DE102011016086A1 - Method for constructing and designing coupling elements for radio frequency identification transponder and/or electronic marking for e.g. identification of product, involves providing combined coils by retention of normal coils - Google Patents

Abstract

The method involves using coils (39, 52) such as air-core coils i.e. toroid coils, including center lines following a real or virtual wire course of a transponder-antenna coil. Wires of normal coils (29, 42) are wrapped by the air-core coils. Combined coils are provided by retention of the normal coils. A coupling from a reader to a transponder is carried out over electromagnetic fields by electrical fields (22, 25) and magnetic fields (32, 35) such that same or different frequencies are used. The air-core coils enclose a surface of a field diffusion. An independent claim is also included for a transponder and/or marking.

Description

The invention relates to transponders and / or electronic tags that are in a problematic environment for the particular application, d. H. in or on metal, liquid, generally in the presence of conductive and / or electromagnetic waves reflective materials to be used.

• • zum Empfang oder zur Aufnahme von Signalen geeignet ist und die
• • daraufhin im Sinne einer Antwort
• – zum Aussenden von Signalen oder
• – zur Weitergabe von Signalen oder
• – zu einer anderen erkennbaren Reaktion

fähig ist.In the context given here, transponders are to be understood in the following to mean any kind of unit which

• • is suitable for receiving or recording signals and the
• • then in the sense of an answer
• - to send signals or
• - for the transmission of signals or
• - to another recognizable reaction

is capable.

The artificial word "transponder", formed of "transceiver" and "responder", describes this.

It is irrelevant how the occurring signals are transported and over which transmission lines that takes place.

It is also irrelevant from which elements and components (resonant circuits, resonators, non-linearities, etc.) they are constructed and / or whether they have their own intelligence (eg a microprocessor or controller).

The distinction between a transponder and a tag is only marginal in the context of this invention. While a transponder in any form is characterized by the just defined properties as a "unit capable of responding to a signal" (and in this sense always provides a "complete" transponder function for an object identifier), a flag indicating, i , U. may contain electronic components of a transponder or a transponder function, the "property of marking" as such are in the foreground. Transponders and markers can u. U. may be the same, but can also be of different types and functions. It is essential, in the context of this invention, that the problems characterized by properties of electromagnetic fields in relation to the presence of conductive matter are of the same type. Therefore, in the following each under transponder or marking to be seen both and only the transponder may be mentioned.

• – aktiv (d. h. mit einer eigenen Stromversorgung),
• – semiaktiv oder semipassiv (Stromversorgung nur für definierte Funktionen, nicht für die eigentliche Signalübertragung) oder
• – auch passiv (ohne eigene Stromversorgung)

aufgebaut sind.It does not matter if these transponders or markers

• - active (ie with its own power supply),
• - semi-active or semi-passive (power supply only for defined functions, not for the actual signal transmission) or
• - also passive (without own power supply)

are constructed.

• – z. B. „nur” als magnetisches Feld vorliegen kann, d. h. als ein Feld, das auf Grund einer niedrigen Frequenz (runter bis auf f = 0 Hz) nur von sehr geringen elektrischen Feldkomponenten begleitet wird, oder
• – z. B. „nur” als elektrisches Feld vorliegen kann, d. h. als ein Feld, das auf Grund einer niedrigen Frequenz nur von sehr geringen magnetischen Feldkomponenten begleitet wird,
• – z. B. als Feld in einer beliebigen Form (moduliert oder unmoduliert, usw.) und/oder mit beliebigen Frequenzkomponenten vorliegen kann,

wobei spezielle Frequenzbereiche mit ihren jeweils speziellen Eigenschaften abgegrenzt werden können und sollen, wenn diese explizit benannt werden (z. B. Licht von Infrarot bis Ultraviolett, verschieden definierte Frequenzbereiche z. B. ISM-Frequenzen, usw.).It should be noted at this point that the term "electromagnetic field" should always comprehensively refer to the entire known spectrum of electromagnetic fields. This means that a field z. B. may have very high frequencies, but that too

• - z. B. "only" can be present as a magnetic field, ie as a field that is accompanied by a low frequency (down to f = 0 Hz) only very small electric field components, or
• - z. B. "only" may be present as an electric field, that is, as a field that is accompanied due to a low frequency of only very small magnetic field components,
• - z. B. can be present as a field in any form (modulated or unmodulated, etc.) and / or with any frequency components,

whereby specific frequency ranges with their respective special properties can and should be delimited, if they are explicitly named (eg light from infrared to ultraviolet, differently defined frequency ranges eg ISM frequencies, etc.).

• – Permittivität ε der Materie (z. B. im Verschiebungsstrom D: D = εE),
• – Leitfähigkeit κ der Materie (z. B. in der Stromdichte j: j = κE) und
• – Permeabilität μ der Materie (z. B. in B = μH).

In the context of electrodynamics, interactions between electromagnetic fields and matter are treated by material constants. In the environment according to the invention, this is done in the sense that the relationship between a causative variable and a resulting magnitude of effect is represented by a proportionality factor whose size is at least modulated by the matter present. In the context of the invention, this essentially relates to the

• Permittivity ε of the matter (eg in the displacement current D: D = εE),
• - Conductivity κ of matter (eg in the current density j: j = κE) and
• Permeability μ of the matter (eg in B = μH).

In the given context, in connection with "electromagnetic fields" with regard to a coupling, there is a representation problem that should be circumvented with the following view: Usually (in the context given here) a coupling with coils is considered to be "inductive". This is to express that the primary coupling in a coil-like arrangement is by the magnetic component of a field that floods the surface that is going from the coil to the coil wrapped) wire is edged. Regardless of such a view, however, it is quite clear that "electromagnetic fields", ie almost always electrical and magnetic fields are present in close combination at the same time. This is because a changing magnetic field generates an electric field and vice versa. The connection between the two field types results from the Maxwell equations, which is given here by red H = dD / dt + j and red E = -dB / dt. (with E = electric field, D = electrical flux density or electric shift density, J = electric current density, H = magnetic field strength and B = magnetic flux density or magnetic induction)

Since the displacement current D (D = εE, ε = permittivity) and the current density j (j = κE, κ = conductivity) are generated by the on-site electric field, and the magnetic flux density B and the magnetic strain H (By a material constant μ according to B = μH, μ = permeability) are connected, the two present field types (ie electrical and magnetic fields) are coupled in a certain, spatially and temporally visible symmetry. Only the focus in a coupling consideration or the transmission is considered once by the magnetic field component, sometimes by the electrical component rather than given. However, a coupling can be "carried" in itself both by the magnetic field component, as well as by the electrical.

In the context given here, the technique to be represented according to the present invention takes into account the ever-present combination of electric and magnetic fields (hereinafter often referred to as "field types") even if one viewpoint, the other is emphasized. This is mainly because of the importance of shared transmission through the electric and magnetic fields. The relationships between the types of field to be distinguished are characterized, as will be seen, by the symmetrical structure of the field relationships.

• – „Resonatoren” bestehen hier i. a. (aber nicht immer und evtl. nicht nur) aus Induktivitäten und Kapazitäten mit für spezifische Arbeitsfrequenzen aufeinander abgestimmten Größen und haben i. a. keinen galvanischen Kontakt zu anderen Teilen einer aktiven Schaltung (außer evtl. zu Schaltfunktionen). Die besondere Eigenschaft, dass sie in gewissem Sinne nur dazu da sind, um zu schwingen und in diesen Schwingungen Energie anzusammeln, grenzt ihre Funktion von einem „normalen Schwingkreis” ab. Obwohl Resonatoren also an sich ebenfalls Schwingkreise darstellen, werden sie zur Abgrenzung dieser Eigenschaft als „Resonatoren” bezeichnet. Wesentlich im erfindungsgemäßen Umfeld ist, dass eine Kopplung von Resonatoren meist über die magnetische Feldkomponente erfolgt, womit die im Zusammenhang zu sehenden Probleme bzgl. einer Anwesenheit leitender Materie gegeben sind.
• – „Übertragungsstrecken” sind von beliebiger Art und dienen der Übertragung von Signalen und/oder Energie. Dabei ist es unerheblich, auf welche Weise diese transportiert werden und über welche Übertragungsstrecken das erfolgt, also ob sie
• – nicht an Leitungen gebunden
• – unter Nutzung eines beliebigen Trägermediums (z. B. Vakuum, Luft, Flüssigkeit, feste Materialien, usw.) oder
• – unter Nutzung eines beliebigen Trägers (z. B. Licht, elektromagnetische Felder, Schall, Vibrationen, usw.) übertragen werden oder
• – über Leitungen übertragen werden, also durch oder entlang Materie, z. B. durch geführte Strecken, die
• – aus beliebigem Material (Metall, Holz, Kunststoff, Stein, usw.) und/oder
• – von beliebiger Form (linienförmige Drähte oder Kernmaterialen z. B. als magnetische Leiter oder flächige Leiter oder Volumenleiter, Rund, Hohl wie z. B. Rohre, rechteckigförmig und/oder Mikrowellen-Hohlleiter, quaderförmig, Vollmaterialien, beliebige Kabelformen, usw.) und/oder
• – eine beliebige andere Eigenschaften (leicht, schwer, warm, kalt, usw.) haben können, geleitet werden.
• – Bei gleicher Frequenzabstimmung bilden Resonatoren paarweise ein „Resonatorpaar”, wobei mehrere Resonatoren oder Resonatorpaare zugleich ausgebildet und genutzt werden können.
• – Als „Sendeschaltung” soll jede Einheit zur Erzeugung eines Signals verstanden werden, das auf eine Übertragungsstrecke geschickt werden soll, auch z. B. nur eine einfache Generatorschaltung, wenn diese z. B. ein Trägersignal generiert (vgl. (3)).
• – Unter „Sendestation” wird eine Sendeschaltung, einschließlich aller Maßnahmen und Mittel zur Auskopplung von Signalen aus der Sendestation bzw. zum Einkoppeln dieser Signale auf eine beliebige Übertragungsstrecke verstanden. Zum Beispiel ( ) sind Sendestationen Einheiten (1) mit Generatoren (3) und Abstrahleinrichtungen (wie Spulen (4), Resonatoren, Antennen, usw.), die zur Abgabe und Abstrahlung elektromagnetischer Felder fähig sind; oder auch z. B. einfach Einheiten zur Aussendung von Licht.
• – Als „Empfangsstation” wird eine Empfangsschaltung, einschließlich aller Maßnahmen und Mittel zum Einkoppeln von Signalen bzw. zur Entnahme von Signalen aus einer Übertragungsstrecke verstanden. Zum Beispiel ( ) sind Empfangsstationen Einheiten (2) mit einer Anordnung zur Aufnahme von Signalen (6), z. B. einer Spule (6), einer Antenne, eines Resonators, usw. (aber auch z. B. Lichtempfänger) und einer Nutz- oder Verarbeitungseinrichtung (7), die als Empfangsschaltung bezeichnet wird.
• – Als „Empfangsschaltung” soll der spezielle Teil einer Empfangsstation gesehen werden, der zur Nutzung von Signalen (oder Energie) aus einer Übertragungsstrecke vorgesehen ist. (vgl. (7))

For the following, the following definitions apply beyond what has been defined so far (unless explicitly stated otherwise in the respective context):

• - "resonators" consist here in general (but not always and possibly not only) of inductances and capacitances with sizes adapted to each other for specific operating frequencies and generally have no galvanic contact to other parts of an active circuit (except perhaps to switching functions). The special property that in a sense they are only there to vibrate and accumulate energy in these vibrations, distinguishes their function from a "normal resonant circuit". Although resonators therefore also represent oscillating circuits, they are referred to as "resonators" in order to delimit this property. It is essential in the context according to the invention that a coupling of resonators usually takes place via the magnetic field component, whereby the problems to be seen in connection with respect to a presence of conductive matter are given.
• - "Transmission links" are of any type and are used to transmit signals and / or energy. It does not matter in which way they are transported and over which transmission links this takes place, ie whether they
• - not tied to lines
• - using any carrier medium (eg vacuum, air, liquid, solid materials, etc.) or
• - be transmitted using any carrier (eg light, electromagnetic fields, sound, vibrations, etc.) or
• - Are transmitted via lines, so by or along matter, z. B. by guided routes, the
• - made of any material (metal, wood, plastic, stone, etc.) and / or
• Of any shape (line-shaped wires or core materials eg as magnetic conductors or flat conductors or volume conductors, round, hollow such as tubes, rectangular and / or microwave waveguides, cuboid, solid materials, any cable shapes, etc.) and or
• - have any other properties (light, heavy, warm, cold, etc.) can be directed.
• - With the same frequency tuning resonators pairwise form a "pair of resonators", with multiple resonators or pairs of resonators can be formed and used at the same time.
• - As a "transmission circuit", each unit should be understood to generate a signal to be sent on a transmission path, including z. B. only a simple generator circuit, if this z. B. generates a carrier signal (see. ( 3 )).
• "Transmission station" is understood to mean a transmission circuit, including all measures and means for decoupling signals from the transmitting station or for coupling these signals to any transmission link. For example ( ) are transmitting stations units ( 1 ) with generators ( 3 ) and emitting devices (such as coils ( 4 ), Resonators, antennas, etc.) capable of emitting and radiating electromagnetic fields; or z. B. simply units for emitting light.
• - As a "receiving station" is a receiving circuit, including all measures and Means for coupling signals or for taking signals from a transmission link understood. For example ( ) are receiving stations units ( 2 ) with an arrangement for receiving signals ( 6 ), z. B. a coil ( 6 ), an antenna, a resonator, etc. (but also, for example, light receiver) and a utilization or processing device ( 7 ), which is called a receive circuit.
• The "receiving circuit" is intended to be the special part of a receiving station which is provided for the use of signals (or energy) from a transmission path. (see. ( 7 ))

Transponders that are used to label products and objects are, for. B. known from auto-ID and RFID applications ago. Readers that generate and send out electromagnetic fields and that can supply both a transponder with energy with these fields, as well as transmit data to him, can recognize a transponder and thereby z. B. identify an object associated with this transponder. For this purpose, active, semi-active or passive transponders are each connected to a product or object to be identified. Depending on the logistics or strategy, this connection can be unsolvable or even solvable.

Other, more advanced applications are possible with transponders or markers. So z. As the use of transponders in connection with access systems, sensory and / or metrological tasks known.

So z. B. wireless switching function applications in which the reading station detects the presence of a transponder and thereby activates or triggers the functions of a system or device. With only a slightly modified technology, switching functions are known in which the transponders themselves are first activated or deactivated by switching functions and which can be located (possibly also permanently) in the detection field of a reading station. The actual switching function is in each case mediated via the reading unit.

These techniques are used in logistics for goods tracking, anti-theft, general car identification, access control systems, keyless entry, z. As in connection with the security of a vehicle (immobilizer), for general switching and control functions, etc.

There are also known techniques by means of which sensor elements (directly or indirectly) have an influence on the properties of a transponder (for example on the antenna adaptation, on the backscatter frequency or on the frequency of a local oscillator). If such a transponder is interrogated by a read station, then a response proportional to the respective analog value or sensor value can be obtained and forwarded for evaluation.

In the given framework, however, not only the usual transponder constructions exist. For example from ours DE 10 2008 056 928 So-called overlay transponders are known, which can implement inter alia carrier frequency signals. By such a possible frequency adjustment z. B. an otherwise non-existent connection between two incompatible communication or radio units can be achieved.

The structure of such a superimposition transponder can be active, semi-active or semi-passive or even passive and is - as in the known types of transponders - also characterized by the use of inductive couplings or by electromagnetic fields. Therefore, without special measures on metallic or conductive surfaces, the same problems arise, as is known from the inductively coupled RFID transponders ago, especially since specifically supported by resonators supported techniques. The use of the Überlagerungstransponder does indeed (by using different, even very low frequencies) u. U. itself a solutions for use in problematic environment; Not all cases can be solved satisfactorily in conventional construction.

The use of transponders and markers is therefore dependent on the given application and on the given environment, always bound to compromise.

For example, both the frequencies used, as well as the available transmission energies can not be arbitrarily selected and / or fixed.

The higher the frequency chosen, the further (in the case of a comparable use of energy), theoretically, the action radius can be configured. The use of high frequencies but is in a problematic environment, eg. B. in the presence of metal, often not possible because z. B. at high frequencies by the eddy currents generated by an electromagnetic alternating field magnetic alternating fields are practically canceled. This is frequency and material dependent.

Only transponders that operate at low frequencies (eg 125 kHz) are in problematic environments. U. suitable because possibly the damping effects are at an acceptable level can. But if electromagnetic fields are used at low frequencies, only small spatial distances can be overcome. Although electromagnetic fields with high frequencies are suitable for bridging larger distances, they do not work in this environment at high frequencies.

The smaller the frequency must be chosen, the stronger must also be the fields that must be generated by the readers (for supply and distance bridging). However, these generated field strengths may not exceed other limits (eg prescribed by law).

In most cases, extensive tests are required to at least partially overcome such problems in concrete applications, and most of the time, the need to use only very low frequencies in a problematic environment persists.

However, there are also isolated solutions that can drive some possibilities far: So arrangements are known, which carry the effective at the transponder receiving coil fields so that they can indeed pass through the antenna coil, but not substantially penetrate into the underlying metal under the transponder; As a result, only small eddy currents can occur and the attenuation of the magnetic field component is smaller.

Such "field line strategies" are achieved both by constructive measures (eg by keeping the transponder coil at a distance from the metal surface and / or by suitable core structures) and by suitable materials (eg with good magnetic field conduction but poor electrical conductivity).

For well-defined (high) frequencies, sometimes metallic structures can also be suitably changed or used, so that these structures can even be used as an antenna (eg slot antennas, ie specially designed RF-transmissive breakthroughs) Metal body are incorporated). Despite the installation of a transponder in the interior of a metal shell, so u. U. - on well-defined frequencies - RF radiation can be achieved.

The most important reason for the existing problems, however, generally remains unresolved: The design of the respective coil arrangement of a receiving arrangement of a transponder is usually such that the magnetic component of the electromagnetic field can in each case flow through the coil surface. However, the magnetic field completely or partially penetrates into the existing, conductive material. At high frequencies, electric vortex fields are generated, which in turn generate eddy currents in the conductive material, which in turn generates an opposing field directed against the magnetic field. The magnetic alternating field component can be attenuated by a transponder attached to the surface practically to the ineffectiveness.

shows in the prior art a (sending) unit ( 1 ) with a generator ( 3 ) and a coil ( 4 ), which acts as a sending unit ( 1 ) an electromagnetic field ( 5 ) ( 9 ) is emitted and emitted by a part in a receiving unit ( 2 ) an existing coil there ( 6 ) penetrates.

This illustration only shows the basic conditions. The actual conditions can be much more complicated and are z. B. on the frequency, the particular environment, the materials, etc. dependent. They are different in the near field of a transmitter than in the far field.

Without conductive materials near the receiver coil ( 6 ) induces this field ( 9 ) in this coil ( 6 ) a voltage supplied by a receiving and amplifying device ( 7 ) and can be further evaluated. If there is no conductive material, this remains with the alternating magnetic field ( 9 ) always connected electrical rotary field ( 8th ) almost without effect (from the mutual inductance or one in the coil ( 6 ) possibly flowing, induced current apart).

But now lies in the same arrangement of the same near the receiving coil ( 13 ) a conductive material ( 17 ), then the magnetic field ( 11 ) with the ever-connected vortex field ( 10 ) ( 15 ) in the conductive material ( 17 ) an eddy current ( 16 ) generated. By this circular current becomes one against the original magnetic field ( 19 ) opposing field ( 20 ), whereby the original field can practically be canceled out almost completely. (The designations in the transmitting unit shown here are the same as in )

Depending on which materials are available in each case, what designs are available and what the design of the environment is and what other influences are still present, there are almost always certain frequencies or frequency ranges with which a functionality can then be given in a given arrangement. But since the frequencies are generally given and are in very limited areas, the environment would have to be adapted constructively. The targeted layout of a layout, including a defined environment for a particular application, is ia but only with an unacceptably large effort and only very limited or not possible.

In this context, it is the object of the invention to provide a method by which transponders can be realized which operate as independently as possible from the respective environment and from the materials present there. The object further consists in specifying concrete designs for the construction of components with which suitable transponders and / or markings can also be realized for a problematic environment.

The solution to this problem is indicated by the characterizing part of claim 1. Useful transponder or markers are specified by the characterizing part of claim 6.

Thereafter, instead of the coils commonly used in transponders for forming inductors, another type of coil is used, or such another type of coil in addition to the coil commonly used. This is especially true for the coils which are provided as receiving means for inductive reception or for coupling between a reading unit and a transponder. These new coils effectively form coil coils in the sense that these coils according to the invention have a center line course, which itself corresponds to a coil.

Consider the wire of a classical spool (as would a "normal spool" used in the prior art) itself wrapped with a wire. This resulting coil, which is to be thought of by a "wrapping of an original conductor structure of a coil", can then be imagined with the wires of the original line omitted (creating air coils); but you can also imagine maintaining these individual (or even multiple, then parallel) lines. Each of these forms can be used to advantage. In this sense, the centerline of the normal reel wire and the centerline of this new reel wound up on this wire are the same. The structure of the (compared to a standard coil) new coil. which results especially in several turns of the standard coil serving as a template, has suggested the concept of the coil coil. The long thin coil, the z. B. results in a single wire wrapping, yes, so wound up again by the so-defined structural specification of the normal coil to a coil.

In a combination (maintaining the individual or parallel lines) u. U. be left for the wrapping coil a small air space. If the conductor wire of the original coil is removed, an air-coil coil is created to some extent anyway.

• – „Normalspule” (oder „normale Spule”), d. h. Drahtwicklungen zur Ausbildung einer Induktivität auf dem bekannten Stand der Technik),
• – „Spulen-Spule” (das soll dann an sich eine Luftspule, wie gerade beschrieben, sein; um diese Eigenschaft zusätzlich hervorzuheben wird diese Spule manchmal „Luft-Spulen-Spule” genannt, dies deshalb, weil letztendlich auch andere Materialien entlang der Mittellinien genutzt werden könnten) und
• – „Kombinationsspule” (also eine Spule, die eine Spulen-Spule und eine bei der Wicklung zugrunde gelegte Normalspule (und evtl. auch eine andere, s. u.) funktionell vereint).

Conceptually, in the following description, the occurring coils are to be distinguished by

• "Normal coil" (or "normal coil"), ie wire windings to form a prior art inductance),
• - "Coil Coil" (this is supposed to be an air coil per se, as just described), to further emphasize this feature this coil is sometimes called the "Air Coil Coil", because ultimately other materials along the centerlines could be used) and
• - "combination coil" (that is, a coil that unites a coil coil and a normal coil used in the winding (and possibly also another, see below) functionally).

These new coils are most likely with Rogowsi coils ( DE269257 ), but are used with a different use and with a completely different impact intention. Rogowski coils are z. B. for sensory purposes (current measurements) and are often (falsely) referred to as toroidal coils. Toroidal coils, which can be sensory used to measure current, may be Rogowski coils, but the reverse conclusion is not true.

As in electrical circuits voltages are measured as the driving variable (as the cause of a current), which is easy to realize in the prior art with corresponding measuring equipment as a potential difference, it is also useful in magnetic circuits, in addition to the exciting ampere-turn number given magnetomotive force also to measure the so-called magnetic stresses between two points of a magnetic circuit. Magnetic stress of a magnetic field between two points on any path is described by the line integral and this is what is detected in magnetic fields generated by alternating currents with such a Rogowski coil. Rogowski coils are therefore capable of measuring magnetic strains; with one complete turn of such a coil around a current-carrying wire (this results in a toroidal coil), there is just a voltage which is proportional to the current change in this conductor).

Of course, a coil coil can also include several turns (as well as the wire of a coil does) and of course a coil coil can also have its own (not so defined by a different wire profile) course; it does not have to be derived from the conductor structure of the wires of a standard coil (but can and is therefore easier to describe). (And, moreover, it should be mentioned, even such a coil can be wound into a coil again).

The line guides of the original wire guide or a coil arrangement (or more precisely, the guide specification of the original coil structure) are used here as guide lines for forming a new inductance or coil in order to better describe the inventive concept.

If only annular structures occur, there is practically a simple, toroidal coil, in the interior of which air, a core material, a wire or a plurality of parallel running wires of a standard coil can run. Thus coil coils (eg toroid coils but also other types) and / or combination coils, ie coil coils in combination with normal coils, are used according to the invention, these coil coils being able to or should rather perceive the electrical field component (but also if necessary, take the magnetic component with you), while normal coils can or should rather perceive the magnetic field component (but may also "take along" the electrical component). Of course, the choice of material to put inside a coil determines the working frequency range.

That in both cases there are almost always combinations, as has already been explained above for the definition of the electromagnetic field, should once again be emphasized.

It is important for the solution according to the invention that this measure effectively leads to a reversal of the impact analysis of magnetic and electric field components. Depending on the design, magnetic and / or electrical components of an electromagnetic field can be viewed simultaneously and / or separately in the applications (see below), or can be used separately or in combination to influence the effect.

This in turn means that the properties of the field behavior in the vicinity of matter (conductive or nonconductive) can either be used specifically or that (of course only within certain limits) field-coupling elements are conceivable that can operate independently of frequency. This can be used on different or the same frequencies. These can be assigned to the different field components separately (or together); d. h., This technique can be used separately after electrical and magnetic coupling and at different frequencies.

This allows (eg when using overlay transponders, but not only there) to interpret the frequencies used and the intermediate frequencies generated not only according to their frequency, but also to separate them according to the respective coupling type.

If one analyzes the conditions in the context of transponders in the problematic environment in the prior art, then, as already explained, essentially the coupling by magnetic fields proves to be problematic.

In connection with typical RFID applications and with the transponder constructions to be seen here in the foreground, the "magnetic coupling" used by coils or coil-like structures can therefore be seen. This magnetic coupling is indeed quite useful, because on the one hand, the power supply of passive transponders "inductively" via the electromagnetic field and on the other with the load coupling, a typical response method for the transponder used is in the foreground, in which one with a Transformer comparable coupling model can be seen. Typically, the couplings are therefore often represented by coils, are thus analyzed and realized. In addition, an adequate power supply is often only possible via an inductive coupling. A different coupling, z. B. on electric fields, provides the structure and by the transferable energies (which would be transferred to the state of the art on capacity) a conceivable but also a much more problematic coupling method.

In the given context, there is the peculiarity of the electromagnetic fields that at the beginning there are never exclusively electric or magnetic fields, but combined electric and magnetic fields are always at play. Only the focus of the respective transmission mechanism is once more magnetic, once more seen electrically. The technique to be presented according to the invention now uses precisely this fact that there is always a combination of both fields, even if one point of view, the other is pushed into the foreground.

The relationships between the types of field to be distinguished show, as already mentioned above, a very symmetrical structure. These symmetries and the type of coil design should be on hand be made clear: Two elements are shown ( 21 ) and ( 31 ), which are intended for coupling with and by electromagnetic fields and with which the symmetry and the structure of coil coils can be illustrated. The left element ( 21 ) is intended for inductive coupling; therefore, superficially, the magnetic component B ( 41 ) of an electromagnetic field. The right element ( 31 ) is intended for coupling by electric fields; therefore, the electrical component E (o) is superficially 51 ) of an electromagnetic field.

The effective (inductive) coupling element of the left element is a coil and consists of a surface here of lines, for. B. a wire ( 42 ) ( 29 ) is bordered at least once. The wire guide defines the geometric coil course, here a standard coil, and tensions the effective area first. If several windings are required (for example for the formation of a larger inductance), then the area thus spanned is wrapped around this wire several times; it is then at every point of the wiring instead of a single wire ( 47 ) a trunk group ( 46 ) to accept.

• – Diese Spule kann bekannter Weise als Antennenanordnung zur Aufnahme des Trägersignals für eine Signal- oder Energieübertragung verwendet werden: Die Feldlinien einer magnetischen Komponente B (23) (41) eines elektromagnetischen Feldes (die von einem elektrischen Feld E (22) umschlungen werden), erreichen die von der Normalspule aufgespannte Fläche, durchdringen diese (24) und verlaufen hinter dieser Fläche in bekannter Weise weiter (26), immer noch umschlungen von dem begleitenden elektrischen Feld (25). Die Beziehung zwischen diesen beiden Feldern wird an dieser Stelle durch rot E = –dB/dt (27) beschrieben; wesentlich ist unter diesem Blickwinkel aber nur, dass in der so aufgebauten Spule (durch das elektromagnetische Feld durch induktive Kopplung) eine Spannung induziert wird, die durch geeignete Empfangsschaltungen ausgewertet werden kann. Hier soll das nur durch ein Instrument (45) angedeutet werden.
• – Diese Spule kann bekannter Weise zur Ausbildung eines Resonators genutzt werden, indem die mit der Spule realisierte Induktivität durch eine Kapazität (30) so kompensiert wird, dass sich daraus Resonanzbedingungen für eine Frequenz ergeben. Das hier dargestellte Instrument (45) bzw. eine Empfangsschaltung ist dann nicht vorhanden.
• – Diese Spule kann in bekannter Weise zur Ausbildung eines Schwingkreises im Rahmen einer Antennenanordnung genutzt werden, entweder indem die mit der Spule realisierte Induktivität durch eine Kapazität (30) so kompensiert wird, dass sich daraus Resonanzbedingungen für eine Frequenz zur Nutzung z. B. in einem Heterodyn-Empfänger ergeben oder indem das in der Spule induzierte Signal durch eine geeignete Empfangsschaltung direkt weiterverarbeitet wird. Das wird hier wieder nur durch das Instrument (45) angedeutet.

The function of such coils in the reception techniques is well known in the art.

• - This coil can be used as known antenna arrangement for receiving the carrier signal for a signal or energy transfer: The field lines of a magnetic component B ( 23 ) ( 41 ) of an electromagnetic field (that of an electric field E ( 22 ) are wrapped around) reach the plane spanned by the normal coil surface, penetrate these ( 24 ) and continue behind this surface in a known manner ( 26 ), still surrounded by the accompanying electric field ( 25 ). The relationship between these two fields is denoted by red E = -dB / dt ( 27 ); However, from this point of view, it is only essential that a voltage is induced in the coil constructed in this way (by the electromagnetic field through inductive coupling), which voltage can be evaluated by suitable receiving circuits. Here is the only way through an instrument ( 45 ).
• - This coil can be used to form a resonator known manner by the inductance realized with the coil by a capacity ( 30 ) is compensated so that this results in resonance conditions for a frequency. The instrument shown here ( 45 ) or a receiving circuit is then not available.
• - This coil can be used in a known manner to form a resonant circuit in the context of an antenna arrangement, either by the realized with the coil inductance by a capacity ( 30 ) is compensated so that from this resonance conditions for a frequency for use z. B. result in a heterodyne receiver or by the signal induced in the coil signal is further processed directly by a suitable receiving circuit. This is again only by the instrument ( 45 ) indicated.

Lying now in the course of the surface penetrating magnetic field component ( 24 ) not only air (or vacuum), but also any matter, the conditions would change on the one hand by the material relations from the Maxwell equations, here by the relation B = μH ( 44 On the other hand, that in conductive matter eddy currents would arise, which could compensate the magnetic fields to inefficiency.

On this structural structure of a standard coil and its operation can continue, based on the , Construction and construction of coil coils are shown:
First, the structure of the normal coil of the left arrangement ( 21 ), ie here the course of the wire ( 29 ) ( 42 ) or the parallel course of wires ( 47 ) ( 46 ), with which the previously considered normal coil arrangement was realized here, are retained as a default.

In order to obtain a coil of the new type for an inventive arrangement, this predetermined structure course ( 29 ) now even as a winding body for winding a further coil ( 48 ) used (thought or quite real). You can do that with the single wire ( 29 ) of the original normal coil, z. B. with only one turn so, but this can also be maintained in several turns of the normal coil, so can wrap the entire wire path of a coil. But you can also wrap the coil structure as a whole in this way, creating a wrap ( 45 ) of several parallel running wires ( 46 ) takes place of several turns of the normal coil at the same time.

In particular, the structure of the new coil, which results in a single wire winding in several turns of the normal coil, has suggested the concept of the coil coil. The long thin coil, which results from a single wire winding, is indeed wound up by the defined structural specification of the wound wires of the normal coil, in a sense again to form a coil. Only the center line of the wire of the standard reel and the center line of the reel wound on this wire are the same.

If you have in the left arrangement ( 21 ) the entire coil course of the normal coil ( 29 ) ( 42 ) in this way ( 48 ) wrapped with wire, then finally lies in the right arrangement ( 31 ) shown structure, if one has the wires of the standard coil, which should (for the time being) only serve as a bobbin removed (real or just imagined).

The coil profile of the default coil of the left-hand arrangement ( 21 ) is only in the center line of the coil ( 39 ) ( 52 ) of the right-hand arrangement ( 31 ) to find again. The previously in the left arrangement ( 21 ), by the coil geometry ( 29 ) ( 41 ) area, through which the magnetic component of an electromagnetic field has entered, is also present here: it is first defined here by exactly the same border, but now from the center line of the coil ( 39 ) ( 51 ) is given.

The chosen structure here is deliberately not quite round (but also not directly angular), in order not to let the otherwise implied idea of a toroidal coil and a Rogowski coil too much (although here of course a toroidal coil is conceivable).

• – Die Anordnung (31) kann unabhängig von der Betrachtungsweise und auch vom jeweiligen Standpunkt abstrahiert, vergleichbar wie zur induktiven Kopplung zuvor beschrieben, ebenso als Antennenanordnung zur Aufnahme eines Trägersignals für eine Signalübertragung genutzt werden: Die Feldlinien einer elektrischen Komponente E (33) (51) des elektromagnetischen Feldes (die in diesem Falle von einem magnetischen Feld B (32) umschlungen werden), erreichen die von der Spulen-Spule aufgespannte Fläche, durchdringen diese (34) und verlaufen hinter dieser Fläche weiter (36), immer noch umschlungen von einem begleitenden magnetischen Feld (35). Die Beziehung zwischen diesen beiden Feldern wird an dieser Stelle durch rot H = dD/dt + j (27) beschrieben. Wesentlich ist unter diesem Blickwinkel, dass in der so aufgebauten Spule (39) (51) ebenfalls eine Spannung induziert wird, die durch geeignete Empfangsschaltungen ausgewertet werden kann, wobei jetzt aber – mit einer globalen Sichtweise bezogen auf die Anordnung (31) – die elektrische Feldkomponente des elektromagnetischen Feldes durch die Anordnung (31) treten muss. Hier soll die Empfangsschaltung wieder nur durch ein Instrument (55) angedeutet werden.
• – Diese neue Art von Spule kann vergleichbar wie zur induktiven Kopplung zuvor beschrieben, zur Ausbildung eines Resonators genutzt werden, indem die mit der Spule realisierte Induktivität durch eine Kapazität (40) kompensiert wird, so dass sich Resonanzbedingungen für eine definierte Frequenz ergeben. Eine Empfangsschaltung bzw. das hier dargestellte Instrument (55) ist dann nicht vorhanden.
• – Diese Spule kann vergleichbar wie zur induktiven Kopplung zuvor beschrieben, zur Ausbildung eines Schwingkreises im Rahmen einer Antennenanordnung genutzt werden, entweder indem die mit der Spule realisierte Induktivität durch eine Kapazität (40) so kompensiert wird, dass sich daraus Resonanzbedingungen für eine Frequenz zur Nutzung z. B. in einem Heterodynempfänger ergeben oder indem das in der Spule induzierte Signal durch eine geeignete Empfangsschaltung direkt weiterverarbeitet wird. Das wird hier wieder nur durch das Instrument (55) angedeutet.

The coupling to the electromagnetic field occurs at the left element ( 31 ) such that the geometry of the coupling with the previously considered normal coil of the right element ( 21 ), at least when one sees the element level as the actual coupling plane. But the coupling is now of a slightly different shape. Here is the electrical component ( 51 ) of an electromagnetic field in the coupling in the foreground. Although the effective coupling element is also a coil ( 39 ) ( 51 ), related to the respective application but interchange the electrical and magnetic components in a sense their roles.

• - The order ( 31 ) can be used independently of the point of view and also from the respective point of view, comparable to the inductive coupling described above, as well as an antenna arrangement for receiving a carrier signal for a signal transmission: The field lines of an electrical component E (FIG. 33 ) ( 51 ) of the electromagnetic field (which in this case is a magnetic field B ( 32 ) are wrapped around, reach the surface spanned by the coil coil, penetrate them ( 34 ) and continue beyond this area ( 36 ), still entwined by an accompanying magnetic field ( 35 ). The relationship between these two fields is denoted by red H = dD / dt + j ( 27 ). It is essential from this point of view that in the coil thus constructed ( 39 ) ( 51 ) is also induced a voltage which can be evaluated by suitable receiving circuits, but now - with a global view with respect to the arrangement ( 31 ) - the electric field component of the electromagnetic field through the arrangement ( 31 ) must occur. Here, the receiving circuit is again only by an instrument ( 55 ).
• Similar to the inductive coupling described above, this new type of coil can be used to form a resonator in that the inductance realized with the coil is replaced by a capacitance ( 40 ) is compensated so that resonance conditions for a defined frequency result. A receiving circuit or the instrument shown here ( 55 ) is not available then.
• - This coil can be used comparable to the inductive coupling described above, to form a resonant circuit in the context of an antenna arrangement, either by the realized with the coil inductance by a capacity ( 40 ) is compensated so that from this resonance conditions for a frequency for use z. B. in a heterodyne receiver or by the signal induced in the coil signal is further processed directly by a suitable receiving circuit. This is again only by the instrument ( 55 ) indicated.

In the two arrangements of the effects of the field components involved and the coupling mechanisms are virtually symmetrically reversed; the electrical component in the right has approximately the function of the magnetic component on the left, of course, the coupling will be done with different sensitivity.

If you have in the left arrangement ( 21 ) the entire coil course of the normal coil ( 29 ) ( 42 ) in this way ( 48 ) wrapped with wire, then finally lies in the right arrangement ( 31 ) structure, if one has the wires of the normal coil, which should (for the time being) only serve as a bobbin removed.

It remains to be noted that according to the invention coil coils and / or combination of normal coils (normal coils) and coil coils are used and so all field components can always contribute in combination to the coupling.

The combination of the two coil types works inductively in the low frequency range through the lines of the original lines of the original coil arrangement which are still present; at high frequencies, the coupling is done by the electric field components through the coil-coil assembly. However, if only high frequencies are used with certainty, the interior of the coil coil can be designed as an air coil anyway. In addition, the internal wires are often not really needed, as will be shown later; but this serves the better first Presentation, but is also quite a very meaningful interpretation.

At high frequencies, the coil coils are preferably designed as air coils.

By placing coils comparable to a Rogowski coil instead of the normal coil leads, the meanings of the field influences and thus the type of coupling are reversed. The electric field in this case takes on the mirror image of the role of the magnetic field in a normal coil and the magnetic field lines take over the roles of the electric fields in the normal coil. Although the coupling by electromagnetic fields is very different in their effect, but it is achieved so that electric fields can be used as coupling as well as the use of a coupling by magnetic fields is known (although substantially preferred at high frequencies).

At low frequencies, with the technical possibilities given in the prior art, magnetic fields can transmit much higher energy than electric fields. This is certainly an advantage in the case of conventional RFID concepts if passive transponders are to be used. On the other hand, with very high frequency electromagnetic fields, electric and magnetic fields always appear in combination, they are basically of the same importance. The higher the frequency, the easier it can be to detect the electrical component rather than the magnetic component (though that may be different at different frequencies). Especially at very high frequencies, the material property can not follow the change of the magnetic field as fast as it is still possible at low frequencies anyway. The penetration depth of electric or magnetic fields can be lower, the higher the frequency. This will u. U. several effects used simultaneously useful.

The electric fields, which always impinge perpendicularly on conducting materials, will penetrate the plane of the coil arrangement as originally provided in RFID transponders with magnetic coupling, and thus even ensure coupling properties even if magnetic components have long been ineffective due to eddy current formation ,

When using air coils that replicate the original coil geometry, especially at very high frequencies, the coupling can become better again, even if such a coil is mounted directly over the metallic object.

Of course, in the end, energy losses are also noticeable in these cases. Finally, the energy for all accompanying operations such. For example, by induction generally conditioned processes, for charge shifts, polarization, etc. yes come from somewhere and the transport of this energy is now once by the electromagnetic field. Nevertheless, with a suitable design of the arrangement, good coupling capabilities are evident, even if the arrangement ( 31 ) lies directly on a metallic surface, or in the neighborhood conductive material z. B. is a liquid.

By shifting the charge carriers, which are freely movable in the metal or a conducting matter, the matter reacts on a vertically incident electric field. This charge shift caused by the electric field component leads in a known manner to a field-free space in the interior of the metal or between metal plates which can form capacitances. The movement of free charge carriers caused by the electric field component takes place, however, depending on the type of charge carriers. U. at a different speed, than the formation of eddy currents by magnetic fields. Associated with it make different damping effects noticeable in the different types of coupling, which can be technically controlled with a suitably designed combination of coil coils with standard coils.

With sufficient length of the coil and viewed from an ever greater distance this appears sometime as a thread-like structure rather than a spiral. Between the two orders ( 21 ) ( 31 ) of the The difference seems to get smaller the farther you go. The spiral ( 39 ) of the coil coil can - viewed from a greater distance - also be considered as a single conductor.

From this point of view, differences between the two arrangements seem to be getting smaller and smaller. With the arrangement (seen as a single turn) ( 31 ) should therefore be equally possible a coupling via a magnetic field component, as in the arrangement ( 21 ) has already been shown.

Actually, the arrangement shows ( 31 ) with directly connected capacity ( 40 ) two distinct resonance points (resonator measurement with toroidal coil (air coil coil) as inductance and capacitance; excitation with function generator loosely coupled by similar toroidal coil, measurement output by a similar toroidal coil, measurement with oscilloscope and / or frequency analyzer).

This relationship between this conductor and an actual single conductor (and thus the difference between the arrangement ( 21 ) and the arrangement ( 31 )) should be based on the and still be considered in detail:
First (cf. ) is the resistance of the lead wire ( 64 ) easy to calculate: a small line piece of length h ( 60 ) with the diameter d '( 63 ) has the resistance R '(= L / κA) = h / (κπ (d' / 2) ² ). A current i ( 59 ) entering this conductor piece occurs as equal current i ( 62 ) in the end again. The current density in this conductor is J = i / A = i / (π (d '/ 2) ² ). A current i ( 50 ), which is in a cross-sectional area ( 56 ) one to the coil coil ( 57 ) wound wire ( 57 ) with the diameter d ( 55 ) occurs, occurs as equal current i ( 54 ) after one or more turns again. The current density in this conductor is J = i / A = i / (π (d / 2) ² ). One turn of this coil with the slope h ( 58 ) and the radius r ( 49 ) similarly has a resistance R (= L / κA) ≈ 2πr / (κπ (d / 2) ² ) (assuming the centerline of the wire to determine the length and ignoring the extension by the winding pitch).

Seen from a distance, the coil ( 57 ) is a wire (a wire equivalent) having the diameter (2r + d) into which a current i (also 50 ) and from which at the end an equal current i ( 54 ) exit again.

For the current density J ( 61 ) in such a ladder equivalent it can be assumed that J = i / A = i / (π ((2r + d) / 2) ² ). In the same way one would assign a resistance to the line equivalent, namely R (= L / κA) ≈ h / (κ'π [(2r + d) / 2] ² ); depending on which size is of primary interest, one can only assume a different conductivity. As resistance of the line equivalent of length h ( 58 ) one will assume the resistance of one turn, that is R ≈ 2πr / (κπ (d / 2 ² ) Since both resistance values should be equal, the following applies: R ≈ h / (κ'π [(2r + d) / 2] ² ) = 2πr / (κπ [d / 2] ² ) ≈ h / (κ'π [(2r + d) ² ]) = 2r / (κd ² ) → κh / (2πr [(2r / d + 1) ² ]) = κ '

The conductivity κ 'of the conduction equivalent is lower by a factor determinable from these relationships, but the property of this arrangement ( 57 ) of the , from a distance with a wire ( 64 ) to represent a comparable pipe section remains.

It is still important to describe the different combinations of standard coil and coil coil in an overview.

• 1. Bei der Normalspule (die klassische Drahtspule) zeigt sich (im Wesentlichen)
• – nur eine über die magnetische Komponente eines elektromagnetischen Feldes geprägte Kopplung. Das B-Feld durchdringt die Spulenfläche und induziert in der Spule eine zur umrandeten Kopplungsfläche, zur Feldstärke und zur Geschwindigkeit der Feldänderung proportionale Spannung. Mit einem Kondensator zur Ausbildung eines Resonators wird generell nur eine einzige Frequenz als Resonanzfrequenz geprägt.
• 2. Bei der Spulen-Spule (als Luftspule oder auch als mit nichtleitendem Material gefüllte Spule) zeigen sich (im Wesentlichen)
• – sowohl eine über die magnetische Komponente eines elektromagnetischen Feldes geprägte erste Kopplungsart (Kopplung erfolgt durch die vom Spulenverlauf umrandete Fläche mit einem den Spulenverlauf nachempfundenen Leitungsäquivalent),
• – als auch eine über die elektrische Komponente des elektromagnetischen Feldes geprägte zweite Kopplungsart (Kopplung erfolgt durch die Spule selbst über das die Änderungen der elektrischen Feldkomponenten begleitende magnetische Feld rot B =). Mit einem Kondensator zur Ausbildung eines Resonators werden also jetzt in diesem Sinn auch tatsächlich zwei Frequenzen als Resonanzfrequenzen definiert (eine Kapazität, aber zwei wirksame Induktivitätsäquivalenten).
• 3. Bei der Kombination von Normalspule und Spulen-Spule zeigen sich (im Wesentlichen) drei Kopplungsarten, die die drei Möglichkeiten der beiden zuerst genannten vereinen und erweitern. Es bestehen drei Resonanzfrequenzmöglichkeiten:
• – Eine erste, über die magnetische Komponente eines elektromagnetischen Feldes gegebene Kopplung, bei der in der Normalspule eine erste Spannung induziert wird. Mit einem ersten Kondensator zur Ausbildung eines Resonators mit dieser Spule wird eine erste Frequenz als Resonanzfrequenz geprägt.
• – Eine zweite, über die magnetische Komponente eines elektromagnetischen Feldes gegebene Kopplung, bei der ein Spulenäquivalent, das von einem den Spulenverlauf nachbildenden Leitungsäquivalent gebildet wird, gesehen wird. Mit einem zweiten Kondensator zur Ausbildung eines Resonators wird in diesem Sinn eine zweite Frequenz als Resonanzfrequenzen definiert.
• – Eine dritte, über die elektrische Komponente des elektromagnetischen Feldes gegebene Kopplung über die Spulen-Spule. Mit dem zuvor eingesetzten, zweiten Kondensator zur Ausbildung eines Resonators wird also eine dritte Frequenz als Resonanzfrequenzen definiert, die allerdings mit der zweiten Frequenz assoziiert ist.

In the design of coil arrangements for transponders according to the invention, the following combinations are therefore to be observed:

• 1. The normal coil (the classic wire coil) shows (essentially)
• - Only one coined via the magnetic component of an electromagnetic field coupling. The B field penetrates the coil surface and induces in the coil a voltage proportional to the framed coupling surface, to the field strength and to the speed of the field change. With a capacitor for forming a resonator, only a single frequency is generally shaped as the resonant frequency.
• 2. The coil coil (as an air coil or as a coil filled with non-conductive material) shows (essentially)
• Both a first coupling type embossed via the magnetic component of an electromagnetic field (coupling takes place through the area surrounded by the coil profile with a line equivalent modeled on the coil profile),
• - As well as a coined via the electrical component of the electromagnetic field second coupling (coupling is done by the coil itself on the accompanying the changes of the electric field components magnetic field red B =). With a capacitor for forming a resonator, two frequencies are actually defined as resonant frequencies in this sense (one capacitance, but two effective inductance equivalents).
• 3. The combination of normal coil and coil coil shows (essentially) three types of coupling, which unite and expand the three possibilities of the first two mentioned. There are three resonance frequency options:
• - A first, given the magnetic component of an electromagnetic field coupling, in which a first voltage is induced in the normal coil. With a first capacitor for forming a resonator with this coil, a first frequency is impressed as the resonance frequency.
• A second coupling given via the magnetic component of an electromagnetic field, in which a coil equivalent formed by a coil equivalent of the coil profile is seen. With a second capacitor for forming a resonator, a second frequency is defined as resonant frequencies in this sense.
• - A third, given via the electrical component of the electromagnetic field coupling via the coil coil. With the previously used, second capacitor for forming a resonator so a third frequency is defined as resonance frequencies, which is associated with the second frequency.

• – Zunächst können die Normalspule und die Spulen-Spule zusammengeschaltet werden und nur ein Kondensator zur Ausbildung von Resonatoren verwendet werden, wobei die Spulenspule als Luftspule ausgebildet sein kann und die Drähte der Normalspule im Inneren der Spulen-Spule angeordnet sein (so, wie das zur Konstruktion der Spulen-Spule dargestellt worden ist) oder beide Spulentypen können „nebeneinander” existieren. Dabei können zudem die beiden „induktiven” Spulentypen
• – Parallel zueinander liegen oder
• – in Reihe geschaltet sein, wobei wiederum diese beiden Fällen zu unterteilen sind in die Fälle, dass die Spulen der magnetischen Kopplung
• – im gleichen Sinne, oder
• – im entgegengesetzten Sinn zugeordnet sind.
• – Sodann können die Kopplungsart durch die Normalspule und die Kopplungen durch die Spulen-Spule unabhängig voneinander erfolgen, wobei wieder die Spulen-Spule als Luftspule ausgebildet sein kann und die Drähte der Normalspule im Inneren der Spulen-Spule angeordnet sein oder beide Spulentypen können „nebeneinander” existieren. Dabei können wiederum die beiden „induktiven” Spulentypen der magnetischen Kopplung gegenüber
• – im gleichen Sinne, oder
• – im entgegengesetzten Sinn zugeordnet sein.

However, this combination of normal coil and coil coil offers further possibilities for modification:

• - First, the normal coil and the coil coil can be interconnected and only one capacitor can be used to form resonators, wherein the coil coil can be formed as an air coil and the wires of the normal coil can be arranged inside the coil coil (as, for Construction of the bobbin coil has been shown) or both coil types may exist "side by side". In addition, the two "inductive" coil types can be used
• - lie parallel to each other or
• - be connected in series, again, these two cases are divided into the cases that the coils of the magnetic coupling
• - in the same sense, or
• - are assigned in the opposite sense.
• - Then, the coupling can be done independently of each other by the normal coil and the couplings through the coil coil, again the coil coil may be formed as an air coil and the wires of the normal coil can be arranged inside the coil coil or both coil types "side by side " exist. Again, the two "inductive" coil types of the magnetic coupling opposite
• - in the same sense, or
• - be assigned in the opposite sense.

Readers who want to communicate with the transponder must u. U. of course, use similar coupling elements.

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of the documents listed by the applicant has been generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited patent literature

• DE 102008056928 [0019]
• DE 269257 [0042]

Claims (9)

Method for the construction and design of coupling elements and antennas for transponders which are used in the presence of matter, characterized in that, starting from coils originally provided for an inductive coupling of the transponders, entirely or at least partially, instead of being used to form a ( original coil used wires or - in addition to the wires used to form this (original) coil, even re-used coils, that is, coil coils arise, so coils, whose coil center lines the original (real or imaginary) wire a Transponder antenna coil follow and wrap the wires of the original coil, which - can be realized - omitting the original wire line (s), then as an air coil, or - combined while maintaining the original wire line (s) can be combined, making the use the transponder weitg irrespective of the properties of the matter present. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that by the design of the coils as coil coils coupling via electromagnetic fields from the reader to the transponder can be done both by electric fields and by magnetic fields, wherein the same or different frequencies can be used. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that readers use similar constructions, so coil coils in combination with normal coils. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that a coil coil in combination with a standard coil is realized so that it can enclose the surface of a field penetration (bordered), thus allowing a coupling of both an electrical and a magnetic field component. A method according to claim 4, characterized in that the communication between the reader and transponder is handled on channels that run separately on different frequencies and field type. Transponder and / or marking for use in a problematic environment, ie for use on or in conductive materials, characterized in that all or part of the inductors used in transponders or coils are replaced by coil coils, so coils that follow the coil center lines of the original (real or imaginary) wires and practically wrap these wires of the original coil, which - With the omission of the original wire line (s), then as an air coil, can be realized, or - can be realized combined while maintaining the original wire line (s), whereby the use of the transponder is largely independent of the properties of the matter present. Arrangement according to claim 6, characterized in that at least one coil coil is realized alone or in combination with at least one standard coil, so that it can surround the area of a field penetration (bordered), and this coupling element used as a coil and / or as an antenna for Energy and data transmission and / or as a resonator is. Arrangement according to claim 6 to 7, characterized in that these coupling elements are used in transponders and / or in electronic markings. Arrangement according to claim 6 to 8, characterized in that in the coil coil (as an air coil or as filled with non-conductive material coil) two types of coupling can be used by Both a first type of coupling embossed via the magnetic component of an electromagnetic field is used, in which the coupling takes place through the area surrounded by the coil profile with a line equivalent modeled on the coil profile, - As well as a coined via the electrical component of the electromagnetic field second coupling is used, in which the coupling takes place through the coil itself via the magnetic field accompanying the changes of the electric field components.

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