DE102012021697B4 - Support system for the stabilization of at least one mast - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a support system for the stabilization of at least one mast (1) consisting of the mast (1) with a longitudinal central axis (m) which is connected to an ankle joint (D) via a point foundation with a loadable ground (21) and of straight, tension-proof tendons (2) anchored by nodes (C) to the upper part of the mast (1) and to anchor points (A, B) spaced horizontally from the mast (1) in the ground (21). The support system is designed to hold an energy system (3) at a vertical distance from the ground (21) and to divert vertical and horizontal loads from the energy system (3) into the ground (21), the support system having at least one system level (15). having. According to the invention, the system plane (15) is defined by two parallel system axes (g, g ') which each have an intersection with the longitudinal central axis (m) of a mast (1). In this case, the lower system axis (g) has an intersection with the ankle (D) of the mast (1), while the upper system axis (g ') with a vertical distance to the lower system axis (g) as a distance between two opposing anchor points (A, B) runs, so that for the derivation of horizontal loads by the tendons (2) between and transverse to the system axes (g, g '), a vertical lever arm (f) is formed.

Description

The invention relates to a support system for the stabilization of at least one mast, consisting of the mast with a longitudinal center axis, which is connected with an ankle joint via a point foundation with a viable ground, and straight, tensile tendons, which are connected to the upper part of the Mast and anchored horizontally spaced from the mast anchor points in the ground. The support system is configured to maintain a power system at a vertical distance from the ground and to discharge vertical and horizontal loads from the power system into the ground, the support system having at least one system level. In the context of the invention, an energy system refers to energy-converting systems, such as PV systems and wind turbines, as well as energy-conducting systems, such as overhead lines for power supply of rail and road vehicles and high-voltage power transmission lines over long distances and energy storage systems Such as pumped storage power plants, in each of which an upper and a lower water tank are connected via a pressure line with a turbine and a pump or a combination of different energy systems.

With the energy turnaround adopted by the German Bundestag on 30 June 2011, Germany has set itself ambitious targets for phasing out energy supplies from nuclear power plants and carbon-based power plants, and for starting energy supply from renewable sources. Energy from renewable sources can already cover a significant proportion of the electricity demand today. So reached z. On September 14, 2012, for example, the fed-in wind and photovoltaic power line reached a maximum value of 31.8 gigawatts. Between 1.00 pm and 2.00 pm, the share of wind power was 15.6 gigawatts, and the photovoltaic share was 16.2 gigawatts. Such large, temporarily available energy volumes burden the power grids and require the further expansion of a national and European interconnected system.

With the announced increase of the generation capacity from wind power and photovoltaic in Germany and Europe the use of regenerative energy sources reaches a new dimension. The development of storage technologies and new distribution systems for the distribution of power in the grid are just as important tasks as the installation of further wind power and PV systems. In the sense of a globally required reduction of CO2 emissions, the expansion of renewable energy systems is becoming increasingly important.

masts

Depending on the type of foundation, a distinction is made between clamped and guyed masts. With clamped masts grow with increasing height of the foundational effort and the constructive mass needed to stabilize the mast. For large wind turbines it is therefore also called a tower, which can assume a diameter of more than 10 m at its base. Clamped masts are the more economical solution for reaching high heights, but require a large area for the arrangement and foundation of the guy ropes. With a minimum of material, articulated masts mounted at the base, as shown by radio and transmission masts, reach heights of more than 600 m. According to the design, only the windward ropes can be used for load transfer, while the leeward arranged ropes remain limp. If only one guy rope fails, the entire suspension system fails, as the collapse of the Manzanares wind turbine in 1989 has shown. Stayed masts move under load and are therefore only of limited suitability for the arrangement of living areas at high altitude. Masts are usually built as individual structures. For deriving the horizontal and vertical loads taken up by a mast into a load-bearing ground, different foundation techniques are known. Reinforced concrete foundations are the most common type of foundation for a mast construction. The pendulum bearing of a mast in a quiver foundation is used to align the mast as precisely as possible during installation and then to place it in the quiver foundation by casting concrete. As economic alternatives to the training of reinforced concrete foundations screw foundations, driven piles and dowel joints in the soil are known.

Wind turbines

Suitable sites are already being used for wind power, so that at particularly favorable locations existing wind turbines will be replaced by more powerful, new ones. In order to be able to optimally use the energy contained in an air flow, wind turbines, in particular so-called "onshore" wind power plants, require a hub height as high as possible in order to be able to use their rotor blades to move inwards greater altitude to capture more steady air currents. Towers for wind turbines clamped on the ground today reach a hub height of up to 150 m. With increasing height, however, such tower constructions are uneconomical due to the required masses for discharging the loads.

photovoltaic systems

The further expansion of photovoltaics, which is also necessary, will in future not only refer to the further development of low-priced roof areas, but also to the overbuilding of already sealed areas, such as traffic areas and parking lots, and also to the development of outdoor areas. The large-scale superstructure of agricultural land with PV systems installed close to the ground with a power range of, for example, 2-10 megawatts encounters resistance in many places, since corresponding PV systems rule out further agrarian uses of the built-up areas. The more profitable the arable land used for the photovoltaic energy production is, the higher compensation payments are to be paid by the operator for the use of these areas to the landowner.

With an annually doubling collector area, the expansion of PV systems is growing exponentially. Rigid support systems as a substructure for PV modules allow a favorable orientation to the position of the sun, but are characterized by a high landscape consumption if they are not supported on existing roof surfaces. Movable collector surfaces, which can be aligned with a biaxial tracking to the respective position of the sun, have a 30-35% higher efficiency than rigidly aligned collector surfaces.

Energy Storage Systems

Both solar and wind generated electricity is subject to large fluctuations in yield. Energy storage systems are therefore needed to ensure local, regional and national power supply. Pumped storage plants are still one of the most effective ways to store energy, but are dependent on the current state of the art on naturally given topographical possibilities and therefore not generally available.

Hyperbolic paraboloids

Among the most efficient structural shapes in terms of load-bearing capacity and material use are hyperbolic paraboloids as compression-stressed shell designs or as membrane constructions subject to tensile stress. A hyperbolic paraboloid has a conic section in each sectional plane, with parabolas showing in vertical sections and hyperbolas in horizontal or arbitrarily inclined sections. Corresponding roof structures have a double-curved saddle surface.

electromobility

In railway traffic, the electric drive has prevailed over other drive technologies for a long time. Catenaries for the power supply of the trains are suspended on clamped masts. These masts consist of either an elaborate truss structure or a correspondingly thick, clamped at its base tube made of steel or reinforced concrete. Even in road vehicles, the electric drive of buses with a catenary has been proven in some cities until today.

From the CH 550 310 A A fanned mast emerges as a tower or high chimney, to attack the three rope roofs to stabilize the shaft in three spatial directions.

The DE 28 18 111 A1 shows a guyed mast, in which tension cables are provided in three directions, which engage at different heights to the shaft of the mast.

The DE 20 2008 010 427 U1 shows a solar collector assembly with a collector surface, which is supported on a three-legged support structure, are provided in the spindle drives for a biaxial tracking of the collector surface to the sun.

The CH 699 119 A1 relates to a solar system in which a number of solar panels between two suspension ropes is arranged. The suspension cables are based on a row of poles and are brought together at their end points at anchor points.

In the WO 2004/083741 A2 an arrangement of the sun inclined, pivotable collector surfaces is disclosed, which is mounted at its high end on articulated rods and at its low end on clamped supports.

The WO 2006/130892 A1 shows a solar system in which a plurality of PV modules suspended from suspension cables with a vertical distance above a ground. The suspension cables are connected to the masts longitudinally and transversely.

The WO 2009/140564 A1 describes a variety of wide-span structures for solar systems, in which the collector surfaces are suspended from poles and ropes.

In the EP 0 371 000 A1 is a translucent roof for a greenhouse shown, in which a part of the roof surface of PV modules is formed.

From the DE 10 2008 057 388 A1 A solar system emerges in which the collector surfaces are supported on tensioning cables and are tracked as contiguous units to the position of the sun.

From the EP 0 373 234 A1 A solar system emerges in which the individual modules are supported on ropes that are anchored to clamped masts. To stabilize the modules, a cross-linking of the tension cables is provided with transverse cables.

From the DE 10 2008 059 858 A1 is a support system for the construction of photovoltaic field installations out, in which the individual PV modules are pivotally mounted on an anchored between clamped supports rope.

In the EP 1 696 087 A1 describes a roof construction with rain gutters for a carport, which is occupied by PV modules and suspended pivotally on supports.

The WO 2010/011649 A1 shows a modular built, four-point supported membrane design with integrated PV modules, which is suspended from masts. In this case, each one corner of a quadrilateral on a longer support, so that a module of the roof construction is designed as a saddle surface.

From the US Pat. No. 7,285,719 B2 is a support system for solar modules out, in which the individual modules are supported respectively on a lower and an upper suspension cable, which are held by means of masts in a vertical distance to the ground. To stabilize the masts here bracing in the longitudinal and transverse directions are required.

In the DE 41 42 566 C2 is a solar system described with a spatially curved structure. The individual solar modules are connected in series.

From the US 5,212,916 A goes out a roof construction for receiving photovoltaic cells, which are arranged between the tendons of a roof structure. For the stiffening of the roof construction here running transversely to the columns pressure bars are required.

The WO 2008/025001 A2 shows a solar system in which individual solar modules are supported by a spatial cable carrier, which is supported on a series of masts. For bracing the masts tension members are provided with ground anchors.

From the generic US 2011/0315197 A1 goes out a solar system with ropes hanging PV modules in which two are revealed at the masts crossing support levels. Since the feet of the masts and the end points of the braces are at the same height, a support plane alone is not stable and would fall over when leaving the second support level.

Based on the illustrated prior art, the invention has the object to stabilize the mast with already only one support plane.

This object is achieved with the features mentioned in claim 1 of the invention. Further advantageous features and possible embodiments of the invention will become apparent from the dependent claims.

According to the invention, a distance between the anchor points has an intersection with the longitudinal central axis of a mast and forms the upper system axis of the support system. Parallel to this system axis runs at a vertical distance, a second system axis through the ankle of the mast and thereby also has an intersection with the longitudinal center axis of the mast, so that both axes lie in a system plane. The vertical distance between the two axes to each other defines a vertical lever arm for stabilizing the mast transverse to the clamping direction of the tendons. In transverse load of the support system, the tensile forces in the tendons directly dependent on the length of this lever arm in relation to the mast length. The length of the lever arm may be the full length of a mast, or a fraction of the mast length, with a lever length of 20-50% of the mast length being a favorable ratio so as to effectively reduce the tensile forces to be absorbed by the tendons when loaded transversely to the system plane of the support system , In a longitudinal section above the foundation ground immovable nodes are provided for the mastseitigen connection of the tendons, which are arranged in the case of a boom left and right of the system level and are merged at the structural anchor points at an acute angle. When the support system is stressed transversely to the system level, the resulting tensile stress in the tension members is also dependent on the magnitude of this angle. The following applies: the sharper the angle, the higher the resulting tensile forces. Horizontal stresses transverse to the tension direction of the cables can in this case be absorbed by both the leeward and leeward tendons, so that all tendons are involved in the load transfer. With low deformations, the support system reacts to horizontal stresses that are effective in the clamping direction of the tendons. A particularly favorable load-bearing behavior has a support system in which more than one system level is provided and, for example, two system levels intersect at their intersection with the longitudinal center axis of a mast. In this case, all the tendons of a support system according to the invention are each proportionally involved in the removal of horizontal loads, so that the stabilization of a mast with low deflections is made possible. Vertical and horizontal loads from an energy system or from a combination of several energy systems are thus derived by a support system according to the invention in a sustainable ground.

tendons

In the context of the invention, the tendons can each be arranged individually or in pairs, at the anchor points and at the mast nodal points per se known anchoring techniques of constructive rope with threaded fittings, forked sheaths or rope clamps in question. As an alternative to the ropes, tension rod systems with end fittings approved by the building authorities for the respective tensile load can be used. From a span of about 20 m, tensile and stretch-resistant steel cables are suitable as tendons.

A mast as a linkable element

Has a mast for the derivation of the horizontal loads only one system level, a support system may consist of a plurality of masts in which the tendons of adjacent masts are each short at the anchor points with each other. The advantage of this arrangement is that the tensile forces cancel each other at the anchor points, which in the case of obliquely guided guying at the anchor points resulting tensile forces are absorbed. Of fundamental importance is the possibility of stabilizing a row of poles, for example, on the median strip of a highway or along a railway line or a canal. In these cases, only a narrow strip of land is available for founding a mast. The approximately 4 m wide median strip of a motorway, for example, sufficient to anchor the masts for overhead lines of parallel contact wires and suspension cables subsoil. The same applies to the masts of high-voltage lines, which can be arranged according to an embodiment of the invention along the existing motorway network to realize the necessary grid expansion in Germany in north-south and east-west direction. An oscillatingly mounted mast in cooperation with horizontally spaced, comparatively short anchor supports solves the task of stabilizing the mast on a narrow strip. Modern high-speed trains require stable storage of overhead lines at relatively short intervals. An inventively guyed mast combines the advantage of a very filigree design with the ability to economically prefabricate the support system of finished parts in large quantities.

Elekromobilität

Given the volume of goods transported by truck on highways, the question arises of electrification of truck and car traffic on motorways. In a variant of the The invention is proposed to be arranged on the median strip of a highway masts for the suspension of overhead lines on the lanes. In this case, for example, parallel to each other at a distance of about one meter arranged contact wires are provided, which are each suspended from supporting cables. This arrangement allows the lane change of individual vehicles in the sense of individual traffic. Alternatively, the catenary could also consist of a network with hexagonal or square meshes, so that a surface-shaped power supply of equipped with a pantograph vehicles is possible.

A mast as a networkable element

If a mast stabilized by tendons, which are arranged in two system levels, a spatial networking of adjacent masts can be realized. In this case, a plurality of masts can be arranged between two anchor points which are opposite one another in a system plane. Clamped anchor supports or guyed pendulum supports can be designed as anchoring supports in a mast field with two intersecting support levels as edge supports, the tendons parallel to ground at a constant distance and connect in the longitudinal and transverse directions each have a plurality of masts with each other. The resulting from an energy system horizontal loads are derived from the running in the longitudinal and transverse tendons to the anchor points on the edge of a mast field. A mast with an ankle, which is held at its lower and at its upper end, is a very effective support element, which can for example in a PV system, a collector surface with a large, vertical distance to a ground support, so that a collector field z , B. can also be wooded. The intersecting tendons may also carry a temporarily extendable hail protection net in case of an orchard.

A further embodiment of the invention relates to a zugbeanspruchtes, modular Hypardach with straight, zugbeanspruchten edges, which is arbitrarily expandable in two directions. A module in this case is constructed of a regular rectangular or square HP surface and can be constructed of a self-supporting membrane construction or placed on a substructure formed by a cable net or web of sheet metal tensions. When using prefabricated PV modules for the roofing of a roof with saddle surfaces is of particular importance that a saddle surface regularly recurring, equal faces. In a mast field masts and anchor columns alternate regularly. If the masts are designed to be longer than the anchor supports, a field is created with alternating alternating high and low points, which are each connected by straight tendons longitudinally and transversely to each other. With a foil roof made of transparent foil, which is laid on a net of ropes or steel strips, a wide-span, expandable greenhouse can be built. According to the invention, the individual fields of a regular Hypar can be covered with PV modules, so that a roof construction forms a contiguous collector surface. To accommodate the vertical loads from a roof construction, the tendons extending between the masts and the anchor supports receive an undervoltage, for example in the form of a fish belly carrier with filler rods. The particular advantage of this arrangement is that all horizontal loads are removed in the interaction of the masts with comparatively short clamped anchor supports and no further reinforcement measures are required. Moreover, the foundation body of a clamped anchor support may be formed as a cistern to collect and store rainwater from the roof surfaces.

single masts

A mast can carry both a wind turbine with a vertical axis of rotation - a so-called Darrieus rotor - or a wind turbine with a horizontal axis of rotation. For powering a single house, small and medium-sized mast-supported wind turbines with a power range of 20 kW to several 100 kW are suitable. A stabilized mast according to the invention involves all tendons on the load transfer and has stability reserves even when a tendon fails.

The support system is also suitable for the construction of tall masts and the removal of large vertical and horizontal loads. A wind turbine z. B. with a hub height of 200 to 300 m reached in locations with a hilly terrain profile those high air layers in which the wind blows steadily and evenly. With the lowest possible cost of materials, masts can be designed for wind turbines that can generate higher electrical power at already developed locations or enable the operation of a wind turbine at locations previously classified as unsuitable. A pendulum-mounted mast made of a hollow section made of steel or reinforced concrete can with a constant outer diameter of z. B. about 3 m are made very economically. A boom, in the form of a rigid connected to the mast Spoked wheel, at about half the height of the mast allows optimal distribution of stress on several tendons. In order to realize the support mechanism according to the invention in such a mast, for the foundation of the mast up to 30 m in the subsoil reaching into quiver foundation is required at the base of the mast is mounted pendulum. This quiver foundation allows all-round deflections of the mast and can be designed as a walk-in room with a shelter at the level of the ground. Regardless of the respective wind direction, both the windward-inclined tendons and the tendons arranged transversely to the wind direction are involved in the stabilization of the mast, since each deflection of the mast activates a support system according to the invention not only longitudinally but also transversely to its system plane. In this case, one can also understand the system axes in a system level as axes of rotation around which a mast tilts. The greater the vertical distance between these axes of rotation is, the lower are the restoring forces in the tendons required for the stabilization of the mast. In the case of solar systems with movable the sun's position trackable collector surfaces, the length of a mast z. B. 12 m, so that the use of space below the pivoting range of a collector surface can be used agriculturally.

In a particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention, it is provided to use a cistern for the foundation of a mast. When it rains, the collector surface is swiveled by sensors into a horizontal plane in order to collect the rainwater via a gutter system in the cistern. At the top of the cistern are the anchor points of the tendons. Together with the ankle of the mast at the bottom of the cistern, two system levels are formed for the derivation of horizontal loads in the case of four anchor points. The horizontal distance that such solar systems need each other so as not to mutually shadow each other, allows an agricultural use of a correspondingly loosely built-up area, the degree of coverage of a subsoil based on the collector surfaces z. B. 15-30%. In areas with irregular rainfall, these cisterns are used for regular irrigation of the farmland and increase yields in agriculture.

In the case of a pumped storage plant, a water tank is provided at each of the upper and lower ends of a mast. Power generated by wind or solar plants and temporarily surplus is used to pump water from the lower to the upper tank to discharge it back into the lower tank as needed via a turbine. Here, the energy of the water is converted by a turbine as needed back into electrical energy.

Some typical applications of the support system according to the invention will become apparent from the embodiments illustrated in the figures.

Show it:

1 a row of poles for a PV system in axonometric representation.

2 shows a mast field for a PV system in axonometric view.

3 shows a row of poles for a PV system in a car parking lot in isometric view.

4 shows a row of poles for a catenary over a railway line in isometric view.

5 shows trolley masts on the median strip of a four-lane motorway in axonometric representation.

6 shows trolley masts on both sides of a two-lane railway in isometric view.

7 shows a mast for power lines on the median strip of a six-lane highway in the isometric survey.

8th shows the mast 7 in the area of a six-lane highway section in perspective view.

9 shows the bracing of a single mast for a PV system in perspective view.

10 shows a mast field with clamped anchor supports for a PV system in an isometric overview.

11 shows the mast field after 10 as a schematic longitudinal or cross section.

12 shows the mast field after 10 and 11 in the schematic plan.

13 shows a mast field with guyed anchor supports for a PV system in an isometric overview.

14 shows the mast field after 13 as a schematic longitudinal or cross section.

15 shows the mast field after 13 and 14 in the schematic plan.

16 shows a mast field with a roof construction of saddle surfaces in the schematic plan view.

17 shows the mast field after 14 in perspective view.

18 shows a mast field with a roof construction of saddle surfaces and mast-supported collector surfaces in the schematic plan view.

19 shows the mast field after 16 in perspective view.

20 shows a screw foundation for a mast in isometric section.

21 shows a quiver foundation for a mast in schematic cross-section.

22 shows a clamped anchor support with screw foundation in isometric partial section.

23 shows a clamped anchor support with cistern in schematic cross section.

24 shows the connection of paired tendons with a mast in isometric detail.

25 shows a rope clamp at the intersection of a stiffening bandage in isometric detail.

26 shows a wind turbine with a horizontal axis of rotation on a guyed mast in the perspective overview.

27 shows a guyed mast pumped storage plant in the perspective overview.

1 shows a linear linkable module of a row of poles 12 , A mast 1 with an ankle D will be on both sides of lower anchor posts 20 in the form of clamped supports 200 flanked, on each of which tendons 2 at two opposite anchor points A, B attack. The as tension rods 23 trained tendons are with the mast 1 over a boom 10 connected to nodes C. The mast series 12 has a system level 15 . A lower system axis g passes through the ankle D of the mast 1 while the upper system axis g 'connects the two anchor points A, B as a route. Both axes g, g 'have an intersection with the longitudinal center axis m of the mast 1 , The vertical distance between the two system axes g, g 'corresponds to the height of the two anchor supports 20 above the ground 21 and forms a vertical lever arm f for discharging horizontal loads in a sustainable ground 21st A utility system 3 as a PV system 30 with collector surfaces 300 is on an unspecified azimuth bearing movable on the mast 1 stored so that the collector surface 300 can be rotated about the axes of rotation x, z and can follow the current state of the sun. The support system allows the arrangement, for example, 50 m ² large collector surfaces 300 at a distance of 9 m above a building ground 21 , The space between parallel rows of masts 12 can z. B. serve the cultivation of agricultural products.

2 shows a spatially networkable module of a mast field 13 , The central mast 1 carries the collector surface 300 a PV system 30 , which are on the vertical axis z and the horizontal axis x the the respective state of the sun can be tracked. In the derivation of horizontal loads, two act at the intersection with the longitudinal center of the mast 1 intersecting system levels 15 together. In this case, the lower system axes g and the upper system axes g 'each have an intersection with the longitudinal center axis m of the mast 1 on. The headpoints of clamped supports 200 as anchor supports 20 form the anchor points A, B for the tendons 2 that by ropes 22 be formed. end fittings 24 on the ropes 22 at a node C connect to the mast 1 ago. In both system levels 15 is for the stabilization of the mast 1 a vertical lever arm f effective. As in the 18 and 19 is shown, this module is a masts field according to the invention 13 can be networked in two spatial directions.

3 shows schematically the superstructure of a car parking lot with two rows of masts 12 , which are each based on a strip of land between the parking bays. For the stabilization of the pole row 12 is the vertical lever arm f between the lower system axis g, passing through the foot points D of the masts 1 runs and the upper system axis g ', which connects the anchor points A, B each as a route, of crucial importance. The anchor points A, B are short, clamped supports 200 between the tall masts 1 educated. tendons 2 connect the anchor points A, B via nodes C with the masts 1 , Every mast 1 contributes as a utility system 3 a collector surface 300 a PV system 30 , which is aligned in the axes x and z to the sun. In this embodiment of the invention, the longitudinal center axes are m of the masts 1 and the tendons 2 like the system axes g and g 'in one plane. If the horizontal loads from the energy system are not too great, this arrangement is also suitable, in which all supporting elements of the support system lie in the system level 15 .

4 shows the longitudinal section of a railway track with mast rows arranged on both sides 12 , each one a catenary 33 wear. Between the masts 1 are short anchor posts 20 as clamped supports 200 arranged and form the anchor points A, B for tendons 2 , which have nodes C and a boom 10 , in the form of a double-sided cantilever 101 , rigid with a mast 1 are connected. At the anchor points A, B are the tendons 2 each shorted to each other. The ankles D of the masts 1 lie in quiver foundations 211 below the ground 21 . In this way, the largest possible vertical lever arm f is formed between the system axes g, g ', which in the derivation of horizontal loads, the tensile stress in the tendons 2 reduced. ropes 22 run left and right of the system level 15 , so that a tendon 2 is arranged inclined to the system plane 15 and therefore can absorb horizontal loads. A catenary 33 each consists of a suspension cable 330 and a contact wire 331 ,

5 shows a plurality of parallel overhead lines 33 over the longitudinal section of a four-lane highway. The overhead lines 33 consist of parallel contact wires 331 , which are arranged with a horizontal distance of about one meter about 4.5 m above the lanes. The individual overhead lines 33 are on suspension ropes 330 hung on masts 1 are hung up. This embodiment of a support system according to the invention shows the interaction of two comparatively short, clamped anchor supports 200 with a comparatively high mast 1 with ankle D, in a linear arrangement on the median strip between two lanes. About nodes C are the tension members 2 in the form of ropes 22 each with a mast 1 connected. On the boom 10 are the overhead lines 33 suspended. Both cars and trucks are equipped with a retractable pantograph and are powered by electric motors.

6 shows the longitudinal section of a railway line. Single by tendons 2 stabilized masts 1 each carry overhead wires 33 with contact wires 331 , The overhead lines 33 hang on outriggers 10 that the tendons 2 via nodes C with the masts 1 connect. The feeders 332 for the overhead lines 33 are each on the rail side facing away from the boom 10 suspended. Every mast 1 carries a wind turbine 31 with vertical axis of rotation z in the form of a Darrieusrotors. The electricity generated by the wind turbines is fed directly into the feed line via an inverter 332 initiated. The stabilization of the masts 1 transverse to the clamping direction of the tendons 2 takes place via the vertical lever arm f between the system axes g, g '. The bearing behavior of the system is all the better, the larger the lever arm f compared to the length of the mast 1 is, so are the bases D of the masts 1 in a quiver foundation 211 approx. 1.25 m below ground 21

7 shows a mast 1 for a transmission line 34 with high voltage power lines 340 , which are led left and right next to a six-lane highway. The support system for the stabilization of the mast also has in this embodiment, a lower system axis g, through the ankle D of the mast 1 and runs below the ground 21 . The ankle D of the mast 1 is in a quiver foundation 211 arranged. The upper system axis g 'connects the two anchor points A, B at the head points of the anchor supports 20 , The clamping of the clamped supports 200 via anchored in the ground 21 piles 213 made of steel and reinforced concrete. The two parallel system axes g, g 'extend with a vertical distance of about 12 m to each other in a system plane 15 and form a lever arm f for the derivation of horizontal loads. Above the system axis g 'has the mast 1 a boom 10 in the form of a branch 102 , at their end points, the nodes C and the suspensions of the high voltage lines 340 are arranged by means of insulators. The mast has a height of about 40 m, with the nodes C 42 m apart, so that the power lines outside the lanes can be performed. The mast 1 for power lines 34 has a fork with a double branching 102 consists of hollow steel profiles, which taper towards the intersections C and in the area of the fork via a casting with the mast 1 rigidly connected. This support system for power lines 340 can be established in the area of the middle strip of a motorway, so that the view of the landscape remains completely unobstructed for motorists.

8th shows the leadership of power lines 34 as high voltage power lines 340 over a section of a six-lane highway to two masts several hundred meters apart 1 , The stabilization of the masts 1 takes place as in 7 described.

9 shows a PV system 30 with a collector surface 300 that of a mast 1 is maintained at a vertical distance to a ground 21 and an azimuth bearing 11 with the head of the mast 1 connected is. By rotation about the axes of rotation x and z, the collector surface 300 be aligned with the respective position of the sun via an automatically controlled drive (not shown). The PV system 30 is equipped with a rain sensor which measures the collector area 300 when it rains in a horizontal position pivots, so that the rainwater via not shown gutters between the individual PV modules of the collector surfaces 300 collected and in the area of the azimuth camp 11 in the mast formed by a pipe 1 is initiated. The mast itself is over a frustoconical cistern 212 Founded in a ground 21 . The cistern designed as a cone shell 212 has at its upper edge a stiffening ring, on which the lower anchor points A, B of the tendons 2 are connected. The upper system axes g 'as connections of the opposing anchor points A, B each have an intersection with the longitudinal center axis m of a mast 1 on. Parallel to the distances A, B, the lower system axes g each pass through the foot point D of a mast 1 , which is stabilized in the two system levels 15 each by a vertical lever arm f. Would, for example, a tendon 2 failing, the support system would still be stable, since the stabilization in a system level 15 is effective both longitudinally, and transversely to the load attack. Following the course of the sun following a collector surface 300 requires a horizontal distance of individual PV systems 30 among themselves, so that a suitable terrain with a variety of each spaced-apart PV systems 30 can be equipped. As between the collector surfaces 300 and the ground 21 is provided a vertical distance of, for example, 5 m, the agricultural use of a corresponding overbuilt area is not hindered. By regular watering from a variety of cisterns 212 the agricultural yield of this area can be increased.

10 shows the section of a mast field 13 in which four inner masts 1 of eight outer anchor posts 20 in the form of clamped supports 200 by tendons 2 be stabilized in the longitudinal and transverse directions. Both the masts 1 , as well as the anchor supports 20 each carry a collector surface 300 a PV system 30 ,

11 shows a schematic longitudinal or cross section through the in 10 masts field shown in the overview 13 , While the two inner masts 1 each via an ankle D to a screw foundation 210 are connected, have the outer anchor posts 20 an unspecified reinforced concrete foundation. The peripheral anchor supports 20 form the anchor points A, B of the tendons 2 to which the inner supports are connected via nodes C. The tendons 2 run as ropes parallel to the ground 21st Between the anchor points A, B may be two or a plurality of masts 1 be arranged with ankles D, by longitudinal and transverse tendons 2 be stabilized. The length of the vertical lever arm f in this example corresponds to the height of a mast 1 below the pivoting range of a collector surface 300 and may, for example, be 5 m for an agricultural area. The two parallel system axes g, g 'define a system plane 15 in the longitudinal and transverse directions, respectively.

12 shows that in the 10 and 11 described masts field 13 in a schematic plan. In each case in the longitudinal and transverse direction of the mast field straight tendons run 2 and define via their anchor points A, B each a distance in which, as in 11 shown, the system axis g 'runs. Over nodes C are the four centrally arranged masts 1 with the tendons 2 connected. The Derivation of horizontal loads from the collector surfaces 300 a PV system 30 via tendons 2 in the form of ropes 22 , Additional stiffening bandages are not required.

13 shows a mast field 13 as a PV system 30 , Four central masts 1 are by longitudinal and transverse tendons 2 with outer anchor supports 20 connected. The outer anchor supports 20 are in this example as guyed anchor posts 201 educated. Additional stiffening bandages 25 in the plane of the tendons 2 serve to distribute horizontal loads on the guyed anchor posts 201 ,

14 shows that in 13 described masts field 13 in schematic longitudinal or cross section. The collector surfaces 300 are equipped with a collector of troughs, not shown, between the individual PV modules and are pivoted in rain in a horizontal position, so that the rainwater in the masts 1 and in the guyed anchor posts 201 is initiated and from a variety in the ground 21 sunken cisterns 212 can be collected. The ankles D of the masts 1 and the guyed anchor stays 201 lie inside the cisterns 212 below the ground 21 , so that between the lower system axis g and the upper system axis g 'a vertical lever arm f is formed. The upper system axis g 'runs in the longitudinal and transverse directions as a distance between each of the anchor points A, B and is via nodes C with the masts 1 connected.

15 shows that in the 13 and 14 described masts field 13 for a PV system 30 with rainwater collection device in the schematic plan view. As foundation elements for the four central masts 1 and the twelve peripheral guyed anchor posts 201 each are cisterns 212 provided in which the on the collector surfaces 300 falling rainwater is collected. The rainwater stored in this way is used for irrigation of agricultural land, especially for sunny and arid areas.

16 shows the top view of a roof 32 in which four saddle surfaces 320 with straight edges coming from the tendons 2 be formed, are joined together seamlessly. In the supervision is the special regularity of the saddle surfaces 320 recognizable as Hyparflächen. The substructure 322 for PV modules 321 consists of ropes or straps parallel to the edges, the PV modules 321 wear. The masts 1 each form with the nodes C the high points of a regular square grid in which the anchor points A, B represent the low points. At these low points of the roof are, as in 23 Illustrated in detail, rain gutters provided the rainwater in a cistern 212 initiate. At the same time the cistern forms 212 the foundation body for clamped supports 200 , which introduce all, acting on a support system horizontal loads in a sustainable ground 21 . For the roof skin, a transparent film made of PMMA is provided.

17 shows the in 16 Section of a roof which can be extended in two directions, shown in the plan view 32 in the perspective view and side view. The stabilization of the pendulum with an ankle D mounted masts 1 takes place in the longitudinal and transverse directions in each case via system levels 15 , which are formed by the system axes g, g ', wherein a vertical lever arm f is effective as a tilt lock. This is important in that in case of failure of a tension member 2 the stability of the roof 32 continues to exist. The roof construction requires no vertical or horizontal stiffening bandages. The horizontal loads are exclusively from the relatively short clamped supports 200 removed in the ground 21 .

18 shows the view on a two-way expandable roof 32 whose bearing effect is in the 16 and 17 corresponds to the example described. The roof 32 has saddle surfaces 320 on that as a membrane roof 323 are formed and made of a transparent film on a substructure 322 so that a completely translucent roof 32 for example, for a greenhouse.

19 shows that in 18 roof shown in the top view 32 in a perspective view / side view. Both the masts 1 , as well as the anchor supports 20 contribute to the position of the sun alignable collector surfaces 300 , The collector surfaces 300 are formed as flat surfaces and correspond in structure to the in 9 closer example. The stiffening of the support system by means of the longitudinally and transversely angeordnenten system levels 15 , which are each formed by the system axes g, g ', wherein for the stabilization of the masts 1 A lever arm f is effective in the longitudinal and transverse direction, eliminating all other stiffening measures both in the area of the saddle surfaces 320 of the roof 32 , as well as the masts 1 and the anchor supports 20 , Therefore, the useful space 16 formed under the roof has exclusively vertical support members and is maximally permeable in the longitudinal and transverse directions. For deriving vertical loads from the saddle surfaces 320 have the tendons 2 one undervoltage each 26 with fill bars 260 on.

20 shows the ankle D of a mast 1 with the connection to a screw foundation 210 , which is screwed as a hollow cylinder with embossed thread in a ground 21 . The thread of the screw foundation 210 is effective both on the outside, as well as on the inside, so that an optimal toothing with the ground 21 is made possible. The screwing in of the approximately two meters long screw foundation 210 with a diameter of 40-60 cm is done by machine via non-illustrated key surfaces at the head of the Schraubfundaments 210 ,

21 shows a quiver foundation 211 as a screw foundation 210 for a mast 1 with an ankle D. The ankle D is located about 1.50 m below the ground 21 and forms over the system axis g the lower part of a support system according to the invention, such as in the 4 and 6 shown. The quiver foundation 211 consists of a steel tube whose size is equal to the diameter of the mast 1 depends and by means of unspecified sealing, elastic sleeve at the level of the ground 21 with the mast 1 connected is. At the base of the quiver foundation 211 Node plates lead the vertical load in the screw foundation 210 above.

22 shows an anchor support 20 as a detail of the anchor points A, B with respect to 1 - 6 , The anchor support 20 shows an above-ground, several meters above a ground 21 protruding longitudinal section as a clamped support 200 and an underground longitudinal section as a screw foundation 210 on. The integrally formed anchor support 20 can be machined in a suitable ground 21 . In this case, the required torque via a polygonal head plate on the shaft of Schraubfundaments 210 transfer. The downwardly open screw foundation 210 optimally meshes with the ground 21 by means of the threads, which are effective on the inner and outer circumferential surface of the screw shaft. In the production of such a thread, two half-shells can be pressed and then welded. But such a thread can also be pushed out of a steel cylinder under high pressure by hydro-plastic forming.

23 shows an anchor support 20 as a clamped support 200 with a built in a ground 21 foundation body made of reinforced concrete, of a cistern 212 is formed. The anchor support 20 with the anchor points A, B at its head point is in the 16 and 17 in the system context of a networked mast field. Within a roof construction with saddle surfaces 320 form the clamped supports 200 with the anchor points A, B the low points of a regular, square grid and stabilize over tendons 2 the higher masts. As low points in a roof of regular saddle surfaces 320 the clamped support is suitable 200 Also as a rain pipe for the derivation of a roof 32 meeting precipitation. The clamped support 200 has a round hollow profile, the rainwater through a sieve at the head point in the cistern 212 initiates. With a membrane roof 323 From a transparent film, a greenhouse can be built with minimal effort. In areas with irregular rainfall, the water collected in the cistern provides a year-round source of water for irrigating the plants within the greenhouse.

24 shows a longitudinal section of a mast 1 as a detail from a mast field 13 as in the 10 - 15 shown in system context. The detail shows the possibility of a paired arrangement of the tendons 2 in the form of ropes 22 at the crossroads via an annular rope clamp 250 with a mast 1 are connected. The advantage of this arrangement is that the tendons 2 without interruption up to the anchor points A, B, as in the 10 - 15 shown, can go through.

25 shows the crossing point of a stiffening bandage 25 as a detail to the 13 - 15 , Again, allows an annular cable clamp 250 the training of continuous tendons 2 ,

26 shows a wind turbine 31 with horizontal axis of rotation x and a rotor diameter of more than 100 m. About an azimuth warehouse 11 is the wind turbine 31 rotatable about the axis z with the head point of the mast 1 connected. The mast 1 itself consists of a slim about 210 m long pendulum rod with ankle D. With an assumed hub height of 180 m, the ankle D is about 30 m below the ground 21 in a quiver foundation 211 , At about mid-height, the mast has a boom 10 in the form of a spoked wheel 103 , whose prestressed spokes on the mast side above and below the pressure ring 103 with the mast 1 are connected. At the pressure ring 103 grab a total of eight outer tendons 2 on, which are brought together in each case at two opposite anchor points A, B. As distances, the upper system axes g 'connect the anchor points A, B and thereby have an intersection with the longitudinal center axis m of the mast 1 on. Parallel to the system axes g 'run lower system axes g through the ankle D of the mast 1 , In this way, two intersecting system levels 15 are formed, in each of which between the system axes g, g ', a vertical lever arm f is effective. The advantage of this Arrangement is that horizontal loads are absorbed by two support levels 15 under wind stress. The lever arm f causes it, that also tendons 2 , which are arranged transversely to the respective wind direction, are claimed and derive the tensile forces to the anchor points A, B. Without the lever arm f only the windward tendons would be 2 claimed; with the lever arm f is made possible that also tendons 2 , which are arranged transversely to the wind direction, participate in the load transfer.

27 shows a 300 m high water tower 35 with an upper container 350 and a lower container 351 that is an energy system 3 form in the form of a pumped storage plant. Excess energy from wind or solar power plants is used to extract water from the lower tank 350 in the upper container 351 to pump. If necessary, the water for power generation via a turbine not shown in the lower tank 351 headed back. The mast 1 consists of a hollow section of reinforced concrete and has an approximately 30 m below the ground 21 lying ankle D, within a quiver foundation 211 is arranged on. Spread over the height of the mast 1 are a total of four outriggers 10 provided in the form of cross arms, at their end points C respectively tendons 2 attack and in pairs at the anchor points A, B are brought together at the level of the ground 21 . The upper system axis g 'connects a plurality of anchor points A, B in the form of interval-nested sections AB. The lower system axis g runs parallel to the system axis g 'through the ankle D. Both system axes g, g' have an intersection with the longitudinal center axis m of the mast 1 on, so that for the derivation of horizontal loads a system level 15 is defined, in which for the stabilization of the mast 1 a vertical lever arm f is effective. The stabilization of the mast 1 is done on a straight line, so that a corresponding structure can be established on a narrow strip of land. In the view, the tendons run 2 as ropes parallel to each other. The nodes C of the boom 10 are by tendons 2 in a plane transverse to the system level 15 on the mast 1 tied back. Reference numeral Overview mast 1 tendons 2 energy system 3 Longitudinal central axis m anchor points A, B PV system 30 ankle D anchor support 20 collector 300 hubs C Clamped support 200 wind turbine 31 boom 10 Retracted pendulum support 201 Horizontal rotation axis x cantilever 101 Building 21 Vertical rotation axis z branch 102 screw foundation 210 top, roof 32 spoked 103 bucket foundation 211 saddle surface 320 yaw bearings 11 cistern 212 PV module 321 mast row 12 Driven pile 213 substructure 322 mast field 13 rope 22 membrane roof 323 system level 15 tension rod 23 catenary 33 utility space 16 end connection 24 supporting cable 330 Lower system axis G Stiffening bandage 25 contact wire 331 Upper system axis G' Seilklemme 250 feeder 332 lever arm f undervoltage 26 Landline 34 fulling 260 High-voltage line 340 water tower 35 Upper tank 350 Lower tank 351

Claims (10)

Support system for the stabilization of at least one mast ( 1 ), consisting of the mast ( 1 ) with a longitudinal central axis (m) which is connected to an ankle joint (D) via a point foundation with a load-bearing ground ( 21 ), and of straight, extensively stiff tendons ( 2 ), which are connected via nodes (C) to the upper part of the mast ( 1 ) and with horizontally from the mast ( 1 ) spaced anchor points (A, B) are anchored in the ground ( 21 ), which support system is adapted to an energy system ( 3 ) at a vertical distance to the ground ( 21 ) and vertical and horizontal loads from the energy system ( 3 Derive) (in the building 21), wherein the support system, at least one system plane (15), characterized in that the system plane (15) by two parallel system axes (g, g ') is defined, each having a point of intersection with the longitudinal center axis (m) of the mast ( 1 ) and the lower system axis (g) through the ankle (D) of the mast ( 1 ) and the upper system axis (g ') arranged at a vertical distance to the lower system axis (g) extends as a distance between two mutually opposite anchor points (A, B), so that for the discharge of horizontal loads by the tendons (g) 2 ) between the and transverse to the system axes (g, g ') a vertical lever arm (f) is formed. Supporting system according to claim 1, characterized in that the support system has two or more system levels ( 15 ), the system axes (g, g ') at the intersection with the longitudinal center axis (m) of a mast ( 1 ) at an acute angle. Supporting system according to claim 1, characterized in that a plurality of masts ( 1 ) in a linear arrangement to a row of poles ( 12 ) and in a spatial grid arrangement to a mast field ( 13 ) are networkable and in the case of the mast field ( 13 ) penetrate two system levels ( 15 ) longitudinally and transversely, wherein the system axes (g, g ') at their points of intersection with the longitudinal central axis (m) of the masts (m) ( 1 ). Supporting system according to claim 1, characterized in that a mast ( 1 ) in a longitudinal section above the system axis (g ') at least one on both sides of the system level ( 15 ) arranged boom ( 10 ), to which the nodes (C) attack, which cantilever ( 10 ) either as rope-tensioned cross-arm or as rigid with the mast ( 1 ) connected cantilever arm ( 101 ) or as a two or more branching ( 102 ) or as a rope-spoked spoked wheel ( 103 ) is trained. Support system according to claim 1, characterized in that the tendons ( 2 ) are arranged individually or in pairs, made of ropes ( 22 ) or tension rods ( 23 ) and at their end connections ( 24 ), wherein the anchor points (A, B) at the head ends of anchor supports ( 20 ) are used as clamped supports ( 200 ) or as guyed pendulum supports ( 201 ) are formed. Supporting system according to claim 1, characterized in that in the case of the row of masts ( 12 ) or the mast field ( 13 ) regularly alternating high and low points are provided and the anchor points (A, B) of the tendons ( 2 ) as low points and the nodal points (C) of the tendons ( 2 ) are formed as high points and between the straight tendons ( 2 ) a roof ( 32 ) with saddle surfaces ( 320 ) and PV modules ( 321 ) on a substructure ( 322 ), wherein the straight tendons ( 2 ) for receiving vertical loads from a roof ( 32 ) an undervoltage ( 26 ) with filling bars ( 260 ) exhibit. Supporting system according to claim 1, characterized in that the point foundation of a mast ( 1 ) either as a screw foundation ( 210 ) or as a quiver foundation ( 211 ) or as a cistern ( 212 ) is trained. Supporting system according to claim 1, characterized in that the anchor support ( 20 ) consists of a cylindrical steel tube with an external and internal thread and is machined by means of a polygonal head plate in a ground ( 21 ). Supporting system according to claim 1, characterized in that the energy system ( 3 ) either a PV system ( 30 ) with collector surfaces which can be tracked about the axes (x, z) ( 300 ) or wind turbines ( 31 ) with a horizontal or vertical axis of rotation (x, z) or a roof ( 32 ) with saddle surfaces ( 320 ) and PV modules ( 321 ) or a catenary ( 33 ) for powering vehicles consisting of suspension cables ( 330 ) and contact wires ( 331 ) or a transmission line ( 34 ) with power lines ( 340 ) or a pumped storage plant with a water tower ( 35 ), in which an upper container with a lower container ( 350 . 351 ) over a Pressure line, a turbine and a pump are connected or a combination of said energy systems ( 3 ) having. Supporting system according to claim 1, characterized in that the point foundation of the mast ( 1 ) as a cistern ( 212 ) is designed to collect rainwater from the collector surfaces ( 300 ) of a PV system ( 30 ), the collector surfaces ( 300 Sensor-controlled by rain around the axes of rotation (x, z) are pivoted to a horizontal position and the rainwater through a gutter system and the pipe formed as a tube ( 1 ) in the cistern ( 212 ) is initiated.

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