DE102011016087A1 - Method for constructing coupling elements used as e.g. resonators for superposition transponder for analyzing biochemical materials, involves wrapping wires of normal coils, and providing combined coils by retention of normal coils - Google Patents

Abstract

The method involves using coils (39, 52) such as air-core coils i.e. toroid coils, including center lines, which follow an original, real or virtual wire course. Wires of normal coils (29, 42) are wrapped by wires of the air-core coils. Combined coils are provided by retention of the normal coils. Coupling is carried out by electrical fields (22, 25) and magnetic fields (32, 35) by design of the air-core coils such that same or different frequencies are used. The air-core coils enclose surfaces of field diffusion, where the enclosed surfaces are not lie in a common plane. An independent claim is also included for an arrangement that is utilized as a coupling element and antenna for coupling and decoupling electromagnetic fields.

Description

The invention relates to a method for providing coupling elements for coupling and decoupling electromagnetic fields and coupling elements for coupling and decoupling electromagnetic fields in the presence of matter.

• – als Spulen und/oder Antennen zur Energie- und Datenübertragung und/oder
• – als Resonatoren und/oder
• – als Kopplungselemente für eine Kopplung elektromagnetischer bzw. magnetischer und/oder elektrischer Felder in Anwesenheit von Materie, sowie
• – zum Eintragen und zur Auskopplung von elektromagnetischer Energie in die Materie hinein

genutzt werden können und die zum Beispiel

• – in Transpondern und/oder in elektronischen Markierungen genutzt werden können, wenn diese in problematischer Umgebung (z. B. in oder auf leitfähigen Materialien) eingesetzt werden sollen und/oder
• – in einer problematischen Umgebung generell eine Energie- und/oder Datenübertragung mit elektromagnetischen Feldern verbessern können oder
• – für unterschiedlichste analytische Zwecke elektromagnetische Felder in oder auf beliebige Materie einkoppeln können.

In particular, the invention relates to coupling elements, the

• - As coils and / or antennas for energy and data transmission and / or
• - As resonators and / or
• - As coupling elements for coupling electromagnetic or magnetic and / or electric fields in the presence of matter, and
• - For entering and extracting electromagnetic energy into matter

can be used and for example

• - can be used in transponders and / or in electronic tags if they are to be used in problematic environments (eg in or on conductive materials) and / or
• - in a problematic environment can generally improve energy and / or data transmission with electromagnetic fields or
• - can couple electromagnetic fields into or onto any matter for a variety of analytical purposes.

By "matter" is meant here any material substance not to be seen as vacuum, that is to say, "matter". H. Matter can be a (physico-chemical) element (atom), can consist of any combination of these elements (molecules), and / or any combination of these molecules, including living and non-living matter. Matter can be of any size (microscopic, macroscopic), can have any origin (ie, be created naturally or artificially), can be of any internal structure (homogeneous / inhomogeneous, isotropic / anisotropic, crystalline, etc.), one can have any state of aggregation (solid, liquid, gaseous, etc.) and can occur in any form (irregular, regular, spherical, flat, etc.).

• – Permittivität ε der Materie (z. B. im Verschiebungsstrom D: D = εE),
• – Leitfähigkeit κ der Materie (z. B. in der Stromdichte j: j = κE) und
• – Permeabilität μ der Materie (z. B. in B = μH).

In the context of electrodynamics, interactions between electromagnetic fields and matter are treated by material constants. In the environment according to the invention, this is done in the sense that the relationship between a causative variable and a resulting magnitude of effect is represented by a proportionality factor whose size is at least modulated by the matter present. In the context of the invention, this essentially relates to the

• Permittivity ε of the matter (eg in the displacement current D: D = εE),
• - Conductivity κ of matter (eg in the current density j: j = κE) and
• Permeability μ of the matter (eg in B = μH).

• – z. B. nur ein magnetisches Feld vorliegen kann, d. h. ein Feld, das auf Grund einer niedrigen Frequenz von nur sehr geringen oder gar keinen elektrischen Feldkomponenten begleitet wird (z. B. statische Felder), oder
• – z. B. nur elektrisches Feld vorliegen kann, d. h. als ein Feld, das auf Grund einer niedrigen Frequenz nur von sehr geringen oder keinen magnetischen Feldkomponenten begleitet wird (z. B. statische Felder),
• – z. B. Felder in einer beliebigen Form (moduliert oder unmoduliert usw.) und/oder mit beliebigen Frequenzkomponenten vorliegen können,

wobei spezielle Frequenzbereiche mit ihren jeweils speziellen Eigenschaften abgegrenzt werden können und sollen, wenn diese explizit benannt werden (z. B. Licht von Infrarot bis Ultraviolett, verschieden definierte Frequenzbereiche z. B. ISM-Frequenzen, RF, UHF, usw.).It should be noted at this point that the term "electromagnetic field" should always be used to comprehensively designate the entire known spectrum of electromagnetic fields, ie that high frequencies can occur, but also that

• - z. B. only one magnetic field can be present, ie a field which is accompanied by a low frequency of only very little or no electric field components (eg static fields), or
• - z. B. only electric field can be present, ie as a field that is accompanied due to a low frequency of only very little or no magnetic field components (eg static fields),
• - z. B. fields in any form (modulated or unmodulated, etc.) and / or may be present with any frequency components,

whereby specific frequency ranges with their respective special properties can and should be delimited if they are explicitly named (eg light from infrared to ultraviolet, differently defined frequency ranges eg ISM frequencies, RF, UHF, etc.).

In the given context, in connection with "electromagnetic fields" with regard to a coupling, there is a representation problem that should be avoided with the following viewpoint: Usually a coupling with coils is regarded as "inductive". This is to express that the primary coupling in a coil-like arrangement is by the magnetic component of a field that traverses a surface surrounded by a wire (wound into a coil). Regardless of such a view, however, it is quite clear that in "electromagnetic fields" with frequencies that are not close to zero (ie, almost always) electrical and magnetic fields are present in close combination at the same time. This is simply because a changing magnetic field creates an electric field and vice versa. The relationship between the two types of field is described by Maxwell's equations, which can be expressed in differential form by red H = dD / dt + j and red E = -dB / dt. (with E = electric field, D = electrical flux density or electrical shift density, J = electric current density, H = magnetic Field strength and B = magnetic flux density or magnetic induction).

Since the displacement current D (D = εE, with ε = permittivity) and the current density j (j = κE, with κ = conductivity) are generated by the localized electric field E and the magnetic flux density B and the magnetic voltage H are connected by B = μH (with μ = permeability), are magnetic and electric field from the given equations out in a certain, spatially and temporally visible symmetry before coupled. Only the center of gravity in a coupling consideration or the type of transmission, due to the coupling elements used (inductance, capacitance), is considered to be given by the magnetic field component, sometimes by the electric field component rather than primarily. However, a coupling can be "carried" in itself both by the magnetic field component, as well as by the electrical.

In the context given here, the technique to be represented according to the invention utilizes the ever-present combination of electric and magnetic fields (hereinafter often referred to as "field types"), even if one viewpoint, the other is emphasized. This is mainly because of the importance of shared transmission through the electric and magnetic fields. The relationships between the types of field to be distinguished are characterized, as will be seen, by the symmetrical structure of the field relationships.

• – „Resonatoren” bestehen für spezifische Arbeitsfrequenzen (nicht immer und evtl. nicht nur) aus Induktivitäten und Kapazitäten und haben i. a. keinen galvanischen Kontakt zu anderen Teilen einer Schaltung. Die besondere Eigenschaft, dass sie in gewissem Sinne nur dazu da sind, um zu schwingen und in diesen Schwingungen Energie anzusammeln, grenzt ihre Funktion von einem „normalen Schwingkreis” ab. Obwohl Resonatoren also an sich ebenfalls Schwingkreise darstellen, werden sie zur Abgrenzung dieser Eigenschaft als „Resonatoren” bezeichnet. Wesentlich im erfindungsgemäßen Umfeld ist, dass eine Kopplung von Resonatoren meist über die magnetische Feldkomponente erfolgt, womit auf dem Stand der Technik die im Zusammenhang zu sehenden Probleme bzgl. einer Anwesenheit leitender Materie gegeben sind.
• – „Übertragungsstrecken” sind von beliebiger Art und dienen der Übertragung von Signalen und/oder Energie. Dabei ist es unerheblich, auf welche Weise diese transportiert werden und über welche Übertragungsstrecken das erfolgt, also ob sie – nicht an Leitungen gebunden – unter Nutzung eines beliebigen Trägermediums (z. B. Vakuum, Luft, Flüssigkeit, feste Materialien, usw.) oder – unter Nutzung eines beliebigen Trägers (z. B. Licht, elektromagnetische Felder, Schall, Vibrationen, usw.) übertragen werden oder – über Leitungen übertragen werden, also durch oder entlang Materie, z. B. durch geführte Strecken, die – aus beliebigem Material (Metall, Holz, Kunststoff, Stein, usw.) und/oder – von beliebiger Form (linienförmige Drähte oder Kernmaterialen z. B. als magnetische Leiter oder flächige Leiter oder Volumenleiter, Rund, Hohl wie z. B. Rohre, rechteckigförmig und/oder Mikrowellen-Hohlleiter, quaderförmig, Vollmaterialien, beliebige Kabelformen, usw.) und/oder – eine beliebige andere Eigenschaften (leicht, schwer, warm, kalt, usw.) haben können, geleitet werden.
• – Als „Sendeschaltung” soll jede Einheit zur Erzeugung eines Signals verstanden werden, das auf eine Übertragungsstrecke geschickt werden soll, auch z. B. nur eine einfache Generatorschaltung (vgl. )(3), wenn diese ein Trägersignal generiert.
• – Unter „Sendestation” (1) wird eine Sendeschaltung (3), eingeschlossen aller Maßnahmen und Mittel zur Auskopplung von Signalen (z. B. Antennen, Spulen (4), Resonatoren, usw.) bzw. zur Einkopplung von Signalen auf eine Übertragungsstrecke, verstanden.
• – Als „Empfangsstation” (2) wird die Kombination aus einer Anordnung zur Signalaufnahme, z. B. von Signalen aus einer Übertragungsstrecke (Antenne, Spule (6), Resonator, usw., aber auch z. B. Lichtempfänger) und einer Empfangsschaltung (7) gesehen.
• – Unter „Empfangsschaltung” (7) soll jede Einheit zur Nutzung eines Signals gesehen werden, speziell von Signalen, die über eine Übertragungsstrecke kommen und mittels einer geeigneten Anordnung aufgenommen worden ist. Als Empfangsschaltung kann auch einfach nur ein ohmscher Widerstand (7) gesehen werden.

For the following, the following definitions apply beyond what has been defined so far (unless explicitly stated otherwise in the respective context):

• - "resonators" are made for specific operating frequencies (not always and possibly not only) of inductances and capacitances and generally have no galvanic contact with other parts of a circuit. The special property that in a sense they are only there to vibrate and accumulate energy in these vibrations, distinguishes their function from a "normal resonant circuit". Although resonators therefore also represent oscillating circuits, they are referred to as "resonators" in order to delimit this property. It is essential in the context according to the invention that a coupling of resonators usually takes place via the magnetic field component, whereby the problems which can be seen in connection with the presence of conductive matter are given in the prior art.
• - "Transmission links" are of any type and are used to transmit signals and / or energy. It does not matter in which way they are transported and via which transmission links this takes place, that is, whether they are not bound to lines using any carrier medium (eg vacuum, air, liquid, solid materials, etc.) or - be transmitted using any carrier (eg light, electromagnetic fields, sound, vibrations, etc.) or - be transmitted via lines, so by or along matter, for. B. by guided routes, the - of any material (metal, wood, plastic, stone, etc.) and / or - of any shape (linear wires or core materials, for example, as magnetic conductors or planar conductors or volume conductors, round, Hollow such as tubes, rectangular and / or microwave waveguide, cuboid, solid materials, any cable shapes, etc.) and / or - any other properties (light, heavy, warm, cold, etc.) may have passed become.
• - As a "transmission circuit", each unit should be understood to generate a signal to be sent on a transmission path, including z. B. only a simple generator circuit (see. () 3 ), if this generates a carrier signal.
• - Under "Broadcasting Station" ( 1 ) is a transmission circuit ( 3 ), including all measures and means for decoupling signals (eg antennas, coils ( 4 ), Resonators, etc.) or for coupling signals to a transmission path, understood.
• - As a "receiving station" ( 2 ), the combination of an arrangement for signal recording, z. B. signals from a transmission path (antenna coil ( 6 ), Resonator, etc., but also z. B. light receiver) and a receiving circuit ( 7 ) seen.
• - Under "receive circuit" ( 7 ), each unit should be seen to use a signal, especially signals coming over a link and picked up by a suitable arrangement. As a receiving circuit can also simply just a resistor ( 7 ) be seen.

• • zum Empfang oder zur Aufnahme von Signalen geeignet ist und die
• • daraufhin im Sinne einer Antwort – zum Aussenden von Signalen oder – zur Weitergabe von Signalen oder – zu einer anderen erkennbaren Reaktion fähig ist.

In the context given here, transponders are to be understood in the following to mean any kind of unit which

• • is suitable for receiving or recording signals and the
• • then in the sense of an answer - for sending signals or - for passing on signals or - is capable of another recognizable reaction.

The artificial word "transponder", formed of "transceiver" and "responder", describes this.

It is irrelevant how the occurring signals are transported and over which transmission lines that takes place.

The distinction between a transponder and a tag is marginal in the context of this invention. Transponders and markers can u. U. be the same, but can also be of different types and functions. It is essential in the context of this invention that the problems to be avoided are characterized by the properties of electromagnetic fields in relation to a presence of matter. Therefore, in the following for transponder or marking respectively, both should be seen and only the transponder may be mentioned.

In the given context of an application of electromagnetic fields is the already indicated problem that almost never exclusively electric or magnetic fields are present, but always combined electrical and magnetic fields in play. Only the focus of consideration of the respective primary transmission mechanism is once seen and represented as an effect borne by the magnetic field component, rather than an effect, rather than the electric field component. However, the technique to be presented according to the invention now intends to take into account precisely the fact that there is always a combination of both fields, even if one point of view, the other is pushed into the foreground.

It should be emphasized that the following statements can not be exact representations, but only plausibility representations for a much more complex matter in itself.

As the physical teaching shows, the properties of a material of interest in the given framework are described by the material constants μ and ε. As the physical teaching also shows, the propagation velocity of electromagnetically carried signals is represented by the material constants μ and ε (more precisely by the relationship (√ (με)) ^-1 ia, this velocity being a substantially constant quantity for the respective material, such as e.g. B. the speed of light for the vacuum.

If, however, even in a given material, this velocity is a substantially constant quantity, the penetration behavior of electromagnetic fields, which consists of magnetic and / or electrical field components, will also have "something constant" per se. It applies that this "constant" from the (constant) product of the material constant με, in which at the same time each factor, ie μ or ε, a constant for any given material (for the material specific) size to be supplied to the application.

A few example considerations may indicate the possibilities that arise from this point of view: The material constants that are currently being considered are specific to each material, but it is still obvious, for B. at very high frequencies that these u. U. are considered to be complex sizes. Regardless of this fact, however, it is also evident in real experiments that the observations themselves are frequency-dependent. These material properties are specifically used in the analysis of materials (biochemical, chemical, physical, etc.). Also, some other applications (eg, impedance spectroscopy) show that the fundamentally frequency-dependent behavior of matter can be harnessed for many applications. The deeper reason (in addition to the often caused by construction artificial properties) deeper reason that material constants always have a certain frequency dependence: It is known, for example, that the material constant ε (due to differently shaped polarization processes, which are of course material-specific) is different due to frequency ; There are specific frequencies where the ε of a material changes. Also μ _r is strongly influenced by the frequency, albeit by quite different mechanisms.

Independent of this, however, when one looks at a given material, it is the "constant" that is just seen, ie. H. to supply the (constant) product με and the (constant) material constants μ and ε themselves to an application by the arrangement according to the invention.

• – entweder wird das Produkt με größer (wodurch sich die Signalleitgeschwindigkeit ändert und andere, z. B. optische Effekte auftreten),
• – oder das Produkt με bleibt im Wesentlichen konstant; dann wird μ kleiner (aber nicht unbedingt und nicht immer) und die Wirksamkeit des Magnetfeldes nimmt ab (was wie ausgeführt frequenzabhängig und/oder materialbedingt erfolgen wird)

If ε (frequency-dependent and / or material-related) increases, then in D = εE the electric field becomes "more efficient" with respect to D, the "displacement current" D becomes larger; However, the shift of charge carriers in the material is not directly easier (this depends on the conductivity of the material). At the same time:

• Either the product με becomes larger (as a result of which the signal conduction velocity changes and others, for example optical effects, occur),
• Or the product με remains substantially constant; then μ becomes smaller (but not necessarily and not always) and the effectiveness of the magnetic field decreases (which, as stated, will be frequency dependent and / or material related)

• – entweder wird das Produkt με größer (wodurch sich die Signalleitgeschwindigkeit ändert und andere, z. B. optische Effekte auftreten),
• – oder das Produkt με bleibt im Wesentlichen konstant; dann wird ε kleiner (aber nicht unbedingt und nicht immer) und die Wirksamkeit des elektrischen Feldes nimmt ab (was wie ausgeführt frequenzabhängig und/oder materialbedingt erfolgen wird)

On the other hand, if μ (frequency-dependent and / or material-related) increases, the influence of a magnetic induction becomes "more effective" according to B = μH, given a constant H; an "eddy current" caused thereby becomes larger; However, the shift of charge carriers in the material is also not directly easier (this depends on the conductivity of the material). At the same time:

• Either the product με becomes larger (as a result of which the signal conduction velocity changes and others, for example optical effects, occur),
• Or the product με remains substantially constant; then ε becomes smaller (but not necessarily and not always) and the efficiency of the electric field decreases (which, as stated, will be frequency dependent and / or material related)

The better a magnetic field penetrates the material (a nonsensical formulation in itself, but it describes the right one in context) and the more conductive the material, the stronger will be the eddy currents that occur; a B-field acting on the material from the outside is thus strongly attenuated. But the worse then possibly penetrates the electric field (here is the remark just made). In spite of a possible, good conductivity of the material, the charge shift and the current in the direction of the E-field decreases, conversely, an eddy-current effect increases (and all this is not only material-dependent, but also frequency-dependent).

• – elektrische Feldlinien treffen senkrecht auf die Oberfläche eines leitenden Materials. (Diese senkrecht in das Material eintretenden Feldlinien durchdringen im hier zu sehenden Rahmen eine Fläche, die auf dieser Oberfläche von einem Rand begrenzt wird. Der Rand kann von einer Struktur (z. B. einer Spule) definiert werden, die zur sensorischen Erfassung dieser Feldkomponente genutzt wird. Damit durchfluten die Feldlinien die von dieser sensorischen Einheit aufgespannten Fläche, auch wenn keine Materie vorhanden wäre).
• – magnetische Feldlinien treffen senkrecht auf eine metallische (ferromagnetische) Fläche auf. (Diese senkrecht in das Material eintretenden Feldlinien durchdringen im hier zu sehenden Rahmen eine Fläche, die auf dieser Oberfläche von einem Rand begrenzt wird. Der Rand kann von einer Struktur (z. B. einer Spule) definiert werden, die zur sensorischen Erfassung dieser Feldkomponente genutzt wird. Damit durchfluten die Feidlinien die von dieser sensorischen Einheit aufgespannten Fläche, auch wenn keine Materie vorhanden wäre).
• – Magnetische Feldlinien und elektrische Feldlinien eines elektromagnetischen Feldes stehen zudem senkrecht aufeinander.
• – Wie man den Winkel φ auch immer definiert, unter dem das elektromagnetische Feld auf die Oberfläche eines materiellen Objektes auftritt, (das kann z. B. der Winkel sein, den der Poynting-Vektor mit dem Normalenvektor der Oberfläche bildet), wenn nicht beide Feldarten bzw. Feldkomponenten parallel zur Oberfläche liegen, wird wenigstens eine Anteil dieser Komponenten eine der oben definierten Randflächen senkrecht durchdringen.

Besides these circumstances given by the materials, there are at the same time some circumstances concerning the geometry of the field lines:
If one considers the behavior of the two field types on the surface of any material (or in the vicinity of surfaces) in the given context, then the physical doctrine can be seen:

• - Electric field lines meet perpendicular to the surface of a conductive material. (In the frame seen here, these field lines entering perpendicularly into the material penetrate a surface which is bounded on this surface by an edge.) The edge can be defined by a structure (eg a coil) which is used to sense this field component Thus, the field lines penetrate the area spanned by this sensory unit, even if no matter were present).
• - Magnetic field lines are perpendicular to a metallic (ferromagnetic) surface. (In the frame seen here, these field lines entering perpendicularly into the material penetrate a surface which is bounded on this surface by an edge.) The edge can be defined by a structure (eg a coil) which is used to sense this field component Thus, the fiddles flood the surface of this sensory unit, even if there is no matter).
• - Magnetic field lines and electric field lines of an electromagnetic field are also perpendicular to each other.
• - How to define the angle φ under which the electromagnetic field appears on the surface of a material object (this may be, for example, the angle that the Poynting vector forms with the normal vector of the surface), if not both Field types or field components are parallel to the surface, at least a proportion of these components will penetrate one of the above-defined edge surfaces vertically.

When considering a transponder application with inductive coil coupling occur with respect to the geometric conditions to be observed often the same questions when z. B. such a transponder on an object that consists of a particular material, is attached: vertically impinging, the coil surface of the transponder flowing through magnetic fields, penetrate the area spanned by the coil and induce in this coil a voltage. If the material constant μ of the underlying material is large, then magnetic field lines are perpendicular to the material, but induce eddy currents there, even if the material conducts well, which themselves form a field that eliminates this magnetic field component to the point of inefficiency. Then u. U. a more electrically embossed field component have a better coupling suitability. But where is there a frequency-independent and / or material-independent, so largely material-independent optimum and with which arrangement can you record this.

These effects and conditions of the influence and influence of electromagnetic fields are the basis for a variety of methods of analysis of the chemical and physical sciences and so also the material sciences, biomedical analysis, etc., because in a frequency- and material-dependent, but also in Often very specific, these quantities are all related and interdependent.

If now succeeds - so the idea of the invention - the sensory arrangements perceiving these field types, which are designed as edges of the surface (which is flooded by the respective field), both for an effect of electric, and magnetic fields, and be interpreted separately for both types of field and achieve so that magnetic and electrical field components can be perceived as it were independently, then this could u. U. lead to a material-independent sensory detection of electromagnetic fields. And if it succeeds - so the idea according to the invention - the application to design the generation of electric and magnetic fields such that magnetic and electric field components can be applied equally and effectively independent of each other, then that could be a new way of extracting electromagnetic fields be considered. (What would be given both a new type of antenna, as well as a device for the action of electromagnetic fields on matter in any form for sensory and analytical purposes) The existing problem will be exemplified in the following example of such transponder technologies, because the existing problems there Good starting point for the presentation of the state of the art and the problem to be solved is, at the same time there, the structures of the invention are well displayed. However, the invention is not limited only to such an application; Transponders can advantageously use the technique according to the invention, but these are not to be regarded as being located primarily according to the invention in this technique.

Transponders are known in the art. The structure of such a transponder can be active, semi-active or semi-passive or passive and is characterized by inductive couplings or by the use of electromagnetic fields. By using an i. a. inductive coupling are without special measures on metallic or conductive surfaces problems that z. B. are quite well known from the RFID transponders ago: The use of transponders that operate at high frequencies, is in such a problematic environment, eg. B. in the presence of metal or liquid, often not possible. Because high-frequency magnetic fields generated by an alternating electromagnetic field in a conductive material magnetic fields are practically canceled, inductively operating coupling elements are often no longer operational.

One reason for the existing problems is that z. B. the coil of a receiving arrangement is so that the magnetic component of the electromagnetic field can flow through the coil surface, but the magnetic field completely or partially penetrates into the existing, conductive material. At high frequencies, electric vortex fields are generated, which in turn generate eddy currents in conductive material, which in turn generates an opposing field directed against the magnetic field. An alternating magnetic field can thus be vaporized practically to the point of ineffectiveness for a coil attached to the surface transponder.

shows in the prior art a (sending) unit ( 1 ) with a generator ( 3 ) and a coil ( 4 ), which acts as a sending unit ( 1 ) an electromagnetic field ( 5 () 9 ) is emitted and emitted by a part in a receiving unit ( 2 ) an existing coil there ( 6 ) penetrates.

This illustration only shows the basic conditions. The actual conditions can be much more complicated and are z. B. on the frequency, the particular environment, the materials, etc. dependent. They are different in the near field of a transmitter than in the far field.

Without conductive materials near the receiver coil ( 6 ) induces this field ( 9 ) in this coil ( 6 ) a voltage supplied by a receiving and amplifying device ( 7 ) and can be further evaluated. If there is no conductive material, this remains with the alternating magnetic field ( 9 ) always connected electrical rotary field ( 8th ) almost without effect (from the mutual inductance or one in the coil ( 6 ) possibly flowing, induced current apart).

But now lies in the same arrangement of the same near the receiving coil ( 13 ) a conductive material ( 17 ), then the magnetic field ( 11 ) with the ever-connected vortex field ( 10 () 15 ) in the conductive material ( 17 ) an eddy current ( 16 ) generated. By this circular current becomes one against the original magnetic field ( 19 ) opposing field ( 20 ), whereby the original field can practically be canceled out almost completely. (The designations in the transmitting unit shown here are the same as in )

Depending on which materials are available, which designs are available and what the design of the environment is and what other influences are still present, there are almost always certain frequencies or frequency ranges at which a given arrangement can still maintain its functionality. But since the frequencies are generally predetermined and they are in very limited areas, the environment would have to be adapted constructively. The targeted design of an arrangement, including a defined environment for a particular application, but in general is only with an unacceptable cost and very limited or not possible.

In this context, it is an object of this invention to specify how to design the structure of antenna or coupling elements for a variety of applications, if they are intended for a specific use of electromagnetic fields in the presence of matter, both applying and sensory applications in the applications are to be considered. In this context, another object is to provide suitable embodiments of such coupling elements, by means of which an application in which a coupling of electromagnetic fields is used can operate largely independently of the respective environment and of the frequencies used.

In addition, it should be shown how the electrical and / or magnetic components of the electromagnetic fields used can interact as much as possible independently of one another on material in such a way that new applications of materials science and analytics are possible to a very great extent.

The solution of this problem is indicated by the characterizing part of claim 1. Useful coupling elements are indicated by the characterizing part of claim 6.

The essential thing about this solution is that it should be preceded by everything else, that not only the sensory (ie the "absorbing") property of such an arrangement is in the foreground, but also and especially the applying (ie the "donating" property). Just as a coil has transmitting or radiating properties when passing a (high frequency) current through it and a similar coil can receive or pick up the same from the radiating coil, this arrangement according to the invention should have transmitting or radiating properties and at the same time for recording or be suitable for receiving such emitted or radiated signals. Just as an antenna can emit and / or receive signals, the arrangement according to the invention can also emit and / or receive signals or fields. As well as microwaves are radiated with an antenna in a medium (applied) to z. Example, in the context of a microwave spectroscopy to be able to analyze this medium, which can be received with the same antenna array backscattered from the medium or transmitted microwaves, so the arrangement according to the invention can also radiate the fields generated before her and / or receive these fields.

According to claim 1, another type of coil is used for this purpose in addition to or instead of the usual for forming an inductance or coil. These coils effectively form coil coils, d. H. Here, long and relatively thin coils whose course (center line curve) but can be compared with the original leadership course of "normally used normal coils".

Consider the wire of a normal coil (i.e., a "normal coil" used in the prior art to form an inductor) itself wrapped once more with a wire. This on the structure of the given coil additionally wound coil (which would thus be created by the "wrapping of the original conductor structure of the coil") can be with (mental) omit the wires of the original coil imagine, but this can be done while maintaining this line to introduce.

It is also possible to realize such a coil of the new type by winding several wires then running in parallel (from the given coil). Again, one can imagine that the wires, which are used in this case as a coil winding body, remain in the newly created arrangement or removed. Both designs are useful under certain conditions and can be used to advantage.

The structure of the new coil, which results in particular in several turns of the normal coil, suggests the concept of a coil coil. The long thin coil, the z. B. results from a single wire wrapping, yes, by the defined structure specification of the normal coil, as it were again wound into a coil. Thus, the centerline of the normal reel wire and the centerline of the new reel wound on this wire are the same.

In a combination (i.e., if, while maintaining the individual or parallel lines, which are used as bobbin for the new coil, both the given coil type and the new coil, so both coil types are shared) u. U. be left for the wrapping coil an additional air space. If the conductor wire of the original coil is removed, an air-coil coil is created to some extent anyway.

• – „Normalspule” (oder „normale Spule”), d. h. also eine Drahtwicklungen zur Ausbildung einer Induktivität auf dem bekannten Stand der Technik;
• – „Spulen-Spule” (evtl. „Luft-Spulen-Spule”), d. h. eine Spule wie gerade beschrieben; das kann eine Luftspule sein, kann aber im Inneren auch ein anderes Kernmaterial aufweisen;
• – „Kombinationsspule” d. h. hier eine Anordnung, die eine solche Spulen-Spule und eine bei der Wicklung derselben als Wickelkörper zugrunde gelegten Normalspule funktionell vereint.

Conceptually, the coils occurring in the following description are to be distinguished by

• - "normal coil" (or "normal coil"), ie, a wire windings for forming an inductance in the prior art;
• - "coil coil" (possibly "air coil coil"), ie a coil as just described; this may be an air coil, but may also have another core material inside;
• - "Combination coil" ie here an arrangement that functionally unites such a coil coil and a coil wound on the same basis as the normal coil.

The coil coils are most likely with Rogowsi coils (eg. DE 269 257 ) comparable. Just as in electrical circuits an electrical voltage is seen and measured as the cause of a current (which is easy to realize in the state of the art with suitable measuring devices), so it is also useful and possible in magnetic circuits, the so-called magnetic tension between two points to eat. Magnetic stress of a magnetic field between two points is described by a line integral (on any path between the two points), and this is exactly what is detected with such a Rogowski coil in a magnetic field generated by alternating current. Rogowski coils are z. B. used for sensory purposes for current measurement. Often they are (erroneously) equated with toroidal coils; Toroidal coils, which can be sensory used to measure current, may be Rogowski coils, but the reverse conclusion is not true. Rogowski coils are therefore suitable for measuring magnetic strains. With a whole turn of such a coil around a current-conducting structure, a voltage results, which is proportional to the current change in this conductor.

However, the new coil coils are used for a completely different use and with a different effect intention compared to Rogowski coils. Combination coils have already going beyond properties.

A coil coil may (as a normal coil) comprise several turns and of course, a coil coil also have their own, so not just a defined by a different wire history course. The course of a coil coil can therefore, but does not always have to be derived or specified only by the conductor structure of the wires of a standard coil. However, construction and physical events are easier to describe under this assumption or assumption than in another way. Therefore, it is intended (for the time being) to proceed from the wire guide of a standard coil arrangement or from the guidance of an original normal coil structure as the design feature.

If only annular structures occur, then there is practically a toroidal coil in whose interior air (eg air coils), a core material, a wire or several parallel running wires of a standard coil can run.

According to the invention, coil coils and / or combination coils, that is to say coil coils, are used in combination with normal coils, a coil coil (macroscopically and with respect to the respective application) being coupled to the electric field components of an electromagnetic field, but moreover detect a magnetic component, with a different frequency, while normal coils rather perceive the magnetic field component, but u. U. also "take" an electrical component.

That in all cases always the combination of a both inductively coined, as well as an electrical coupling is present, must be seen anyway. This is because there are always electro-magnetic fields (that is, a combination of the two types of fields), and that each arrangement can always perceive both types of fields.

And just this can be used according to the invention by the appropriate design of the coil-coil structures (alone or in combination with standard coils) in a way that thus, as it were, a material insensitivity of the coupling arrangements can arise. In addition, embossing of electrical and magnetic field components into localized matter can be achieved in a manner that opens up new applications.

It is important for the solution according to the invention that this measure to a certain extent leads to a reversal of the effects of magnetic and electric fields and - depending on the design - magnetic and / or electrical components of an electromagnetic field in the applications at the same time and / or separately (see below) may or may affect separately or in combination.

This applies both to an application of this arrangement as a radiating element, as well as for an application of this arrangement as a receiving element.

Such an arrangement according to the invention allows the properties of the field behavior in the vicinity of matter, depending on whether it is conductive and / or how far it is conductive and / or whether it is non-conductive and / or how far this is non-conductive, but can specifically be effective individually. It allows field effects present as magnetic and / or electrical components in an electromagnetic field to be perceived worthwhile separated by this arrangement, using this arrangement as a sensory (or secondary) coupling element. It allows magnetic and / or electrical components of an electromagnetic field, even at the same frequency, to be separated and radiated independently and radiated; it allows, with such fields z. B. on matter z. B. for analytical purposes. (Of course, always in physically reasonable limits). Such an arrangement allows the magnetic and / or electric field components to be mounted on different, e.g. B. on widely spaced or closely adjacent, or even the same frequencies are used separately on these field components.

The inventive technique can therefore be used separately after electrical and magnetic coupling and at different frequencies.

In the case of transmission and reception (for example, when using general radio units, eg of transponders or overlay transponders), this allows the frequencies used and also the intermediate frequencies generated additionally to be separated according to the respective type of coupling.

If one analyzes in the prior art z. As the problems associated with transponders in a problematic environment, then shows a coupling by magnetic fields is problematic. This magnetic coupling is quite useful; after all, the power supply of the transponders is supposed to be effected via the electromagnetic field at the same time. This is a comparable with a transformer, similar coupling model in the foreground and therefore the coupling is often represented by coils and analyzed and realized. In addition, only an inductive coupling over a greater distance seems suitable for sufficient energy transfer. A coupling by means of electric fields would be structurally (capacities for transmission would be required) a much more problematic coupling method, not to mention the transferable energies and the frequencies to be used.

In the given framework, however, it must not be overlooked that combined electric and magnetic fields are always involved. However, since an electromagnetic field (at least in the far field) represents a permanent exchange of the energies contained in it between magnetic and electric field energy form, the energies in both types of field must be the same size, there is no reason to assume that only the one coupling form to be suitable for an energy transfer coupling; the two forms of energy (magnetic field energy and electric field energy) should equally be suitable for comparable applications. That we rather see and represent the transmission mechanism between a transponder and a reading unit (even if they have a greater distance to each other) rather inductively, is therefore more to be seen as a convention. The fact that a transmission only has to be made by magnetic field energy seems to be no necessity, as seen in the starting point of the invention.

The technique to be presented according to the invention is therefore always to be seen in the context given here as a combination of the two fields, even if the one view, sometimes the other, is pushed into the foreground for illustration. This is also essential, because both have their justification. Since in the frame according to the invention between the different types of field and between the types of coupling according to the invention such a symmetrical reference can be made that a distinction is anyway only gradually, this remains without real relevance.

The symmetry and the nature of the coupling is based on the coil designs of be made clear: Two elements are shown ( 21 ) and ( 31 ) intended for coupling to and through electromagnetic fields (both transmitting and receiving). The symmetry and the structure of normal coils and coil coils should be clarified. The left element ( 21 ) is intended for inductive coupling; therefore, superficially, the magnetic component B ( 41 ) of an electromagnetic field. The right element ( 31 ) is intended for coupling by electric fields; therefore, the electrical component E (o) is superficially 51 ) of an electromagnetic field.

• – Eine solche Spule kann in an sich bekannter Weise als Antennenanordnung zur Aufnahme des Trägersignals für eine Signal- oder Energieübertragung verwendet werden: Die Feldlinien einer magnetischen Komponente B (23)(41) eines elektromagnetischen Feldes (die von einem elektrischen Feld E (22) umschlungen werden), erreichen die von der Normalspule aufgespannte Fläche, durchdringen diese (24) und verlaufen hinter dieser Fläche in bekannter Weise weiter (26), immer noch umschlungen von dem begleitenden elektrischen Feld (25). Die Beziehung zwischen diesen beiden Feldern wird an dieser Stelle durch rot E = –dB/dt (27) beschrieben; wesentlich ist unter diesem Blickwinkel aber nur, dass in der so aufgebauten Spule (durch das elektromagnetische Feld durch induktive Kopplung) eine Spannung induziert wird, die durch geeignete Empfangsschaltungen ausgewertet werden kann. Hier soll das nur durch ein Instrument (45) angedeutet werden.
• – Eine solche Spule kann in bekannter Weise zur Ausbildung eines Resonators genutzt werden, indem der mit der Spule realisierte induktive Blindwiderstand/-Leitwert durch den kapazitiven Blindwiderstand/-Leitwert eines Kondensators (30) so kompensiert wird, dass sich daraus Resonanzbedingungen für eine bestimmte Frequenz ergeben. Das hier dargestellte Instrument (45) bzw. eine Empfangsschaltung ist dann nicht vorhanden.
• – Eine solche Spule kann in bekannter Weise zur Ausbildung eines Schwingkreises im Rahmen einer Antennenanordnung genutzt werden, entweder indem der von der Spule eingebrachte induktive Blindwiderstand/-Leitwert durch den Blindwiderstand/-Leitwert einer Kapazität (30) so kompensiert wird, dass sich daraus Resonanzbedingungen für eine bestimmte Frequenz zur Nutzung z. B. in einem Heterodyn-Empfänger ergeben oder indem das in der Spule induzierte Signal durch eine geeignete Empfangsschaltung direkt weiterverarbeitet wird. Das wird hier wieder nur durch das Instrument (45) angedeutet.

The effective (inductive) coupling element of the left element is a coil and consists of a surface here of lines, for. B. a wire ( 42 () 29 ) is bordered at least once. The wire guide defines the geometric coil course, here a standard coil, and tensions the effective area first. If several windings are required (for example for the formation of a larger inductance), then the area thus spanned is wrapped around this wire several times; it is then at every point of the wiring instead of a single wire ( 47 ) a trunk group ( 46 ) to accept.

• Such a coil can be used in a manner known per se as an antenna arrangement for receiving the carrier signal for a signal or energy transmission: The field lines of a magnetic component B (FIG. 23 () 41 ) of an electromagnetic field (that of an electric field E ( 22 ) are wrapped around) reach the plane spanned by the normal coil surface, penetrate these ( 24 ) and continue behind this surface in a known manner ( 26 ), still surrounded by the accompanying electric field ( 25 ). The relationship between these two fields is denoted by red E = -dB / dt ( 27 ); However, from this point of view, it is only essential that a voltage is induced in the coil constructed in this way (by the electromagnetic field through inductive coupling), which voltage can be evaluated by suitable receiving circuits. Here is the only way through an instrument ( 45 ).
• Such a coil can be used in a known manner to form a resonator by the inductance / conductance realized with the coil being determined by the capacitive reactance / conductance of a capacitor ( 30 ) is compensated so that this results in resonance conditions for a certain frequency. The instrument shown here ( 45 ) or a receiving circuit is then not available.
• Such a coil can be used in a known manner to form a resonant circuit in the context of an antenna arrangement, either by the inductive reactance / conductance introduced by the coil being determined by the reactance / conductance of a capacitor ( 30 ) is compensated so that from it resonance conditions for a particular frequency for use z. B. result in a heterodyne receiver or by the signal induced in the coil signal is further processed directly by a suitable receiving circuit. This is again only by the instrument ( 45 ) indicated.

Lying now in the course of the surface penetrating magnetic field component ( 24 ) not only air (or vacuum), but also any matter, the conditions would change on the one hand by the material relations from the Maxwell equations, here by the relation B = μH ( 44 On the other hand, that in conductive matter eddy currents would arise, which could compensate the magnetic fields to inefficiency.

On this structural structure of a standard coil and its operation can continue, based on the , Construction and construction of coil coils are shown: First, the structure of the normal coil of the left arrangement ( 21 ), ie here the course of the wire ( 29 () 42 ) or the parallel course of wires ( 47 () 46 ), with which the previously considered normal coil arrangement was realized here, are retained as a default.

In order to obtain a coil of the new type for an inventive arrangement, this predetermined structure course ( 29 ) now even as a winding body for winding a further coil ( 48 ) used (thought or quite real). You can do that with the single wire ( 29 ) of the original normal coil and z. B. with only one turn so, but this can also be maintained in several turns of the normal coil, so can wrap the entire wire path of a coil. But you can also wrap the coil structure as a whole in this way, creating a wrap ( 45 ) of several parallel running wires ( 46 ) takes place of several turns of the normal coil at the same time.

In particular, the structure of the new coil, which results in a single wire winding in several turns of the normal coil, has suggested the concept of the coil coil. The long thin coil, which results from a single wire winding, is indeed wound up by the defined structural specification of the wound wires of the normal coil, in a sense again to form a coil. Only the center line of the wire of the standard reel and the center line of the reel wound on this wire are the same.

If you have in the left arrangement ( 21 ) the entire coil course of the normal coil ( 29 () 42 ) in this way ( 48 ) wrapped with wire, then finally lies in the right arrangement ( 31 ) structure, if one has the wires of the standard coil, which should (for now) only serve as a bobbin removed (real or just imagined).

The coil profile of the default coil of the left-hand arrangement ( 21 ) is only in the center line of the coil ( 39 () 52 ) of the right-hand arrangement ( 31 ) to find again. The previously in the left arrangement ( 21 ), by the coil geometry ( 29 () 41 ) area, through which the magnetic component of an electromagnetic field has entered, is also present here: it is first defined here by exactly the same border, but now from the center line of the coil ( 39 () 51 ) is given.

The chosen structure here is deliberately not quite round (but also not directly angular), in order not to let the otherwise implied idea of a toroidal coil and a Rogowski coil too much (although here of course a toroidal coil is conceivable).

• – Die Anordnung (31) kann – vergleichbar wie bei einer induktiven Kopplung mit einer Spule zuvor beschrieben – ebenso als Antennenanordnung zur Aufnahme eines Trägersignals für eine Signalübertragung genutzt werden: Nur treten jetzt Feldlinien einer elektrischen Feldkomponente E (33)(51) des elektromagnetischen Feldes (die in diesem Falle von einem magnetischen Feld B (32) umschlungen werden) durch die von der Spulen-Spule aufgespannten Fläche, durchdringen diese (34) und verlaufen hinter dieser Fläche weiter (36), immer noch umschlungen von einem begleitenden magnetischen Feld (35). Die Beziehung zwischen diesen beiden Feldern wird jetzt durch rot H = dD/dt + j (27) beschrieben. Wesentlich ist unter diesem Blickwinkel, dass in der so aufgebauten Spule (39)(51) ebenfalls eine Spannung induziert wird, die wieder durch geeignete Empfangsschaltungen ausgewertet werden kann, wobei aber statt der magnetischen jetzt die elektrische Feldkomponente des elektromagnetischen Feldes durch die Anordnung (31) treten muss. Hier soll die Empfangsschaltung wieder nur durch ein Instrument (55) angedeutet werden.
• – Diese neue Art von Spule kann (mit der zuvor beschriebenen induktiven Kopplung vergleichbar) zur Ausbildung eines Resonators genutzt werden, indem die mit der Spule realisierte Induktivität durch eine Kapazität (40) kompensiert wird, so dass sich Resonanzbedingungen für eine definierte Frequenz ergeben. Eine Empfangsschaltung bzw. das hier dargestellte Instrument (55) ist dann nicht vorhanden.
• – Diese Spule kann (vergleichbar mit der zuvor beschriebenen induktiven Kopplung) zur Ausbildung eines Schwingkreises im Rahmen einer Antennenanordnung genutzt werden, entweder indem der mit der Spule realisierte induktive Blindwiderstand/-Leitwert durch einen kapazitiven Blindwiderstand/-Leitwert eines Kondensators (40) so kompensiert wird, dass sich daraus Resonanzbedingungen für eine definierte Frequenz zur Nutzung z. B. in einem Heterodyn-Empfänger ergeben. Natürlich kann das in der Spule induzierte Signal durch eine geeignete Empfangsschaltung direkt weiterverarbeitet werden. Das wird hier wieder nur durch das Instrument (55) angedeutet.

The coupling to the electromagnetic field occurs at the left element ( 31 ) such that the geometry of the coupling with the previously considered normal coil of the right element ( 21 ) matches, at least if one sees the element level as the actual coupling plane. But the coupling is now of a slightly different shape. Here is the electrical component ( 51 ) of an electromagnetic field in the coupling in the foreground. Although the effective coupling element is also a coil ( 39 () 51 ), related to the respective application but interchange the electrical and magnetic components in a sense their roles.

• - The order ( 31 ) can be used as an antenna arrangement for receiving a carrier signal for a signal transmission - comparable to an inductive coupling with a coil previously described - only now occur field lines of an electric field component E ( 33 () 51 ) of the electromagnetic field (which in this case is a magnetic field B ( 32 ) are looped through) by the spool coil spanned surface, penetrate these ( 34 ) and continue beyond this area ( 36 ), still entwined by an accompanying magnetic field ( 35 ). The relationship between these two fields is now given by red H = dD / dt + j ( 27 ). It is essential from this point of view that in the coil thus constructed ( 39 () 51 ) is also induced a voltage which can be evaluated again by suitable receiving circuits, but instead of the magnetic now the electric field component of the electromagnetic field by the arrangement ( 31 ) must occur. Here, the receiving circuit is again only by an instrument ( 55 ).
• This new type of coil can be used (similar to the previously described inductive coupling) to form a resonator, in that the inductance realized with the coil is compensated by a capacitance ( 40 ) is compensated so that resonance conditions for a defined frequency result. A receiving circuit or the instrument shown here ( 55 ) is not available then.
• This coil can be used to form a resonant circuit in the context of an antenna arrangement (comparable to the previously described inductive coupling), either by the inductive reactance / conductance realized with the coil being determined by a capacitive reactance / conductance of a capacitor ( 40 ) is compensated so that from this resonance conditions for a defined frequency for use z. B. in a heterodyne receiver. Of course, the signal induced in the coil can be further processed directly by a suitable receiving circuit. This is again only by the instrument ( 55 ) indicated.

In the two arrangements of For example, the effects of the field components involved and the coupling mechanisms are virtually symmetrically reversed. From a distance, the two coils in the arrangement on the right and left are always the same.

If you have in the left arrangement ( 21 ) the entire coil course of the normal coil ( 29 () 42 ) in this way ( 48 ) wrapped with wire, then finally lies in the right arrangement ( 31 ) structure, if one has the wires of the normal coil, which should (for the time being) only serve as a bobbin removed.

It remains to be noted that according to the invention coil coils and / or combination of normal coils (normal coils) and coil coils are used and so all field components can always contribute in combination to the coupling.

The combination of the two coil types works inductively in the low frequency range through the lines of the original lines of the original coil arrangement which are still present; at high frequencies, the coupling is done by the electric field components through the coil-coil assembly. However, if only high frequencies are used with certainty, the interior of the coil coil is already designed as an air coil. In addition, you sometimes do not really need the inner wires, as will be shown later.

By placing coils comparable to a Rogowski coil instead of the normal coil leads, the meanings of the field influences and thus the type of coupling are reversed. The electric field in this case takes on the mirror image of the role of the magnetic field in a normal coil and the magnetic field lines take over the roles of the electric fields in the normal coil. Although such a coupling can be very different in intensity, it is nevertheless achieved that electrical fields can be used as a coupling in exactly the same way as is known from the use of coupling by magnetic fields. At high frequencies, the coil coils are preferably designed as air coils.

At low frequencies, magnetic fields can transmit much higher energy than pure electrical fields with the technical capabilities afforded by the prior art. On the other hand, because of very high-frequency Electromagnetic fields electric and magnetic fields always occur in combination, they are basically the same importance. The higher the frequency, the better it can be to capture the electrical component and ignore the magnetic component. In any case, even at very high frequencies, the material property can not follow the change in the magnetic field as quickly as is still possible at low frequencies, which means that the penetration depth of electric or magnetic fields becomes lower, the higher the frequency. This, however, several benefits are used simultaneously useful. The magnetic field can then u. U. generate less eddy current effects. The field components directed against the original field by eddy currents can thus be partially avoided.

On the other hand, the electric fields, which are always incident perpendicularly to conductive materials, will penetrate the plane of the coil arrangement as originally provided in RFID transponders with magnetic coupling and thus ensure coupling properties even when magnetic components have long since formed by eddy current formation would be ineffective. When using air coils that replicate the original coil geometry, especially at very high frequencies, the coupling can become better again, even if such a coil is mounted directly over the metallic object.

Of course, in the end, energy losses are also noticeable in these cases. Finally, the energy for all accompanying operations such. For example, by induction generally conditioned processes, for charge shifts, polarization, etc. yes come from somewhere and the transport of this energy is now once by the electromagnetic field. Nevertheless, with a suitable design of the arrangement, good coupling capabilities are evident, even if the arrangement ( 31 ) lies directly on a metallic surface, or in the neighborhood conductive material z. B. is a liquid.

By shifting the charge carriers, which are freely movable in the metal or a conducting matter, the matter reacts on a vertically incident electric field. This charge shift caused by the electric field component leads in a known manner to a field-free space in the interior of the metal or between metal plates which can form capacitances. The movement of free charge carriers caused by the electric field component takes place, however, depending on the type of charge carriers. U. at a different speed, than the formation of eddy currents by magnetic fields. Associated with it make different damping effects noticeable in the different types of coupling, which can be technically controlled with a suitably designed combination of coil coils with standard coils.

It is still important to describe the different combinations of standard coil and coil coil in an overview.

With sufficient length of the coil and viewed from an ever greater distance this appears sometime as a thread-like structure rather than a spiral. Between the two orders ( 21 () 31 ) of the The difference seems to be getting smaller and smaller. The relatively thin spiral ( 39 ) of the coil coil can therefore - viewed from a greater distance - also be understood as a single conductor, which forms only a single turn. From this point of view, the differences between the two arrangements seem to be getting smaller and smaller. With the arrangement (seen as a single turn) ( 31 ) should therefore be equally possible a coupling via a magnetic field component, as in the arrangement ( 21 ) has already been shown.

Actually, the arrangement shows ( 31 ) with directly connected capacity ( 40 ) Two distinct resonance points (resonator measurement with toroidal coil (air coil coil) as inductance and only one capacitance (excitation with function generator, loosely coupled by similar toroidal coil, measurement output by a similar toroidal coil, measurement with oscilloscope and frequency analyzer).

The relationships between this substitute conductor and an actual individual conductor (and thus the difference between the arrangement ( 21 ) and the arrangement ( 31 )) should be based on the and still be considered in detail:
First (cf. ) is the resistance of the lead wire ( 64 ) easy to calculate: a small line piece of length h ( 60 ) with the diameter d '( 63 ) has the resistance R '(= L / κA) = h / (κπ (d' / 2) ² ). A current i ( 59 ) entering this conductor piece occurs as equal current i ( 62 ) in the end again. The current density in this conductor is J = i / A = i / (π (d '/ 2) ² ). A current i ( 50 ), which is in a cross-sectional area ( 56 ) one to the coil coil ( 57 ) wound wire ( 57 ) with the diameter d ( 55 ) occurs, occurs as equal current i ( 54 ) after one or more turns again. The current density in this conductor is J = i / A = i / (π (d / 2) ² ). One turn of this coil with the slope h ( 58 ) and the radius r ( 49 ) similarly has a resistance R (= L / κA) ≈ 2πr / (κπ (d / 2) ² ) (assuming the centerline of the wire to determine the length and ignoring the extension by the winding pitch).

Seen from a distance, the coil ( 57 ) is a wire (a wire equivalent) having the diameter (2r + d) into which a current i (also 50 ) and from which at the end an equal current i ( 54 ) exit again.

For the current density J ( 61 ) in such a ladder equivalent it can be assumed that J = i / A = i / (π ((2r + d) / 2) ² ). In the same way, one would assign a resistance to the line equivalent, namely R (= L / κA) ≈ h / κ'π ((2r + d) / 2)) ² ); depending on which size is of primary interest, one can only assume a different conductivity. As resistance of the line equivalent of length h ( 58 ) one will assume the resistance of one turn, ie R 2πr / (κπ (d / 2 ² ) Since both resistance values must be equal, the following applies: R ≈ h / κ'π ((2r + d) / 2)) ² ) = 2πr / (κπ (d / 2) ² )

The conductivity κ 'of the conduction equivalent is lower by a factor determinable from this relationship, but the property of this arrangement ( 57 ) of the , from a distance with a wire ( 64 ) to represent a comparable pipe section remains.

• 1. Bei der Normalspule (die klassische Drahtspule) zeigt sich (im Wesentlichen) – nur eine über die magnetische Komponente eines elektromagnetischen Feldes geprägte Kopplung. Das B-Feld durchdringt die Spulenfläche und induziert in der Spule eine zur umrandeten Kopplungsfläche, zur Feldstärke und zur Geschwindigkeit der Feldänderung proportionale Spannung. Mit einem Kondensator zur Ausbildung eines Resonators wird generell nur eine einzige Frequenz als Resonanzfrequenz geprägt (parasitäre oder artifizielle Effekte sollen vernachlässigt werden).
• 2. Bei der Spulen-Spule (als Luftspule oder auch als mit nichtleitendem Material gefüllte Spule) zeigt sich (im Wesentlichen) – sowohl eine über die magnetische Komponente eines elektromagnetischen Feldes geprägte erste Kopplungsart (Kopplung erfolgt durch die vom Spulenverlauf umrandete Fläche mit einem den Spulenverlauf nachempfundenen Leitungsäquivalent), – als auch eine über die elektrische Komponente des elektromagnetischen Feldes geprägte zweite Kopplungsart (Eine Kopplung erfolgt durch die Spule über das die Änderungen der elektrischen Feldkomponente begleitende magnetische Feld). Mit einem Kondensator zur Ausbildung eines Resonators werden also auch tatsächlich zwei Frequenzen als Resonanzfrequenzen gefunden (da eine Kapazität, aber zugleich zwei wirksame Induktivitätsäquivalente vorliegen).
• 3. Bei der Kombination von Normalspule und Spulen-Spule zeigen sich (im Wesentlichen) drei Kopplungsarten, die die drei Möglichkeiten der beiden zuerst genannten vereinen und erweitern. Es bestehen z. B. drei Resonanzfrequenzmöglichkeiten: – Eine erste, über die magnetische Komponente eines elektromagnetischen Feldes gegebene Kopplung, bei der in der Normalspule eine erste Spannung induziert wird. Mit einem ersten Kondensator zur Ausbildung eines Resonators mit dieser Spule wird eine erste Frequenz als Resonanzfrequenz geprägt. – Eine zweite, über die magnetische Komponente eines elektromagnetischen Feldes gegebene Kopplung, bei der ein Spulenäquivalent, das von einem den Spulenverlauf nachbildenden Leitungsäquivalent gebildet wird, gesehen wird. Mit einem zweiten Kondensator zur Ausbildung eines Resonators wird in diesem Sinn eine zweite Frequenz als Resonanzfrequenzen definiert. – Eine dritte, über die elektrische Komponente des elektromagnetischen Feldes gegebene Kopplung über die Spulen-Spule. Mit dem zuvor eingesetzten, zweiten Kondensator zur Ausbildung eines Resonators wird also eine dritte Frequenz als Resonanzfrequenzen definiert, die allerdings mit der zweiten Frequenz assoziiert ist.

In the design of coil arrangements for transponders according to the invention, the following combinations are therefore to be observed:

• 1. In the case of the standard coil (the classic wire coil), (essentially) - only a coupling marked by the magnetic component of an electromagnetic field is shown. The B field penetrates the coil surface and induces in the coil a voltage proportional to the framed coupling surface, to the field strength and to the speed of the field change. With a capacitor for forming a resonator, only a single frequency is generally characterized as a resonance frequency (parasitic or artificial effects are to be neglected).
• 2. In the coil coil (as an air coil or as filled with non-conductive material coil) shows (essentially) - both an embossed on the magnetic component of an electromagnetic field first coupling (coupling is done by the outlined by the coil profile surface with a Coil curve modeled equivalent line), - as well as an over the electrical component of the electromagnetic field coined second coupling type (A coupling is carried out by the coil on the changes of the electric field component accompanying magnetic field). With a capacitor for the formation of a resonator, therefore, actually two frequencies are found as resonance frequencies (since there is a capacitance, but at the same time two effective inductance equivalents).
• 3. The combination of normal coil and coil coil shows (essentially) three types of coupling, which unite and expand the three possibilities of the first two mentioned. There are z. B. three resonance frequency options: - A first, given via the magnetic component of an electromagnetic field coupling, in which a first voltage is induced in the normal coil. With a first capacitor for forming a resonator with this coil, a first frequency is impressed as the resonance frequency. A second coupling given via the magnetic component of an electromagnetic field, in which a coil equivalent formed by a coil equivalent of the coil profile is seen. With a second capacitor for forming a resonator, a second frequency is defined as resonant frequencies in this sense. - A third, given via the electrical component of the electromagnetic field coupling via the coil coil. With the previously used, second capacitor for forming a resonator so a third frequency is defined as resonance frequencies, which is associated with the second frequency.

• – Zunächst können die Normalspule und die Spulen-Spule zusammengeschaltet werden und nur ein Kondensator zur Ausbildung von Resonatoren verwendet werden, wobei die Spulenspule als Luftspule ausgebildet sein kann und die Drähte der Normalspule im Inneren der Spulen-Spule angeordnet sein (so, wie das zur Konstruktion der Spulen-Spule dargestellt worden ist) oder beide Spulentypen können „nebeneinander” existieren. Dabei können zudem die beiden „induktiven” Spulentypen – Parallel zueinander liegen oder – in Reihe geschaltet sein, wobei wiederum diese beiden Fällen zu unterteilen sind in die Fälle, dass die Spulen der magnetischen Kopplung – im gleichen Sinne, oder – im entgegengesetzten Sinn zugeordnet sind.
• – Sodann können die Kopplungsart durch die Normalspule und die Kopplungen durch die Spulen-Spule unabhängig voneinander erfolgen, wobei wieder die Spulen-Spule als Luftspule ausgebildet sein kann und die Drähte der Normalspule im Inneren der Spulen-Spule angeordnet sein oder beide Spulentypen können „nebeneinander” existieren. Dabei können wiederum die beiden „induktiven” Spulentypen der magnetischen Kopplung gegenüber – im gleichen Sinne, oder – im entgegengesetzten Sinn zugeordnet sein.

However, this combination of normal coil and coil coil offers further possibilities for modification:

• - First, the normal coil and the coil coil can be interconnected and only one capacitor can be used to form resonators, wherein the coil coil can be formed as an air coil and the wires of the normal coil can be arranged inside the coil coil (as, for Construction of the bobbin coil has been shown) or both coil types may exist "side by side". In addition, the two "inductive" coil types - parallel to each other or - be connected in series, again these two cases are divided into the cases that the coils of the magnetic coupling - in the same sense, or - are assigned in the opposite sense ,
• - Then, the coupling can be done independently of each other by the normal coil and the couplings through the coil coil, again the coil coil may be formed as an air coil and the wires of the normal coil can be arranged inside the coil coil or both coil types "side by side " exist. Again, the two " inductive "coil types of magnetic coupling opposite - in the same sense, or - be assigned in the opposite sense.

Finally, it should be noted that such arrangements open much wider possibilities: If z. B. more than one of the arrangement according to the invention is used and these arrangements are spatially not as previously assumed, arranged in a plane lying together, but in space at a certain angle to each other, then z. B. the conditions of available. In this are two of the arrangements according to the invention at a certain angle φ ( 78 ) in space to each other. As arrangements here are a standard coil ( 70 ) and an air-coil coil ( 71 ), but any of them may be any combination of the new coil types. The position of the new coils is determined by projection lines ( 79 () 80 ) indicated on an imaginary surface. The normal coil ( 70 ) generates here a rather magnetic field component B ( 73 ), the coil coil rather an electric field E ( 72 ); For this purpose, generators would have to be used instead of the instruments at their positions. Alternatively, the two arrangements sensory take such a field component respectively; this is indicated by the instruments shown. Without going into detail, it is of course again possible to design each of the arrangement as a resonator (s); this is achieved by adding a capacity ( 76 () 77 ).

Depending on how the arrangements according to the invention are positioned in the room as field-detecting or field-generating units, the overlapping areas can be designed differently. In the example of superimposed on the electrical rotation field ( 74 ) of the inductively operating arrangement ( 70 ) with an electric field component ( 75 ) coming from the coil coil ( 71 ) is produced.

Do you think in to the normal coil ( 70 ) and to the air coil coil ( 71 ) At each lying opposite position in space also a normal coil and an air-coil coil, so a coupling between these elements can be made separately. That of the normal coil ( 70 ) (or from the arrangement there) generates field ( 73 ) would be at the opposite point in a similar normal coil (or in the same arrangement there are located) produce a specific coupling on the magnetic field component, while an influence of this magnetic field on the air coil coil ( 71 ) would be small. That of the air coil coil ( 71 ) (or from the arrangement there) generates field ( 72 ) would be at the opposite location in a similar air-coil coil (or in the same arrangement there) a specific coupling via the electric field component ( 72 ), while an influence of this electric field component on the normal coil ( 70 ) would be small.

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

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Cited patent literature

• DE 269257 [0044]

Claims (10)

Method for the construction of coupling elements for electromagnetic fields, characterized in that starting from an (original) coil, which may be provided as an inductive coupling element, - completely or at least partially, - instead of the used to form a (original) coil wires or - in addition to the wires used to form this (original) coil, themselves re-used coils, that is - that coils are used, - whose coil center lines follow an original, real or imaginary wire path and - whose wire wrap the wires of the original coil, what - under Omission of the original wire line, then as an air coil, can be realized, or - combined can be realized while maintaining the original wire line (s). A method according to claim 1, characterized in that by the design of the coils as coil coils couplings can be done both by electric fields and magnetic fields, wherein the same or different frequencies can be used. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that a coil coil is realized so that it can enclose the surface of a field penetration (bordered) and thus allows coupling via an electric field component as a coil coil, but at the same time as a coil with possibly only allows a single turn a coupling to the magnetic field component, wherein same or different frequencies can be used. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that a coil coil in combination with a standard coil is realized so that it can enclose the surface of a field penetration (bordered), thus allowing a coupling of both an electrical and a magnetic field component. A method according to claim 4, characterized in that at least one coil coil is realized in combination with at least one normal coils, so that they can again enclose the area of a field penetration (edge), these areas are not in a common plane. Arrangement as a coupling element and as an antenna for coupling (for input) and for coupling (for sensory detection) of electromagnetic fields,  characterized in that Wholly or partially instead of the coils usually used for inductive coupling, in whole or in part instead of the wires used to form these coils, long coils are used, that is, coils whose coil centerlines follow an initial wire path to build a coil and which, to a certain extent, these original wires wrap what - With omission of the original wire line, then as an air coil, can be realized, or - Can be realized while maintaining the original wire line (s), then as a combined coil. Arrangement according to claim 6, characterized in that at least one coil coil is realized in combination with at least one standard coil, each of which can surround the area of a field penetration (edge), these enclosed areas are not in a common plane. Arrangement according to claim 6 to 7, characterized in that these coupling elements are used - As coils and / or antennas for energy and data transmission and / or - As resonators and / or - As coupling elements for coupling electromagnetic or magnetic and / or electric fields in the presence of matter, and - For entering and decoupling of electromagnetic energy into matter in z. B. to allow analysis. Arrangement according to claim 6 to 8, characterized in that these coupling elements are used - in transponders and / or electronic tags and / or - for various analytical purposes to couple electromagnetic fields in or on any matter. Arrangement according to claim 6 to 9, characterized in that coupling elements with at least one coil coil or a combination with at least one standard coil and / or a coil coil, wherein the coupling surfaces are not in a common plane.

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