DE102014203179A1 - Torsional vibration damper for use in powertrain of internal combustion engine for motor vehicle, has damping device that damps relative rotations between primary side and secondary side - Google Patents

Abstract

The torsional vibration damper (1.1) has a primary side (1) for connection of drive. The transmit torque is provided in the primary side that is rotated relative to the secondary side (2) for connection of power take-off. A damping device damps the relative rotations between the primary side and the secondary side. The damping effect of the damping device is determined by variable attenuator value. The attenuation value depends on the speed of relative rotation between the primary side and the secondary side. Independent claims are included for the following: (1) a motor vehicle; and (2) a method for damping torsional vibrations in a drive train.

Description

The present invention relates to a torsional vibration damper and a method for damping torsional vibrations with a torsional vibration damper in a drive train, in detail according to the preamble of the independent claims.

Torsional vibration dampers are used for example in drive trains on the output side of an internal combustion engine, in order to avoid a transmission of torsional vibrations of the internal combustion engine to a subsequent transmission, automatic transmission, automated manual or manual transmission. For this purpose, torsional vibration dampers were developed, which have two different damping effects, namely a so-called insulation damping, which dampens small, harmonic relative rotations (torsional vibrations) between the rotating masses, that is between a primary side and a secondary side of the torsional vibration damper with low damping effect, and an operating damping, which jump, fast relative rotations (rotational shocks) between the rotating masses, ie between the primary side and the secondary side, damps with a high damping effect. Such a torsional vibration damper, for example, in the international patent application WO 2010/145745 A1 described.

Such a torsional vibration damper thus has a first smaller damping constant at small angles of rotation between the primary side and the secondary side and a second larger damping constant at larger angles of rotation between the primary side and the secondary side. Between these two damping constants is switched at a predetermined limit rotation angle, for example, of 2 degrees. The limit rotation angle can be changed by design measures, however, one and the same torsional vibration damper always has the same limit rotation angle, which exactly delimits two damping constants.

Although the known torsional vibration damper operates very reliably in practice, the requirements for the damping effect due to changing used to use internal combustion engines, which have an increasing excitation intensity for torsional vibrations in the drive train. Reasons for this are increasing lightweight construction with a lower mass moment of inertia. The known torsional vibration damper with the switch from a small to a larger damping effect therefore come to their power limit.

The present invention has for its object to further develop a torsional vibration damper of the type mentioned in such a way that the provided attenuation is better adapted to the new requirements. In particular, it should be possible to adapt the damping constant during operation beyond two predefined values.

The object of the invention is achieved by a torsional vibration damper having the features of claim 1 and a method having the features of claim 12. In the dependent claims advantageous and particularly expedient embodiments of the invention are given.

An inventive torsional vibration damper has a primary side for connecting a drive and a torque-transmitting coupled to the primary side and relatively rotatable secondary side for connecting an output. Advantageously, both the primary side and the secondary side are associated with a mass, in particular by provided mass elements, which already exerts a damping effect on torsional vibrations.

According to the invention a damping device for damping relative rotations between the primary side and the secondary side is provided, wherein the damping effect of the damping device is determined by a variable damping value.

According to the invention, not only are two mutually different constant attenuation values provided, but the attenuation value depends on the speed of the relative rotation between the primary side and the secondary side.

Advantageously, a continuous change in the damping value is provided as a function of the speed of the relative rotation between the primary side and the secondary side, so that no longer individual, mutually different damping values are provided by the torsional vibration damper, but a sliding change in the damping value, in particular a continuous increase increasing speed of the relative rotation between the primary side and the secondary side is provided.

The change in the attenuation value according to the invention can be achieved, for example, by a damping device with a damping fluid, for example a liquid or a gas, the latter in particular air. In principle, however, there are others Damping devices into consideration, for example, those that work with magnetic or electromagnetic forces that are transmitted between the primary side or the secondary side and a damping mass. Also, a damping device with a rheological damping fluid, such as electrorheological or magnetorheological damping fluid, comes into consideration.

The change in the damping value as a function of the relative rotation between the primary side and the secondary side advantageously takes place automatically, that is to say without activation from the outside or by a control device provided. One could also call the change a passive change, in contrast to an active actuation of an actuator.

However, the invention can also be applied to active actuation, in particular to a magnetic or electromagnetic damping device embodiment or to a rheological damping fluid dampening device.

Advantageously, the damping device to a damping fluid which is stored in a fluid space, wherein the fluid space is divided by at least one throttle element which limits at least one throttle gap in a plurality of throttle chambers, which are connected via the throttle gap damping fluid conducting each other. The damping device is then coupled to the primary side and / or the secondary side in such a way that the volume of at least one of the throttle chambers is reduced with increasing relative rotation between the primary side and the secondary side, thereby displacing the damping fluid through the throttle gap. The flow cross section of the throttle gap is now changed to change the damping value as a function of the speed of the relative rotation between the primary side and the secondary side. It may be provided that the change in the volume of the throttle chamber (s) connected to the throttle gap takes place only above a limiting rotational angle of the relative rotation between the primary side and the secondary side.

It is particularly favorable if the flow cross-section of the throttle gap is dependent on a pressure difference of the damping fluid above the throttle gap and is thus changed as a function of the pressure difference of the damping fluid.

For example, an increasing pressure difference can lead to an increasing reduction of the throttle gap and thus increase the damping value of the torsional vibration damper.

According to an advantageous embodiment, the throttle element has at least one floating body, which is positioned in the fluid space variably delimiting the throttle gap on one side, at least indirectly acting on its displacement, by the pressure of the damping fluid.

The floating body may in particular be associated with a fixed body, the floating body and the fixed body defining the throttle gap together and the flow cross-section of the throttle gap by displacing the position of the float relative to the fixed body is variable and is determined by the position of the float relative to the fixed body. Instead of or in addition to the fixed body and at least one further floating body may be provided which limits the throttle gap by its displacement, in particular with the first floating body variable.

According to a first embodiment of the invention, the floating body may be displaceable in the axial direction of the throttle gap and / or in the flow direction of the damping fluid through the throttle gap, in particular relative to the fixed body or the second floating body. Another embodiment provides that the float is perpendicular or at an angle to the axial direction of the throttle gap and / or to the flow direction of the damping fluid through the throttle gap, in particular relative to the fixed body or the second float displaced.

In order to exert a bias on the float, in particular in the sense of a provision of its position in a starting position, the float at least one spring element can be assigned. The spring element can act on the float, for example, on one side. However, it is also possible to provide a plurality of spring elements which act on the floating body on several sides, in particular on opposite sides with a spring force.

According to one embodiment, the throttle element has at least one elastically deformable body, in particular made of an elastomer, which is pressurized directly or indirectly via the damping fluid to deform it via one or more intermediate elements, either directly or indirectly through this pressure deformation the flow cross-section of the throttle gap to change over the float by its displacement, in particular to reduce with increasing pressurization. For example, the elastically deformable body can directly limit the throttle gap, so that a deformation of the body has a direct influence on the flow cross-section of the throttle gap. In the other case, the elastically deformable body For example, attack the float to change by the displacement of the flow cross-section of the throttle gap.

One embodiment provides that the floating body or the fixed body is connected in a torsionally rigid manner on the primary side or on the secondary side.

An embodiment of the invention relates to a motor vehicle having a drive motor, in particular an internal combustion engine, and a drive downstream of the drive motor in the drive power flow, wherein an inventive torsional vibration damper is positioned in the direction of the drive power flow behind the drive motor and in particular in front of the transmission. The transmission can be designed, for example, as a manual transmission, automatic transmission or automated manual transmission.

An inventive method provides for the change in the damping value of the torsional vibration damper in operation in dependence on the speed of the relative rotation between the primary side and the secondary side of the torsional vibration damper. In this case, the damping value is advantageously changed by changing the flow cross-section of a throttle gap for a damping fluid, namely when the damping device has a damping fluid.

The invention will be described by way of example with reference to various embodiments.

Show it:

1 a schematic representation of a section of a torsional vibration damper, in which the invention can be used;

2 an embodiment of a variable during operation of the torsional vibration damper, as in a torsional vibration damper according to the 1 can be provided;

3 - 15 schematically further possible embodiments of variable throttle gaps according to the present invention.

In the 1 is a section of a torsional vibration damper, in which the present invention can be applied. One recognizes the primary side 1 which, as shown schematically in the detail a, two side windows rotationally rigidly connected on the outer circumference 1.1 and 1.2 includes. The primary side 1 , which could also be referred to as the first coupling half encloses the secondary side 2 , which could also be referred to as the second coupling half, wherein the primary side 1 and the secondary side 2 via elastic coupling elements 4 are torsionally elastic and limited relative to each other rotatable. For example, the primary page 1 and the secondary side 2 , as shown here, supported against each other via compression springs in the circumferential direction of the torsional vibration damper, wherein corresponding support surfaces for the compression springs on the side windows 1.1 . 1.2 and on the secondary side 2 are provided. By way of example, the support surfaces according to the detail a by projections on the side windows 1.1 . 1.2 executed.

The secondary side 2 is through a center disc 3 formed in an interior 5 passing through the two side windows 1.1 . 1.2 is limited, is included.

In the radially outer region of the interior 5 are a variety of fluid spaces 6 arranged, which are filled with a damping fluid and the mutual rotation of the primary side 1 and secondary side 2 be changed in volume.

Furthermore, a floating damping ring 7 provided, for example, over the circumference of the torsional vibration damper in individual separate ring segments 7.1 . 7.2 and 7.3 is divided. The floating damping ring 7 or its ring segments 7.1 . 7.2 . 7.3 for example, slide radially outward on the center disc 3 and radially inward on an outer edge 8th the side windows 1.1 . 1.2 , In the present case, the outer edge 8th also by cams 12 formed by the side windows 1.1 . 1.2 , at least one of the two, protrude radially inward and opposite boundary surfaces 12.1 . 12.2 have, which opposing boundary surfaces 13.1 and 13.2 the ring segments 7.1 . 7.2 . 7.3 are facing. The cams 12 may serve as a stop according to one embodiment, as will be explained below.

Although this in the 1 not yet shown in detail is in the embodiment shown in the cams 12 an inventive throttle element 14 integrated, which will be explained by way of example with reference to the following drawings.

The center disc 3 has cams 11 but projecting radially outward. The cams 11 also have radially extending stop surfaces 11.1 . 11.2 on, the circumferentially extending in the radial direction abutment surfaces 10.1 . 10.2 at the two axial ends 9.1 . 9.2 the ring segments 7.1 . 7.2 . 7.3 face.

Every fluid room 6 is through a cam 12 (with the in the 1 not yet shown throttle element 14 ) in two throttle chambers 6.1 . 6.2 divided. Further, in the illustrated exemplary embodiment, each cam divides 11 also a fluid space 6 in two throttle chambers 6.1 . 6.2 but without significant gap sealing between these two throttle chambers 6.1 . 6.2 ,

If now the secondary side 2 relative to the primary side 1 is rotated, so approaching one of the two stop surfaces depending on the direction of rotation 11.1 . 11.2 the secondary side 2 the associated stop surface 10.1 . 10.2 the ring segments 7.1 . 7.2 . 7.3 at, wherein damping fluid from the decreasing throttle chamber 6.1 . 6.2 between the ring segments 7.1 . 7.2 . 7.3 and the cam 11 over a comparatively large gap in the other, increasing throttle chamber 6.1 . 6.2 between the ring segments 7.1 . 7.2 . 7.3 and the cam 11 flows. Due to the comparatively large damping gap in the area of the cams 11 between the throttle chambers 6.1 . 6.2 on both sides of the respective cam 11 The damping can be minimized or even switched off.

At the moment in which the stop surface 11.1 at the stop surface 10.1 or in the opposite direction of rotation, the stop surface 11.2 at the stop surface 10.2 strikes, the corresponding ring segment 7.1 . 7.2 . 7.3 recorded and relative to the primary side 1 and their cams 12 twisted. This will now be a throttle chamber 6.1 . 6.2 on one side of each cam 12 (between an axial end 9.1 . 9.2 the ring segments 7.1 . 7.2 . 7.3 and the cam 12 ) and the other throttle chamber 6.1 . 6.2 on the other side of the cam 12 (between the other axial end 9.1 . 9.2 of the ring segment 7.1 . 7.2 . 7.3 and the cam 12 ) is increased, wherein damping fluid from the decreasing throttle chamber 6.1 . 6.2 about or through that in the 1 not yet shown in detail throttle element 14 away into the expanding throttle chamber 6.1 . 6.2 flows. The reduction of the throttle chamber 6.1 . 6.2 According to one embodiment, it may proceed as far as the corresponding ring segment 7.1 . 7.2 . 7.3 to the cams 12 strikes. The connection between these two throttle chambers 6.1 . 6.2 is over a relatively small, depending on the speed of relative rotation between the primary side 1 and the secondary side 2 changing throttle gap produced so that the desired varying damping occurs.

Based on 2 to 15 By way of example, possible throttle elements which can be used according to the invention will now be presented.

In the 2 has the throttle element 14 two cooperating floats 15 on to in both flow directions of the throttle element 14 With damping fluid to achieve a correspondingly varying damping value as a function of the speed of the relative rotation between the primary side and the secondary side of the torsional vibration damper. So is in the throttle element 14 that, as in the 1 shown for example in a corresponding cam 12 can be integrated, a flow channel 18 provided through which the damping fluid flows. When in the embodiment according to the 1 the one axial end 9.1 of the ring segment 7.1 . 7.2 . 7.3 in the direction of the cam 12 is shifted, the damping fluid flows in a first direction through the flow channel 18 , and if appropriate, the other axial end 9.2 of the ring segment 7.1 . 7.2 . 7.3 in the direction of the cam 12 is shifted, the damping fluid flows in the opposite direction through the flow channel 18 ,

Depending on the direction of flow, the damping fluid acts on an end face of one or the other float 15 with a flow pressure and moves it against the elastic force of the spring element 19 on the other float 15 to. The two floats 15 form a throttle gap between them 17 out, with increasing distance of the two floating bodies 15 enlarged from each other and is reduced accordingly with decreasing distance in its flow cross-section for the damping fluid. This can be achieved, for example, that, as shown, the floats 15 have conical surfaces which are parallel to each other and obliquely to the displacement axis of the two floating bodies 15 are positioned.

The two floats 15 also have damping fluid conducting throttle channels 20 on, a more or less strong damming of the damping fluid and thus the construction of a more or less large fluid pressure on the float 15 against the force of the spring element 19 is exerted, depending on the rate of reduction of the volume of the corresponding throttle chamber 6.1 . 6.2 or as a function of the speed of the relative rotation between the primary side and the secondary side.

In the in the 2 illustrated embodiment, the throttle channels 20 of the first float 15 , the throttle gap 17 between the two floats 15 and the throttle channels 20 of the other float 15 with respect to the flow of damping fluid through the flow channel 18 connected in series with each other.

Deviating from the representation in the 2 could also be one of the two floats 15 be executed as a fixed body and then the only float 15 work together.

According to the 3 is, for example, the interaction of a float 15 with a fix body 16 in a flow channel 18 shown, between them a throttle gap 17 form. The float 15 and the fix body 16 For this purpose again have conical surfaces, which are displaceable relative to each other along the flow direction of the damping fluid and which the throttle gap 17 limit.

In this embodiment, the float comes 15 without throttle channels 20 out. Also the fix body 16 could without appropriate throttle channels 20 when it leaves enough room for its flow around the damping fluid. In the embodiment shown, however, are throttle channels 20 in the fixed body 16 provided in terms of the throttle effect in series with the throttle gap 17 Act.

The float 15 and the fix body 16 are in turn via one or more spring elements 19 interconnected to a provision of the float 15 to cause when the back pressure of the damping fluid in the flow direction in front of the float 15 is low.

In the 4 is an embodiment similar to that of 3 however, shown in two opposite directions of flow of the damping fluid is approximately or exactly the same effect. For this purpose, a fixed body acts 16 with a float 15 for the formation of a throttle gap that initially conically tapers in the axial direction or flow direction of the damping fluid and then widens conically 17 together, the throttle gap 17 again by parallel surfaces of the float 15 and the fixed body 16 is limited. The float 15 has two interconnected parts that the fixed body 16 enclose between them in the axial direction or flow direction of the damping fluid.

spring elements 19 between the fixed body 16 and the float 15 cause a provision of the float 15 ,

In the illustrated embodiment, the float 15 throttle channels 20 on which the damming of the damping fluid frontally of the float 15 cause. Alternatively, as in any embodiment, such a throttle channel 20 but also by a float 15 flowing flow connection between the two sides of the float 15 getting produced.

In the 5 a particularly simple embodiment is shown in which a float 15 within a fixed body 16 for forming a throttle gap 17 is positioned. The throttle gap 17 at the same time causes the necessary pressure build-up of the damping fluid front side of the float 15 , Again, although this is not shown, a spring element 19 to return the float 15 be provided.

The embodiment of the 6 in terms of their effect corresponds largely to that of 5 , only that the shape of the in the fixed body 16 recorded float 15 is different. Here, the throttle gap 17 in which the float 15 enclosing area of the fixed body 16 a cylindrical ring shape. A change in the effective flow cross section of the throttle gap 17 takes place at the front between the float 15 and the fix body 16 by more or less strong approach of a covenant of the float 15 to the front side of the fixed body 16 ,

According to the 7 is the float 15 in contrast to the previously explained embodiments, in which this was displaceable in the flow direction of the damping fluid, perpendicular to the flow direction of the damping fluid displaced. He dives inside the fix body 16 more or less strong in the flow channel 18 one to the throttle gap 17 to reduce more or less severely. In this embodiment, it is necessary to the float 15 perpendicular to the flow direction of the damping fluid with a pressure to be applied, which is dependent on the speed of the relative rotation between the primary side and the secondary side of the torsional vibration damper.

In the embodiment according to the 8th is again the float 15 in the flow direction of the fluid through the flow channel 18 within the fix body 16 displaced to the between the fixed body 16 and the float 15 trained throttle gap 17 more or less limit. However, it takes place in the fixed body 16 a deflection of the damping fluid in a direction perpendicular to the direction of displacement of the float 15 instead, so here according to the 7 an enlargement and reduction of the throttle gap 17 done in the manner of a diaphragm.

The embodiment according to the 9 corresponds to a further development of the embodiment of the 7 , Here is the necessary force for the displacement of the float 15 through an elastically deformable body 21 causes, against the force of the spring element 19 acts (the spring element 19 even with a corresponding connection of the float 15 to the elastically deformable body 21 could be saved). The deformation of the elastically deformable body 21 is due to the back pressure of the damping fluid on one side and / or the other side of the throttle element 14 causes.

In the embodiment according to the 10 corresponds to the throttle element 14 that of the 4 , However, here is an increase and reduction of the throttle chambers 6.1 . 6.2 not by those in the 1 illustrated ring segments 7.1 . 7.2 . 7.3 causes, but by a piston 22 in a cylinder 23 reciprocally glides. The fluid pressure of the two throttle chambers 6.1 . 6.2 is through a corresponding flow channel 18 on the two axial sides of the throttle element 14 transfer.

The design of the 11 corresponds largely to that of 10 but this is the spring element 19 positioned differently and there are two parallel throttle elements 14 provided (the throttle element 14 in the lower fluid chamber is not shown in detail), or the throttle element 14 is annular over the piston 22 arranged.

The 12 shows a further embodiment similar to that of 11 , but with modified fixed body 16 ,

In the embodiment according to the 13 limit elastically deformable body 21 the throttle gap 17 immediate. The elastically deformable body 21 be through the primary side or the secondary side of the torsional vibration damper against the back pressure of the damping fluid in the throttle chambers 6.1 . 6.2 from the piston 22 entrained and thereby deformed. The stronger the deformation, the smaller the throttle gap becomes 17 in its flow cross-section.

In the embodiment according to the 13 are the elastically deformable bodies 21 exemplified as elastomeric rings with holes on both sides of a piston 22 a piston rod 24 enclosing in a cylinder 23 are positioned. The piston 22 with the elastically deformable bodies 21 divides the cylinder 23 into the throttle chambers 6.1 . 6.2 , Beyond the piston 22 For example, cover plates 25 on the elastic body 21 be provided.

The embodiment according to the 14 corresponds largely to that of 10 but the cylinder is 23 with the piston 22 and the throttle element 14 in the axial direction or direction of movement of the piston 22 positioned one behind the other.

In the embodiment according to the 15 Two possibilities are shown, like two floating bodies 15 of which one could also be designed as a fixed body, to form a throttle gap 17 mutually interlock.

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

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Cited patent literature

• WO 2010/145745 A1 [0002]

Claims (13)

Torsional vibration damper 1.1 with a primary side ( 1 ) for connecting a drive; 1.2 with one with the primary side ( 1 ) torque-transmitting coupled and relatively rotatable secondary side ( 2 ) for connecting an output; 1.3 with a damping device for damping relative rotations between the primary side ( 1 ) and the secondary side ( 2 ); wherein 1.4 the damping effect of the damping device is determined by a variable damping value; characterized in that 1.5 the damping value of the speed of the relative rotation between the primary side ( 1 ) and the secondary side ( 2 ) is dependent. Torsional vibration damper according to claim 1, characterized in that the damping device comprises a damping fluid, which in a fluid space ( 6 ), the fluid space ( 6 ) by at least one throttle element ( 14 ), which has at least one throttle gap ( 17 ), into a plurality of throttle chambers ( 6.1 . 6.2 ) is divided over the throttle gap ( 17 ) Dämpfungsfluidleitend are interconnected, and the damping device in such a way to the primary side ( 1 ) and / or the secondary side ( 2 ), that the volume of at least one of the throttle chambers ( 6.1 . 6.2 ) with increasing relative rotation between the primary side ( 1 ) and the secondary side ( 2 ) and thereby the damping fluid through the throttle gap ( 17 ) is displaced, wherein the flow cross-section of the throttle gap ( 17 ) is variable to change the attenuation value as a function of the speed of the relative rotation. Torsional vibration damper according to claim 2, characterized in that the flow cross-section of the throttle gap ( 17 ) depending on a pressure difference of the damping fluid over the throttle gap ( 17 ). Torsional vibration damper according to one of claims 2 or 3, characterized in that the throttle element ( 14 ) at least one float ( 15 ), which the throttle gap ( 17 ) variably limiting the pressure of the damping fluid on one side to its displacement at least indirectly applied in the fluid space ( 6 ) is positioned. Torsional vibration damper according to claim 4, characterized in that the float ( 15 ) another floating body ( 15 ) or a fixed body ( 16 ) and the two floats ( 15 ) or the float ( 15 ) and the fixed body ( 16 ) the throttle gap ( 17 ), wherein the flow cross-section of the throttle gap ( 17 ) by displacing the position of a floating body ( 15 ) relative to the other floating body ( 15 ) or the float ( 15 ) relative to the fixed body ( 16 ) is variable and by the position of the two floats ( 15 ) relative to each other or the position of the float ( 15 ) relative to the fixed body ( 16 ) is determined. Torsional vibration damper according to one of claims 4 or 5, characterized in that the floating body ( 15 ) in the axial direction of the throttle gap ( 17 ) and / or in the flow direction of the damping fluid through the throttle gap ( 17 ) is displaceable. Torsional vibration damper according to one of claims 4 or 5, characterized in that the floating body ( 15 ) perpendicular or at an angle to the axial direction of the throttle gap ( 17 ) and / or to the flow direction of the damping fluid through the throttle gap ( 17 ) is displaceable. Torsional vibration damper according to one of claims 4 to 7, characterized in that the float ( 15 ) at least one spring element ( 19 ) is assigned to the float ( 15 ) exerts a bias voltage, in particular for returning its position to a starting position. Torsional vibration damper according to one of claims 2 to 8, characterized in that the throttle element ( 14 ) at least one elastically deformable body ( 21 ), in particular of an elastomer, which is pressurized by the damping fluid deforming, by its compression deformation of the flow cross-section of the throttle gap ( 17 ) indirectly over the float ( 15 ) by its displacement or directly by limiting the throttle gap ( 17 ), in particular to reduce. Torsional vibration damper according to one of claims 5 to 9, characterized in that the float ( 15 ) or the fixed body ( 16 ) torsionally rigid on the primary side ( 1 ) or the secondary side ( 2 ) connected. Motor vehicle with a drive motor, in particular internal combustion engine and a drive motor downstream in the drive power flow transmission, characterized in that in the direction of the drive power flow behind the drive motor and in particular in front of the transmission, a torsional vibration damper according to one of claims 1 to 10 is positioned. Method for damping torsional vibrations in a drive train, in particular Motor vehicle drive train, with a torsional vibration damper according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the damping value of the torsional vibration damper in operation in dependence on the speed of the relative rotation between the primary side ( 1 ) and the secondary side ( 2 ) is changed. A method according to claim 12, characterized in that the damping value by changing the flow cross-section of a throttle gap ( 17 ) is changed for a damping fluid.

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