invention is that the grid element has at least two spaced-apart layers, each having a plurality of fiber bundles, wherein both layers are arranged spaced apart from each other at least one at least partially spaced between the layers such that the at least two Layers at least partially have a gradient-like distance.

The grid element according to the invention is multi-layered and thus designed as a three-dimensional grid element, advantageously as a three-dimensional, biaxial grid element. It has at least two, advantageously also several, layers, each layer having a plurality of fiber bundles. The plurality of fiber bundles span the position and are arranged at predeterminable intervals and angles to each other.

Fiber bundles are advantageously understood as meaning at least one fiber, but more preferably a multiplicity of individual fibers, which are arranged chemically and / or physically at least partially, more advantageously in their longitudinal extent, one against the other. This can be done for example by gluing, fusion or by applying a coating, more preferably an alkali-resistant polymer coating. In particular, by applying at least one coating to the still loose fiber bundle, the cohesion of the fibers with each other and each other is significantly enhanced. The coating is to be understood as a type of sheath which advantageously completely encloses the individual fibers and / or the fiber bundle and thus permanently holds them together as a bundle, so that a core-sheath structure of the individual fiber bundles results. Alternatively, a complete, homogeneous impregnation of the fiber bundles is conceivable. In particular, the at least one polymer coating is advantageous, since thus the corrosion resistance of the fibers can be significantly increased. If the polymer coating is in the form of an alkali-resistant coating, this is particularly advantageous in concrete reinforcement, as this causes the fibers to penetrate the alkaline concrete not be attacked and remain corrosion-free. As a result, the stability and durability of the reinforcement is significantly increased. At the same time, the core-shell structure allows the retention of the original fiber properties, in particular their flexibility and / or flexibility. Thus, a single layer of a grid element described here, in spite of the multiplicity of fiber bundles, continues to be twistable and / or flexible and / or flexible, so that this already represents a clear advantage over known reinforced concrete reinforcements.

Advantageously, this connection of the individual fibers is designed to be insoluble with one another as a fiber bundle, so that, for example, no single fiber can be removed from the fiber bundle. This serves for the additional stabilization of the grid element.

In addition, the individual fiber bundles as well as the layers themselves have a very low weight. This is particularly advantageous in lightweight construction and in modern architecture, where narrow concrete walls are desired.

Of course, this is not limiting, so that other polymer coatings can be applied, for example, the conductivity, the UV resistance in at least partially translucent building materials or similar. can be increased.

The orientation of the individual fibers in a fiber bundle is substantially, advantageously completely, parallel to one another, wherein the fiber bundles in turn span the respective layer parallel and / or perpendicular to one another.

Further advantageously, a fiber bundle comprises a number of fibers in the range of 1 to 500,000 fibers.

In addition, the layers which are spanned by the fiber bundles, elastic and / or flexible and / or flexible, so that even complex concrete structures, such as curves, ball geometries or polygonal body with less material use in a thinner version than reinforced concrete can be easily realized can. Due to the multi-layer, sandwich-like design of the grid element, it is possible to bring this also near the surface in the concrete or plastic, for example, as a reinforcement or insulation. As a result, again concrete or plastic material can be saved for potting. Reduce costs and at the same time increase security and simplify processing. It has proven particularly advantageous to reinforce a concrete element, for example for building walls or floors or ceilings, with the grid element described here, wherein the grid element is arranged in the lower third of the concrete element.

The at least two layers of the grid element are spaced apart by a spacer fabric, so that the two layers in the original, unprocessed state always have the same distance from each other.

The spacer fabric is at least partially fixed to both opposing layers and thus connects the two layers. It has proved to be advantageous if the spacer fabric is arranged at least partially on the fiber bundles of each layer such that it at least partially surrounds the fiber bundles, advantageously is looped with the fiber bundles, and furthermore advantageously with separated thread elements, which likewise form part of the spacer fabric are at the same time extending over the space between the at least two layers. Thus, a three-dimensional grid element is clamped. The spacer fabric thus defines the distance between the at least two opposing layers. Depending on the use of the distance between the two layers can be variably adjusted in the manufacture of the grid element. This then takes place as a function of the length of the individual thread elements. The shorter the thread elements are formed, the smaller the distance between the two opposing layers and / or the smaller the distance between the fiber bundles at least partially entangled with the spacer fabric. This is advantageous for the far-reaching use of the invention described here, for example in concrete for bending reinforcement in the tension zone with predominantly static load or dynamic load and / or in the automotive industry.

Since, in particular in the concrete and / or plastic reinforcement often large areas, such as building walls or bridge piers must be reinforced, a variety of grid elements are necessary for this. It has proven to be important that the grid elements are not simply arranged in abutment against each other. If this were the case, predetermined breaking points would be required, since there is no adequate reinforcement at the abutting edges, so that the static of the concrete structure drops drastically and ruptures. If, on the other hand, the grid elements were arranged overlapping one another, then a clear material charge would be required in each overlapping area, which would have to be compensated by additional concrete and / or plastic material. This would then additional weight and significantly thicker wall thicknesses conditional. Advantageously, the grid element described here has at least two layers which at least partially have a gradient-like distance from each other. The grid element described here, in particular for reinforcing concrete, is consequently a concrete reinforcement grid element.

A gradient-like distance, also referred to as a distance gradient, is to be understood as meaning that the at least two layers transition from one another parallel to one another via at least one oblique plane into a parallel arrangement and thereby undergo a change in distance from one another. This distance gradient is particularly advantageous, since in this way different distances of the layers, ie different thicknesses of the grid element, can be created. In the simplest embodiment, the grid element tapers outward in the edge regions. Edge regions are advantageously edge regions of up to 1 m, in which the two layers of the lattice element have a smaller distance from one another than in the remaining surface.

As already stated briefly above, it is necessary for large-area reinforcements and / or insulation and / or reinforcements to arrange a plurality of grid elements according to all reinforcement requirements and standards are met. Due to the advantageous, at least one spacing gradient of each grid element, at least one area of the grid element is made thinner than the rest of the grid element. Now, if several grid elements arranged side by side, this is particularly advantageous such that the areas with a reduced thickness, ie a reduced distance of at least two layers to each other, overlapping, advantageously successive, are arranged and then shed. By this advantageous regional dilution of each grid element overlap area are created, which allow a uniform processing while avoiding impact edges. Thus, for example, two grid elements can be arranged side by side, which overlap in the predeterminable edge areas, without causing material thrown up, which must be compensated by the material to be reinforced again. The spacing gradients are particularly advantageously designed such that they form a grid element taper by half the original grid element thickness. Thus, two grid elements overlapping each other in the tapered edge areas always have the same thickness as a grid element in its non-tapered area. This allows a uniform, even application of the material to be reinforced, which costs can be saved.

The distance gradient can vary depending on the application. Thus, for example, it is conceivable that the distance gradient is rather flat, so that the distance change of the two layers to each other over a longer, rather flat slope forms, as in a steep distance gradient, in which the distance changes over at least one steep slope is implemented over a short distance ,

Thus, for example, two grating elements to be arranged next to one another can be arranged simply and slightly overlapping one another, so that an overlapping region between individual grating elements can be created in order to completely avoid component thickening or reinforcing thickening.

In addition, the spacer fabric is also flexible and / or flexible and / or elastic, so that the introduction of the spacer fabric does not significantly affect the original fiber properties. As a result, the grid element as a whole is also designed to be bendable or even rollable, so that, for example, building corners that are to be pointed can be reinforced without any problem.

Further advantageous embodiments will become apparent from the dependent claims.

In an advantageous embodiment, the layers have a first distance D1 relative to one another in a first section area and a further distance D2 formed differently from the distance D1 in a further section area. This is advantageous, as this flat areas of the grid element are formed differently thick. This allows the utilization of the spacing gradient even in the case of large concrete structures, as a result of which even large wall surfaces can be formed without component thickening. In this case, it has proved to be advantageous to make the first distance D1 smaller than the further distance D2. Particularly advantageously, the distance D1 is smaller and / or equal to the distance ½ D2 formed. If, for example, the distance D1 corresponds to two grid elements to be connected ½ D2, then the overlapping of the two section areas one above the other achieves the original distance D2, so that the overlap into the overall structure fits seamlessly and without problems, thus avoiding material thrown up. Advantageously, the distances D1 of the section areas can be predefined and adapted accordingly, so that, for example, if there are several overlaps of a plurality of grid elements, for example three or four, the total thickness of the overlapping area is max. corresponds to the distance D2.

At the distance D1 and D2, the outer distances of the two layers from each other are always advantageous.

For improved processing of the grid elements as reinforcement and / or reinforcement and / or damping and for optimizing the overlapping area, it has proven to be advantageous in another embodiment that the first section area of the two layers is formed as a first end area of the grid element and the further section area the two layers to each other is formed as a further end region of the grid element. Advantageously, the two layers in the respective end region are arranged substantially parallel to one another and connected to one another via an inclined plane, in the course of which the distance of the two layers from one another changes. The substantially parallel orientation of the two layers in the end regions relative to one another is clearly advantageous for improved overlapping. However, this is not limiting, since the flexibility of the individual grid element and unevenness can be compensated in order to still obtain sufficient overlap and stable reinforcement. Advantageously, the tapered, thinner end region is formed as an edge region of the grid element. Depending on the embodiment, it is conceivable for the taper to take place symmetrically, with the result that both layers shift out of the originally horizontal plane while reducing the distance. In addition, however, it is also conceivable for a layer to remain in the horizontal position and to approach only the second layer of the first layer and form the spacing gradient, thereby reducing the distance between the two. The grid element is thus formed thinner in the edge or edge areas than, for example, in the middle. Furthermore, it is also conceivable that the material tapers are not formed in the edge regions, but rather that the material tapers extend in sections over the entire grid element in sections. For example, a grid element may have in its width up to 50 tapers, which are always interrupted by a section of normal thickness.

This is of course not to be understood as limiting, so that it is also possible that the at least two layers of the two mutually opposite end regions of a grid element have a smaller distance from one another than, for example, a middle region arranged between the end regions. This is advantageous since a grating element thus has two lateral, thinner end regions lying opposite one another. If, for example, the grid element is in the form of a square or a rectangle, it is likewise conceivable that the distance of the layers from each other is less along all end regions, ie all edge regions, than, for example, in a centrally arranged central region. This provides a high degree of flexibility in the processing of the grid element, for example, as a reinforcement, since thus a plurality of overlapping areas is created, which allows a broad use of the grid elements.

In a further advantageous embodiment, in each case one layer comprises at least one first type and a second type of fiber bundles and the fiber bundles are arranged at an angle of 0 ° and 90 ° to each other. The type of fiber bundles is to be understood as meaning that the fiber bundles differ from each other in their composition and / or material properties and / or in their arrangement within a layer.

Advantageously, the grating element described here comprises fibers from the group of mineral fibers such as glass fibers, wollastonite fibers, carbon fibers, polymer fibers, aramid fibers, basalt fibers, bast fibers such as bamboo fibers, hard fibers such as sisal fibers, (non) oxidic ceramic fibers such as aluminum oxides, silicon carbide and / or a combination of these.

To form a lattice structure, it has proved to be advantageous to provide a first type of fiber bundles as warp threads and the second type of fiber bundles as weft threads, so that the fibers in the respective fiber bundle are arranged substantially parallel to one another. The two different types of fiber bundles are advantageously arranged perpendicular to one another and form numerous passage openings. Advantageously, the fiber bundles are equally spaced from each other, advantageously in the range of 0.5 cm to 50 cm, more advantageously in the range of 1 cm to 8 cm. This distance of the fiber bundles from one another corresponds essentially to the edge length of the passage openings. This is advantageous because through these passage openings, the liquid material, such as concrete or plastic, can flow through and connects very well with the grid element. The arrangement of the fiber bundles is of course not restrictive, so that it is also conceivable to form the fiber bundles with each other asymmetrically or in advantageous geometric patterns, such as different large diamonds, rectangles or the like.

The thread elements of the spacer fabric are advantageously arranged at least partially curved between the two layers. This is advantageous, as it allows the layers to be displaced relative to one another and bends in building structures can also be reliably reinforced. The Grid element can be flexibly inserted into any space.

In a further advantageous embodiment, the spacer fabric is designed such that it changes physically and / or chemically when exposed to temperature in at least one direction of extent. For this purpose, the spacer fabric in at least one region, for example in its edge region, thread elements which respond to external application. This is advantageous because, due to the fixation of the spacer fabric on both layers, a change in at least one extension direction also advantageously results in a change in the distance of the two layers from one another. The distance setting or the generation of the distance gradient is advantageously carried out as a function of the temperature acting on the grid element, in particular the duration and temperature level. Advantageously, the thread elements are part of Abstandgewirks. Further advantageously, the edge regions are formed in the range of 1 cm to 1 m wide.

Particularly advantageous react the thread elements, which are arranged sporadically between the two layers, to temperature changes. Thus, it is conceivable to form the thread elements such that they melt when temperature is applied and pull the two layers toward each other, whereby the distance is irreversibly reduced. In addition to melting, it is also conceivable that when the temperature is applied, the polymer chains from which the thread element is composed make a contraction and transition from an elongated conformation into a ball. This also affects the distance between the two layers. This is shortened. Depending on the choice of polymer chains, this conformational change may be reversible or irreversible.

Another embodiment provides that the thread elements, also referred to as monofilaments, undergo a chemical transformation by the temperature and the chemical material structure changes such that a shortening results particularly advantageously in the longitudinal extent of the thread elements, ie substantially perpendicular to the two layers , which significantly reduces the distance between the two layers.

This can be done for example by an additional polymerization.

Advantageously, the thread elements are shrinkable formed by applying temperature. This allows a much cheaper production of the grid element than with known knitted fabrics of the prior art. Thus, in the manufacturing process, first a grid element is produced in which the two layers have the same distance from each other throughout the grid element. Due to the formation of the thread elements of the spacer fabric as thermally reactive, the thread elements can be selectively subjected to an elevated temperature. The thread elements thereby pull together in a controlled manner and thus form the distance gradient. The distance between the two layers to each other is consequently reduced in a controlled manner.

For selective and / or selective merging of the two layers, the spacer fabric has at least one plastic, more advantageously at least two different, synthetic plastics. It is thus conceivable for the region of the entanglements around the fiber bundles of the respective layers to be formed from a first material, for example at least one polyester, and the thread elements from a further material, for example a polyolefin, for example polyethylene and / or polypropylene. This advantageously ensures that even only the thermosensitive thread elements undergo a change in their longitudinal extent when exposed to temperature and the remaining constituents of the grid element remain completely untouched by this. Consequently, a selective and / or selective merging of the two layers is possible while reducing the distance between the layers. Thus, for example, it is conceivable to provide the thermosensitive polymer, for example polyethylene and / or polypropylene, as spacer fabric in the edge regions or outer end regions of the mesh element, while the remaining part of the spacer fabric is formed with another material comprising at least one polyester, for example polyethylene terephthalate, having. Thus, there is a division into two of a spacer knit. If now the grating element is subjected to an increased temperature from the outside, the thermosensitive spacer fabric responds and contracts. The distance between the two layers shrinks and decreases. As a result, the distance gradient is formed. The spacer fabric with the polyester, however, remains unchanged by the temperature application.

This is not meant to be limiting, but merely as an advantageous embodiment. In addition to the thermosensitive thread elements thread elements are also included in the invention, which are pH-sensitive and / or pressure-sensitive and / or UV-sensitive and / or sound-sensitive and / or gas-sensitive, so that with the appropriate loading of the thread elements also their longitudinal extent changed, advantageously shortened.

• – Eintragung der Fasern zur Ausbildung von Faserbündeln;
• – Ausbildung eines Gitterelements durch Eintragung einer ersten Art an Faserbündeln als Kettfäden und einer zweiten Art an Faserbündeln als Schussfäden zum Ausbilden einer Lage;
• – Anordnung von wenigstens zwei Lagen im Wesentlichen parallel übereinander;
• – Einbringung eines Abstandsgewirks, welches zumindest teilweise an den jeweiligen Lagen fixiert ist und beide Lagen über Fadenelemente voneinander beabstandet, zur Ausbildung dreidimensionalen, biaxialen Gitterelements; und
• – Temperaturbeaufschlagung eines vorbestimmbaren, selektiven Bereichs des Gitterelements.

In addition, the present invention furthermore also has a method for producing a multilayer grid element which has at least the following steps:

• - Registration of the fibers to form fiber bundles;
• - Forming a grid element by entry of a first type of fiber bundles as warp threads and a second type of fiber bundles as weft threads for forming a layer;
• - Arrangement of at least two layers substantially parallel to one another;
• - introducing a spacer fabric which is at least partially fixed to the respective layers and both layers spaced apart by thread elements, to form a three-dimensional biaxial grid element; and
• - Temperature exposure of a predeterminable, selective region of the grid element.

The method described here is advantageous in that the application of temperature as a method step proves to be advantageous in order to change the distance between the at least two layers relative to one another selectively and / or in predeterminable regions of the grid element. This relates to the above-mentioned areas, which have the thermosensitive part of the spacer fabric. This reacts under the influence of temperature with a physical and / or chemical change of state and shortens advantageous. By fixing the spacer fabric with the two layers thus at the same time the distance between the two layers is shortened to each other. This can be done symmetrically or asymmetrically as described above.

The step of applying the temperature can advantageously take place directly in the production machine of the grid element. For this purpose, this additional has a heating device, for example a hot air blower or a laser source, by means of which a predeterminable region of the grid element is subjected to a likewise predeterminable temperature. For the formation of the shrunken thread elements, temperatures in the range of 60-250 ° C, advantageously 150-200 ° C have proven to be advantageous.

As already stated above, instead of a heating device for applying temperature to the grid element, a pressure device can also be provided, by means of which pressure-sensitive thread elements are then acted upon and, for example, shorten under pressure. Furthermore, welding devices and / or UV radiation devices and / or pH value change devices and / or sound source device or the like may be provided in order to influence the thread elements accordingly, advantageously to shorten them at least in sections.

In addition, it is also conceivable that the Temperaturbeaufschlagungsschritt is followed only during and / or after an optional coating step of the grid element, whereby at the same time a drying of the coating of the fiber bundles as well as a shrinkage of the thread elements are made possible. This saves additional time and costs. However, this coating step can also take place before the spacer fabric is introduced, so that the fiber bundles are precoated. This step is advantageous for chemically coating, for example, glass fibers and / or carbon fibers in order to increase their alkali resistance.

In addition to the Temperaturbeaufschlagung described in detail here, this is of course not limiting. It is thus conceivable that, for example, the thread elements also exert the same structural changes on pressure and / or sound and / or UV irradiation and / or pH changes and contract in at least its extension direction, advantageously in the longitudinal direction, between the at least two layers and shrink.

The same embodiments of the grid element as described for the temperature application are analogously applicable and transferable to pressure and / or sound and / or UV irradiation and / or pH changes. Thus, changes in pH value can lead to shrinkage or to a ball formation with correspondingly sensitive polymer chains of one part of the spacer fabric, so that the distance of the two layers from each other is also reduced here.

But the reverse way is also included in the scope of this invention by the above-mentioned exposures pressure and / or sound and / or UV irradiation and / or pH changes and / or temperature to an extension of the thread elements in the longitudinal extent between the two Laying layers, so that the distance between the two layers expanded to each other. Advantageously, the distance extension of the two layers to each other at least twice as large as the unsuspected, normal state of the spacer fabric is formed, so that here again forms a distance gradient. In this exemplary embodiment, the wavy regions of the spacer fabric are arranged overlapping each other, so that planar grid element structures are required even over large areas.

In addition, it has proved to be particularly advantageous, the grid elements described here as a reinforcing element and / or as a reinforcing element and / or as a damping element and / or as a lightweight element for concrete and / or resin and / or matrices with low tensile strength and / or for the automotive industry and / or furniture industry and / or civil engineering and / or in shipbuilding and / or sports, for example in a ski body for reinforcement to use.

The distances of the two layers to one another described here are advantageously in the range of 1 mm-100 mm, more advantageously in the range of 2 mm-30 mm. As a result, very thin reinforcement elements are created, which provide sufficient stability and reinforcement for weight-reduced concrete structures.

It is also conceivable per grid element to form a plurality of layers arranged one above the other, for example three, four, five, six, etc., wherein always two mutually facing layers are arranged spaced apart from one another via at least one spacer knit. In addition, all layers may have the same geometry or else be different and, for example, have different sized passage openings. Such multi-layer grid elements advantageously also have a plurality of material tapers in the edge or edge areas, which are produced by the methods described above. If particularly strong reinforcements are required, the present invention also encompasses lattice elements which have a plurality of vertically spaced-apart material tapers in their edge regions, for example four or five. If two grating elements formed in this way are now arranged next to one another, then the material tapers of the one grating element engage in the recesses of the adjacent grating element caused thereby. This again creates a significantly improved bond and a stable reinforcement. Multi-layer grid elements with more than two layers are advantageously designed such that the layers two and three or four and five are glued together. Consequently, several grid elements described here are glued together in a vertical direction with each other.

Furthermore, it is conceivable for the fiber bundles, which span the at least two layers of the grid element, to be at least partially wound, in each case, with at least one fiber and / or one fiber bundle. This provides an increased surface area so that the adhesive properties of the grid element to the material to be reinforced are significantly improved. It has also surprisingly been found that for such a wrap also sensitive polymers are suitable, which were also already used for the formation of the distance gradient. In the production process, loosely wound fiber bundles can already be used to form the two layers with a sensitive polymer. After introduction of the advantageous two-part spacer fabric, the grid element is subjected to an external force. If the fiber bundles are wound, for example, with a thermosensitive polymer, such as polyethylene and / or polypropylene, and if the spacer fabric also has such a polymer in its edge regions, then a shrinkage process can be initiated by applying 60-250 ° C. to the temperature. During this shrinking process, the polyolefin fibers contract in the spacer fabric and around the fiber bundles. This leads, on the one hand, to the fact that the distance of the two layers from one another is reduced and, secondly, at the same time also that the fiber bundles of the individual layers are additionally gripped and fixed, specifically in a single method step. This leads to a significantly improved stability of the entire grid element. Furthermore, it is also conceivable that the polyolefin fibers of the spacer fabric and / or the capstan fibers are pre-shrunk and are used and processed in a preshrunk state. This is advantageous because it can significantly improve the adhesive properties of the fiber bundles.

The wrap is advantageously formed spirally. With the application of temperature, the polyolefin contracts evenly and encompasses the fiber bundles without causing fractures.

If the grid element described here is coated with an aqueous polymer solution in a further process step, the temperature is triggered by the subsequent drying step. The drying step is necessary in order to crosslink the coating, so that the grid element is made alkali-resistant. This temperature entry necessary for this purpose is sufficient to trigger the shrinking process described above, the Umwindefasern and / or the Abstandsgewirks and allow controlled drain.

Advantages and expediencies can be found in the following description in conjunction with the drawing. Hereby show:

1 a first schematic view of a grid element;

2 a schematic distance gradient;

3 a further schematic view of a grid element with spacer fabric;

4 another schematic view of a grid element; and

5 a further schematic view of a grid element with spacer fabric.

1 shows a section of a grid element 1 comprising a first, upper layer 2 , which is spanned from a plurality of fiber bundles. The fiber bundles are as warp threads 4 and as wefts 6 arranged at right angles to each other and thus define numerous passage openings 8th , Also the second, lower layer 10 is made by fiber bundles of warp threads 12 and wefts 14 spanned, which are also arranged perpendicular to each other and a plurality of further passage openings 16 limit. Particularly advantageous is the arrangement of the two layers 2 . 10 such that both the fiber bundles 4 . 6 . 12 . 14 as well as the passage openings 8th . 16 are arranged congruent to each other. This is advantageous, as this, for example, the introduced, liquid concrete and / or plastic material, the entire grid element 1 can flow through, giving a very good, air-free connection between concrete and / or plastic with the grid element 1 is reached. This significantly increases the reinforcement properties.

The two layers 2 and 10 are spaced apart in a first end region with distance D1. This distance D1 advantageously relates to the outer spacing of the two layers 2 . 10 to each other. At the opposite side of the grid element 1 are both layers 2 . 10 clearly further apart at a distance D2 spaced apart. The transition from distance D1 to distance D2 corresponds to the distance gradient A, which is shown schematically in FIG 2 is shown. Here it is shown that an initially advantageous parallel end region with distance D2 decreases over an oblique plane E towards the distance D1. Advantageously, the distance gradient is linear. However, this is not to be understood as limiting, if it is also conceivable to form the spacing gradient on an undulating basis, for example, whereby it is always advantageously ensured that the end regions on which the layers are located 2 . 10 have a small distance from each other and which form the overlap region (not shown), are formed according to the key-lock principle. In the overlapping state, again advantageously, a continuous surface of a plurality of grid elements is formed 1 (Not shown).

3 shows the grid element 1 out 1 , wherein like reference numerals correspond to the same components and the same functions and will not be explained again here.

In addition to 1 has the grid element 1 in 3 additionally the spacer fabric 18 on. This is with a section 20 at least partially with the first, upper layer 2 and the lower layer 10 formed trained. Advantageous are the entanglements 22 on the warp threads 4 . 12 arranged and connect these also in the transverse direction Q with each other.

In addition, the spacer fabric has 18 a plurality of individual thread elements 24 on which the upper layer 2 with the lower layer 10 combines. It can be seen that the thread elements 24 are formed at least partially curved. This is advantageous because in this way the two layers 2 . 10 both in the transverse direction Q and in the longitudinal direction L are designed to be displaced relative to each other, so that even complex building geometries or even complex sporting goods, such as skis, can be cost-effectively reinforced while saving material. Again, the distance gradient A is shown again.

In 4 and 5 Further embodiments are shown, wherein again the same reference numerals correspond to the same components and functions and will not be explained again. In contrast to 1 and 3 , is in 4 and 5 another grid element 1 shown which less fiber bundle 4 . 6 . 12 . 14 and consequently also in diameter larger passage openings 8th . 16 having. Such a grid element 1 is suitable for rather viscous material or for very large areas to be reinforced.

All disclosed in the application documents features are claimed as essential to the invention, provided they are new individually or in combination over the prior art.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

1

 grid element

2

 upper layer

4

 Fiber bundles as warp thread

6

 Fiber bundles as a weft thread

8th

 Port

10

 lower position

12

 Fiber bundles as warp thread

14

 Fiber bundles as a weft thread

16

 Port

18

 spacer fabric

20

 section

22

 entanglement

24

thread element

Q

 Transverse grid element

L

 Longitudinal grid element

A

 distance gradient

e

 sloping plane

Claims (10)

Multi-layer grid element ( 1 ), in particular for reinforcing concrete, comprising at least two spaced-apart layers ( 2 ; 10 ), each of which has a plurality of fiber bundles ( 4 ; 6 ; 12 ; 14 ), both layers ( 2 ; 10 ) via at least one spacer fabric (at least partially disposed between the layers) (US Pat. 18 ) are spaced apart such that the at least two layers ( 2 ; 10 ) to each other at least partially have a gradient-like distance (A). Multilayer grid element according to claim 1, characterized in that the layers ( 2 ; 10 ) have a first distance (D1) to each other in a first section area and the layers ( 2 ; 10 ) to each other in a further section area a further, from distance (D1) differently formed distance (D2). Multi-layer grid element according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the first distance (D1) is smaller and / or the same as the further distance (D2). Multilayer grid element according to claim 2, characterized in that the first section region of the two layers ( 2 ; 10 ) to one another as a first end region of the grid element ( 1 ) is formed and the further section region of the two layers ( 2 ; 10 ) to each other as a further end region of the grid element ( 1 ) is trained. Multi-layer grid element according to claim 1, characterized in that in each case one layer ( 2 ; 10 ) at least a first type ( 4 ; 12 ) and a second kind ( 6 ; 14 ) comprises fiber bundles and the fiber bundles are arranged at an angle of 0 ° and 90 ° to each other. Multi-layer grid element according to claim 1, characterized in that the spacer fabric ( 18 ) is designed such that it changes physically and / or chemically when subjected to temperature in at least one extension direction. Multilayer grid element according to claim 7, characterized in that the spacer fabric ( 18 ) is designed such that it shortens when exposed to temperature at least in a longitudinal extension. Multilayer grid element according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a plurality of fiber bundles ( 4 ; 6 ; 12 ; 14 ) are made of high-performance fibers, advantageously made of alkali-resistant glass fibers and / or carbon fibers and / or aramid fibers and / or basalt fibers. Method for producing a multilayer grid element ( 1 ), which has at least the following steps: a. Registration of the fibers to form fiber bundles ( 4 ; 6 ; 12 ; 14 ); b. Formation of a grid element ( 1 ) by entry of a first type of fiber bundles as warp threads ( 4 ; 12 ) and a second type of fiber bundles as weft threads ( 6 ; 14 ) for forming a situation ( 2 ; 10 ); c. Arrangement of at least two layers ( 2 ; 10 ) substantially parallel to each other; d. Introduction of a spacer knitted fabric ( 18 ), which at least partially at the respective layers ( 2 ; 10 ) is fixed and both layers ( 2 ; 10 ) via thread elements ( 24 ) spaced apart, to form a three-dimensional biaxial grid element ( 1 ); and e. Temperature exposure of a predeterminable, selective region of the grid element ( 1 ). Use of the multilayer grid element ( 1 ) as a reinforcing element and / or as a reinforcing element and / or as a damping element and / or lightweight element for concrete and / or resin and / or matrices with low tensile strength and / or the automotive industry and / or furniture industry and / or civil engineering and / or Shipbuilding and / or sports area.

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