DE102012018740A1 - Method for generating ultrasonic energy in pulse ultrasonic generator that is utilized for e.g. steam and heating boilers, involves ensuring operation of continuous oscillations with amplitude value of current oscillations - Google Patents

Abstract

The method involves detecting succession of positive and negative power current pulses in an interval. Free oscillation periods in oscillation circuits of electro-acoustic transducers (10) are determined. Frequency of free vibrations is 3 or 5 times greater than corresponding repetition frequency of the power current pulses. An operation of the continuous oscillations is ensured with certain amplitude value of the current oscillations. Packets of continuous damped current oscillations are formed at certain duration according to a program. An independent claim is also included for a device for generating ultrasonic energy in broad capacity range.

Description

The invention relates to apparatus and method for ultrasonic energy generation by current pulses in a wide power range (up to 20 ohms of load resistance to a converter) and high efficiency in many technological processes in compliance with environmental protection. It belongs to a range of creation of impulse ultrasonic generators which can ensure both impulse and special continuous operations. These generators could be used in various industries: accelerating physico-chemical processes, preventing and removing various technological deposits on the heat transfer and mass transfer surfaces of the respective industrial apparatus and piping, and also increasing the quality of high-quality molten metal and cast steel products , Aluminum alloys and other metals, etc.

• – einen Thyristorwechselrichter (Inverter) 3 (3e), der einen ersten Schalter-Thyristor 16 (18), einen zweiten Schalter-Thyristor 17 (19), zwei Kraftstromimpuls- und Freischwingungskreise 13 und Kommutierungskondensatoren 15 aufweist, wobei jeder Kreis 13 aus einer Hauptwicklung 11 auf den Schenkeln des Magnetostriktionsumwandlers 10 und einem Kondensator 12 besteht. In der Erfindung wird ein Prozess von freien Schwingungen verwendet, in dem eine Form der Kraftstromimpulse den Sinushalbwellen ähnlich ist und bei den bestimmte Zeitspannen zwischen einem Ende des positiven und einem Anfang des nächsten negativen Kraftstromimpulses usw. eine oder zwei Wellenlängen der freien Schwingungen hineingehen. Dabei findet eine entsprechende Dämpfung der Schwingungen statt. In diesem neuen bei der Resonanzfrequenz schwingenden System ist die Dauer eines Kraftstromimpulses und jeder Halbwelle von freien Schwingungen praktisch gleich. Und die aus dem Stromnetz zu verbrauchende Leistung ist dabei von ca. 30 oder 20% der Leistung gleich, die die Ultraschallgeneratoren von kontinuierlichen Schwingungen unter den übrigen gleichen Bedingungen verbrauchen und in Belastung übergeben (ca. maximale Leistung der Kraftstromimpulse, ca. gleiche Wirkungsgrade usw.). Der Unterschied besteht hauptsächlich nur in kleineren mittleren Amplituden und Leistung bei stationären Betriebsweisen infolge der freien Stromschwingungen. Der erste Schalter-Thyristor 16 (18) erzeugt einen positiven Einzelstromimpuls bei der parallelgeschaltenen Hauptwicklung 11 und dem Kondensator 12 von den Stromschwingungskreisen 13. Dieser Impuls ladet gleichzeitig die Kommutierungskondensatoren 15. Dann folgen freie Schwingungen der Kreise 13, aber bei der in Reihe geschalteten Hauptwicklung 11 und dem Kondensator 12. Die Frequenz von freien Schwingungen ist praktisch der Frequenz von Resonanzschwingungen der Kreise 13 gleich. Und die Kraftstromimpulse werden vom Steuerimpulsgenerator so gebildet, dass ihre Folgefrequenz von 3 oder 5 Malen geringer ist, als die Frequenz von freien Schwingungen abhängig von einer Zeitspanne zwischen den nächsten positiven und negativen Impulsen. Die Zeitspannen können dabei einer Dauer von jeweils 2 oder 4 Halbwellen fast gleich sein. Und das findet bei entsprechender Güte von Schwingungskreisen statt. Der zweite Schalter-Thyristor 17 (19) erzeugt negative Einzelstromimpulse in den Kreisen 13, welche mit den entsprechenden negativen Halbwellen der freien Schwingungen übereinstimmen. Weiter wird der erste Thyristor 16 (18) wieder eingeschaltet usw. Da Aufladung und Entladung der Kapazitäten (Kommutierungskondensatoren 15) durch die Induktivitäten (magnetostriktive Umwandler 10 mit Hauptwicklungen 11) erzeugt werden, haben die Kraftstromimpulse eine Form von fast einer Sinushalbwelle [ D. A. Gerschgal, W. M. Fridman: Ultraschallarbeitsanlagen. Verlag „Energie”, Moskau, 1976, russ., s. S. 103 ];
• – einen Elektronenschalter 4 als Mittel zur Verhinderung von Kurzschlüssen und Beschädigungen infolge des zufälligen gleichzeitigen Ansprechens der Thyristoren 16, 17 (18, 19) in einen offenen Zustand. Dieser weist einen Optokoppler 40 mit dem Leuchtdiodeneingang 46 und Photothyristorausgang 47 und einen Transistor-MOSFET 41 als Schaltelement mit der p-Kanal-Isolierschicht und Sourceschaltung auf. Außerdem enthält er 4 Widerstände 42, 43, 44 und 45. Bei möglichen Störungen wegen des gleichzeitigen Ansprechens der Thyristoren 16, 17 (oder/und 18, 19) in einen offenen Zustand wird der sich bildende Gleichstromkreis durch den Elektronenschalter 4 unterbrochen und der Ultraschallenergieerzeuger oder eines von Inverteren 3 (3e) wird für eine bestimmte Zeit abgeschaltet;
• – eine Gleichrichteranlage 2, die als Unterscheidungsmerkmal einen Vollweggleichrichter 8 aufweist sowie noch eine Drossel 7 und einen Speicherkondensator 9 mit großer Kapazität enthält;
• – eine Einrichtung 5 für Gleichstromvormagnetisierung von magnetostriktiven Umwandlern 10 weist die Einweggleichrichter 28, Siebkondensator 29, Drosselspule 30 auf und wird vom Stromnetz 6 mit einer Spannung von ca. 230/380 durch einen Stelltransformator 27 der Stromversorgungseinheit 1 eingespeist. Die Vormagnetisierung folgt durch eine einzelne Wicklung 14 jedes Umwandlers 10;
• – eine Stromversorgungseinheit (SVE) 1 mit einem Stelltransformator 26 in Sparschaltung zur Stromspeisung des Inverters 3 (3e) und einem Stelltransformator 27 – zur Gleichstromvormagnetisierung, die außerdem Schalter 24 und 24a und eine Temperatursicherungen 25 aufweist.

The device for ultrasonic energy generation by current pulses in a wide power range (up to 20 ohms of load resistance to a converter) and high efficiency [continue high-efficiency pulse ultrasonic generator (IUSG-gW)] to optimize many physical-chemical processes in industrial technologies ( 2.1 .)

• A thyristor inverter (inverter) 3 ( 3e ), which has a first switch thyristor 16 ( 18 ), a second switch thyristor 17 ( 19 ), two Kraftstromimpuls- and free-vibration circuits 13 and commutation capacitors 15 where each circle 13 from a main winding 11 on the thighs of the magnetostriction converter 10 and a capacitor 12 consists. In the invention, a free vibration process is used in which one form of the power pulses is similar to the half sine waves and one or two wavelengths of the free vibrations go in at the particular time periods between one end of the positive and one start of the next negative power pulse. In this case, a corresponding damping of the vibrations takes place. In this new resonant frequency oscillating system, the duration of a power pulse and each half wave of free vibration is virtually the same. And the power to be consumed from the power grid is equal to about 30 or 20% of the power consumed by the ultrasonic generators of continuous oscillations under the other same conditions and handed over under load (approximately maximum power output, approximately equal efficiencies, etc .). The difference is mainly only in smaller mean amplitudes and power in steady state operations due to the free current oscillations. The first switch thyristor 16 ( 18 ) generates a positive single-current pulse in the parallel-connected main winding 11 and the capacitor 12 from the current oscillation circuits 13 , This pulse simultaneously charges the commutation capacitors 15 , Then free vibrations of the circles follow 13 but in the main winding in series 11 and the capacitor 12 , The frequency of free vibrations is practically the frequency of resonant vibrations of the circuits 13 equal. And the power pulses are formed by the control pulse generator so that their repetition frequency of 3 or 5 times lower than the frequency of free vibrations depending on a period between the next positive and negative pulses. The time periods can be almost the same for a duration of 2 or 4 half-waves. And that takes place with appropriate quality of vibration circuits. The second switch thyristor 17 ( 19 ) generates negative single current pulses in the circuits 13 , which coincide with the corresponding negative half-waves of the free vibrations. Next becomes the first thyristor 16 ( 18 ), etc. Since charging and discharging of the capacitors (commutation capacitors 15 ) by the inductances (magnetostrictive transducers 10 with main windings 11 ), the power pulses have a shape of nearly one half-sine wave [ DA Gerschgal, WM Fridman: Ultrasound laboratories. Publisher "Energy", Moscow, 1976, russ., S. P. 103 ];
• - an electron switch 4 as a means of preventing short circuits and damage due to the random simultaneous response of the thyristors 16 . 17 ( 18 . 19 ) in an open state. This has an optocoupler 40 with the LED input 46 and photothyristor output 47 and a transistor MOSFET 41 as a switching element with the p-channel insulating layer and source circuit. It also contains 4 resistors 42 . 43 . 44 and 45 , For possible faults due to the simultaneous response of the thyristors 16 . 17 (or and 18 . 19 In an open state, the forming DC circuit becomes through the electron switch 4 interrupted and the ultrasonic energy generator or one of inverters 3 ( 3e ) is switched off for a certain time;
• - a rectifier system 2 , which as a distinguishing feature a full-wave rectifier 8th has and still another throttle 7 and a storage capacitor 9 contains large capacity;
• - An institution 5 for DC biasing of magnetostrictive transducers 10 has the half-wave rectifier 28 , Filter condenser 29 , Choke coil 30 on and off of power grid 6 with a voltage of approx. 230/380 through a variable transformer 27 the power supply unit 1 fed. The bias follows through a single winding 14 every converter 10 ;
• A power supply unit (SVE) 1 with a variable transformer 26 in economy mode for the power supply of the inverter 3 ( 3e ) and a variable transformer 27 - to the DC bias, which also switches 24 and 24a and a temperature fuses 25 having.

description

• 1) Verhinderung und auch Beseitigung schon vorhandener technologischer Ablagerungen mit einer erhöhten Adhäsionskraft zu Metallen in den Dampf- und Heizkesseln, Wärmetauschern, in Verdampfern für Wasservorbereitung, in Abhitzekesseln für Müllverbrennungs- und ähnliche Anlagen auf äußeren und inneren Heizflächen gleichzeitig;
• 2) Verhinderung von Belägen durch Schwerheizöl und anderen Erdölprodukten in den entsprechenden Wärmeapparaten in Kraftwerken, in Erdölgewinnungs- und Erdölverarbeitungsindustrie, Ablagerungen in Verdampfer der Monoammoniumphosphat-Lösung in Wasserhüttenwerken, in der Nahrungsmittel-, Zucker-, kosmetischen Industrie u. v. m.
• 3) Behandlung der Abwässer mit schädlichen Ingredienzien, Verwendung bei den chemischen und elektrochemischen Prozessen zur deren Geschwindigkeitszunahme in flüssigen Medien
• 4) Verhütung der Ablagerungen in Destillationskolonnen der Sodawerke, zum Schutz der Apparatur der Tonerdwerke vor Ablagerungsüberwachsen usw.
• 5) Die Erfindung könnte in Technologien mit harten industriellen Bedingungen verwendet werden, wie z. B. in der Metallurgie, für die Automobil- und ähnlichen Branchen zum Gewinnen von hochwertigen Metall-Schmelzen und Gusserzeugnisse aus Stählen, Aluminiumlegierungen und anderen Metallen bei einer zulässigen für die IUSG-gW Leistung.
• 6) In Abhängigkeit von den Programmen der Steuerung für die Vorrichtung „Impuls-Ultraschallgenerator mit großem Wirkungsgrad (IUSG-gW)” ist eine beträchtliche Ausgangsleistung bei Resonanzarbeitsweise zu bekommen oder eine Breitbandstrahlung mit den Schwingungen von verschiedenen Frequenzen durchzuführen. Im letzen Fall wird eine Reihe der physisch-chemischen Prozesse beschleunigt wie Lösen, Emulgieren, Diffusion, Trocknen u. a.
• 7) Die vorzuschlagenden Impuls-Ultraschallgeneratoren IUSG-gW besitzen erfindungsgemäß eine hohe Zuverlässigkeit, großen Wirkungsgrad und große Leistung durch Kraftstromimpulse, wie ca. bei den Ultraschallgeneratoren von kontinuierlichen Schwingungen, aber bei kleinerer Mittelleistung. Sie verbrauchen viel weniger Leistung aus dem Stromnetz (ca. von 30% beim Impuls-Pause-Verhältnis von 3 in den Paketen der Kraftstromimpulse und freien Stromschwingungen oder ca. 20% bei dem Impuls-Pause-Verhältnis von 5). Das könnte den Bedürfnissen vieler Industriebranchen nachkommen. Die Besonderheit der kontinuierlichen Ultraschallschwingungen in den IUSG-gW besteht darin, dass nach jedem Kraftstromimpuls eine oder zwei Perioden der freien bis zum bestimmten Dämpfungsgrad Schwingungen folgen. Der Dämpfungsgrad hängt von der Güte des Schwingungskreises ab. Die Kombinationsnutzung der kontinuierlichen (freien) Schwingungen und Kraftstromimpulse lassen bedeutende Grundmängel der beiden Schwingungsarten verringern: a) hohe Kosten, mit denen die Erzeugung von kontinuierlichem Ultraschall in größerem Maßstab in Vergleich zu anderen Methoden verbunden sind, und ein Problem der zur Verfügung stehenden Technologie [ Kuttruff H.: Physik und Technik des Ultraschalls. S. Hirzel Verlag Stuttgart, 1988, s. S. 391, 392 ; Sorge G.: Faszination Ultraschall. Verlag B. G. Teubner GmbH, Stuttgart/Leipzig/Wiesbaden, 2002, s. S. 101, 102 ]; b) einen zu niedrigeren Wirkungsgrad bei Erzeugung des Impuls-Ultraschalles von Stoßwirkung [ D. A. Gerschgal, W. M. Fridman: Ultraschallarbeitsanlagen. Verlag „Energie”, Moskau, 1976, russ., S. 101 ].

The present invention "Apparatus and method for ultrasonic energy generation by wide-range current pulses (up to 20 ohms of load resistance to a converter) and high efficiency for optimizing many physical-chemical processes in industrial technologies while respecting environmental protection" refers to the following processes and technologies :

• 1) Prevention and elimination of existing technological deposits with increased adhesion to metals in steam and boilers, heat exchangers, evaporators for water preparation, waste heat boilers for waste incineration and similar installations on external and internal heating surfaces simultaneously;
• 2) Prevention of heavy fuel oil and other petroleum product deposits in the corresponding heat generators in power plants, petroleum extraction and petroleum refining industries, deposits in evaporators of monoammonium phosphate solution in waterworks, in the food, sugar and cosmetic industries, and many more
• 3) Treatment of waste water with harmful ingredients, use in the chemical and electrochemical processes to increase their velocity in liquid media
• 4) Prevention of deposits in distillation towers of the soda plants, to protect the apparatus of the clay earthworks from deposit overgrowth, etc.
• 5) The invention could be used in technologies with harsh industrial conditions, such. For example, in metallurgy, for the automotive and related industries, to obtain high quality metal melts and castings from steels, aluminum alloys, and other metals, with an allowable IUSG gW performance.
• 6) Depending on the programs of the control for the device "Pulsed Ultrasonic Generator with High Efficiency (IUSG-gW)", a considerable output power is to be obtained in resonance mode or to perform broadband radiation with the vibrations of different frequencies. In the latter case, a number of physical-chemical processes are accelerated, such as dissolving, emulsifying, diffusion, drying and others
• 7) The proposed pulse ultrasound generators IUSG-gW according to the invention have a high reliability, high efficiency and high performance by power pulses, such as in the ultrasonic generators of continuous oscillations, but at a lower average power. They consume much less power from the power grid (about 30% at the pulse-to-pause ratio of 3 in the bursts of power pulses and free current swing or about 20% at the pulse-pause ratio of 5). That could meet the needs of many industries. The peculiarity of the continuous ultrasonic vibrations in the IUSG-gW is that after each power pulse one or two periods of the free vibration up to the specific degree of damping follow. The degree of damping depends on the quality of the oscillation circuit. The combined use of continuous (free) oscillations and power impulses reduces significant fundamental deficiencies of the two modes of vibration: a) high costs associated with producing continuous ultrasound on a larger scale compared to other methods, and a problem of available technology [ Kuttruff H .: Physics and Technology of Ultrasound. S. Hirzel Verlag Stuttgart, 1988, p. P. 391, 392 ; Sorge G .: The fascination of ultrasound. Publisher BG Teubner GmbH, Stuttgart / Leipzig / Wiesbaden, 2002, s. Pp. 101, 102 ]; b) a too low efficiency in generating the impulse ultrasound of impact [ DA Gerschgal, WM Fridman: Ultrasound laboratories. Publisher "Energy", Moscow, 1976, russ., P. 101 ].

The technology to be proposed could save a large amount of fuel, chemical agents for the purification of technological deposits, electric power, etc., and significantly contribute to environmental protection.

The present invention is based on a new method and apparatus for introducing the force and free vibrations into the ultrasonic emitters and further loading and sustaining a resonant vibration mode. In this case, a succession of positive and negative power pulses with a certain frequency takes place in the electroacoustic transducers. These pulses act with an order at the time intervals between them of 1.5 or 2.5 periods of the free vibrations, ie the frequency of positive and negative power pulses is 3 or 5 times less than the frequency of free vibrations. The time intervals between the power pulses may vary according to a program according to the above data or requirements of the respective technologies.

At a time interval between the power pulses of more than 2.5 periods of the free vibrations, operation of the ultrasonic generator corresponds to a process in the conventional pulse ultrasonic generators of the impact action but with a high efficiency in the pulse packets.

According to the invention, a continuous succession of the unit power pulses and free current oscillations of one or two periods in the electromagnetic circuits are generated therebetween. In the known pulse modes, the packets of unitary power pulses are formed so that after each pulse a period of about one half cycle follows until the next power pulse and there are no current oscillations, according to no electromagnetic energy exchange proceeds. This leads to large energy losses, strong reduction in the circle quality and efficiency.

The novelty of the invention is also the use of special electron switches which preclude short circuiting and damage due to the random simultaneous response of the thyristors of the IUSG gW to an open state for ultrasonic energy generation device [IUSG-gW] ultrasound generator , In case of possible faults, the DC circuit forming is interrupted by the electron switch and the IUSG gW is switched off for a certain time. Next is an automatic restart of the generator (see below) when its normal parameters have been restored.

The next novelty of the invention is a new scheme of current waveforms for the IUSG gW which allows the oscillations of very similar harmonic ultrasonic vibrations to be generated, as well as the large momentum and mean power at high efficiency compared to modern impulse ultrasonic generators.

The operating parameters of ultrasonic generators of continuous oscillations and generators IUSG-gW in an operation of continuous oscillations are to be compared with the periodically decreasing amplitude when their mean powers are equal. In this case, at approximately equality of efficiencies, the power output of IUSG gW significantly exceeds this value for continuous vibration generators. This could be used optimally in the technologies that meet such requirements with lower energy consumption from the power grid.

Particular advantages of the IUSG gW in comparison to widely used impulse ultrasonic generators of impact effect, u. between the efficiency is greater by more than an order of magnitude and a value of pulse-pause ratio is equal to 3 and more, d. H. about 7 ... 10 times smaller than IUSG impact. So the average net power of the IUSG gW can be about two orders of magnitude more.

For many technologies this eliminates to a certain extent a major deficiency of ultrasound technology in the form of continuous vibrations - high costs of acoustic energy compared to other forms of energy. And the advantages of ultrasound are obtained: extremely wide range of technological uses, relative simplicity of operation of industrial devices, possibilities of automation and mechanization.

The patent application GB 646882 of 29.11.1950 was one of the first patents of the Impuls ultrasonic generator for preventing deposits in steam boilers and other heat exchangers. Then many inventions and patents were created in the field of building and using these generators in different technologies, such as SU 10 22 750 A (1983) SU 10 75 508 A (1980) SU 12 05 383 A (1984) DE 38 12 376 (1988) EP 0 531 902 A1 (1992) DE 102 006 017 637 A1 (2006) et al

One of the last patents of these classes was the patent RU 21 41 877 C1 (1999), which is accepted as a counterclaim to the present invention. This is a type of currently most popular professional pulse ultrasound generators (IUSG) of impact. In these generators the electrical vibrations of aperiodic character are generated. In addition, they excite mechanical vibrations of the magnetostrictive transducer at about its own frequency, which is twice higher than the frequency of the electrical vibrations. In this case, large losses take place and the oscillation energy of the LC circuit is thereby under-utilized [ DA Gerschgal, WM Fridman: Ultrasound laboratories. Publisher "Energy", Moscow, 1976, russ., S. P. 101 ]. Of course, no electrical oscillations in such electromagnetic circuit close to the normal sinusoidal vibrations with a certain Frequency and no resonance work possible, which could contribute to the storage and further transfer of large energy with high efficiency in a load. The efficiency of these IUSGs is too low, less than 5%.

• 1. Leistungstransformator;
• 2 Einweggleichrichter;
• 3. Speicherkondensator;
• 4, 5, 6, 7. Thyristoren;
• 8, 9. Kommutierungskondensatoren;
• 10, 11. Erregerwicklungen der magnetostriktiven Umwandler;
• 12, 13, 14, 15. Sensoren der zeitlichen Ableitung eines Stromes, die die Spannungssignale zur Abschaltung des Steuerungsblocks 17 der Thyristoren und des ganzen IUSG's während eines Störungsbetriebs von gleichzeitiger Einschaltung der Paare Thyristoren (4, 5) oder/und (6, 7) geben. Die Sensoren stellen Sonderimpulstransformatoren dar.
• 16. Block der Folgefrequenz von Impulspaketen;
• 17. Steuerungsblock von Thyristoren;
• 18. Frequenzteiler;
• 19. Differenzierglied;
• 20. Former der Dauer von Impulspaketen;
• 21, 23. Trigger;
• 22. Steuerimpulsgenerator;
• 24, 25, 26, 27. Impulstransformatoren;
• 28, 29, 30, 31. Leistungsverstärker;
• 32, 33. Former der Dauer von Unterbrechensimpulsen;
• 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41: UND-Gatter.

1 shows a detailed block diagram of the pulse ultrasound device according to this patent. This is a device for pulse ultrasonic cleaning of the inner and outer surfaces of steam and boilers, heat exchangers and similar apparatus and has next components (for the case of the two groups of magnetostrictive transducers 10 and 11 one converter in each group):

• 1 , Power transformer;
• 2 Half-wave rectifier;
• 3 , Storage capacitor;
• 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 , thyristors;
• 8th . 9 , commutation;
• 10 . 11 , Excitation windings of the magnetostrictive transducers;
• 12 . 13 . 14 . 15 , Sensors of the time derivative of a current, the voltage signals for switching off the control block 17 of the thyristors and the whole IUSG during a fault operation of simultaneous turn-on of the pairs of thyristors ( 4 . 5 ) or and ( 6 . 7 ) give. The sensors are special impulse transformers.
• 16 , Block of the repetition frequency of pulse packets;
• 17 , Control block of thyristors;
• 18 , Frequency divider;
• 19 , Differentiator;
• 20 , Shaper of duration of pulse packets;
• 21 . 23 , trigger;
• 22 , Control pulse generator;
• 24 . 25 . 26 . 27 , Pulse transformers;
• 28 . 29 . 30 . 31 , Power amplifier;
• 32 . 33 , Shaper of duration of interrupt pulses;
• 34 . 35 . 36 . 37 . 38 . 39 . 40 . 41 : AND gate.

This pulsating impulse ultrasonic generator has two input and output current circuits each consisting of the following elements: 3 - 4 - 12 - 10 - 8th - 3 ; 3 - 6 - 14 - 11 - 9 - 3 and 8th - 10 - 13 - 5 - 8th ; 9 - 11 - 15 - 7 - 9 , The same windings inductors 10 and 11 with extended centers lie on the magnetostrictive two-arm transducers. The input current oscillation circuits are provided by a half-wave rectifier 2 from the power transformer 1 fed. The control with the thyristors 4 . 5 and 6 . 7 is by control pulse generator 22 carried out. The turning on and off of the thyristors according to a program generates in each pulse packet, the successive pauses with certain pauses following current pulses whose performance by a in the storage capacitor 3 stored energy is determined. The electrical impulses of a certain frequency excite magnetostrictive transducers oscillating at twice the fundamental frequency. In this patent an application of 2 groups of magnetostrictive transducers is shown, in whose excitation windings 10 and 11 by means of the pairs of commutation thyristors 4 . 5 and 6 . 7 (depending on the number of groups) the power pulses are generated. A common half-wave rectifier 2 and a storage capacitor 3 are thereby utilized in turn in the different periods of the AC power supply for each group.

The impulsive impulse generator works in such a way:
From the mains or the secondary winding of the transformer 1 becomes the storage capacitor 3 as a power source through the half-wave rectifier 2 charged and then the switch 4 or 6 by means of a control device 17 open after a program. The current flows from the storage capacitor 3 by half of the first winding inductance 10 of the magnetostrictive converter charges the commutation capacitor 8th of small capacity on and then to the negative plate of the storage capacitor 3 , Thus, the first current pulse is formed, which is acute-angled. And before and after each nearly triangular pulse, the straight horizontal sections on the time axis, which correspond to the pauses in current magnitude equal to about zero (including the turn-on time and thyristor recovery time). And the mechanical vibrations of the first magnetostrictive transducer are caused by these current pulses. After the first current pulse, the switch 4 closed and then after a short certain time the switch 5 open, with the commutation capacitor 8th through the second winding 10 unloaded. So this next current pulse follows in the form of similar but negative triangular momentum. The commutation capacitor 8th changes its polarity, the switch 5 is closed and then the switch 4 open. Next comes the charging and discharging of the capacitor 8th also before. The input and output oscillation circuits work in the same way 3 - 6 - 14 - 11 - 9 - 3 and 9 - 11 - 15 - 7 - 9 , And with each successive current pulse, electromagnetic energy of the two oscillation circuits is transformed into mechanical and acoustic vibration energy from corresponding magnetostrictive transducers. Thus, the packets are generated by current pulses whose duration and repetition frequency of the pulse packets are determined by the maximum power of the pulse ultrasonic generator and the load value.

In this design of the IUSG, there is no short-circuit current during normal operation of the IUS generators, because the input and output circuits are short circuited Output current oscillation circuits through the capacitors 8th and 9 from the transformer 1 and mains are disconnected. These IUS generators have the pulse-pause ratio of 20 ... 30. The efficiency of these pulse ultrasonic generators is not more than 5% equal. [ DA Gerschgal, WM Friedman .: Ultrasound laboratories. Publisher "Energy", Moscow, 1976, russ., S. P. 101 ; BA Agranat, VI Bashkirov, Ju. I. Kitajgorodskij, NN Havskij. Ultrasonic technology. Publisher "Metallurgy", Moscow, 1974, russ., S. P. 136 ].

The pulsed operation of the generator to be countered by the control block 17 of thyristors and the block 16 the repetition frequency of pulse packets executed.

Through the frequency divider 18 of the block 16 and then by a distribution of the pulse packets by means of the trigger 21 for control by this or that pair of thyristors 4 . 5 or 6 . 7 one after the other increases the repetition frequency of the pulse packets. Ie. the release signal from the trigger 21 goes through AND gates 36 or 37 in the AND gates 38 . 39 or 40 . 41 if it has the positive potential at the second inputs of the AND gates 36 or 37 from the exits of the first 32 or second shaper 33 the duration of interrupt pulses. The duration of the pulse packets is realized by the former 20 the duration of pulse packets.

To increase the reliability of the IUS generators against possible short circuits in the random simultaneous openings of the thyristors 4 and 5 or and 6 and 7 becomes the storage capacitor 3 only in positive half periods of the voltage at the secondary winding of the power transformer 1 charged. Through the block 16 The repetition frequency of pulse packets then becomes the signal of the duration of pulse packets from the former 20 Formed so that it is at a negative half-cycle of the voltage at the secondary winding of the transformer 1 falls. This could avoid damage to the IUSG, because in this case only a discharge of the storage capacitor 3 Without the inclusion of the mains voltage would take place and the protection circuit should trigger safer. Through the trigger 21 becomes the control of that or other pair of commutation thyristors 4 and 5 or 6 and 7 in sequence. In normal operation, the first thyristor 4 (or 6 ) is opened at the start of the pulse at its control input and until the input of a pulse to another thyristor 5 (or 7 ) under the effect of the return voltage from the charged commutation capacitor 8th (or 9 ) closed.

• 1. Der Grundmangel der allen Impulsultraschall-Vorrichtungen von Stoßwirkung einschließlich auch des entgegenzuhaltenden Patents RU 21 41 877 C1 [s. 1] besteht in der geringen Wirtschaftlichkeit der industriellen Fach-Impulsultraschallgeneratoren mit dem Wirkungsgrad nicht mehr als 5%. Das findet infolge der nicht genügenden Vollkommenheit der bestehenden modernen Technologien zum Erhalten des Impulsultraschalls von Stoßwirkung statt In der vorzuschlagenden Erfindung der IUSG'en IUSG-gW werden neue technische Lösungen zur bedeutenden Erhöhung ihrer Wirtschaftlichkeit eingeführt, u. zw. mit großen Wirkungsgrad [Magnetostriktionsumwandler aus Permendur lassen einen Wirkungsgrad bis zu 60 ... 70% erreichen ( L. Ja. Popilow.: Nachschlagebuch für elektrische und Ultraschallverfahren der Werkstoffbearbeitung. Verlag „Maschinenbau”, Leningrad, 1971, russ., s. S. 497 )].
• 2. In dem entgegenzuhaltenden Patent RU 2141 877 C1 [s. 1] und den anderen modernen IUSGèn von Stoßwirkung wird nur ein Einweggleichrichter zur Stromgleichrichtung aus dem Netz verwendet. Dabei erhöht sich die Schutzwahrscheinlichkeit der IUSG'en vor den Kurzschlüssen. Mittels des Einweggleichrichters 2 wird in den positiven Halbperioden der Spannung vom Trafo 1 eine Aufladung des Speicherkondensators 3 ausgeführt. Und nur in den negativen Halbperioden wird nach einer oder mehr Wechselstromperioden ein Paket der Kraftstromimpulse in den Wicklungen von Umwandlern formiert.

As can be seen from the job description of the patent to be held RU 21 41 877 C1 follows, the functionality of the IUSG and control block increases 17 of thyristors in a disaster operation. Ie. with the simultaneous response of the commutation thyristors 4 . 5 or and 6 . 7 become the special sensors in the power installation 12 . 13 or and 14 . 15 the time derivative of a current, which are constructed as transformers with the non-saturating in the current measurement process cores. These special sensors give clearer signals for the control of thyristors than in the previous patents. The causes of the simultaneous opening of the thyristors are: sudden strong increase of the mains voltage, acoustic disturbances on the part of the technological apparatuses, overheating of the pulsed ultrasonic device, etc. According to the patent to be held RU 21 41 877 C1 , if in the accident operation z. As the thyristors 4 and 5 simultaneously in the open state, so the potentials of high level to both inputs of the AND gate 34 from the sensors 12 and 13 arrive at the time derivative of a current value. As a result, appears at the output of the AND gate 34 a high potential that goes to the entrance of the shaper 32 the duration of interrupt pulses arrives, resulting in the appearance of a prohibition signal of low level at the output of the former 32 leads. This signal comes to the AND gate 36 prohibiting the appearance of the control pulses at the control inputs of the thyristors 4 and 5 for a time through the shaper 32 the duration of interrupt pulses is determined. After this time the shaper comes 32 back to the initial state, ie at its output the potential of the high level is restored. And thus, a delivery of the control signals to the control inputs of the thyristors 4 and 5 Approved.

• 1. The basic deficiency of all pulse ultrasound devices of impact effect including the patent to be countered RU 21 41 877 C1 [S. 1 ] is the low cost of industrial professional pulse ultrasound generators with efficiency not more than 5%. This is due to the insufficient perfection of existing modern technologies for obtaining the pulsed ultrasound of impact action. In the invention of the IUSGs IUSG-gW to be proposed, new technical solutions are introduced for significantly increasing their economy, i.a. with high efficiency [Permendur magnetostriction converters achieve an efficiency of up to 60 ... 70% ( Yes. Popilow .: Reference book for electrical and ultrasonic processes of material processing. Publisher "Mechanical Engineering", Leningrad, 1971, russ., S. P. 497 )].
• 2. In the patent to be held RU 2141 877 C1 [S. 1 ] and the other modern IUSGs of shock, only a half-wave rectifier is used to rectify the current from the grid. The probability of protection of the IUSGs increases before the short-circuits. By means of the half-wave rectifier 2 becomes in the positive half-periods of the voltage from the transformer 1 a charge of the storage capacitor 3 executed. And only in the negative half periods, after one or more AC periods, is a packet of the power pulses formed in the windings of converters.

At the random simultaneous response of the thyristors 4 and 5 or and 6 and 7 in an open state overloading of the circuits takes place because of the short circuit and some elements of the device and also of the power supply could be destroyed.

• 2a. Dabei wird vorgesehen, dass das Signal der Dauer von Impulspaketen nur auf negativen Halbperioden der Spannung von der Sekundärwicklung des Leistungstransformators 1 fällt, um einer Überlastung des Trafos 1 und Einweggleichrichters 2 im Falle eines Kurzschlusses im Stromspeiseblock von hoher Frequenz (Pos. 4 bis 15) zu entgehen. Bei solcher Lösung vermindert sich weiter die Leistung der Schwingungsimpulse, weil nach jedem nacheinander folgenden einzelnen Impuls in den Impulspaketen die Spannung an den Platten des Speicherkondensators 3 kleiner wird, denn der Speicherkondensator 3 wird in dieser negativen Halbperiode der Spannung vom Trafo 1 mit keinen Ladungen aufgefüllt. Das vermindert weiter die mögliche Leistung der IUSG'en.
• 3. In der entgegenzuhaltenden Konstruktion [s. 1] der Impuls-Ultraschallgeneratoren sind zusätzlich neue Sensoren 12, 13, 14, 15 der Stromableitung verwendet. Die Letzten stellen sich Vorrichtungen in der Art von Transformatoren mit den nicht gesättigten im Prozess der Strommessung Spulenkernen dar. Sie sind in die Kreise vom Starkstrom eingeschaltet und können deutlicher einen Moment von Kurzschlüssen bestimmen. Diese Sensoren der Stromableitung sind einigermaßen kompliziert und hatten keine Serienfertigung. Bei einem Havariebetrieb von gleichzeitiger Öffnung der zwei in der Reihe geschalteten Thyristoren 4, 5 oder 6, 7 hängt eine Gefahr des Kurzschlusses von der Ladungsgröße des Speicherkondensators 3 im Moment der Havarie ab. Im Moment der vollen Aufladung des Kondensators 3 spricht ein System der Schutzschaltung nur nach der Entladung des Kondensators 3 an. Dann könnten sich die Thyristoren 4, 5 oder 6, 7 schließen und nachfolgende Öffnen und Schließen der Kommutierungsthyristoren würden durch Signale von Former 32 oder 33 der Dauer von Unterbrechensimpulsen und Steuerungsblock 17 von Thyristoren fortdauern. Dieses Schutzsystem ist nicht genügend zuverlässig, weil kein rechtzeitiger Schnellschluß der Thyristoren nach ihrer Havarieöffnung gewährleistet ist.

To minimize this damage as much as possible, reduce the power available to a converter (or parallel converter) by using the half-wave rectifier instead of the full-wave rectifier. So the storage capacitor 3 is only by a half-wave rectifier 2 charged and then in the power supply block of high frequency (pos. 4 to 15 ) to obtain the pulse packets. In this rectification method, only positive half-waves from a power grid are utilized. This is the feeding transformer 1 Loaded with a DC component, about twice a possible power of the pulse ultrasound generators decreases with respect to each individual converter and greatly increase corresponding specific characteristics of IUSG'en, ie mass and cost on unit of net power and technological production.

• 2a. It is provided that the signal of the duration of pulse packets only on negative half periods of the voltage from the secondary winding of the power transformer 1 falls to an overload of the transformer 1 and half-wave rectifier 2 in case of a short circuit in the power supply block of high frequency (pos. 4 to 15 ) to escape. In such a solution further reduces the power of the vibration pulses, because after each successive single pulse in the pulse packets, the voltage across the plates of the storage capacitor 3 gets smaller, because the storage capacitor 3 is in this negative half-cycle of the voltage from the transformer 1 filled with no charges. This further reduces the potential performance of the IUSGs.
• 3. In the construction to be countered [s. 1 ] of the pulse ultrasonic generators are also new sensors 12 . 13 . 14 . 15 the current drain used. The latter represent devices in the nature of transformers with the non-saturated in the process of current measurement coil cores. They are switched on in the circuits of the high current and can more clearly determine a moment of shorts. These current drainage sensors are reasonably complicated and have no mass production. In a breakdown operation of simultaneous opening of the two series-connected thyristors 4 . 5 or 6 . 7 there is a risk of short-circuiting of the charge size of the storage capacitor 3 at the moment of the accident. At the moment of full charging of the capacitor 3 A system of protection circuit only speaks after the discharge of the capacitor 3 at. Then the thyristors could be 4 . 5 or 6 . 7 Close and subsequent opening and closing of the Kommutierungsthyristoren would by signals from Former 32 or 33 the duration of interrupt pulses and control block 17 of thyristors persist. This protection system is not sufficiently reliable, because no timely rapid closure of the thyristors is guaranteed after their accidental opening.

In the present invention, another safer and less expensive protection system with certain series elements is used against short circuits.

It is therefore the object of the present invention to provide a means of damaging the pulsed ultrasonic device by a random short circuit because of disturbances in operation of thyristors of the inverters 3 and 3e ( 2 ) and to use a new method of using full-wave rectifier, u. between supply of the storage capacitor with additional energy in the course of pauses between the power pulses.

Based on this, the next task follows: Significant increase in the power of the pulse ultrasonic generators by increasing the storage energy of the storage capacitor and the working efficiency of the rectifier in a supply current source, u. zw. by a full-wave rectifier instead of the half-wave rectifier.

In view of the low efficiency of the impulse-type impulse ultrasonic generators to be counteracted, the required specific characteristics of the proposed structure of device IUSG-gW, in particular the power from the grid, mass and cost, greatly reduce unit of useful energy.

The extensive use of pulsed ultrasonic technology in industrial applications also requires greater power consumption and pulse power on unit of device mass at a higher efficiency, e.g. As to increase the cavitation time in the molten metal and liquid solutions, removal of technological deposits with high adhesion to metal surfaces, etc. It is therefore the main object of the present invention, a profitable, safe, To provide a simpler and cheaper suitable for mass production device.

• 1. Stromversorgungseinheit (SVE) mit einem Stelltransformator in Sparschaltung für IUSG-gW von großer Leistung oder einem Trenn- oder Aufwärtstransformator für IUSG-gW von verhältnismäßig geringer Leistung und einem Stelltransformator in Sparschaltung zur Vormagnetisierungsanlage von Magnetostriktionsumwandlern;
• 2. Gleichrichteranlage;
• 3; 3e. Thyristorwechselrichter (Inverter);
• 4. Elektronenschalter;
• 5. Einrichtung für Gleichstromvormagnetisierung der magnetostriktiven Umwandler und ein magnetostriktiver Sensor der elektrischen Rückkopplung in der Gestalt von einer besonderen Wicklung 34 an einem Magnetostriktionsumwandler 10. Bei Verwendung aber der akustischen Rückkopplung mit einer besonderen Sensor-Spule 34a ist eine zusätzliche Vormagnetisierung mit der Nachregelung durch einen variablen Widerstand 31 nötig;
• 6. Einrichtung zur Regelung der Schwingungsfrequenz der Vorrichtung IUSG-gW (s. 3);
• 7. Einrichtung zur Regelung der Schwingungsamplituden eines magnetostriktiven Umwandlers der Vorrichtung IUSG-gW von einer ausreichenden Leistung (s. 4).

The in 2 According to the invention illustrated functional diagram of the pulse ultrasonic generator (IUSG-gW) with high pulse power and efficiency represents an isolated case of the device with two magnetostrictive transducers in each of the two parallel inverters of Pos. 3 and 3e and consists of the following functional units:

• 1 , Power supply unit (SVE) with a standby transformer in standby mode for IUSG gW of high power or a separator or step-up transformer for IUSG gW of relatively low power and a standby transformer in economy mode to bias magnetostrictive converter;
• 2 , Rectifier system;
• 3 ; 3e , Thyristor inverters (inverters);
• 4 , Electronic switches;
• 5 , A device for DC biasing of the magnetostrictive transducers and a magnetostrictive electrical feedback sensor in the form of a particular winding 34 on a magnetostriction converter 10 , But when using the acoustic feedback with a special sensor coil 34a is an additional bias with the readjustment by a variable resistor 31 necessary;
• 6 , Device for controlling the oscillation frequency of the device IUSG-gW (s. 3 );
• 7 , Device for controlling the oscillation amplitudes of a magnetostrictive converter of the device IUSG-gW of a sufficient power (s. 4 ).

The device Impulse Ultrasonic Generator IUSG-gW ( 2 ) has as its main component two inverters 3 and 3e in which the electrical energy is transformed into magnetic, mechanical and further into acoustic energy in a strain. Every inverter 3 and 3e As an example, in an individual case mentioned here, there are two vibration circuits connected in parallel 13 with magnetostrictive transducers 10 and capacitors 12 ,

Each current pulse excitation circuit with two oscillation circuits 13 in the inverters 3 and 3e has an input 20 ( 22 ) and output pulse circle 21 ( 23 ) with common main windings connected in the same direction on the legs of the transducers 11 and in series with the vibration circuits 13 switched commutation capacitors 15 on.

The input pulse circuits of the IUSG gW consist of a common rectifier system to be used for the IUSG gW 2 , two electron switches 4 and two inverters 3 and 3e , The last have the following main elements in each circle: thyristor 16 ( 18 ), Windings 11 with an equal number of turns on the legs of the converter 10 , parallel to each winding 11 coupled line with a capacitor 12 , and commutation capacitors 15 , Every circle 13 represents with closed thyristors 16 . 17 and or 18 . 19 also a circle of free vibrations at the resonant frequency of the converter 10 and consists of a capacitor 12 and a winding 11 which have a series connection in this case.

Each output pulse circuit of the IUSG gW has the following components: Commutation capacitors 15 , Circles 13 with capacitor 12 and winding 11 of the converter 10 , Thyristor 17 ( 19 ) and commutation capacitors 15 ,

The electronic switches 4 are used as means to prevent short circuits and damage due to the random simultaneous response of the thyristors 16 . 17 and or 18 . 19 used in an open state. In case of possible disturbances, the forming DC circuit is controlled by the electron switch 4 interrupted and the IUSG gW or one of inverters 3 . 3e is switched off for a certain time. Next is to follow an automatic restart of the generator when its normal parameters were reached again. The function of electron switches is compared to patented counterclaims 4 with the commutation thyristors 16 . 17 and 18 . 19 not directly connected. In a new version, a transistor is MOSFET 41 According to the invention, an element of the switch 4 which can safely respond when exceeding permissible current values.

The state-of-the-art pulse impact ultrasound generators have very low efficiency and average efficiency, limiting their industrial use.

In the present invention, a new solution to this problem is exploited, u. between using an inductively coupled LC oscillation circuit 13 with capacitor 12 and winding 11 of the magnetostrictive converter 10 at the resonance frequency of each circle. In this case, the oscillation frequency of the generator by a frequency of the charging and discharging of Kommutierungskondensatoren 15 determined and is equal to a multiple of last frequency.

The vibrations of the magnetostriction transducers will be very similar to the harmonic vibrations due to the coupling of input 2 - 16 ( 18 ) - 12 . 11 - 15 - 2 ] or output impulse circle [ 15 - 12 . 11 - 17 ( 19 ) - 15 ] with the common windings 11 and the circles 13 of free vibrations. The number of power pulses is due to charging energy of the storage capacitor 9 , Current supply to this capacitor in the time between the pulses, quality of the circuits of oscillators of converters 10 , Losses and resistance of a load. In the construction of the IUSG gW, a total pulse duration of the positive and negative power pulses successively succeeding with a time interval is 3 or 5 times less than the duration of the free vibrations of converters 10 at the frequency of approx. 18 ... 22 kHz. Accordingly, the pulse ratio of 3 or 5 may be the same (depending on the required average power).

Since in the time span between the power pulses over 2.5 periods of free oscillations, operation of ultrasonic generators IUSG-gW is similar to the IUSGs to be countered, but differs by greater efficiency in the pulse packets, for the IUSG-gW is a universal To find use, u. zw. As ultrasonic generators of continuous and pulse-shaped effect.

For pulsed ultrasonic generators IUSG-gW will be a bias from the converter 10 provided by direct current. It increases by a lot of the efficiency, as well as the average pulse power of the generators. This improves the efficiency of the generators. This accommodates the needs of many technologies in industry and other industries.

A peculiarity and novelty of the present invention ( 2 ) is that by means of strong current pulses in the current pulse exciter circuits with turns 11 and capacitors 12 the continuous nearly sinusoidal current oscillations in the coupled force and free LC oscillation circuits 13 be generated. The latter have the large amplitudes in resonance mode, due to the increased efficiency and the sufficient quality of the vibration circuits, a synchronous action with the pulses on corresponding sinusoidal free vibration half-waves. The energy of input [ 2 - 16 ( 18 ) - 12 . 11 - 15 - 2 ] and output impulse circles [ 15 - 12 . 11 - 17 ( 19 ) - 15 ] with the common windings 11 and capacitors 12 gets into the LC oscillation circuits 13 and into the magnetostrictive transducers 10 initiated at virtually the same electromagnetic and mechanical frequencies and the large power is radiated.

If a value of the voltage in the windings of magnetostrictive transducers could approach a critical size, so that an insulation breakdown of the lines is possible, a parallel connection of the windings is recommended. In the case of too high a power of the pulse ultrasonic generators, a parallel connection of the respective windings should be used instead of the series connection of the main windings on the legs of magnetostrictive converters, whereby a condition of reverse coupling of the windings follows [ II Teumin. Ultrasonic vibration systems. Publishing House "Mechanical Engineering", Moscow, 1959, russ., S. P. 282 ]. Analogous to capacitors their series connection could be required. The capacity of each capacitor is correspondingly larger.

The present invention also uses piezzoelectric transducers as the pulsed ultrasound source instead of the magnetostrictive transducers (see FIG. AB Donskoy, OK Keller, GS Kratisch .: Electrotechnical ultrasound systems. Publisher "Energoatomizdat", Leningrad, 1982, russ., S. P. 98 ... 100 ).

A device for DC biasing 5 the magnetostrictive converter 10 consists of the following components: half-wave rectifier 28 ; filter capacitor 29 ; inductor 30 ; windings 14 for biasing on the legs of the converter 10 , The choke coil 30 eliminates a side effect of the current pulse exciter circuits with the windings 11 to the DC power source 5 , Pulsed DC after the half-wave rectifier 28 is through the filter capacitor 29 and the choke coil 30 smoothed.

For automatic frequency tuning, a system of electrical or acoustic feedback link (ARV) with a resonance sensor 34 or 34a intended. For electrical feedback, the sensor provides 34 a winding with a low number of turns on the converter core. It needs no additional bias.

The sensor 34a for acoustic feedback is a winding on the particular magnetostrictive package with the same as the magnetostriction converter 10 Length but smaller cross-section. It converts the mechanical ultrasonic vibrations of the converter 10 into an electromotive force of the sensor. The regulation of the bias of this magnetostriction sensor follows from the digitizing transformer 27 the SVE 1 and the plant 5 through the adjustable resistor 31 for readjustment.

By anode of the thyristor 16 ( 18 ) and cathode of the thyristor 17 ( 19 ) are the inverters 3 and 3e corresponding to the positive and negative terminals of the rectifier system 2 connected. The attachment 2 has the following elements: full-wave rectifier 8th , Choke 7 and storage capacitor 9 (S. 2 ). In the modern impulse ultrasonic generators of impact effect (s. 1 ) will only one Half-wave rectifier 2 used a probability of short circuit because of a possible simultaneous response of the thyristors 4 . 5 and or 6 . 7 [S. 1 ] to reduce to an open state. It is provided that the electrical Stromimpulspakete only from the previously charged storage capacitor 3 be generated. Its discharge goes in the course of only the negative voltage half-waves at the secondary winding of the transformer 1 in front. Virtually any subsequent amplitude in the current pulse packets decreases as a result of the reduction in charge and voltage of the storage capacitor 3 (S. 1 ) and according to useful power and efficiency.

The present invention does not have this disadvantage because the inverter 3 ( 3e ) (s. 2 ) due to the use of special electronic switches 4 has high reliability with respect to short-circuit faults. And every inverter is powered by the storage capacitor 9 powered and by the full-wave rectifier 8th fed. The throttle 7 is used to additionally smooth the pulsation of the rectified current.

The full-wave rectifiers have an important economic advantage. The one-way circuit of the rectifier should not be used for transformers because the feeding transformer is loaded with a DC component. This disadvantage is to be avoided with a full-wave rectifier circuit ( Herring, E .; Bressler, K; Gutekunst, J. Electronics for Engineers. Springer Verl. 2001; s. P. 617, 618 ).

• – Wechselstromnetz 6 mit einer Spannung in der Regel von ca. 230/380 V;
• – Stelltransformatoren in Sparschaltung 26 und zur Vormagnetisierung 27;
• – Schalter 24 und 24a;
• – Temperatursicherungen 25;
• – Greifarm 32 zum Stellglied des Spartransformators 26.

Main power supply of the IUSG-gW IUS generator is provided by a power supply unit (SVE) 1 with a variable transformer 26 executed in economy circuit. The SVE 1 includes the following components:

• - AC mains 6 with a voltage of usually 230/380 V;
• - Variable transformers in economy circuit 26 and for bias 27 ;
• - Switch 24 and 24a ;
• - Temperature fuses 25 ;
• - gripper arm 32 to the actuator of the autotransformer 26 ,

In the present invention, a scheme of the electron switch 4 ( 2 ), which is an Optron 40 with the LED input 46 , Photothyristor output 47 and a transistor MOSFET 41 as a switching element with the p-channel insulating layer and source circuit shows (could equally well a MOSFET with n-channel insulating layer can be used). The scheme also includes resistors R1, R2, R3 and R4 (pos. 42 . 43 . 44 and 45 ). Such transistor MOSFETs have special switching characteristics, they allow high currents and voltages.

This scheme is simpler than the known and also represents an optoelectronic memory. The thyristors operate in the optocouplers 40 at low energy load and have high reliability. Even if a simultaneous response of the thyristors 16 . 17 or and 18 . 19 accidentally in an open state, this leads to even stronger blocking of the switch and creates no emergency situation.

The scheme of the IUSG-gW with the electron switch 4 ( 2 ) works as follows: In normal operation is the transistor MOSFET 41 opened, in the resistor R3 (Pos. 44 ) of the current sensor is a relatively low voltage, which is too low to the Optron 40 turn. In this case, at the electrode G in comparison to the electrode S of the transistor 41 a negative voltage U _{GS be} within certain limits and subject to matching.

If this voltage is less negative but zero or a bit positive, then the transistor becomes 41 securely closed. This happens with the random response of the thyristors 16 . 17 or and 18 . 19 in the open state instead. The current in the resistor R3 (pos. 44 ) and the Optron 40 starts to work. The resistors of the divider R1-R2 are chosen so that the voltage U _SG between the electrodes S and G would be greater than the minimum voltage at which the Optron 40 is turned on.

When the current in resistor R3 (pos. 44 ) exceeds the operating current value, the voltage drop is increased therein and for the circuit of the light emitting diode 46 sufficient. The amount of light of this diode switches the thyristor 47 of the Optron 40 one. It has the switched thyristor 47 a low resistance and shunts the resistor R1 (pos. 42 ). The voltage U _SG at the SG junction becomes significantly lower than a lower limit for turning off the IUSG hW, and the transistor MOSFET 41 safely locked.

Because the Optron 40 with a thyristor output has the properties of a memory, so remains the thyristor 47 also open when the signal for the Optroneinschaltung disappears and the IUSG gW is turned off. Ie. the current through thyristors 16 . 17 or and 18 . 19 stop it. And from the supply source rectifier plant 2 Only a small amount of power is consumed by the high-resistance resistors of the electron switch 4 flows.

The scheme is in an emergency shutdown until one of the switches 33 and 33a or turn off both and then turn them on again. If the Optron 40 works, the current flows through the open thyristor 47 in the resistor R2 (pos. 43 ) and then to the minus of the supply source rectifier system 2 , The resistance of the resistor R2 (pos. 43 ) is selected to, on the one hand, a necessary current value for the purpose of restraint of the thyristor 47 on the other hand, to determine the minimum current value of the supply source.

The resistor R1 (pos. 42 ) becomes the transistor MOSFET according to the conditions of unlocking 41 selected. And finally, the resistor R4 (pos. 45 ) is selected so that it does not turn on the light emitting diode 46 of the Optron 40 in trouble-free operation and their turn on in case of an accident could find. This depends on the output parameters of Optrone.

• – Wechselstromnetz 6 mit einer Spannung in der Regel von ca. 230/380 V;
• – Stelltransformator in Sparschaltung 27;
• – Schalter 24a;
• – Temperatursicherung 25;

The power supply for biasing the magnetostrictive transducers 10 follows from next components of the SVE 1 ,

• - AC mains 6 with a voltage of usually 230/380 V;
• - Variable transformer in economy circuit 27 ;
• - Switch 24a ;
• - Temperature fuse 25 ;

The inverters 3 and 3e connect to the rectification system 2 through the electron switch 4 by means of the switch 33 and 33a ,

• 1) Einschaltung der Schalter 24, 24a und 33, 33a beim fehlen eines Signals am Kommutierungsthyristoren 16, 17 und/oder 18, 19;
• 2) Bleiben die Schalter 24, 24a und 33, 33a geöffnet bei der abwechselnden Funktion der Thyristoren 16 und 17 und/oder 18 und 19;
• 3) Ausschaltung des Inverters 3 und/oder des Inverters 3e der IUSG-gW bei einer Havariebetrieb (gleichzeitige zufällige Öffnung der zwei Thyristoren in dem Inverter 3 und/oder 3e).

The control of switches 24 . 24a and 33 . 33a A device of the IUSG gW can be completely automated by means of the basic logic circuits their operation. This could be z. B. NAND gate use. The circuits are secured during the following operations:

• 1) Switching on the switches 24 . 24a and 33 . 33a when missing a signal at Kommutierungsthyristoren 16 . 17 and or 18 . 19 ;
• 2) Stay the switches 24 . 24a and 33 . 33a opened at the alternate function of the thyristors 16 and 17 and or 18 and 19 ;
• 3) Turn off the inverter 3 and / or the inverter 3e the IUSG gW in case of an accident (simultaneous random opening of the two thyristors in the inverter 3 and or 3e ).

As binary signals, the currents are exploited by magnetoresistive sensors, according to which the gates respond. Each magnetoresistive sensor is placed directly on a conductor section in front of the thyristors 16 . 17 . 18 . 19 in the direction of current.

From gates follow the corresponding current signals or no signal to timers and on to the switches 24 . 24a and 33 . 33a ,

The timers to the switches 33 and or 33a are switched on with delay about 5 minutes. It is a period of time for an experiential restoration of the function of impulse ultrasonic generators after an accident due to the simultaneous openings of the respective thyristors. The relay to the switch 24a has on-time 100 ... 200 ms and to the switch 24 - 3 ... 4 min.

In 3 Fig. 12 is a block diagram of the automatic frequency control of the pulse ultrasound generator IUSG-gW with electrical or acoustic feedback through a differential transformer. This is a modified scheme of the automatic follow-up control system of the frequency for the USG'en of continuous oscillations with magnetostrictive transducers (s. AB Donskoy, OK Keller, GS Kratisch .: Electrotechnical ultrasound systems. Publisher "Energoatomizdat", Leningrad, 1982, russ., S. Pp. 95 ... 100 ; DA Gerschgal, WM Friedman .: Technological ultrasonic apparatus. Publisher "Energy", Moscow, 1976, russ., S. Pp. 95-99 ) taking into account the peculiarities and technical novelty of the device "impulse ultrasonic generator IUSG-gW".

• 1. Impulssteuergenerator 1;
• 2. Im Teil 2 des Inverters 3e von Vorrichtung „Impuls-Ultraschallgenerator IUSG-gW” mit der Erdung und einem Thyristor 18 (s. auch 2), durch den die positiven Impulshalbwellen nach einem bestimmten Programm erzeugt werden. Inverter 3e als elektromagnetischer Geber (äquivalente Schaltung der mechanischen und elektrischen Elemente und Anpassung und Signalabtrennung beim Umschaltungsbetrieb) mit einem System der elektrischen oder akustischen Rückkopplung durch einen Differentialtransformator 7 [3].
• 36. Kompensationskomplex 36 der elektrischen Signale mit dem Differentialtrafo 7.

The system consists of the following blocks and elements:

• 1 , Pulse control generator 1 ;
• 2 , In the part 2 of the inverter 3e of device "Pulsed Ultrasonic Generator IUSG-gW" with ground and a thyristor 18 (see also 2 ), by which the positive pulse half-waves are generated after a certain program. inverter 3e as an electromagnetic encoder (equivalent circuit of the mechanical and electrical elements and adaptation and signal separation in the switching operation) with a system of electrical or acoustic feedback through a differential transformer 7 [ 3 ].
• 36 , compensation complex 36 the electrical signals with the differential transformer 7 ,

• 17. Schwingungsmasseäquivalent L_M;
• 38. Schwingungsnachgiebigkeitsäquivalent C_M;
• 39. Widerstand der mechanischen Verluste R_MV;
• 20. Widerstand der akustischen Belastung R_B.

A mechanical branch of the series connection of equivalent lumped elements contains:

• 17 , Vibration mass equivalent L _M ;
• 38 , Vibration compliance equivalent C _M ;
• 39 , Resistance of mechanical losses R _MV ;
• 20 , Resistance of the acoustic load R _B.

• 21. Elektrische Verluste R_E 21;
• 22. Spule 22 mit der Induktivität L_E auf dem Spulenkern des Magnetostriktionsumwandlers M wird als Sensor der Sollwertfrequenz ausgenutzt. Das Signal von dieser Spule wird durch eine zusätzliche Spule 34 mit der geringen Windungszahl auf dem Wicklungskern des Umwandlers zum System der elektrischen Rückkopplung übertragen oder durch einen akustisch-elektrischen Wandler mit der Spule 34a zum System der akustischen Rückkopplung gerichtet. Diese Spulen stellen eine elektromotorische Quelle dar, d. h. Sensor 34 der elektrischen oder 34a der akustischen rückgekoppelten Verknüpfung.
• 5. Phasenempfindlicher Gleichrichter mit Verstärker;
• 6. Stellglied (Greifarm mit Antrieb vom Gleichstrommotor zum Impulssteuergenerator 1);
• 7. Differentialtransformator zur automatischen Stromkompensation in den Direkt- und Rückkopplungskreisen;
• 8. Induktivität L_K in dem Kompensationszweig des Frequenzreglers;
• 9. Ohmscher Widerstand R_K in dem Kompensationszweig des Frequenzreglers;
• 10. Kondensator C_E in den Kreisen von Kraftstrom- und freien Schwingungen des Inverters 3e;
• 11. Primärwicklung 11 des Differentialtransformators 7, die mit den Elementen Pos. 18, 14, 16, 8, 9, (35, 11), [weiter Punkt a₄], 15, [Punkte a₂, a₃], 2 (Erdung) einen der Kreise (Direktkopplung) des Inverters 3e bildet und mit dem Kondensator 35 einen Kreis von Kraftstromimpulsen und freien Stromschwingungen darstellt.
• 12. Primärwicklung 12 des Differentialtransformators 7, die einen Rückkopplungskreis vom Magnetostriktionsumwandler M durch den Sensor 34 oder 34a der rückgekoppelten Verknüpfung mit folgenden Elementen bildet: Erdung des Sensors 34 oder 34a, Sensor 34 oder 34a, 12, [Punkte c, a₄], 15, [a₂, a₃] und Erdung 2 des Inverters 3e;
• 13. Sekundärwicklung 13 des Differentialtransformators 7;
• 15. Kommutierungskondensator 15 als eine Stromquelle der negativen Halbwellen-Stromimpulse des Impuls-Ultraschallgenerators IUSG-gW;
• 14, 16. Induktivität L_F und Kapazität C_F in den Anpassungskreisen des IUSG-gWs; Man soll Struktur und Bestandelemente der elektrischen Schwingungskreise vom Schema der automatischen Frequenzabstimmung anführen (3):
• E.1) Direktkopplungskreis des Systems der Frequenzabstimmung bei den positiven Impulshalbwellen: 2 – 14 – 16 – a' – 8, 9 – (35 – c – 11 – b – 35) – a₄ – 15 – a₂ – a₃ – 2 (Erdung); [Die Verlustwiderstände in dem Stromschwingungskreis (35 – c – 11 – b – 35) bedingt nicht gezeigt und auch Stromrichtung in diesen Widerständen]. E.1a) Der Hauptkreis, der unmittelbar mit dem Differentialtransformator 7 nicht verbunden, sondern nur durch Rückkopplung: 2 – 14 – 16 – a – [10 – 22 (M) – 10] – a₁ – 15 – a₂ – a₃ – 2 (Erdung);
• E.1b) Rückkopplungskreis: Erdung an den Sensoren 34 oder 34a, Sensoren 34 oder 34a – d – – 12 – c – a₄ – 15 – a₂ – a₃ – 2 (Erdung); Die Primärwicklungen 11 und 12 des Differentialtrafos 7 weisen eine gegensinnige Schaltung im System der Frequenzabstimmung auf.
• E.2) Direktkopplungskreis bei den negativen Impulshalbwellen: 15 – a₄ – (35 – b – 11 – c -– 35) – 8, 9 – a' – 16 – 14 – k – 19 – 15; [s. auch oben eine Bemerkung im Punkt E.1)].
• E.2a) Der Hauptkreis, der unmittelbar mit dem Differentialtransformator 7 nicht verbunden, sondern nur durch Rückkopplung: 15 – a₁ – [10 – a – 22 (M) – 10] – a – a' – 16 – 14 – k – 19 – 15;
• E.2b) Rückkopplungskreis: 2 (Erdung) – a₃ – a₂ – 15 – a₄ – c – 12 – d – 34 oder 34a – Erdung der Sensoren 34 oder 34a.

Electrical branches of the inverter 3e contain:

• 21 , Electrical losses R _E 21 ;
• 22 , Kitchen sink 22 with the inductance L _E on the coil core of the magnetostriction converter M is used as a sensor of the setpoint frequency. The signal from this coil is through an additional coil 34 with the low number of turns transmitted to the winding core of the converter to the system of electrical feedback or through an acoustic-to-electrical converter with the coil 34a directed to the system of acoustic feedback. These coils represent an electromotive source, ie sensor 34 the electric or 34a the acoustic feedback link.
• 5 , Phase sensitive rectifier with amplifier;
• 6 , Actuator (gripper arm with drive from the DC motor to the pulse control generator 1 );
• 7 , Differential transformer for automatic current compensation in the direct and feedback circuits;
• 8th , Inductance L _K in the compensation branch of the frequency regulator;
• 9 , Ohmic resistance R _K in the compensation branch of the frequency controller;
• 10 , Capacitor C _E in the circuits of power and free vibrations of the inverter 3e ;
• 11 , primary 11 of the differential transformer 7 , with the elements pos. 18 . 14 . 16 . 8th . 9 , ( 35 . 11 ), [further point a ₄ ], 15 , [Points a ₂ , a ₃ ], 2 (Grounding) one of the circuits (direct coupling) of the inverter 3e forms and with the capacitor 35 represents a circle of power pulses and free current oscillations.
• 12 , primary 12 of the differential transformer 7 which provides a feedback loop from magnetostriction converter M through the sensor 34 or 34a the feedback connected to the following elements: Earthing of the sensor 34 or 34a , Sensor 34 or 34a . 12 , [Points c, a ₄ ], 15 , [a ₂ , a ₃ ] and grounding 2 of the inverter 3e ;
• 13 , secondary winding 13 of the differential transformer 7 ;
• 15 , commutation 15 as a current source of the negative half-wave current pulses of the pulse ultrasonic generator IUSG-gW;
• 14 . 16 , Inductance L _F and capacitance C _F in the matching circuits of the IUSG gWs; It is necessary to cite the structure and components of the electric oscillation circuits from the scheme of automatic frequency tuning ( 3 ):
• E.1) Direct coupling circuit of the frequency tuning system for the positive pulse half-waves: 2 - 14 - 16 - a '- 8th . 9 - ( 35 - c - 11 - b - 35 ) - a ₄ - 15 - a ₂ - a ₃ - 2 (Ground); [The loss resistances in the current oscillation circuit ( 35 - c - 11 - b - 35 ) conditionally not shown and also current direction in these resistors]. E.1a) The main circuit directly connected to the differential transformer 7 not connected, but only by feedback: 2 - 14 - 16 - a - [ 10 - 22 (M) - 10 ] - a ₁ - 15 - a ₂ - a ₃ - 2 (Ground);
• E.1b) Feedback circuit: Ground at the sensors 34 or 34a , Sensors 34 or 34a - d - - 12 - c - a ₄ - 15 - a ₂ - a ₃ - 2 (Ground); The primary windings 11 and 12 of the differential transformer 7 have an opposing circuit in the frequency tuning system.
• E.2) Direct coupling circuit for the negative pulse half-waves: 15 - a ₄ - ( 35 - b - 11 - c - 35 ) - 8th . 9 - a '- 16 - 14 - k - 19 - 15 ; [S. also a remark in point E.1) above).
• E.2a) The main circuit directly connected to the differential transformer 7 not connected, but only by feedback: 15 - a ₁ - [ 10 - a - 22 (M) - 10 ] - a - a '- 16 - 14 - k - 19 - 15 ;
• E.2b) feedback loop: 2 (Grounding) - a ₃ - a ₂ - 15 - a ₄ - c - 12 - d - 34 or 34a - Grounding of the sensors 34 or 34a ,

Automatic frequency tuning works this way:
In normal stationary operation of the pulse ultrasonic generator with a certain frequency is a voltage on the secondary winding 13 of the differential transformer 7 Zero equal. By the variable transformer 26 ( 2 ) in economy mode, an initial value of the voltage is determined, which is a resonant frequency of converters 10 having a non-existent base load. Further regulation follows by automatic frequency tuning.

Z₁

– Impedanz des Brückenzweiges „a¹ – b”;

Z₂

– Impedanz des elektromagnetischen Gebers (Brückenzweig „a – C_E – L_E – R_E – M – 34 oder 34a – d”);

Z₃

– Impedanz des Brückenzweiges „b – c” (Pos. 11);

Z₄

– Impedanz des Brückenzweiges „c – d” (Pos. 12).

L_M·C_M = L'_E·C_E = L_F·C_F; L'_E = L_E·L_K(L₄ + L_K). 2) The type IUSG-gW pulse ultrasound generators operate in a switching mode in which each switching thyristor is in an open or closed state during external frequency tuning. In this case, the feedback system controls the work of the control generator 1 whose frequency is automatically adjusted to the changing resonance frequency (setpoint) of the magnetostrictive converter and according to the sensor 34 or 34a the feedback follows. So z. B. at increasing the load resistance on the magnetostrictive converter, its overtemperature or other external effects with larger resistances arises at the secondary winding 13 of the differential transformer 7 a not equal zero voltage, because the current (set value) in the circuit with the winding 12 of the differential transformer 7 gets smaller. As a result, the pulse ultrasound generator becomes 2 through the pulse control generator 1 and the feedback system with the sensor 34 or 34a controlled so that its frequency (actual value) of the corresponding oscillation frequency of the magnetostriction converter is equal to the voltage at the secondary winding 13 of the transformer 7 again assumes the zero value. There are certain parameters of the elements in the scheme of 3 be fulfilled. This scheme could be represented as a bridge circuit whose equilibrium conditions in matching the phases and frequencies of the ultrasonic generator and feedback have such solutions: Z ₁ × Z ₄ = Z ₂ × Z ₃ , 1) in which

Z ₁

- impedance of the bridge branch "a ¹ - b";

Z ₂

- Impedance of the electromagnetic encoder (bridge branch "a - C _E - L _E - R _E - M - 34 or 34a - d ");

Z ₃

- impedance of the bridge branch "b - c" (pos. 11 );

Z ₄

- impedance of the bridge branch "c - d" (pos. 12 ).

L _M × C _M = L ' _E × C _E = L _F × C _F ; L ' _E = L _E * L _K (L ₄ + L _K ). 2)

The output circuit 13 of the differential transformer 7 is at the input of the pulse control generator 1 and then the inverter 3e ( 2 ) and that's how the automatic frequency tuning works.

The input resistance of the IUSG gW's goes to the primary side 11 and 12 of the differential transformer 7 as correspondingly the resistors R ' _A and R'' _{A are} transformed. Taking into account these resistances and the active and reactive components of the resistors Z _K 9 . 8th and Z _E 21 . 22 . 10 can the schema ( 3 ) in the form of an electric bridge whose equilibrium condition is: Z _K * R '' _ON = Z _E * R ' _ON .

The circle b, 35 , c, 11 , b is mainly used as a resonant circuit of the free vibrations at permissible deviations of the resonant frequency.

The scheme is to ensure flexible matching conditions as in the load circuit as well as in the feedback loop.

wobei k ein Koeffizient ist, das das Verhältnis der Widerstandskomponenten von kompensierenden und elektrischen Zweigen darstellt;
Laut „Elektrotechnologische Ultraschallanlagen” von A. B. Donskoy, O. K. Keller, G. S. Kratisch (Verlag „Energoatomizdat”, Leningrad, 1982, russ., s. S. 97, 98) kann man folgendes zeigen:

dabei sind:

n₁ = w₃ / w₁ und n₂ = w₃ / w₂

– Transformationskoeffiziente;

w₁, w₂, w₃

– Windungszahlen entsprechend: Primärseite 11, 12, Sekundärseite 13 des Differentialtransformators 7; n₂ / n₁ = √ k .

The condition of current compensation from the electric branches of the magnetostriction converter M and the sensor 34 or 34a The feedback link is expressed as follows:

where k is a coefficient representing the ratio of the resistive components of compensating and electrical branches;
Loud "Elektrotechnologische Ultraschallanlagen" by AB Donskoy, OK Keller, GS Kratisch (publishing house "Energoatomizdat", Leningrad, 1982, russ., P. 97, 98) can one show the following:

are:

n ₁ = w₃ / w₁ and n ₂ = w₃ / w₂

- transformation coefficients;

w ₁ , w ₂ , w ₃

- Number of turns corresponding to: primary side 11 . 12 , Secondary side 13 of the differential transformer 7 ; n₂ / n₁ = √ k ,

Usually k = 10 ... 30 is assumed. Here is the differential transformer 7 adjusted and the voltage U _bd = 0.

primary 11 of the additional LC circuit [ 35 - (c) - 11 - (b) - 35 ] from the differential transformer 7 has an opposite circuit with its second primary winding 12 on and thus ensures the frequency control of the secondary winding 13 ,

When a frequency change of the converter arises in accordance with a reactance, the change in the secondary winding 13 of the transformer 7 is transformed into a voltage change and leads to the setting of the changed resonance frequency.

The calculation of the feedback loop for discontinued parameters of the electroacoustic transducer M and the known input data of the IUSG gW will be due to a determination of compensation parameters R _K , X _K and indications of the differential transformer.

The above scheme ( 3 ) could compensate for the phase shifts by introducing the matching circuits from the pulse ultrasound generator and the electrical or acoustic feedback stable continuous almost sinusoidal vibrations ensure with resonant frequency.

For the function of the IUSG gW in the mode of operation with pulse packets and certain pulse ratios, the pulse control generators are to be used with a special program. It is also a mode of operation with the superimposed vibration frequencies possible.

For optimal operation of the impulse ultrasonic generator of the high compared to counteracting IUSG'en of shock effect medium power and ensuring the minimum energy consumption in addition to the frequency tuning at the same time an automatic amplitude control can be used. In this case, the vibration amplitude of converters in the load change either in a certain amplitude tolerance supported or regulated according to the particular program.

• 1. Rückkopplung des Systems von automatischer Regelung der mechanischen Schwingungsamplituden;
• 1.1. Vollweggleichrichter;
• 1.2. Glättungsfilter-Drossel;
• 1.3. Glättungsfilter-Kondensator;
• 1.4. Stellwiderstand zur Einstellung der Spannungsgröße, die dem Leerlauf des Magnetostriktionsumwandlers 10 entspricht und der Spannung der Referenz 1.5 gleich ist;
• 1.5. Referenz: Spannungsquelle eines beständigen Stellsignals oder der Signale, die mit einer bestimmten Abhängigkeit von den Parametern der technologischen Prozesse gekoppelt sind;
• 1.6. Differenzverstärker;
• 2. Gleichrichtungsanlage (s. Pos. 2, 2);
• 8. Stellglied;
• 8.1. Gleichstrommotor;
• 8.2. Greifarm (s. auch Pos. 32, 2) als ein Antriebsteil vom Motor 8.1 zum Stelltrafo 26 (s. 2);
• 10. Magnetostriktionsumwandler (s. auch Pos. 10, 4; Pos. 22, M, 3) des Inverters 3e;
• 26. Stelltransformator in Sparschaltung (s. auch Pos. 26, 2);
• 37. Besondere Spule 37 mit kleiner Windungszahl auf einem Schenkel des Magnetostriktionsumwandlers 10 (s. auch Pos. 10, 3e, 33a der 2, auf der die Spule 37 bedingt nicht gezeigt ist; Pos. 37, 3) als Sensor der den mechanischen Schwingungsamplituden äquivalenten Stromveränderung [die Letzte ist etwa proportional der Schwingungsamplituden des Umwandlers 10 (s. 2)].

The scheme of the automatic amplitude control of a magnetostriction converter is shown in FIG 4 shown. This consists of the following basic elements:

• 1 , Feedback of the system from automatic regulation of the mechanical vibration amplitudes;
• 1.1 , full-wave rectifier;
• 1.2 , Smoothing filter inductor;
• 1.3. Smoothing filter capacitor;
• 1.4 , Variable resistor to adjust the voltage magnitude, the idle of the magnetostriction converter 10 matches and the voltage of the reference 1.5 is equal to;
• 1.5 , Reference: voltage source of a stable control signal or of the signals coupled with a certain dependence on the parameters of the technological processes;
• 1.6 , Differential amplifier;
• 2 , Rectification system (see pos. 2 . 2 );
• 8th , Actuator;
• 8.1 , DC motor;
• 8.2 , Gripper arm (see also Pos. 32 . 2 ) as a driving part from the engine 8.1 to the positioning transformer 26 (S. 2 );
• 10 , Magnetostriction converter (see also Pos. 10 . 4 ; Pos. 22 , M, 3 ) of the inverter 3e ;
• 26 , Variable transformer in economy circuit (see also Pos. 26 . 2 );
• 37 , Special coil 37 with a small number of turns on one leg of the magnetostriction converter 10 (see also Pos. 10 . 3e . 33a of the 2 on which the coil 37 conditionally not shown; Pos. 37 . 3 ) as a sensor of the current amplitude equivalent to the mechanical vibration amplitudes [the latter being approximately proportional to the vibration amplitudes of the transducer 10 (S. 2 )].

For amplitude stabilization or regulation of the vibration amplitudes of transducer face or other correspondingly vibrating surfaces when the mechanical stress changes, the electric current most suitably selected is the electrical current caused by mechanical resistances R _MV and effective load R _B (see also, for example, equivalent scheme) 3 , Pos. 3e ).

It is possible to select and test electrical filters with specific inductances and capacitances in the electrical circuit of the IUSG gW, which could compensate for the significant reactance of the load. To obtain the required mechanical vibration amplitudes, the current value should be supported on the whole according to a specific program (s. AB Donskoy, OK Keller, GS Kratisch .: Electrotechnical ultrasound systems. Publisher "Energoatomizdat", Leningrad, 1982, russ., S. Pp. 102, 104, 106 ).

Automatic regulation of the vibration amplitude of the pulse-ultrasonic transducer works in this way:
The differential amplifier 1.6 compared by a variable resistor 1.4 the voltage (actual value) from the sensor 37 of the IUSG gW with a certain voltage at the reference 1.5 (Setpoint), which is equal to the voltage in idle mode. If the difference is zero, then the IUSG gW is operated in a steady state operation. At z. B. Increasing the load decreases the mechanical vibration speed and accordingly the current intensity. This also includes the output voltage of the IUSG and the voltage at the variable resistor 1.4 , And the differential amplifier 1.6 generates from the voltage difference a new manipulated variable, via the actuating mechanism 8th corrects the current value at the output of the IUSG gW, supporting maximum oscillation amplitudes of the current and corresponding to the converter M. The new signal continues to flow through Spartrafo 26 , Rectifier 2 , Switch 33a , Inverter 3e , Converter 10 (S. 2 ) and coil sensor 37 (S. 3 . 4 ). Similarly, the matching in the program control of the IUS generators for corresponding technologies is made.

The pulse ultrasound generator IUSG-gW (s. 2 ) operates according to the method according to the invention as follows:
The switches 33 and 33a should be switched on with a time delay of approx. 300 s according to the operating experience. The time delay is a period of repeated inclusion of one of the inverters 3 . 3e or 2 inverters after automatic activation of the protection circuit (s) 4 , At the same time takes place in the Inverteren 3e and 3 the bias of magnetostriction converters 10 , the sensor 37 (S. 3 ) of the current oscillation amplitudes, of the sensor 34 the vibration frequency with the electrical feedback link (ERV) of the inverter 3e (S. 2 . 3 ) or the sensor 34a the ARV. The premagnetization takes place from the block 5 ( 2 ) by two or three lines, wherein third line with the adjustable resistor 31 ( 2 ) only for setting up the sensor 34a the acoustic feedback is used.

In electrical feedback, the line with the adjustable resistor is missing 31 and the windings 34 and 37 as sensors lie on a leg of the converter M (s. 2 . 3 ). After switching the pulse control generator 1 (S. 3 ) and the means for amplitude control (s. 4 ), which are set to operate according to the particular program, the IUS generator (IUSG-gW) will finish to automatic work.

The electricity from the AC grid 6 (S. 2 ) with voltage usually of 230/380 V enters a power supply unit (SVE) 1 with auto-transformer 26 one. The Spartrafo 26 can be replaced by a separation or step-up transformer with no high and little changeable demand power of the pulse ultrasonic generator. The ultrasound systems with the total power consumption of tens and hundreds of kilowatts are fed by a three-phase network with the voltage of 380 V.

From the transformer 26 the alternating current flows to the rectifier plant 2 in which the current through full-wave rectifier 8th , Choke 7 and storage capacitor 9 rectified and smoothed.

From the autotransformer 27 the power supply unit 1 (SVE) is the current through a premagnetization system 5 with the half-wave rectifier 28 , Filter condenser 29 and throttle 30 the single windings 14 on the thighs of converters 10 fed in the same direction in the series circuit.

The current from the rectifier plant 2 passes through the electron switch 4 into the inverters 3 and 3e one that works the following way:
According to a certain program from the pulse control generator 1 (S. 3 ) The current pulses come through to be controlled switch thyristors 16 . 17 and 18 . 19 in the Kraftstromimpuls- and free-vibration circuits 13 (S. 2 ) with the capacitors 12 and windings 11 on the magnetostrictive converters 10 at. And accordingly, the device becomes DC biasing 5 tuned for a required optimal operation.

The input thyristors 16 and 18 are switched on simultaneously, each give a positive power half-wave as the first pulse in the current circuits and then according to the task program, the switching of the output thyristors follows 17 and 19 at the same time and results in each case a negative power half-wave as a second pulse, then again thyristors 16 and 18 etc. The vibrations follow continuously, with the power pulses in the form of a half wave reacting immediately after one or two periods of free vibration. In this way, phenomena of resonance also arise. The resonant mode of operation is provided by automatic frequency tuning in the electrical circuits. On the contrary to counteracting procedures and building the impulse ultrasonic generators follow uninterrupted power feeds into the inverters 3 and 3e and the storage capacitor 9 and then virtually continuous vibrations, which increases consumption and efficiency.

Certain technologies can also use the thyristors 16 and 18 are switched on alternately with a certain timing and then follow the current oscillations as in the first case.

The device IUSG-gW guarantees a discontinued detuning of the oscillation circuits by the controllable pulse control generator according to a certain program 1 [S. 3 ]. In this case, a range of vibrations is generated and maximum oscillation amplitude results at the corresponding frequency of the control generator 1 , The band-wide mode of operation of the vibrations makes corresponding physical-chemical technologies intensify. The automatic frequency control should be set up differently, according to the appropriate technology.

In the IUS generators with multiple converters connected in parallel, the feedback of the control devices can only be utilized in the case of one converter; between its resonant frequency an adjustment of the IUS generator is carried out.

Also, all the feedbacks of the control devices can be connected to the IUS generator one by one briefly (for a few seconds) by a special commutation structure, and it operates alternately at the accurate resonant frequency of each of the transducers. There are also other regulatory procedures in the work of many converters [ BA Agranat .: Ultrasonic Technology. Publisher "Metallurgy", Moscow, 1974, russ., S. P. 147 ].

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

• for the invention to be proposed:

"Apparatus and method for ultrasonic energy generation by current pulses in the wide power range and at high efficiency"

1 Schematic diagram of the counterattacked in the patent RU 2141877 C1 (1999) Pulse Ultrasonic Generator.

2 Functional Diagram of the Device According to the Invention "Impulse Ultrasonic Generator with High Efficiency IUSG-gW".

2.1 Functional Diagram of the "Pulsed Ultrasonic Generator with High Efficiency IUSG-gW" (s. 2 ) with an inverter 3 ,

2.2 Summary: Circuit diagram of the "Pulsed Ultrasonic Generator IUSG-gW" (see also 2 ) for comparison with the plan of the patent to be held RU 2141877 C1 to 1 ,

3 Block diagram of the frequency control device and equivalent scheme of adaptation and signal separation in frequency tuning for device "pulse ultrasonic generator IUSG-gW"

4 Block diagram of the device for controlling the vibration amplitudes of magnetostrictive transducers of IUSG gW.

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of the documents listed by the applicant has been generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited patent literature

• GB 646882 [0013]
• SU 1022750 A [0013]
• SU 1075508A [0013]
• SU 1205383A [0013]
• DE 3812376 [0013]
• EP 0531902 A1 [0013]
• DE 102006017637 A1 [0013]
• RU 2141877 C1 [0014, 0022, 0022, 0022, 0022, 0098, 0101]

Cited non-patent literature

• DA Gerschgal, WM Fridman: Ultrasound laboratories. Publisher "Energy", Moscow, 1976, russ., S. P. 103 [0002]
• Kuttruff H .: Physics and Technology of Ultrasound. S. Hirzel Verlag Stuttgart, 1988, p. P. 391, 392 [0003]
• Sorge G .: The fascination of ultrasound. Publisher BG Teubner GmbH, Stuttgart / Leipzig / Wiesbaden, 2002, s. Pp. 101, 102 [0003]
• DA Gerschgal, WM Fridman: Ultrasound laboratories. Verlag "Energie", Moscow, 1976, russ., P. 101 [0003]
• DA Gerschgal, WM Fridman: Ultrasound laboratories. Publisher "Energy", Moscow, 1976, russ., S. P. 101 [0014]
• DA Gerschgal, WM Friedman .: Ultrasound laboratories. Publisher "Energy", Moscow, 1976, russ., S. P. 101 [0018]
• BA Agranat, VI Bashkirov, Ju. I. Kitajgorodskij, NN Havskij. Ultrasonic technology. Publisher "Metallurgy", Moscow, 1974, russ., S. P. 136 [0018]
• Yes. Popilow .: Reference book for electrical and ultrasonic processes of material processing. Publisher "Mechanical Engineering", Leningrad, 1971, russ., S. P. 497 [0022]
• II Teumin. Ultrasonic vibration systems. Publishing House "Mechanical Engineering", Moscow, 1959, russ., S. P. 282 [0042]
• AB Donskoy, OK Keller, GS Kratisch .: Electrotechnical ultrasound systems. Publisher "Energoatomizdat", Leningrad, 1982, russ., S. Pp. 98 ... 100 [0043]
• Herring, E .; Bressler, K; Gutekunst, J. Electronics for Engineers. Springer Verl. 2001; s. P. 617, 618 [0049]
• AB Donskoy, OK Keller, GS Kratisch .: Electrotechnical ultrasound systems. Publisher "Energoatomizdat", Leningrad, 1982, russ., S. Pp. 95 ... 100 [0065]
• DA Gerschgal, WM Friedman .: Technological ultrasonic apparatus. Publisher "Energy", Moscow, 1976, russ., S. Pp. 95-99 [0065]
• "Elektrotechnologische Ultraschallanlagen" by AB Donskoy, OK Keller, GS Kratisch (publishing house "Energoatomizdat", Leningrad, 1982, Russian, pp. 97, 98) [0075]
• AB Donskoy, OK Keller, GS Kratisch .: Electrotechnical ultrasound systems. Publisher "Energoatomizdat", Leningrad, 1982, russ., S. Pp. 102, 104, 106 [0085]
• BA Agranat .: Ultrasonic Technology. Publisher "Metallurgy", Moscow, 1974, russ., S. P. 147 [0097]

Claims (10)

A method for ultrasonic energy generation by current pulses in the wide power range and at a high efficiency, characterized in that the succession of positive and negative power pulses at the time between them of one or two periods of free vibrations in the circuits of electroacoustic transducers, the free vibrations of the discontinued resonance frequency ie frequency of free oscillations is 3 or 5 times greater than the corresponding repetition frequency of the power pulses. In this case, a mode of operation of the continuous oscillations is ensured with the attenuated up to the specific amplitude value current oscillations. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the packets of continuous damped current oscillations of definite duration are formed according to a program so that after the last power pulse in the packets, the time between the power pulses is greater than two periods of the free current oscillations and the current oscillations to to the next power pulse can not be generated. This is followed by the pulse ultrasonic vibrations with stable or different pulse ratios and with high efficiency during the formation of the current vibration packets. A method according to claims 1-2, characterized in that the transfer of the power pulses into the oscillation circuits of a device for ultrasonic energy generation by current pulses in the parallel connection of the branches of circuits with reactances occurs, but proceed the free current oscillations in the series current flow through these branches. Device for ultrasonic energy generation by current pulses in a wide power range and at high efficiency [high-efficiency pulse ultrasonic generator (IUSG gW)] with implementation of the method according to claims 1-3, characterized in that it comprises: - a power supply unit (SVE) 1 from an AC mains 6 with the voltage usually of about 220/380 V, which is a variable transformer 26 in economy circuit for feeding the inverter 3 and 3e , a switch 24 , a temperature fuse 25 , then a variable transformer 27 in economy mode to the premagnetization system 5 the magnetostriction converter 10 and a switch 24a having; - a rectification system 2 that is a rectifier 8th and one or more storage capacitors connected in parallel 9 represents; - two special electronic switches 4 ; - two inverters (thyristor inverter) 3 and 3e ; - a premagnetization system 5 ; - means for automatically tuning the resonant oscillation frequency of the device IUSG-gW; - Device for controlling and regulating the vibration amplitudes of the magnetostrictive converter of the devices IUSG-gW in the wide power range Apparatus according to claim 4, characterized in that the rectifier 8th is a full-wave rectifier. Device according to claims 4-5, characterized in that the premagnetization system 5 for all magnetostrictive transducers 10 a half-wave rectifier 28 after which the current through filter capacitor 29 and throttle 30 is smoothed. Device according to claim 4, characterized in that it comprises one or more inverters connected in parallel 3 . 3e etc. has, according to the following modules and elements: - two thyristors 16 . 17 and 18 . 19 used to generate oppositely directed current pulses in power pulse and free-circulating circuits 13 serve; - two magnetostriction transducers each 10 with main windings 11 in every inverter 3 and 3e ; - Kraftstromimpuls- and free-vibration circuits 13 with the main windings 11 of magnetostriction transducers 10 and capacitors 12 ; - Commutation capacitors 15 , - The inverters 3 and 3e have according to the following main circuits: the input current impulse circuits 20 and 22 and output current pulse circuits 21 and 23 ; - the entrance circle 20 has the following components and elements taking into account the rectification system 2 with the storage capacitor 9 , a switch 33 and the special electron switch 4 : 9 - 4 - thyristor 16 - Kraftstromimpuls- and free-vibration circuits 13 with windings 11 and capacitors 12 - Commutation capacitors 15 - 4 - 9 ; - the entrance circle 22 has the following components and elements according to the positions 9 - Switch 33a - 4 : 9 - 4 - thyristor 18 - Kraftstromimpuls- and free-vibration circuits 13 with windings 11 and capacitors 12 - Commutation capacitors 15 - 4 - 9 ; - the output current pulse circuit 21 indicates: commutation 15 - Kraftstromimpuls- and free-vibration circuits 13 with windings 11 and capacitors 12 - thyristor 17 - Commutation capacitors 15 ; - the output current pulse circuit 23 indicates: commutation capacitors 15 - Kraftstromimpuls- and free-vibration circuits 13 with windings 11 and capacitors 12 - thyristor 19 - Commutation capacitors 15 ; - windings 14 on the magnetostriction transducers 10 for the premagnetization of the last; - Adjustable resistance 31 for DC biasing of a magnetostrictive sensor 34a the acoustic feedback link; - Sensor of the electrical feedback link (ERV) 34 on the leg of a magnetostriction converter 10 of the inverter 3e or Acoustic Feedback Sensor (ARV) 34a on a special core of the converter. Device according to claims 4-7, characterized in that the anode of the thyristor 16 ( 18 ) with the corresponding special electronic switch 4 and its cathode is connected to a junction of two following connections: the one end of the main coils 11 and the one plate of the capacitors 12 from each of the two power pulse and free circulation circuits 13 with the anode of the thyristor 17 ( 19 ). The turn-off from the other plate of the capacitors 12 and the second end of the main windings 11 of converters 10 become a plate of commutation capacitors 15 connected; the other plates of commutation capacitors 15 be with the cathode of the thyristor 17 ( 19 ) and the corresponding electron switch 4 connected. Device according to claims 4-8, characterized in that the inputs of the inverter 3 and 3e to the rectification plant 2 , consisting of full-wave rectifier 8th with throttle 7 and storage capacitor 9 , through the plate (+) of this capacitor by means of an installation of switches 33 and 33a and two electron switches 4 be connected; and the outputs of inverters 3 and 3e through the electron switch 4 with the plate (-) of the storage capacitor 9 and the negative pole of the full-wave rectifier 8th get connected. Device according to claims 4-9, characterized in that for turning on the device IUSG-gW for ultrasonic energy generation and to prevent the short circuits two special electronic switches 4 with according to a Optron with thyristor output, a transistor MOSFET and system of resistors can be used.

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