DE102014215587A1 - Composite material and components made therefrom for a motor vehicle - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a composite material (10) which has a carrier layer (18) and a surface layer (36) and which may be self-supporting. The support layer (18) is formed as a lattice-like structure (20) and made of a first plastic or a first fiber-plastic composite. The surface layer (36) is formed as a cellular structure (48; 72, 74; 76) and / or as a textile or woven structure (54). The surface layer (36) may be made of a second plastic or a second fiber-plastic composite. A film layer (60) may be arranged on the side of the carrier layer (18) opposite the surface layer (36).

Description

The present invention relates to composite materials usable as paneling parts of automobiles and automotive component parts made of such composite materials.

In the automotive industry from the outside visible planking either made of metal or plastic or a fiber-plastic composite formed and are typically coated with surfaces of quality level "Class A". The term Class A refers to visible (free-form) surfaces in the exterior and interior of product development, mainly in automotive development. While there is no universal definition for Class A surfaces, they do impose a very high demand for mathematical precision in calculating the areas and transitions between adjacent areas. For example, surfaces labeled Class A usually show curvature continuity. These quality requirements become visible when reflections in the paint are reflected on a surface when light falls. The quality demands on the surface also cause advantageous aerodynamic properties, such as a low flow resistance for along the surface passing air.

For components made of plastic or fiber-plastic composite, the quality requirement "Class A" on their surfaces, the surfaces must often be subjected to a post-processing, usually a regrinding, with a filler recoating (so-called fillers) and a renewed Painting includes. An advantage of components made of plastic or fiber-plastic composite is the lower weight compared to components made of metal. A disadvantage is the associated with the post-processing of the surface high production costs.

DE 20 2011 106 216 U1 discloses lubricious sports equipment or vehicles in which the surface is slidably configured to be lubricious with a surface profile in the form of a sandfish skin or penguin plum print or the negatives of these surface profiles. DE 20 2011 106 150 U1 discloses rotor blades or propeller blades whose surfaces are designed to reduce turbulent surface flow and noise in the aforementioned shape. A disadvantage of these embodiments of the surface is that these forms are very special and hardly deformable as a form.

The object of the invention is to provide a substantially made of plastic or a fiber-plastic composite producible and thus lightweight semifinished product or component having a surface which, instead of a design according to the Class A quality requirements yet has advantageous aerodynamic properties and / or is aesthetically pleasing to a user and inexpensive to manufacture.

This object is achieved by a composite material having the features of independent claim 1 and a planking or interior component for a motor vehicle having the features of independent patent claim 12. Advantageous embodiments and further developments are subject matter of the dependent claims.

According to a first aspect of the invention, there is described a composite material having a support layer and a surface layer, wherein the support layer is formed as a lattice-like structure and made of a first plastic or a first fiber-plastic composite, and wherein the surface layer as a cellular Structure and / or formed as a textile or woven structure.

The core of the invention is to form the surface layer with a cellular and / or textile or woven structure and under it a support layer in the form of a lattice structure. Such structures can be produced inexpensively, for example by means of generative production methods, for example 3D printing. The surface structure may be shaped to look attractive to a user and to give the composite advantageous aerodynamic properties. For example, due to the support layer formed under the surface layer and formed in the form of a lattice structure, the surface layer can be relatively easily deformed. As a result, a load acting on the surface layer, as occurs, for example, by aerodynamic forces or in the event of a crash, can be introduced in a targeted manner onto the underlying lattice structure.

The support layer of the composite may have one of the following structures: a periodic lattice structure that repeats substantially periodically in one, two, or three dimensions, a non-periodic lattice structure of a one, two, or three dimensional quasicrystal, or an interwoven structure Construction.

In a periodic lattice structure, a unit cell may repeat periodically in one, two or three dimensions. In geometrically simple cases, a unit cell in two dimensions take the form of a rectangle, a square, a trapezoid or a hexagon, and in three dimensions have the shape of a cuboid, a cube or an octahedron or a three-dimensional trapezium. In addition to the aforementioned geometrically simple forms of the unit cell, a unit cell may also have more complex shapes, including uniform polytopes (as exemplified in a catalog published in U.S. Pat http://www.math.cmu.edu/~fho/jenn/polytopes/index.html on the Internet on the filing date of this application for protection) and movable polyhedra, including Kaleidocyclen after MC Escher, which are interconnected, for example, in a ring composite (as exemplified by http://www.kaleidocycles.de/index.shtml shown on the internet at the filing date). The shape and geometry of the unit cell have an impact on the mechanical properties, including stiffness, flexural rigidity and compressive strength, as well as elasticity and energy absorption capability, the support layer and thus the composite. Therefore, these properties can be specifically influenced by targeted design of the unit cell.

Generally, in a periodic lattice structure, a unit cell may be constructed in two dimensions from one or more geometric elements. There are 17 flat symmetry groups as arrangement options, as on the Internet page http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallpaper_group (can be viewed on the internet at the filing date). The mathematical problem solved thereby ("problem of tiling") is to completely cover a two-dimensional surface, wherein a plurality of identical geometric elements, including polygons, or a small plurality of pluralities of like geometric elements, including polygons, adjoin one another side by side be interpreted, such as laying a parquet floor. The geometric elements can be diamonds or parallelograms. An overview of the possibilities of "tiling with polygons" is given in an article of the same name, on the Internet at http://www.mathematische-basteleien.de/parkett2.htm was available on the filing date.

When parqueting a two-dimensional surface, it is also conceivable to parameterize the shape of complex unit cells by means of a parameter describing their shape and to assemble parameterized unit cells into a lattice structure, where the parameter assumes different values in sections and a sequence comprising a plurality of such segments repeats periodically, as exemplified and shown in the Dissertation "Computer Graphics and Geometric Ornamental Design" by Craig S. Kaplan, 2002, University of Washington, USA, on pages 57-59, at http: //www.cgl.uwaterloo. ca / ~ csk / phd / kaplan_diss_full_print.pdf available on the internet on the filing date. By means of such deformations of the unit cell, which are shown in sections in the aforementioned work, it is possible to vary one or more of the following properties depending on the position or the respective section: stiffness, bending stiffness, compressive strength, elasticity and energy absorption capacity.

Non-periodic lattice structures were previously discovered by theorists and in reality discovered for the first time in 1984 by Dany Schechtmann and colleagues at the National Bureau of Standards (USA) in an aluminum-manganese alloy. Until this discovery, the concept of the crystalline structure of solids, ie the concept of "order", was defined by the translational invariance of the lattice and the possible arrangements of the unit cells could be covered by the so-called Bravais lattices. An order with, for example, five- or ten-fold symmetry was "forbidden" according to these ideas. With the above discovery, in addition to the previously known amorphous and periodically ordered (crystalline) states of solid matter, a third state-form with quasiperiodic (non-periodic) order, along one direction (one dimension), in one plane (two dimensions) or in all three spatial directions (three dimensions) can occur shown. Accordingly, one speaks of one-, two- or three-dimensional quasicrystals. Examples of two-dimensional quasi-periodic orders or two-dimensional non-periodic grating structures include those with penta- or ten-fold symmetry including the so-called Penrose patterns, those with eight, ten or twelve symmetry and spiral pattern according to Heinz Voderberg. An example of a three-dimensional non-periodic lattice structure has the symmetry of an icosahedron. A popularly understandable description and exemplary representations of non-periodic lattice structures are in a revised version of Article "Golden Patterns" by Claus Schonleber and Frank Klinkenberg-Haass in the magazine mc-extra, no. 2/1995, pages 21-25, Franzis-Verlag (Munich) shown on the Internet on the filing date was available at http://www.schoenleber.org/penrose/fd-penrose.html ,

Representations of structures with interwoven structure and their special geometric properties will be apparent to those skilled in one of Rinus Roelofs (Netherlands) produced a presentation on the Internet "Qua Art qua science - About interwoven structures "(" On art and science - On interwoven structures ") which was available on the filing date under http://www.rinusroelofs.nl/projects/c-holes/pr-c-holes-00.htm , In a structure of interwoven structure, the structure may be periodic or non-periodic. In other characterizations, an interwoven structure may simply be stacked or stacked several times.

In all the above-mentioned structures, the supporting layer contains holes or open partial volume elements, so that it has a lower weight compared to a solid construction.

The surface layer of the composite may have one of the following structures: a periodic lattice structure that repeats substantially periodically in one or two dimensions, a non-periodic lattice structure of a one- or two-dimensional quasicrystal, or a structure with an interwoven structure. The structure with interwoven structure may be periodic or non-periodic. In other characterizations, an interwoven structure may be stacked up to three times, preferably up to two times.

The composite material may be self-supporting. In this embodiment, it is not necessary to apply the composite material to a supporting surface. Rather, it is self-supporting and has the inventive design of the surface layer.

The surface layer may be made of a second plastic or a second fiber-plastic composite. The second plastic or the second fiber-plastic composite may have substantially the same composition as the first plastic or the first fiber-plastic composite. In contrast to the formation of a metal, the formation of the surface layer of plastic or fiber-plastic composite allows a low weight.

In the formation of the surface layer as a cellular structure, the cellular structure may comprise a plurality of substantially uniformly shaped sub-surfaces, wherein adjacent sub-surfaces may partially overlap. Alternatively, the cellular structure may comprise a plurality of substantially uniformly shaped sub-surfaces. In a further embodiment, adjacent sub-surfaces can be connected to one another by means of an elastic material. In this case, the elastic material may contain a third plastic or a third fiber-plastic composite. The third plastic or the third fiber-plastic composite may have substantially the same composition as the first or the second plastic or as the first or second fiber-plastic composite, respectively. In an alternative further embodiment, adjacent sub-surfaces can be connected to one another by means of elastic film hinges. The structure of elastic film hinges is in a technical documentation that is available on the Internet at filing date http://www.basf.com/group/corporate/en/literature-document:/Marke+Ultradur-Technische+Information+Dokumenttyp--Dimensionierung-Deutsch.pdf was displayed. Elastic film hinges can be manufactured by means of generative manufacturing processes.

When the support layer and the surface layer, i. H. as the sub-surfaces, made of plastic or fiber-plastic composite, an easy recyclability of the composite material is possible.

The surface layer may be made using a generative process. In this case, the surface layer can be made of a coherent material. Such a manufacturing method may include a step of stereolithography, selective laser sintering, fused deposition modeling, or three-dimensional printing (3-D printing). A surface layer produced in this way can have a construction of one or more materials. In another characterization, the surface layer may have a multiplicity of delimited, juxtaposed sub-surfaces. By means of a generative manufacturing process, the surface layer can be produced in one operation.

In the formation of the surface layer as a textile structure, it may be made by weaving, knitting, embroidering, knitting and / or sewing filaments. This training comprises a first development in which a, for example, waterproof, surface coating is applied to the textile structure, and a second development, in which the textile structure in a matrix, which may be made of a material other than the textile structure is embedded. These embodiments of the surface layer are produced in one or two operations and are therefore inexpensive. Furthermore, they enable the design of a variety of different designs and surface patterns.

In forming the surface layer as a textile structure, it may alternatively comprise a plurality of longitudinally extending filaments, strands, ribbons, straps and / or belts. This training includes a development in which the textile structure is embedded in a matrix that may be made of a different material than the textile structure. This training also allows the formation of a variety of different designs and surface patterns. In this case, a band, a belt and / or a belt may comprise: a plurality of substantially juxtaposed and / or stacked filaments and a matrix, via which the filaments may be connected to each other, or a plurality of by weaving, knitting, embroidering , Knitting and / or sewing interconnected filaments.

In the aforementioned embodiments, a filament may be an endless fiber DIN 60000 or a fiber of at least 1000 mm in length DIN 60001 be. With regard to the fiber structure, a filament may comprise a monofilament, a bundle of individual fibers or multifilament of a plurality of individual fibers or an endless yarn or multifilament yarn DIN 60900 be. The multifilament yarn can be smooth or textured.

The backing layer may be made using a generative or additive manufacturing process. In this case, the support layer can be made of a coherent material. Such a manufacturing method may include a cut of stereolithography, selective laser sintering, fused deposition modeling or three-dimensional printing (3-D printing). A surface layer produced in this way can have a construction of one or more materials. By means of a generative manufacturing process, the carrier layer can be produced in one operation.

In the composite material, the grid structure of the carrier layer may have an irregular grid structure at least in a surface section. Herein, one or more of the following properties may vary depending on the position in the surface portion: rigidity, flexural rigidity and compressive strength, as well as elasticity and energy absorption ability. In this way, locally different properties, in particular the local energy consumption and / or the local elasticity, can be imparted to the composite material. Thus, a surface of such a composite material can be made freer and more variable in terms of their stated local properties than is possible with materials previously used for the production of Class A surfaces.

The composite material may further comprise a film layer. The film layer may be disposed on the opposite side of the surface layer of the support layer. The film layer provides the support layer formed as a lattice structure a protection against entering into the lattice structure and accumulating therein contamination.

The surface layer may be connected to the support layer by means of a first adhesive.

The film layer may be connected to the carrier layer by means of a second adhesive.

The second adhesive may have a substantially identical composition as the first adhesive.

With a suitable choice of the first plastic, in particular as a thermoplastic, or choice of the first fiber-plastic composite, the film layer can also be connected by sufficient heating, for example by surface irradiation with infrared radiation or by a local Laseraufschmelzverfahren, and pressing against the grid structure with the support layer ,

The composite material may be at least partially formed in the form of a Beplankungs- or Intererierbauteils for a motor vehicle and / or be formed to produce a Beplankungs- or Intererierbauteils.

According to a second aspect of the invention there is provided a planking or interior component for a motor vehicle, the part being made of a composite according to the first aspect of the invention.

The planking member may be an integral part of any of the following: a door such as a side door, a sidewall, a roof, a mudguard, a front panel, a front door such as a hood, a tailgate and surfaces at the rear of a motor vehicle.

Hereinafter, embodiments of the invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Showing:

1 a schematic cross section through a door of a motor vehicle with a planking part according to an embodiment of the invention,

2A FIG. 2 is a schematic perspective view of a portion of a composite according to a first embodiment; FIG.

2 B 3 is a schematic perspective view of a portion of a composite according to a second embodiment,

2C FIG. 2 is a schematic perspective view of a portion of a composite according to a third embodiment; FIG.

3 12 is a schematic perspective view of a portion of a surface layer of a composite material according to an embodiment made of a plurality of sub-surfaces interconnected by means of an elastic material;

4A 3 is a schematic perspective view of a portion of a surface layer of a composite material according to a further embodiment, which is produced in the form of a textile structure from filaments connected together to form ribbons,

4B a schematic cross section through the surface layer

4A cut in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the filaments,

4C a schematic cross section through the surface layer

4A cut in a plane containing a longitudinal direction of the filaments,

5A FIG. 2 is a schematic plan view of a portion of a carrier layer of a composite according to another embodiment; FIG.

5B a schematic cross section through the support layer of the 5A , cut along the line 5B-5B in FIG 5A .

6A a perspective schematic view of a unit cell of a supporting layer of a composite material with periodic lattice structure according to yet another embodiment,

6B a plan view of the unit cell from the 6A .

6C a plan view of a portion of a support layer with one of a plurality of unit cells from the 6A formed lattice structure,

6D a perspective view of a portion of a composite material, a surface layer and the portion of the support layer of the 6C includes,

7A a perspective schematic view of a unit cell of a supporting layer of a composite material with periodic lattice structure according to yet another embodiment,

7B a plan view of the unit cell from the 7A .

7C a plan view of a portion of a support layer with one of a plurality of unit cells from the 7A formed lattice structure,

7D a perspective view of a portion of a composite material, a surface layer and the portion of the support layer of the 7C includes,

8A a perspective view of a cuboid unit cell of a supporting layer with periodic lattice structure according to yet another embodiment,

8B a perspective view of the unit cell of the 8A , which is acted upon by a compressive force,

9A to 9E perspective views of a unit cell, each in the form of a uniform polytope, a support layer with periodic lattice structure according to various other embodiments,

10 a schematic cross section through a portion of a composite material according to yet another embodiment,

11A 4 is a plan view of a non-periodic lattice structure in two dimensions according to one embodiment;

11B a plan view of elements from which a non-periodic in two dimensions lattice structure can be assembled according to another embodiment,

11C a plan view of a non-periodic in two dimensions lattice structure according to the other embodiment, which consists of elements of the 11B is composed,

11D a perspective view of an icosahedron as a symmetry body of a non-periodic in three dimensions lattice structure according to yet another embodiment, and

12A to 12D perspective views of structures with interwoven structure, respectively, according to a first to fourth embodiment.

The 1 shows in schematic form a cross section through a door 11 of a motor vehicle. The door 11 includes a disc 16 , several planking carriers 14 . 14 ' and 14 '' having a slot for receiving a portion of the windowpane 16 and on which a planking part 12 fixed on its outside (in 1 the right side) would conventionally have a Class A surface. According to one aspect of the invention and as in 1 indicated, is the planking part 12 from a composite material according to the invention 10 manufactured, whose structure or structure in the 2A to 2C is shown schematically.

The in the 2A to 2C shown embodiments of the composite material according to the invention 10 common is that the composite material 10 a carrier layer 18 , a surface layer 36 and film layer 60 having. The carrier layer 18 is sandwiched between the surface layer 36 and the film layer 60 arranged and is considered a grid structure 20 educated. The surface layer 36 is as a cellular structure 48 is formed, which is in two dimensions 38 and 40 each substantially periodically repeating. The foil layer 60 is at the surface layer 36 opposite side of the carrier layer 18 arranged; it serves to prevent dirt from entering the open or porous supporting layer 18 hold. In the in the 2A to 2C Embodiments shown is the composite material 10 self-supporting trained.

In the in 2A In the embodiment shown, the grid structure is repeated 20 in three dimensions 22 . 24 and 26 periodically. More specifically, it repeats itself in the 2A a unit cell 34 . 34 ' . 34 '' the lattice structure 20 periodically, in a first dimension 22 with a first period 28 in a first direction that is within a plane (in 2A to the right), which are parallel to the surface layer 36 is arranged in a second dimension 24 with a second period 30 in a second direction, which is within the aforementioned plane (in 2A obliquely behind), at an angle (in 2A for example, a right angle) to the first direction, and in a third dimension 26 with a third period 32 in a third direction, which extends at an angle (in 2A for example, a right angle) to the aforementioned plane or perpendicular to the surface layer 36 (in 2A to the top). In the in 2A In the embodiment shown, a unit cell comprises the grid structure 20 in each case a fish-shaped or fish-scale-shaped element.

In the in the 2 B and 2C the embodiments shown, the grid structure extends 20 in two dimensions 22 and 24 repeating periodically. More specifically, a unit cell of the lattice structure repeats periodically, in a first dimension 22 with a first period 28 in a first direction that is within a plane (in the 2 B and 2C to the right), which are parallel to the surface layer 36 is arranged, and in a second dimension 24 with a second period 30 (in 2 B not shown) in a second direction extending within the aforementioned plane (into the 2 B and 2C obliquely behind) at an angle (into the 2 B and 2C perpendicular) to the first direction. In the third dimension 26 , ie in a third direction, which at an angle (in the 2 B and 2C perpendicular) to the aforementioned plane or to the plane of the surface layer 36 (in the 2 B and 2C pointing upwards), takes place within the extension of the supporting layer 18 only one unit cell each. In the in 2 B In the embodiment shown, a unit cell comprises the grid structure 20 three obliquely arranged support beams. In the in 2C In the embodiment shown, a unit cell comprises the grid structure 20 one unit cell each in the first and second dimension 22 and 24 hexagonal-shaped and extending in the third dimension 26 extends.

The carrier layer 18 , more precisely, the lattice structure 20 the support layer is made of a first plastic or a first fiber-plastic composite.

The surface layer 36 is made of a second plastic or a second fiber-plastic composite. In this case, the second plastic or the second fiber-plastic composite may have substantially the same material or chemical composition as the first plastic or the first fiber-plastic composite, respectively. The foil layer 60 is made of a third plastic or a third fiber-plastic composite. In this case, the third plastic or the third fiber-plastic composite may have substantially the same material or chemical composition as the first or the second plastic or as the first or the second fiber-plastic composite, respectively.

In the in the 2A to 2C the embodiments shown is the surface layer 36 as a cellular structure 48 formed as exemplified in more detail 3 is shown. The structure is repeated in two dimensions 38 and 40 each essentially periodically. More specifically, a unit cell of the cellular structure is repeated 48 periodically, in a first dimension 38 with a first period 42 in a first direction that is within a plane (in 3 to the right), which are parallel to the surface layer 36 is arranged, and in a second dimension 40 with a second period 44 in a second direction, which is within the aforementioned plane (in 3 obliquely behind), but extends perpendicular to the first direction.

In the in 3 The embodiment shown comprises the cellular structure 48 a variety of in the two dimensions 38 and 40 periodically arranged sub-surfaces 50 . 50 ' . 50 '' , where adjacent sub-surfaces 50 . 50 ' . 50 '' by means of an elastic material 52 connected to each other.

In the embodiments of the 2A to 2C and the 3 are the sub-surfaces 50 . 50 ' . 50 '' rectangular shaped and arranged side by side, ie they do not overlap. The sub-surfaces 50 . 50 ' . 50 '' however, could also be arranged such that respective adjacent sub-surfaces overlap (not shown). Furthermore, the sub-surfaces could 50 . 50 ' . 50 '' Also, other shapes than the rectangular shape shown have, as long as the shapes are suitable, an area in the plane 38 . 40 the surface layer 36 completely cover up. For example, the sub-surfaces 50 . 50 ' . 50 '' triangular, trapezoidal, parallelogram, square or in the shape of a hexagon, in particular an isosceles hexagon, ie be hexagonal. Alternatively, the sub-surfaces could also include two different types of patches, with patches of both types being required to provide complete coverage of an in-plane surface 38 . 40 the surface layer 36 to achieve. In a corresponding example, the surface layer could 36 Partial surfaces of a first type in the shape of an octagon and sub-surfaces of a second type in the form of a square, wherein the octagonal sub-surfaces are arranged in two dimensions each periodically and the square sub-surfaces fill the resulting open spaces between four surrounding octagons.

Alternative to a cellular structure 48 could be the surface layer 36 also a textile structure 54 exhibit.

A textile structure may be made by methods known to those skilled in the art by weaving, knitting, embroidering, knitting and / or sewing filaments (not shown).

As in the 4A to 4C can show a surface layer 36 with a textile structure 54 also be made by having a plurality of filaments extending in a longitudinal direction 56 using a matrix over which the filaments 56 connected to each other or into which the filaments 56 are embedded into bands, so-called tapes, summarized or bundled, as in 4B you can see. Such bands advantageously have a flat, wide shape, as in FIGS 4A and 4B shown. These bands can be in their longitudinal direction at regular intervals with indentations 58 be provided, about the filaments 56 To better connect with each other, or to achieve a pleasing appearance, or to increase the mobility of the different cells or segments. A plurality of such ribbons are arranged parallel to each other and bonded together, for example by means of a matrix or an adhesive, around a surface layer 36 train.

In the in the 4A to 4C As shown embodiments, the cellular structure 48 alternatively by means of suitable embossing, for example using embossable rollers or plates, are produced.

The 5A and 5B show a further embodiment of a surface layer 36 , In the 5A and 5B includes the surface layer 36 a plurality of shingled or spade-shaped elements which are in one plane, ie in two dimensions 22 and 24 , are arranged so that they partially overlap and that unit cells 34 . 34 . 34 '' in the first dimension 22 ie a first direction (in 5A to the right) with a first period 28 and in the second dimension 24 ie a second direction (in 5A to the top) with a second period 30 repeat spatially.

The 6A to 6D and 7A to 7D respectively show two different embodiments of a carrier layer 18 ,

In the in the 6A to 6D The embodiment shown is a carrier layer 18 from a variety of unit cells 34 built up. The unit cells 34 are composed of a plurality of grid elements in the form of an octahedron 35 is constructed as in 6A in perspective and in 6B in a plan view of the structure from the 6A you can see. These octahedral unit cells 34 are in two dimensions 22 and 24 periodically arranged in a row, as in 6C you can see. In this way, a layer of a lattice structure 20 and thus a support layer are formed. There may also be two (as in 6D shown) or more (not shown) in the 6C shown grid structure are arranged one above the other and in this way a supporting layer 18 be formed.

In the in the 6C and 6D shown lattice structures 20 the carrier layer 18 becomes the surface layer 36 over vertices of the lattice structure 20 with the grid structure 20 connected. To make this connection, a first adhesive 46 each in the sections around the corner points of the lattice structure 20 be arranged around and made effective, as in 8th is shown.

In the in the 7A to 7D shown embodiments is a support layer 18 from a variety of unit cells 34 which in turn consist of several in the form of a cuboctahedron compound lattice elements 35 is built, as in 7A best in perspective and in 7B can be seen in a plan view. Each cuboctahedron comprises eight (8) triangular and six (6) square faces, twelve (12) identical vertices, each of which meets two squares and two triangles, and twenty-four (24) identical edges, each separating one square from a triangle and from the grid bar elements 35 are formed. These cuboctahedron-shaped unit cells 34 are in two dimensions 22 and 24 periodically arranged in a row, as in 7C best seen. In this way, a layer of a lattice structure 20 and thus a support layer are formed. There may also be two (as in 7D shown) or more (not shown) in the 7C shown grid structure are arranged one above the other and in this way a supporting layer 18 be formed.

In the in the 7C and 7D shown lattice structures 20 the carrier layer 18 becomes the surface layer 36 over square surfaces of the lattice structure 20 forming cuboctahedron with the lattice structure 20 connected. To make this connection, an adhesive may be used in each of the sections along the edges of the surfaces of the cuboctahedron of the lattice structure 20 be arranged around and made effective.

The foil layer 60 can as well as the surface layer 36 by means of an adhesive with the carrier layer 18 get connected. In the in 8th the embodiment shown is the surface layer 36 by means of a first adhesive 46 with the carrier layer 18 connected, and the film layer 60 is by means of a second adhesive 62 with the carrier layer 18 connected. The second glue 62 may have a different or substantially the same material or chemical composition as the first adhesive 46 ,

In the embodiments of the 2A to 2C , of the 3 , of the 5A and 5B as well as the 6A to 6D and 7A to 7D can the grid structure 20 the carrier layer 18 Using a generative manufacturing process, for example by means of 3D printing, are produced from a substantially contiguous material.

In the embodiments of the 2A to 2C and the 3 can the cellular structure 48 the surface layer 36 Using a generative manufacturing process, for example by means of 3D printing, are produced from a substantially contiguous material.

Thus, it is obvious to a person skilled in the art that, at least in the embodiments in which the surface layer 36 has a cellular structure, the whole structure of a composite material 10 ie the film layer 60 , the wearing layer 18 in their lattice structure and the surface layer 36 in their cellular structure using a generative manufacturing process. In this case, at least the support layer 18 and the surface layer 36 be produced generatively from a substantially contiguous material.

As in the 8A and 8B shown, can be a unit cell 34 a carrier layer with periodic lattice structure in a geometrically simple to describe embodiment be substantially cuboid and in the direction of the first dimension 22 a first dimension 28 , in the direction of the second dimension 24 a second dimension 30 and in the direction of the third dimension 26 a third dimension 32 exhibit. If the three dimensions 28 . 30 and 32 are the same size, the unit cell is cube-shaped. The edges of the unit cell 34 are as lattice bars 35 formed, the one thickness in a first thickness 80 and in another dimension, a second thickness 80 ' to have. Connecting struts, over the adjacent unit cells 34 are connected to each other, are also as a grid bar elements 35 ' are formed, which also have a first thickness in one dimension and a second thickness in another dimension.

When a compressive force (represented by the arrows 82 in 8B ) on a unit cell 34 is acted upon, turn barred elements 35 the edges on which attack the pressure applied to the connecting struts, and reach a deflection 84 , The size of the bend 84 depends on the strength of the compressive force 82 , flexural strength and thickness 80 respectively. 80 ' the grid bar elements 35 at the edges of the unit cell 34 and the position along an edge on which a connecting strut engages the edge. Therefore, the rigidity of the in the 8A and 8B shown unit cells 34 by a choice of the flexural strength of the grid bar elements 35 at the edges of the unit cell 34 , a choice of thickness 80 respectively. 80 ' the grid bar elements 35 at the edges and / or a choice of position along an edge on which a connecting strut on the edge engages, and thus through the geometric structure of the unit cell 34 , be specifically influenced.

The 9A to 9E show various other embodiments of a unit cell 34 a support layer with periodic lattice structure, with compared to those in the 8A and 8B shown embodiments of more complex geometric structures. The in the 9A to 9E exemplified unit cells 34 each have structures in the form of a uniform polytope. A polytope consists of similar lattice elements 35 (as in the 9A and 9B ), two different (not shown), three different (as in the 9C and 9D shown) or more different types of lattice elements 35 . 35 ' . 35 '' . 35 ''' . 35 '''' (like in the 9E shown) can be constructed. In the 9A is the unit cell 34 a dodecahedron, in the 9B an icosahedron, in the 9C a hypercube-8 cell and in the 9D and 9E Examples of a toroidal duoprism. Further examples of uniform Polytoben are shown in the above-mentioned, available on the Internet Catalog.

The 11A to 11D illustrate exemplary embodiments of non-periodic lattice structures.

In the 11A shown grid-like structure 20 is non-periodic in two dimensions, it is a so-called Penrose structure. This is made of diamond-shaped elements 70 . 70 ' and 70 '' of three different types or

Molds assembled. Five rhombuses each 70 a first form together form a shape of a five-pointed star with five tips. Between each adjacent peaks of a star are diamonds 70 '' arranged a second form. Around the stars and between the stars are diamonds 70 ' arranged a third form. The edges of the diamonds 70 , 70 ' and 70 '' are as lattice bars 35 educated. Based on the different relative positions of the stars, the non-periodicity of the lattice-like structure 20 to recognize.

The 11B shows various basic elements from which another, non-periodic in two dimensions, grid-like, in the 11C shown structure 20 is composed. Basic elements of a first kind have the shape of an arrow 74 , and basic elements of a second kind are in the form of a dragon or deltoid 72 , These basic elements are created by splitting one (in the 11B shown on the left) rhombus 70 ,

The in the 11C shown in two dimensions non-periodic, grid-like structure 20 is from the in the 11B shown basic elements deltoid 72 and arrow 74 composed. Five arrows each with their tips 74 make a 5-fold star. Five deltoids meeting with their tips 72 form an equilateral octagon. Between the stars and the octagons, further deltoids and arrows are arranged adjacent to each other so that the entire two-dimensional surface is completely covered. The grid-like structure 20 has, as Penrose has shown, the property of self-similarity. This means that every finite environment of a pattern in any other pattern anywhere in the structure 20 is included and that this is also infinitely often the case.

11C shows a three-dimensional icosahedron as an example of a symmetry body of a non-periodic in three dimensions lattice-shaped structure. Such a latticed structure may have the symmetry of an icosahedron. The symmetry given by the icosahedron comprises two 2-fold, ten 3-fold and six 5-fold symmetry axes. One of the 5-fold symmetry axes is in 11D in the direction of the second dimension 24 directed.

The 12A to 12D show by way of example four embodiments of structures with an interwoven structure, which can form a carrier layer and / or a surface layer of a composite material according to the invention. The structures shown are but a few examples of a variety of structures of interwoven structure, which are taken in the above-mentioned, available on the Internet collection.

In the 12A is a first subset of planar, 4-digit structures to a connected in a common plane, a 4-fold symmetry, connected, first substructure (in the 12A brighter) are interwoven and also a second subset of planar, 4-fold structures to a substantially arranged in a common plane, connected, second substructure (in the 12A shown darker). The first and second substructures are themselves interwoven.

In the 12B is a first subset of elongated band-shaped structures into a first plurality (in the 12B brighter) star-shaped pattern interwoven and a second subset of elongated, band-shaped structures to a second plurality (in the 12B shown darker) star-shaped pattern. The first and second pluralities of star-shaped patterns are arranged substantially in a common plane, forming a plurality of openings therein.

In the 12C For example, a first subset of planar structures is formed into a 3-fold symmetrical opening-surrounding first overall structure. Furthermore, a second subset of planar structures is a 3-count symmetrical, surrounding the same opening, second overall structure. The first and second forests are interwoven.

in the 12D For example, a filamentous structure is designed in a self-contained, closed, pretzel-shaped, 3-fold shape in a common plane. A plurality of such 3-count shapes are interwoven with each other by interlocking outer portions of the 3-count shapes in the common plane to a total structure that may have 3-fold symmetry.

Of the in the 12A to 12D In order to form a thicker support layer, two or more of the structures shown in these figures may be superimposed on each other, as shown in FIG. And those in the 12A to

12C The interwoven structures shown can be used to form a surface layer.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

10

Composite material

11

door

12

Beplankungsteil

14, 14 ', 14' '

Beplankungsträger

16

windowpane

18

support layer

20

grid-like structure

22

first dimension

24

second dimension

26

third dimension

28

first period

30

second period

32

third period

34, 34 ', 34 "

unit cell

34 '' ', 34' '' '

unit cell

35

Spine element

36

surface layer

38

first dimension

40

second dimension

42

first period

44

second period

46

first glue

48

cellular structure

50, 50 ', 50' '

part surface

52

elastic material

54

textile structure

56

filament

58

depression

60

film layer

62

second adhesive

70, 70 ', 70' '

diamond

72

Deltoid

74

arrow

76

icosahedron

78

interwoven structure

80, 80 '

thickness

82

thrust

84

deflection

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of the documents listed by the applicant has been generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited patent literature

• DE 202011106216 U1 [0004]
• DE 202011106150 U1 [0004]

Cited non-patent literature

• http://www.math.cmu.edu/~fho/jenn/polytopes/index.html [0010]
• http://www.kaleidocycles.de/index.shtml [0010]
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallpaper_group [0011]
• http://www.mathematische-basteleien.de/parkett2.htm [0011]
• Dissertation "Computer Graphics and Geometric Ornamental Design" by Craig S. Kaplan, 2002, University of Washington, USA, on pages 57-59, at http: //www.cgl.uwaterloo. ca / ~ csk / phd / kaplan_diss_full_print.pdf [0012]
• Article "Golden Patterns" by Claus Schonleber and Frank Klinkenberg-Haass in the magazine mc-extra, no. 2/1995, pages 21-25, Franzis-Verlag (Munich) [0013]
• http://www.schoenleber.org/penrose/fd-penrose.html [0013]
• Rinus Roelofs (Netherlands) presented on the Internet "Qua Art qua science - About Interwoven Structures" [ "On Art and Science - On Interwoven Structures"). [0014]
• http://www.rinusroelofs.nl/projects/c-holes/pr-c-holes-00.htm [0014]
• http://www.basf.com/group/corporate/en/literature-document:/Market+Ultradur-Technical+Information+Document Type-Dimensioning-English.pdf [0019]
• DIN 60000 [0024]
• DIN 60001 [0024]
• DIN 60900 [0024]

Claims (12)

Composite material ( 10 ), comprising: a support layer ( 18 ), which act as a lattice-like structure ( 20 ) and is made of a first plastic or a first fiber-plastic composite, and a surface layer ( 36 ), which act as a cellular structure ( 48 ; 72 . 74 ; 76 ) and / or as a textile or interwoven structure ( 54 ) is trained. Composite material according to claim 1, characterized in that the carrier layer ( 18 ) has one of the following structures: a periodic lattice structure extending into a ( 22 ), two ( 22 . 24 ) or three ( 22 . 24 . 26 ) Dimensions are each repeated substantially periodically, a non-periodic lattice structure ( 72 . 74 ; 76 ) of a one-, two- or three-dimensional quasicrystal or a structure ( 78 ) with an interwoven construction. Composite material according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the surface layer ( 36 ) has one of the following structures: a periodic lattice structure extending into a ( 38 ) or two ( 38 . 40 ) Dimensions are each repeated substantially periodically, a non-periodic lattice structure ( 72 . 74 ; 76 ) of a one- or two-dimensional quasicrystal or a structure ( 78 ) with an interwoven construction. Composite material according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that it ( 10 ) is self-supporting trained. Composite material according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the surface layer ( 36 ) is made of a second plastic or a second fiber-plastic composite. Composite material according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the surface layer ( 36 ) as a cellular structure ( 48 ) is formed and a plurality of substantially uniformly shaped sub-surfaces ( 50 ), wherein adjacent sub-surfaces partially overlap. Composite material according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the surface layer ( 36 ) as a cellular structure ( 48 ) is formed and a plurality of substantially uniformly shaped sub-surfaces ( 50 . 50 ' . 50 '' ), whereby adjacent sub-surfaces ( 50 . 50 ' . 50 '' ) by means of an elastic material ( 52 ) are interconnected. Composite material according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the surface layer ( 36 ) is formed as a textile structure which is produced by weaving, knitting, embroidering, knitting and / or sewing filaments, or a plurality of filaments extending in a longitudinal direction (US Pat. 56 ), Strands, straps, straps and / or straps. Composite material according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the carrier layer ( 18 ) and / or the surface layer ( 36 ) is manufactured using a generative manufacturing process. Composite material according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the lattice structure ( 20 ) of the support layer ( 18 ) has an irregular lattice structure at least in a surface portion, wherein one or more of the following properties varies depending on the position in the surface portion: rigidity, flexural rigidity, compressive strength, elasticity and energy absorption ability. Composite material according to one of Claims 1 to 10, characterized by a film layer ( 60 ) at the surface layer ( 36 ) opposite side of the carrier layer ( 18 ) is arranged. Planking part ( 12 ) or interior component for a motor vehicle, characterized in that the part is made of a composite material ( 10 ) is produced according to one of claims 1 to 11.

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