DE102008056926A1 - Wireless passive keyboard function - Google Patents

Abstract

The state of a device can be represented by internal switching states or switching functions (also by a, the internal functional states of the device representing bit pattern), but requires a considerable effort in a wired detection and supply of the detected states to an evaluating unit. By means of switchable resonators, it is possible to wirelessly detect and evaluate the respective states of switching functions via the connections between transmitting and receiving stations, mediated by these resonators. Wireless capture of device or operating states to capture active and inactive features and status, monitor and diagnose devices, including key states on remote controls or wireless keyboards.

Description

The The invention in one aspect relates to methods and arrangements for wireless energy transfer. Under another Aspect, the invention relates to applications for wireless Data transmission and data acquisition, to control and for wireless monitoring of devices.

In In this context, the invention relates to a sub-aspect to general radio frequency applications, both in reception and reception also in broadcasting techniques, under a different sub-aspect on procedures and constructions for general use of transponders, here u. a. RFID-related or RFID-like applications, and, in another aspect, to methods for doing so Antenna designs.

The The invention also relates to designs in this context and on implementations of transponders, using appropriate Resonatoranordnungen and the associated antennas or antenna designs.

Out In the prior art methods are known with which wireless working switching functions can be realized by a Reading station detects the presence of a transponder and at Detecting a Permitted Transponder The Function of a System or device switches, or this task to the Control of a technical unit forwards, so this then controls the respective target function to be switched or operated.

In this case, the method of the most secure detection and detection of a transponder placed in the reading area is in the foreground, such as. B. in the DE 102 06 676 A1 , or the problem of power supply, or safety concerns, such. B. in the DE 44 35 894 in connection with securing a vehicle (immobilizer).

In this context, the so-called RFID techniques are also located, where a reading station identifies a particular transponder in order to be able to identify the associated object. (strictly speaking, the transponder is identified, not the object)

at These techniques are solved by the reading station Presence of (allowed) in the detection field Transponders the actual switching function via the reading unit out.

Out The prior art further discloses techniques with which switching functions can be transmitted wirelessly by z. B. a reading station the state of a transponder by a Switching function can be activated or deactivated, queries and the so-called switching state according to the function of a system or device switches, or this task to the control of a technical unit forwards, so that they then each operated to be switched or operated target function.

For example, from the US 2006/0267737 ("RF Powered Remote Control"), the use of switch-activated transponder for securing an only explicitly wanted reading a card on a card reader (credit cards) are taken, and a comprehensive list of applications for the switching transponder provided there.

The US 6,285,295 also describes the use of a passively designed keypad, in which only one resonant circuit is used, but with each key another transponder IC with distinguishable properties for the reading unit, essentially by the realized coding of data, is activated.

at These techniques are triggered by a switching function activated or deactivated, thereby u. U. also permanently in the detection field Transponder located the actual switching function, which also mediated in this context via the reading unit becomes.

From the prior art techniques are still known by means of which sensor elements directly, or indirectly via the analog values obtained therewith, have an influence on the properties of a transponder, z. B. on the antenna adaptation ( DE 102 39 303 ), to the backscatter frequency or to the frequency of the local oscillator ( CA 2 387 106 ). If the transponder is queried by a reading station, then it can win and forward a response proportional to the analog or sensor value.

Consequently In the prior art, the presence of a Key element, identification features (ia the transponder itself), switching states and also analog values by means of a transponder insert, recorded wirelessly and a reading unit, also passive, accessible be made, each transponder (individually) only for one (and only one) possible function (a switch, an analog value, a sensor value, etc.). Become more than a function needed in a system, then you need i. a. also several transponders and possibly more than just one reader.

• – Durch die jeweilige Lesestation werden Transponder zumindest erkannt, evtl. auch Transponderdaten ausgelesenen, und – von Anwendung und vom Ausleseergebnis abhängig – an die eigentliche Zielfunktion eines Systems weitervermittelt;
• – Die Lesestationen versorgen bei den passiven Transponderkonzepten die sich im Lesefeld befindlichen Transponder mit der für die vorgesehene Funktion benötigten Energie über das zur Auslesung generierte elektromagnetische Feld;
• – dazu benötigt sie (distanzabhängig) eine große Energiemenge, wodurch
• – der oftmals gewünschte Funktionsabstand (z. B. einige Meter) beim Einsatz passiver Transponder u. U. zumeist nicht erreichbar ist;
• – Der Einsatz mehrerer Transponder im Lesebereich eines einzelnen Lesers erfordert, wegen der notwendigerweise einzusetzenden Antikollisionsstrategien, auch im Transponder eine gewisse Intelligenz, zumeist also einen Prozessor;
• – dafür benötigt man aber wiederum eine gewisse Mindestmenge an Energie, woraus
• – sich bei einer vorgegebenen Feldstärke der mögliche Arbeitsabstand definiert und
• – der Einsatz von passiven Transponder u. U. gar nicht mehr möglich ist.

The reading unit is in these applications central supply, data and functional node and thus defined in a known manner, the functional properties of all components involved and thus in turn the entire application framework:

• Transponders are at least recognized by the respective reading station, possibly even transponder data read out, and, depending on the application and the read-out result, forwarded to the actual target function of a system;
• In the case of the passive transponder concepts, the reading stations supply the transponders located in the reading field with the energy required for the intended function via the electromagnetic field generated for reading;
• - It requires (depending on distance) a large amount of energy, which
• - The often desired function distance (eg a few meters) when using passive transponder u. U. is usually not available;
• - The use of multiple transponders in the reading range of a single reader requires, because of the necessarily used anti-collision strategies, even in the transponder a certain intelligence, usually a processor;
• - but you need a certain minimum amount of energy, from what
• - Defined at a given field strength of the possible working distance and
• - The use of passive transponder u. U. is no longer possible.

at Applications in which the reading of multiple transponders necessary is, for. If there are several transponders in the same place, or several transponders are within a reading range and if also target distances from a few decimeters to a few meters are predetermined by the state of the art for Passive transponder concepts often insurmountable hurdles in the way.

Under Under these conditions it was the task to be solved, methods with which it is possible, wirelessly and as possible with (not exclusively) passive transponder concepts, sensory and actuatory states and with switching and / or Analog functions connected functions, over distances up to a few meters, even in problematic environments (metal, water) and also between different stations to capture, evaluate and to convey further.

Solved This task was primarily solved by a method for inductive Energy and data transmission when using a Resonator concept both on the transmitter side (eg a reading station) as well as on the receiver side (eg a transponder) by means of largely freely configurable resonators, different and, in a sense, independent of each other's working frequencies can activate.

In order to can u. a. the energy transfer will be improved, data can operate on parallel carrier frequency ranges sent and on several transmission paths and channels mediated.

In order to can u. a. the data transfer even in the problematic Environment z. T. only ever possible, on each Case but to be improved.

In order to can be used, for example, in more complex systems by means of the later so called "overlay transponders" passive Realize information relay, the z. B. Information between various stations can pass on.

To become energy-saving, tuned to defined resonance frequencies Resonators, preferably from LC resonant circuits, used, the z. B. as multiply plugged components or multiple times together glued films to be provided. This results in variably configurable Transmitting and receiving arrangements that are easy to manufacture and simple are usable.

The most important advantageous embodiments are below - too in the subclaims - executed.

There applications to both energy transfer, as well as to a data transmission, are used in the Following the terms transmitter side or transmitter side and primary side, as well as on the receiving side or on the receiver side and on the secondary side synonymous used, even if in the context of the Use of the terms often more like an energy transfer (primary side, secondary side) with a transformer or transformer or to a data transmission (transmitting side, receiving side) is thought of by systems with an antenna. However, this does not lead to problems of understanding in the respective context.

On The prior art is common to all constructions Antenna arrangements with respect to the working frequency adjusted directly and as accurately as possible "to resonance" are both on the transmitter side, as well as on the receiver side.

Such antenna arrangements can be z. B. more inductively - ie in general (but not exclusively) an antenna coil - be designed for the transmission or detection of the magnetic component of an electromagnetic field to be transmitted, the resonance setting at such an inductive antenna is carried out by a suitable capacity, which may have a fixed value or, for. For voting purposes, is kept variable (eg, a capacitance diode).

To at a defined (but usually relatively small) distance can with such inductive antenna arrangements in addition to the signal transmission also enough energy for the supply of passive transponders be ensured.

Also rather capacitive antenna arrangements, which by means of a additional inductive component to the respective resonance to be voted are known. These are but i. a. not for transmission of sufficient energy to passive transponder for supply intended.

Antenna resonant circuits become in the state of the art mostly either as a parallel resonance or designed as a series resonance and are based on the respective working frequency Voted.

A Transmission arrangement must i. a. always designed as an active station be, as these anyway with a corresponding source of energy (for example, a battery) must be equipped because of the generation The fields required energy necessarily applied must become.

receiver arrangements can also be designed actively, so with be equipped with its own energy supply; you can but also represent passive constructions, d. H. without that they have their own energy supply.

passive Arrangements are z. B. of the RFID systems (RFID transponder, RFID tags) ago known. The transponders known in this context are accordingly divided into "active", "passive" or "semi-passive", depending on whether the function of the transponder or to generate the answer and transmission required energy from a in the Transponder existing battery (ie active), or whether there is no own battery in the transponder.

passive RFID tags (transponders), which from the received RF read signal the Energy for the operation, as well as for an answer can draw are known. However, those are in applications with passive transponders achievable with reasonable effort functional distances, depending on the respectively used (and legally only limited upward interpretable) transmission energy of the Reader, relatively small.

Between such passive and active constructions There is a wide range of different arrangements, each one with its own advantages and disadvantages. For example Semipassive arrangements are offered that while maintaining a battery to have the information in a memory but the energy for the "normal functions" (reading, answers) refer to the electromagnetic reading field.

Independently from the actual structure but applies here too, that all Such constructions, both on the transmitter side and also on the receiver side, antenna arrangements, the are in principle in resonance with the working frequency or can be matched to this.

Since it is generally relatively difficult to tune the two antenna circuits on both sides to the same operating frequency without additional control measures (already the unavoidable component and manufacturing tolerances result in a clear tuning spread), constructions are necessary and known which are either transmitter-side resp. Provide automatic adjustment or frequency tracking on the primary side, but also on the secondary side (eg DE 38 10 702 . DE 10 2005 045 360 or DE 601 02 613 ). The cost of such measures can be significant and costly.

resonators have the type proposed according to the invention usually only two functional components, namely an inductance and a capacity. These two together Components have i. a. no further direct contact with others Parts of a circuit and can with a manufacturing tolerance from Z. B. 1% (or better) on the state of the art easily be made.

These special property that they are in a sense only there to to swing and accumulate energy in these vibrations, without doing so has a direct contact with the rest of the circuit, borders their function from a "normal resonant circuit" from. They are therefore here to distinguish them from other resonant circuits referred to as "resonators", though they are natural in itself also one (even a "pure") Represent resonant circuit.

1 In the prior art, a coupling between transmitter and receiver or between the primary side and the secondary side is an example of an assumed inductive transmission (very simplified):
A small, depending on the structure and the distance of the coil part of one of the transmitting coil ( 1 ) generated field ( 2 ) and floods the Receiver coil ( 4 ) ( 1a and 1b ). A significant amount of energy is not transmitted over the field between the coils at greater distances so here anyway only distances from a few millimeters to a few meters are assumed, ie distances at which the receiving coil - even at high frequencies - still in Near field of the antenna arrangement of the transmitter or the primary coil is located.

The state of the art is in 1b further shown, as the transmitter side, a series resonance, formed from a transmitting coil ( 1' ) and a first capacity ( 6 ), and at the receiving end a parallel resonance, formed from a receiving coil ( 4 ' ) and a second capacity ( 7 ), be used to form a resonant transmission.

Of the Reason for the need for a resonant expression on the primary side is that given a voltage supply i. a. only so sufficient energy coupling can be achieved can and on the secondary side can only be so suitable a lot of energy from the reception field strength present at the location of the receiving coil to be collected.

First the use of resonant structures thus makes it possible to do enough Energy at the location of the transmitter off or at the place of the receiver to inject energy and data over a significant Transfer distance.

Some Although the constructions found in the literature show in this respect Modifications of pure parallel or serially designed antenna circuits. These serve but z. For example, an adaptation of the impedances between the particular electronic circuit to be used and the antenna impedance to reach. But the primary goal is also here, the Resonance frequency of the respective antenna side to the respective Adjust working frequency.

Also Constructions that are multichannel, ie z. B. to at least two different frequencies (channels) work, the show general characteristic of the specific working frequency (s) matched antenna designs; sometimes with lesser, sometimes with greater bandwidth, and / or even with use of directional couplers. But each working frequency will be one Antenna circuit designed for resonance.

A slightly different modification arises with the technique of the Hetrodynempfänger in which after mixing the received signal with the Signal from a (tunable) local oscillator, not the antenna circuit to the carrier frequency, but an intermediate frequency circuit to a defined intermediate frequency, this again high-quality frequency-selective, is interpreted.

The (Down) mixing a received signal on one (often technically more manageable) Intermediate frequency range can, as farther is shown below, also in the case of the invention proposed here Advantageously used in some receiving constructions become. These techniques are from the transmission and reception technology known and have proven themselves well for a long time.

at The passive transponder constructions will become part of the Receiving circuit accumulating energy to power the transponder used. Therefore, in the prior art, a direct Coupling of the resonant circuit with the respective supply electronics necessary. This goes beyond the goal of a (just for reception) optimal antenna matching. The energy transfer can be designed frequency-unspecific in wide ranges, but requires i. a. Compromises regarding the required and the allowed reading field strength and the respective reception characteristics. This essentially defines the possible function distance.

in the Be proposed according to the invention, Deviating from the constructions of the prior art Inductive energy and signal transmission, secondary side and also on the primary side, for coupling or uncoupling coil arrangements (hereinafter referred to as "coupling coils") used that does not resonate or for a special one Be tuned working frequency or a specific frequency band have to. The coupling circuits are normally in relation to Their frequency behavior even broadband and so frequency-unspecific designed as possible at all.

to Determining a working frequency will be in the transmission path inductively (and possibly also capacitively coupled) resonators, the z. B. may be at some distance from the coupling coils and no further electrical connections to any Have part of the otherwise existing circuits. In essence only these resonators, not the primary-side or secondary-side Coupling coils, so work on the respective resonance or Working frequency (s) and thereby determine the frequency Behavior of the entire arrangement.

Just in special cases can also in the invention Method resonant coupling circuits find use. It should therefore be explicitly pointed out and also shown that also using the inventive Method resonant input and output circuits can be useful.

In belongs to a certain sense (application-specific varying) such a resonator neither to the primary circuit, although he is located near this, nor to the secondary circuit, even if it is located near it. Under a In another aspect, such resonances belong to both the primary-side Circle, even if they are arranged on the secondary side, or to the secondary circle, even if they are primary are arranged.

In another sense makes such a realization realized LC resonator a parallel resonant circuit (with the consequent Possibility of current overshoot) is. In another aspect, such is realized LC resonator a series resonant circuit (with the consequent possibility a voltage increase). Because no other, Energy withdrawing tap takes place at the resonant structure, both aspects are inseparable and interconnected to see equal and simultaneous.

There the coupling and decoupling circuits on any tuned resonance point can - with unchanged broadband Coupling coils - multiple resonators in the transmission path used, or z. B. added or removed, which also designed for different frequency could be. This is possible if and because a coupling or decoupling broadband through the respective, itself not in resonance coils are made and therefore also Signals with a wider spectrum (eg square wave signals) or decouple. The built by the transmission coil Field therefore has a time-shaped course, which then this Rectangular excitation corresponds and therefore more than just one frequency component consists.

The (possibly only to be activated) resonators the specific, singular frequency reference ago by from the possible non-sinusoidal field course the remove part belonging to this frequency and so on activate for transmission.

A simple arrangement with a coupling coil for coupling in a signal, a coupling coil for decoupling the transmitted signal and only one or two resonator (s) shows 2 each having a primary-side coupling coil ( 20 ) and a secondary-side coupling ( 21 ). These designations are in the arrangements of 2a -C equal.

The in this 2a C shown U cores, z. As ferrites are irrelevant for the displayed. You are here only a defined course of the magnetic circuit, z. B. justify for energy transfer and delineate possible positions for the resonators. 2a represents a comparison without a resonator for comparison, 2 B C indicate the resonator construct. As you can see, resonators can be used on the primary side (transmitter side, 2c , ( 28 )) and / or secondary side (receiver side, 2 B , ( 27 )).

2d defines the circuit symbol preferably used in this context.

The use of several such resonators, designed for the same or different frequencies, is also possible: the resonators of the 2e , one each transmitter side and one arranged on the primary side, can support the same or different frequencies. If the same resonant frequencies are used in each case in a resonator on the two sides, then these form, as it were, a functional unit. Therefore, in this case the term "resonator pairs" will be used. ( 2e )

The circuit of 2e composes the elements of the representations used in the following:
A primary-side / transmitter-side coupling coil ( 13 ) is either from a signal generator ( 11 ) or, but more generally, but more generally, by a signal generation unit or by a transmitter circuit ( 12 ). A transmitter-side resonator ( 15 ) consists in general only of an inductance or a coil ( 14 ) and a capacitor or a capacitor ( 16 ). A transmitter-side resonator is located near the transmitter, but not necessarily directly at the transmitter or directly at the coupling coil.

The transmission link ( 9 ) can be assumed as arbitrary; Both core-guided routes, magnetic conductors or air gaps (even vacuum) are possible.

The energy of the field formed on the primary side impinges on the receiver-side resonator ( 19 ), which is relatively close, but not necessarily directly at the receiving side coupling coil ( 18 ) lies. The structure may correspond to the transmitter-side resonator, but may also be constructed completely different. The by means of coupling coil ( 18 ) decoupled energy feeds the receiving circuit ( 17 ). The receiving side coupling coil ( 18 ) is again designed not frequency limiting or frequency specific.

The two resonators ( 15 ) and ( 19 ) form - with the same frequency tuning - a resonator pair. Several resonators or resonator pairs can be used in the applications at the same time. To simplify the illustrations, however, a resonator pair can also be represented by only one resonator (cf., for example, illustration for FIG 3 )

n Resonators allow transmission side - with z. B. not one resonantly operated coupling coil and a suitable electronic Transmission circuits - send out or transmit of n different discrete frequencies.

n Resonators allow reception - with z. B. not one resonantly operated coupling coil and a suitable electronic Receive circuit - receiving or using n different, discrete frequencies.

The Frequency transmission takes place simultaneously, d. h., the n different frequencies will be simultaneously and transmitted in a sense, independently.

There the transmission electronics of course the signal or frequency components, which also need to generate for transfer, are to make certain demands on this transmission electronics, but there are also various possibilities for generating very different Signal properties given. These can each only individual Frequency components, but also all frequency components simultaneously concern, z. B. when the transmission circuit signal modifications on einkoppelnden signal, z. B. an amplitude change or make a phase or frequency change should. Each of the individual signal components coming to the transmission as part of the overall signal would be one of the modification have the signal originating change.

The However, this does not apply without restriction: with frequency modulation on the sender side would be z. B. other, additional Effects to be considered, but also used meaningfully can be as shown below.

The Simultaneity of the effect on several components also applies on the receiving side, if the receiving circuit z. B. a signal modification should make on the received signal. Is here z. B. a frequenzunspezifische Load modulation (used for a backscatter method), then arise at each of the existing carrier frequencies in known manner lying symmetrically to the carrier frequency Sidebands. This z. B. to return information circumstance used by a transponder to the reading station can at the transmission of n different frequencies for each of the transmitted frequencies are used simultaneously if the load modulation at a common, not frequency specific designed outcoupling point takes place.

modified the arrangement so that a Auskoppelkreis (possibly one of several) even only at the frequency of the resonance point of one of the resonators decoupled, then the effect z. B. the load coupling but also limited to a single frequency only. In the same Sense, the decoupling (possibly one of several) only on certain Frequencies are restricted. As you can see, can instead of the broadband designed general coupling circuits Also resonant coupling and decoupling circuits in arrangements, the Use this method according to the invention makes sense be used.

The thus defined multiple transmission of signals with different frequencies allows, for example, the transmission of signals which are not sinusoidal:
A transmission of arbitrary, periodic signals, z. B. square wave signals, is possible if the frequency components of such a square wave signal are transmitted separately. This is achieved by switching the (rectangular) signal to be transmitted to a broadband, non-resonant coupling coil. The field generated in this way has the spectrum of such a (rectangular) signal, ie it contains the frequency components f ₀ , f ₁ , f ₂ , etc., which are generated by individual, separately operating resonators - which point to these frequency locations f ₀ , f ₁ , f ₂ , etc. must be coordinated - be introduced into the transmission path. These resonators provide on the transmitter side for a suitable strong (resonant) transmission of the frequency components shaping the signal. On the reception side, they provide a resonant energy accumulation of the frequency components belonging to the signal sequence, which are thus activated for the non-resonant decoupling:

3 this represents an example of a rectangular signal to be transmitted: On the left side is the respective rectangular signal to be transmitted, z. B. ( 77 ), with the corresponding spectrum, z. B. ( 76 ). For clarity, the presentation is limited to three frequency support points and to each frequency is in the 3a ( 96 ) no resonator pair, but only only a single resonator shown.

In the uppermost representation ( 3a ) it is shown that only the first component of the spectrum of the rectangular function, ie the fundamental frequency f ₀ , is transmitted because of the coupled-in signal ( 78 ) the resonator (a matched pair of resonators) ( 80 ) only mediates the transmission of this one frequency component. At the output of the transmission link ( 79 ), on the load resistor R _L , there is therefore this one frequency component ( 83 ), attenuated by the transmission, but generally according to their contribution to the total energy of a square wave signal. On the right is this part of the spectrum, z. B. ( 83 ), and the corresponding time function, z. B. ( 84 ).

In the middle arrangement ( 3b ) mediates a second resonator (pair) ( 81 ) the second frequency component ( 83 ) and in the lower arrangement ( 3c ) the resonator (pair) ( 82 ) only the third component; each represented with the associated time signal, z. B. ( 84 ).

3d presents the summary ( 97 ) of these three resonators ( 85 ) in a common arrangement, which can now simultaneously transmit the three frequency components that make up a rectangular function in the first, second and third diets. (Not shown is a to the receiving side rectangular simulation, especially at very high frequencies, necessary phase correction of the frequency components).

4 shows again the (preferred in the following) representation with resonator pairs and again shows the arrangement of the 3d , including the now preferred presentation, which is closer to a concrete interpretation: A broadband transmission signal coupling ( 91 ) lies with n, here 3, resonators ( 93 ) 94 ) and ( 95 ) and puts the transmitter side ( 88 ), here 3, resonators ( 93 ' ) 94 ' ) and ( 95 ' ) characterize the reception conditions for n, here 3, frequencies on the receiving side. This, together with an application-oriented receiver electronics ( 92 ), the receiving side ( 89 ) in front. In each case a resonator on the transmitter side and a resonator on the receiver side, both designed in each case for the same resonant frequency, together form a resonator pair. In this example, the pairs ( 93 ) and ( 93 ' ) 94 ) and ( 94 ' ) and ( 95 ) and ( 95 ' ) be.

In essence, the following definitions apply to the following (unless explicitly stated otherwise):
Under receiving circuit is here any electronic unit to use a decoupled signal, seen from the non-resonant or resonant decoupling of the arrangement understood; this includes the transfer of energy via electromagnetic fields.
As a receiving station, the combination of a receiving circuit and an array of resonators is considered.
As a transmission circuit here each electronic unit for generating an electrical signal is considered up to the decoupling point, when this signal is fed to a decoupling stage (antenna, antenna coil, etc.).
A transmitting station is understood to mean a transmitting circuit or a generator circuit, including all measures for emitting and emitting an electromagnetic field, as well as the use of resonators. This includes strong fields for energy transfer.

The Resonant frequency locations of the resonators or resonator pairs used in this way do not necessarily have integer frequency differences, as in the example of a rectangular transmission. These resonance frequency points can (almost) arbitrarily close to each other or far from each other lie, the frequency distances can be (almost) arbitrary to get voted. The only condition is that the inductive coupling circuit is able to convert the primary waveform into a signal proportional, electromagnetic field that converts these frequency components then also contains.

There each system ultimately only a limited Frequency range, it may make sense to the coupling of signals into the signal path also on the transmitter side several times to interpret: Can z. B. with a first, broadband designed Coupling unit Signals with a frequency range of 5 MHz up to 50 MHz and with a second coupling unit 430-450 MHz, then you can with two signal generating circuits in this Transmitting station use these two frequency ranges. To try that two frequency ranges in an arrangement with only one broadband designed to serve designed coupling frequency range, would be very tedious, i. a. even not possible. It is therefore recommended in such a case, even if in a unit rather the summary consideration is preferable, with two different ones Coupling circuits to work.

In such a multiple resonance frequency arrangement can z. B. relatively densely adjacent frequencies are transmitted, z. B. resonator frequency points located in the middle, at the top or lower edge of a radio channel (eg of only 25 kHz width) are located.

moreover the resonators can be designed switchable and / or one, dependent on a switch position, activation or inactivation.

5 and 6 various possibilities exemplify:

5a represents the "normal" connection between a send page ( 100 ) and a receiving side ( 101 ): The transmission electronics ( 102 ) feeds the coupling coil ( 104 ) z. B. with a signal of a defined strength and frequency and thus builds up an electromagnetic field, which would not be sufficient, at the place of the receiver ( 101 ) or at the location of the coupling coil ( 107 ) one for the receiving circuit ( 103 ) to generate sufficient signal field strength.

Only the transmitter-side resonator ( 105 ) he Such a strong field proves that a receiver (possibly also classic - ie without a resonator, but tuned to resonance - working) might have an opportunity at some distance to receive the signal generated on the transmitter side.

The recipient of the 5a ( 103 ) with non-resonant coupling arrangement ( 107 ) should in this example, however, have no possibility, only enough energy for a reception from the transmitter side ( 100 ) to collect generated signal. First the resonator ( 106 ) "Gathers" on this side enough energy and ensures there a sufficient reception field strength.

So missing one of the two resonators ( 105 ) or ( 106 ) of such a resonator pair or is one of them, for whatever reason, not active, then - depending on the distance and the generated field strength - a data transfer between the position of the transmitter and the position of the receiver is not possible.

This feature makes it possible to design a connection "switchable": If the resonators are designed to be switched on and off, then a connection can be made switchable or can be interrupted in a switchable manner. The 5b - 5d exemplify some ways to activate and deactivate resonators through switching functions:
5b shows the possibility of using a resonator ( 109 ) by a short-circuit switch ( 110 ): Here a switch function closes ( 110 ) the receiver-side resonator ( 109 ) (Switch in closed state) simply short. Only in the open state of the switch is the resonator ( 109 ) and the receiving circuit ( 108 ) can receive and evaluate a signal on the frequency supported by the resonator pair.

Around However, to avoid unnecessary energy losses is you can use such a short-circuit construction only where, where Shorted coil no larger currents in this coil will flow (so only at some distance to the transmitting side).

5c shows another possibility, a resonator ( 112 ) by means of switching function ( 113 ) (without energy losses) to activate or deactivate: When the switch is closed ( 113 ) is the resonator ( 112 ) is activated, it is without effect when the switch is open, since no current can flow in the resonator circuit. Is the switch ( 113 ), then the receiving circuit ( 111 ) receive and evaluate a signal.

There However, the line connections to the switch always an additional Part of inductance will bring in the circuit and moreover parasitic capacitances through the wiring will be present, this arrangement is not in all cases too to prefer.

The two possibilities of 5b and 5c are with respect to the switch positions ( 110 ) and ( 113 ) Complementary, which can be used to advantage z. B. with simple switch functions to achieve a "resonator change".

5d represents that the switch use both send and receive side is possible. The transmitter-side activation of the resonator ( 115 ) takes place when the switch is closed ( 116 ); only then can the transmitter side receive enough energy from the signal from ( 114 ) and send out. Only if both switches ( 116 ) and ( 117 ) are closed, there is a connection between the transmitting side and the receiving side. It should be noted that, in this sense, logical combinations of functions with the resonator construct are also provided. This also results in a variety of applications.

The 6 represents in this context further effected by switch resonator or frequency change and other logical combinations: Are the resonant frequencies of two resonators, z. From ( 120 ) and ( 121 ), close to each other, then a simple on / off switching function ( 123 ) to change ( 6a ) of the respective active resonator and thus the operating frequency, since in the closed state of the switch of a resonator ( 121 ) is inactivated by short circuit, the other one ( 120 ), because not short-circuited, is activated.

In the open state is only the other resonator ( 121 ) active, the second resonator ( 120 ) in the illustrated switch position itself inactive. However, in this case, the active resonator ( 121 ) for the inactive resonator ( 120 ) one, the open switch ( 123 ) bridging connection, which - may be quite low impedance - especially at a large distance to their own resonance point.

Therefore, this arrangement of the 6a used only for very small frequency differences or for other considerations (frequency change, antenna matching, load modulation, modulation, etc.). Namely, with this type of switching, a frequency, phase and / or amplitude-based reflection of information to the transmitting station can take place, as is known from the backscatter method (where this is generally used only for amplitude modulations).

Preferably, a simple switching of resonators, z. B. ( 125 ) and ( 126 ), by a Switching function ( 124 ), as in 6b or 6c is shown. Here is always clearly a resonator active, here ( 126 ), the second, here ( 125 ), is clearly inactive. When a switch is changed, the resonators exchange their roles. However, this circuit is not optimal in all cases for the reasons already mentioned the required wiring.

The 6c to 6e show further switching options with which resonators can be activated, inactivated or switched, in each case only the affected by the switching resonators are shown.

In 6c is shown as with a switch ( 127 ) one of two resonators can alternately be inactivated alternately by short circuiting. However, here represents the coil of each inactivated resonator for each activated resonator is an inductive load circuit, so that due to the fairly narrow coupling a possibly strong or strong-acting leakage inductance is included in the considerations.

6d shows the activation or inactivation of two resonators by a switching circuit with two switches. The alternately activation or inactivation and the replacement of the two resonators is effected by a changeover circuit. This is useful, for example, when two switches must always be set to the same position in order to activate a frequency (eg for safety). If the switches are in an unequal position, then both resonators are inactive.

6e shows the activation and inactivation of a resonator by means of a switching circuit. Each of the two switches can turn the resonator on and off. Each switch activates the resonator if it was previously inactive and inactivates it if it was previously active.

The 6f shows by way of example the possibility of using switchable resonators (in this case three pairs of resonators) to receive the signals of a plurality of transmitting stations, which may be located at different locations, in a receiving station: one of the transmitting stations ( 118 ), z. With resonator ( 128 ), can be used to connect the receiving station ( 119 ) to provide sufficient energy. These are z. B. the resonator pairs ( 128 ) and ( 131 ), while to the other two stations ( 129 ) and ( 130 ) by means of other resonator pairs ( 132 ) and ( 133 ) should be a data exchange.

The energy coupling can be resonant at the receiving end by the one receiving circuit ( 135 ) or non-resonant by the other receiving circuit ( 136 ) respectively.

This is advantageous if z. B. a high energy transfer at a frequency f ₁ and would be possible, but there, z. B. due to the widespread use by competing, other participants, only with great effort a safe, undisturbed traffic can be established. This is z. B. on the normal ISM frequency bands already the case today.

The Distribution of such functionalities on different Frequency bands allow a specific use of each there permissible limits and thus leaves the use the different strengths of these frequencies.

The respective receiving station ( 119 ) can with a switch function ( 134 ) by inactivation of one of the two remaining resonators ( 132 ) respectively. ( 133 ) select with which broadcasting station (more precisely: on which frequency) you want to allow the communication. The receiving circuits ( 135 ) respectively. ( 136 ) remain unaffected.

The Switching the resonators shown in this example could z. B. are used to selectively only with one of the transmitting stations to communicate, if one depends on the device status Switch function a defined state of the device signaled.

The separation of signal and energy transfer is also advantageous if z. B. a high energy transfer on a first frequency f ₁ would be permissible, but at this frequency for various reasons, only with great effort, a data traffic to a station can be built at a distance, while that could be easy with another frequency f ₂ again, but on the other hand, no such high emission power for energy transmission is possible or permitted on this frequency.

The is z. B. also useful if an energy transfer better or only on a low (but maybe synonymous. high) frequency is possible because z. As the environmental conditions nothing else, but communication on another, higher (but possibly lower) frequency must, because z. B. such a higher data transfer rate possible with a carrier at a higher frequency or otherwise the target distance is not bridged or because of the environment (eg metallic, liquid, etc.) other would not be possible.

This is also useful if you are on a specific frequency support z. B. from a signal with multiple frequency components, z. B. a square wave signal that wants to transfer the energy required to supply the receiving unit, on the or the other frequency support point (s) also or only (or additional) information.

The thus achievable decoupling of energy and data transport allowed also therefore an efficient use of the energy transport, because the use of only a single frequency with a modulation does not have associated frequency broadening. Thereby can the otherwise necessary for the page limit filter in this regard omitted. Since those resulting from a modulation, in others Frequency bands extending into side bands are missing, these also do not limit the allowable carrier amplitude and thus a maximum energy transfer can take place.

A (but very fast) resonator switchover (eg by means of switching function ( 134 )) is also useful if in this way an information return to the transmitting station should take place. The method of load modulation known from the backscatter method or the method of receiving-side antenna circuit tuning change, which are used to be able to send data back from a passive receiving side to the transmitting side, are comparable methods. The backscatter method refers to the signal amplitude at the antenna circuit change The effect on the reflection properties feedback in the transmitting antenna circuit is thereby extended by the effect of phase and / or frequency feedback in the transmitting antenna circuit.

• 1. eine frequenzabhängige wechselnde Last, aus der sich eine Amplitudenveränderung an der Sendestation auch bei einer FSK-Modulation der Sendestation ergibt;
• 2. eine entsprechend dem Frequenzgang der Resonatoren sich ergebende, mit wechselnder Intensität rückgekoppelte, damit phasenschiebende Komponente;
• 3. eine – bei sehr eng benachbarten Resonanzstellen der beteiligten Resonatoren mit einer aus der erzwungenen Schwingung resultierenden, geringen Frequenzverschiebung – Rückgabe von Signalanteilen mit anderer Frequenz.

Namely, the receiving side between two resonators with relatively closely adjacent resonant frequencies switched back and forth, ie they are alternately activated very quickly / inactivated, then this gives

• 1. a frequency-dependent alternating load, resulting in a change in amplitude at the transmitting station even with an FSK modulation of the transmitting station;
• 2. a corresponding to the frequency response of the resonators resulting, fed back with alternating intensity, thus phase-shifting component;
• 3. a - at very close adjacent resonance points of the resonators involved with a resulting from the forced oscillation, low frequency shift - return of signal components with a different frequency.

each These features can be backscattered for back reflection be used by information.

The differences and advantages of the method according to the invention in comparison with the prior art are quickly visible through the resulting possibilities of multiple transmissions:
So it is z. For example, it is possible to ensure a sufficient basic supply for a receiving station in a defined environment and distance on a frequency of 125 kHz (or, for example, 13.56 MHz) and to handle the data traffic on a completely different frequency.
So it is z. For example, it is possible to ensure sufficient basic power for a receiving station in a defined environment and distance at a frequency of 62.5 kHz (or, for example, 6.78 MHz) with a possibly better behavior with regard to the circumstances caused by the environment (metallic, liquid environment, etc.), and on another frequency, eg. B. 125 kHz (or 13.56 MHz) to handle the traffic.

The Frequency acquisition can be at integer frequency ratios advantageous by simple (digital) division or by means of PLL arrangements with a simple digital division of the clock frequency of a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) and one on the phase difference to a reference frequency (ia a quartz reference) regulated VCO frequency respectively.

Here can be the digital signal generation and the rectangular transmission also several times supplement: From a mother generator of z. B. 1.2 MHz could PWM square wave signals with the frequency 600 kHz and 400 kHz can be obtained by division. The first frequency components these square wave signals would be 600 kHz, 300 kHz and 150 kHz or 400 kHz, 200 kHz and 100 kHz. With six resonators could So 6 frequencies are used in one of the described methods.

A passive receiving arrangement could, for. In one metallic environment via an electromagnetic field 125 kHz, but would be on this Frequency u. U. no longer able to z. B. 1 m distance an answer to send to the reading station while a parallel query at 13.56 MHz this allows.

The required frequencies can be in the reading station (transmitter side) by means of two generators and / or from a base frequency of 13.56 MHz by a division with the factor 108 (125.5 kHz) are obtained.

Alternatively, it is z. B. possible, from a base frequency of 27.12 MHz by division (with the factors 2 respectively. 217 ) to get the frequencies 13.56 or 124.58 (125) KHz. The advantage would be that in this way the two frequencies are present with rigid phase coupling.

Alternatively, a supply of 13.56 MHz could be possible and the answer z. B. on 434 MHz. The required frequencies could be from egg ner reference frequency of 13.56 MHz by means of a PLL arrangement at division of the VCO frequency by a factor of 32 (433.92 MHz) are obtained.

alternative could be a supply of 125 kHz or 13.56 MHz possible and the answer to any integer higher Frequency, if this in the μW and even in the nW range still is possible. This is changed with a since 2006 Legislation also allowed.

As As can be seen, the resonator concept according to the invention results various uses.

The Supply could also be via one or two transmitting stations, on one or two different frequencies, with the energy used at each station and at each frequency remaining within acceptable limits, but in total in to have more energy available to the receiving station.

The Transmitting stations (again one or two transmitting stations, at the same or at different location (s)) z. B. also on two different but similar frequencies, e.g. B. 13.5375 MHz and 13.6625 MHz, with the energy used and staying within acceptable limits on any frequency, but so in total at the receiving stations more energy available to have.

The Transmitting stations (again one or two transmitting stations) could z. B. also on two different but similar frequencies, z. B. 13.5375 MHz and 13.6625 MHz. This would, as described, two resonator pairs used. Due to the frequency proximity they would collect energy independently of each other Resonators an overlay field with a beat frequency of 125 kHz and 62.5 kHz, respectively. This beating frequency can with appropriate measures (eg introducing a nonlinearity into the magnetic circuit, which is usually the hysteresis of a Core material is sufficient) and via a tuned to this difference frequency resonator for the radiation will be activated.

With in this way with the aid of resonators from an overlay let two or more frequencies formed new frequencies further "frequency-generating measures" in introduce such a concept and present new applications.

The Construction of at least three resonators, two of which two (relatively) closely adjacent frequencies are tuned and at least one more to activate the sum or difference frequency tuned to this sum or difference frequency is intended in Hereinafter referred to as "overlay resonator" when the beat frequency in general Is in the foreground of interest, and will be referred to as "beat resonator" below when the beat frequency (or the frequency difference) is looked at.

An "overlay resonator" can So z. B. be composed of four individual resonators, if both the sum frequency, as well as the difference frequency, formed from two receive carrier frequencies, through corresponding resonators should be activated. So here can also be a mix of signals be used successfully.

Even arrangements with more than just two superimposed frequencies are extremely interesting: How to z. B. Bronstein can take, applies: sinα + sinβ + sinγ = (½sinα + ½sinα) + (½sinβ + ½sinβ) + (½sinγ + ½sinγ) = (½sinα + ½sinβ) + (½sinα + ½sinγ) + (½sinβ + ½sinγ) = ½cos [(α - β) / 2] · sin [(α + β) / 2] + ½sin [(α-β) / 2] · sin [(α + β) / 2] + ½sin [(β-γ) / 2] · sin [( β + γ) / 2].

As you can see in it, lie in the envelopes of a beat signal, that of three frequencies, the z. B. as described above to a passive relay transponder (with corresponding resonators for the carrier frequencies and for the difference frequencies) act, all three possible, to be formed difference frequencies in front. Depending on whether the respective high-frequency or the low-frequency Components is separated by appropriate filters, also applies here again that the sum function and the sum form is present.

An "overlay resonator" can So composed of more than three or four individual resonators be: if z. For n frequencies of n transmitting stations both the n transmitted carrier frequencies by n resonators (n> 2) activated have to be, and also z. B. m possible difference frequencies to be activated, for which m = (n - 2) (n - 1) / 2 additional resonators would be necessary would be for n = 5 z. B. 11 resonators needed.

And Again, these resonators can of course be switched be interpreted.

An advantageous application of such an arrangement is z. For example, the following: The first two resonators only activate the frequencies involved in the superimposition, e.g. B. 13.5375 MHz and 13.6625 MHz, so these - so far provided in the electromagnetic field - for the receiving circuit just ready. The difference frequency is not really present with the superimposition of the two fields (the corresponding spectrum still only consists of the two individual frequencies). Only when a non-linearity comes into play and leads to a kind of rectifier effect, such a sum or difference frequency (or the frequency of the envelope of the overlay), which now stimulates the appropriate resonator (s) tuned to this frequency , which leads to the radiation of precisely these frequencies (125 kHz or 13.56 MHz).

A Such non-linearity can be activated in the receiving station be provided, so that a read request with two first frequencies but an answer to that on a completely different third or fourth frequency occurs and also only then, if this station wants it or "modulates" it with a non-linear switching function. While in this case, the two high frequency polling frequencies of the power supply serve, the answer is low frequency z. B. ASK-Modulated from it by switching function by the nonlinearity completely passively formed. If one or both stations use PWM control, then it can thus the difference frequency signal also information imprint your own choice.

It can be almost arbitrary with such resonator designs Way combination and arrangement with a single (or multiple) transmitting device (s) and constructed with one (or more) receive arrangements and multiple frequencies are transmitted. In the receiver arrangement can be any reaction either to all or to selected Frequencies (such as load coupling, antenna reflection, Broadcast, single connection, multiple connection, etc.) and through a resonant decoupling also the transmitted signals also be received separately and influenced again.

Are z. As defined in a frequency band channel center frequencies f ₁ , f ₂ , f ₃ , etc., by means of resonators z. B. activated for a multiple frequency transmission, then on the receiving side single or combinations of frequencies can be activated or deactivated (for example, by a switch function with which the resonators can be activated or short-circuited), depending on which frequencies and resonators are currently used, have been activated or deactivated.

Not necessarily only one transmission location has to be present on the transmitter side. If z. B. the two previously in the example of the overlay resonators used frequencies (eg 13.5375 MHz or 13.6625 MHz) of come different positions, then change that nothing to the above principle for obtaining a passive answer. However, here are the relative positions of the transmitter to each other, as well as the geometric angle in which they each other and to the receiving position. The resulting phase positions can also be used.

The Response of a passive station to a beat frequency can be passive in the double sense: First, the answer formed by a passive receiving system, d. H. only under use the energy emitted by the transmitting stations.

To the other but each transmitting stations, z. B. by deactivation the associated resonator, such an answer also completely Suppress: Missing one of the radiated from the transmitting station Carrier frequencies, then also the difference frequency is missing at the overlay transponder. So every station can do it ensure that the response to the difference frequency is using an ASK modulation that defined by it by resonator activation and deactivation Data by doing the same with the one emitted by it Energy (eg via inactivation of a resonator) power.

The So senders can - without an intermediate really existing connection, only over an influence to the passive receiving station, which now only serves as relay station, d. H. without any influence on the information provided, working passively, communicating. This can be done by means of resonator activation / deactivation or by means of PWM control in one of the transmitting stations.

To it is only necessary that the (passive) receiving station just just the difference frequency signal generated continuously; d. H. but, simply the presence of a superposition resonator in itself already sufficient.

The is an RFID concept, but on a completely different transmission concept based function: A beat resonator becomes one independent RFID tag transponder, the z. B. on can work differently designed frequency channels. In such a concept, the transponder itself no longer responds, but passively sets specific transmission characteristics between two or more stations, resulting in an identification feature is derivable.

That can in turn also - z. B. by another switching function at the site of the passive Empfän gers - additionally modulated or influenced. This in turn makes it possible to establish connections between the reading stations only by means of a switch function present at the location of the passive "transponder relay" by means of such switchable passive relay stations.

This extends the possibilities (especially for RFID applications, for example) very significant: for an answer now no in the transponder even present intelligence or circuit needed more but the mediation takes place here between the active stations simply by making a connection available the passive relay station. Because the reading stations enough Energy available, these no longer test that weak signal of the transponder, but by the transponder recycled transmission path.

Not necessarily only one receiving location has to be on the receiving side be given: If z. B. at a location of a transmitter n resonators make sure that n frequencies are transmitted, then can z. B. single and / or multiple receive arrangements with one or more resonators at z. B. m Places (where m is equal or unequal, smaller or larger as n can be) the different frequencies simply, but also in multiple, not necessarily the same or different Combination received.

Everyone Resonator "activated" in this sense on Place of its existence a single frequency (for transmission at the transmitter or for reception at the receiver), provided that the frequency component in the electromagnetic field of the environment Resonator is included; this both on the transmitter side and the receiver side. It can be done in given physical limits and within limits the (also legally limited) available standing bandwidth and transmit power any combination of Resonators and switch functions and localities formed which are different and different resonator arrangements enable, disable, send or receive. The receiver side active, passive or foreign powered can be designed.

To are simple, compact, designed only as an LC combination resonators available, but also resonators that over Switching functions can be activated or deactivated, as well as overlay resonators consisting of at least two (RF) resonators for the carrier frequencies to be received and off at least one, matched to the sum or difference frequency, additional resonator. Within the framework of a superposition transponder constructed in this way can the introduction of a nonlinear element from the outside (as Part of the use) happen, or already provided in the structure be.

Consequently many applications and arrangements are possible; z. B. can thus be a many switches or keys existing keyboard function, too a remote control, be realized.

Either very simple constructs (eg simple switching functions), but Even very complex switching function arrangements can do so be realized, wherein neither in the frequency selection of the usual Constructions must be deviated, still special measures are to be taken, over the usual effort go out.

The Resonator concept as such is the primary prerequisite ready.

The description of another example of the invention will be described with reference to 7 done: In this 7 is the transmitter side (for all subexamples of this figure, the components of comparable or identical function and the names are equally valid) a single coupling circuit ( 143 ) with two resonators ( 139 ) respectively. ( 140 ) used to build an electromagnetic field. The generated field hits this in all cases 7 on the receiver side on two resonators ( 137 ) respectively. ( 138 ) and two subsequent decoupling circuits with two receiving circuits ( 141 ) respectively. ( 142 ).

Of the two receiving side resonators can in the example of the 7c and 7d one each (here in each case ( 138 )) of a switch function "short-circuit-disabled" ( 7c ) or when the switch is closed ( 7d ) become. A second switch function adds a load in one of the load modulation decoupling circuits; once this happens ( 7d ) in the non-resonant decoupling circuit ( 146 ), on the other hand ( 7c ) in the resonant coupling circuit ( 147 ) with the corresponding switching functions ( 148 ) and ( 149 ).

In this example the 7 So form each 2 resonators, each one transmitter side, a receiving side, each a resonator pair. This allows two sinusoidal signals with two different frequencies to be transmitted independently.

In the example of 7a the two frequencies are the two receiving circuits ( 141 ) and ( 142 ) are equally available and can be used here in any way, the same or different.

In the example of 7b the coupling circuits are designed to be resonant, ie the individual receiving circuit ( 141 ) respectively. ( 142 ) is of the two (possibly. existing) frequencies only one use. This can be the signal with the same frequency for each receiving circuit, but also the other one.

In the example of 7c and 7d the receiving circuits ( 141 ) operate with both frequencies, the other receiving circuit ( 142 ) can only use one of the two frequencies.

Respectively one of the two frequencies can receive at the receiving end by an inactivation of a resonator by means of switching function ( 144 ) or ( 145 ) are locked.

A load modulation can take place once in the receiving circuit with resonant decoupling ( 7c ) and once in the broadband decoupled path ( 7d ):
If the switches in the receiving arrangement are each open, this is indicated in FIG 7c and 7d the situation of a normal transmission (comparable to a single RFID transponder). With the one switch ( 148 ) can z. B. load modulations only on the frequency f to which the Auskoppelkreis ( 147 ), which in the known sense react on the input side and can therefore be used for data transmission from the receiving side to the transmitter side.

Is in 7c now the switch ( 144 ) closed, then the resonator arrangement is inactive (short-circuited) and thus the frequency previously activated by the resonators practically no longer exists. Since the receiver on this frequency then but no (or at least no relevant amount of) receives more energy no response to the primary circuit (to the transmitting circuit) is returned. Otherwise, if the switch S ₁ ( 144 ) is open. In this case, the resonator arrangement is active, the receiving side receives a signal and / or can remove energy and by means of a load coupling, data on this frequency can be mirrored back to the transmitter side.

In the 7d is in the same arrangement as in 7c the receiver-side resonator by a switch ( 145 ) first activated in the closed state. Such a switch can again be of any function and shape, eg. B. a reed contact, which is actuated by a moving in a mechanical locking lever magnet.

However, the load coupling now takes place in the non-resonant coupling circuit. This load coupling thus acts equally on the two frequencies activated by the resonators. If one of the resonators ( 138 ), then the load coupling only acts on the other frequency.

At In this example, it can be seen that resonator deactivation u. May also be used to block backscatter responses can. With permanent modulation by the load coupling can thus a modulation via the resonator activation or Inactivation be made or used. (ASK, SSK, PSK)

The description of a further example according to the invention is made on the basis of 8th : In this 8th At the transmitter end, a single coupling circuit ( 151 ) for the construction of an electromagnetic field, and three resonators ( 150 ) 152 ) and ( 153 ) used. The generated field meets the receiver side to three receiving arrangements with two resonators, z. B. ( 160 ) and ( 161 ) and with two subsequent Auskoppelkreisen, z. B. ( 164 ) and ( 165 ) again with two receiving circuits ( 163 ) and ( 162 ) for a first frequency ( 163 ) and in each case a second decoupling circuit with receiving circuit for a second frequency, these here for an energy transfer.

In this arrangement, the second and third transmitter-side resonators can be activated by closed switches. Only when one of these resonators is active, transmission energy is radiated on the respective resonant frequencies of the resonators to a significant extent. The switches can thus be used to perform an ASK modulation of the signal either on one of the frequencies or else to achieve a frequency modulation by switching over the resonators (FSK). (In the case of FSK modulation, a switch can also be used, as with the 6a was presented)

Become now the receiving stations each for one of the two frequencies designed for data transmission, then the transmitting station by Activation or inactivation of the resonators the connection to a receiving station, in turn, a connection via Can accept or reject switching functions.

Description of another example according to the invention with reference to FIG 9 to illustrate the manipulation possibilities of the transmitting stations: transmitter side ( 166 ) again with a single coupling circuit ( 168 ) for the construction of an electromagnetic field ( 186 ) and with three resonators ( 169 ) 170 ) and ( 171 ).

The field generated in this way ( 186 ) meets the receiver ( 167 ) to a first receiving arrangement with three resonators ( 174 ) 175 ) and ( 176 ). The following, first (designed for resonance) Auskoppelkreis ( 181 ) and a second, not on resonance designed decoupling ( 178 ) are inputs for each receive circuit ( 173 ) respectively. ( 172 ).

The first resonant decoupling ( 181 ) is designed for the lowest frequency and is mainly used to supply transmission of the respective receiver-side arrangements. The second receiving arrangement is intended here to use the second and third frequencies and is therefore not resonant with a simple coil ( 178 ) coupled.

A second receiving arrangement - z. B. can be located at another location - is comparable to here, in all details with the first receiving arrangement, the same structure with three resonators ( 182 ) 183 ) and ( 189 ), two receiving circuits ( 185 ) and ( 177 ) with the couplings ( 180 ) and ( 179 ).

On the transmitter side, the control ( 168 ) with a PWM square wave signal. This PWM signal can be electronically set to a 50% duty cycle electronically by the transmitting electronics of the transmitter side and / or switched between a smaller and larger PWM ratio by a small amount slightly different from these 50%.

Under PWM ratio is the ratio of _pulse T is understood to T _period here and can be specified by the quotient T _pulse / T _period directly as a ratio, or by the corresponding percentage of T _pulse / T _period · 100th Without this causing misunderstandings, in this sense "PWM" is also used directly as a variable for this relationship; PWM = 50% or PWM = 0.45 is clearly used in this sense for a PWM ratio of 0.5 or 50% or for a PWM ratio of 0.45 or 45%.

The resonators of 9 are all activated, but it could - as an extension of this example - also z. B. a resonator can be activated by one of the measures described by the transmission electronics or inactivated.

In the receiving arrangements, the components of the frequency components of the square wave signal by means of corresponding receiving circuits z. T. be used differently (see also the illustration for 3 ):
The lowest frequency component in a PWM signal is at the fundamental frequency f ₀ = 1 / T (T is the period ( 32 ) of the respective PWM signal ( 30 ); see. 10 ) and is used in both receiving arrangements for power supply. For this purpose, this frequency component is resonantly coupled in both arrangements (( 180 ) respectively. ( 181 )) and by a suitable receiving circuit (( 171 ) respectively. ( 185 )) for the energy supply and used.

The decoupling of this frequency component takes place resonantly in this example in both receiving circuits in order not to influence the other frequency components by a possibly strongly impacting (damping) energy extraction process; ie, by this measure f ₁ and f _{2 are} not affected by the energy output.

10 shows for a PWM signal the behavior of the amplitudes (more precisely their height) of the first three frequency components as a function of the respective PWM ratio: the course of a first curve (FIG. 31 ) represents qualitatively the amplitude at which the fundamental frequency component with the frequency f _{0 is contained} in a PWM signal when a certain PWM ratio (shown on the abscissa for the range of 0% to 100%) is given.

With PWM = 50%, ie with a symmetrical square wave signal, the maximum possible value ( 36 ) for the amplitude with the fundamental frequency f ₀ . Does the PWM ratio change to a slightly smaller PWM ratio, e.g. To PWM = 45% ( 42 ), then this fundamental frequency component only changes by a small amount ( 44 ); this amplitude becomes slightly smaller.

The comparable shows in this 10 another curve ( 41 ) the amplitude profile of the frequency component f ₁ = 2 · f ₀ and another curve ( 40 ) of the frequency component f ₂ = 3 · f ₀ , which would each set at a defined PWM ratio.

With a PWM ratio of exactly 50%, the frequency components f ₀ (fundamental frequency ( 36 )) and f ₂ = 3 · f ₀ ( 38 ) maximum, f ₁ = 2 · f ₀ ( 37 ) is missing. Right and left of it, still relatively close to PWM = 50%, the fractions of f ₀ ( 44 ) (with little change) and f ₂ ( 45 ) (with significant decrease). In addition, however, f ₁ = 2f ₀ now comes with a significant proportion ( 46 ) and can u. U. participate in the transmission of energy and / or data (if there is a resonator related to this frequency).

The So transmission electronics can change by simply changing the PWM ratio, choose between signals with varying spectral components, without having to activate or deactivate the resonators (but of course for all frequency components it is possible).

It should be noted that the frequency responses with respect to the 50% limit behave symmetrically, that is - lying symmetrically around the 50% PWM value - the spectral magnitude parts right ( 51 ) and left ( 50 ) of 50% ( 35 ) equal, but of course each have a different phase position. This can z. B. be used for an (additional) phase modulation.

It should also be noted that PWM signals for the right ( 51 ) and left ( 50 ) differ from the 50% PWM values by simply inverting the corresponding PWM signal, whereby a phase jump occurs in the signal during the switchover. This can be z. B. by software, but also by a single XOR gate with a data input and a PWM signal input for a defined PWM signal.

Prefers However, you will be switching with the software of a microprocessor by using a possibly existing HW support accomplish.

The receiver-side (resonant) decoupling of the f ₀ component, which in this example is always maximal (the PWM ratio should be close to 50%, never close to 0% or 100%), supplies the energy required at the receiving end. The power supply is therefore largely independent of how the PWM ratio is currently set by the transmission electronics for small PWM changes because the amplitude drops very little ( 44 ).

However, even this signal of the base frequency f ₀ undergoes a phase jump when switching between a right and left side of 50% lying PWM ratio back and forth. This too can be used for data transmission on the power supply signal.

Especially Broadcasts (non-specific shipments to all recipients, which are located in the reception area) may be preferred be transmitted in this way.

In order to So the sender side has a lot of possibilities, like you can communicate with (one or more) receiving stations.

The transmit circuit can toggle between PWM 50% and a slightly adjacent PWM value, toggling between "f ₁ = 2f ₀ present" and "f ₁ = 2f ₀ absent". This corresponds to an on / off amplitude modulation (ASK modulation) when using a carrier frequency of f ₁ = 2f ₀ .

Since the illustrated receivers are all capable of this frequency via the non-resonant coupling ( 178 ) respectively. ( 179 ), this z. B. for data transmission for a Broadcastsendung (broadcast from the sender to all receivers lying in the receiving area) are used. In this mode, the sending station can simultaneously send a message or an instruction to all receivers in the receiving area, e.g. As the request for mute, a request for transmission of a broadcast, etc.

Is z. B. f ₀ at 64.5 kHz, then with f ₁ = 2f ₀ = 125 kHz given a typical RFID frequency, whereby the transmitting station could communicate with the currently available transponders on this frequency (ASK modulated).

By the choice of 64.5 KHz for energy transfer would be the used switching frequency at <75 KHz. This corresponds to a radiation frequency range for the whole other legal requirements apply than for 125 KHz and could (probably) radiate much more energy, as this would be allowed at 125 KHz.

With the 62.5 KHz, the arrangement could also in metallic Environment lossless work than with 125 KHz.

As a general rule It is therefore advantageous to supply power to a receiving circuit to place in a frequency range that has high energy dissipation allowed and communication in a higher frequency range with lower energy, eg. For example via the PWM ratio settable adjustable.

If, in this example, the transmitting station is now additionally enabled to short-circuit the resonator for the frequency f ₂ = 3 * f ₀ , an ASK modulation for data transmission with one or more receiving stations would also be possible with this frequency, independently of the one just described Data transfer to f ₁ = 2f ₀ . Thus, two independent data streams can be transmitted from the transmitter to the receivers, depending on which resonator constructs and whichever activation or inactivation of resonators is possible in each case.

A sender-side inactivation option is in the 9 not shown, but of course at any time for each transmitter-side resonator as possible to be considered. In this case, the inactivation of the respective station can be actively provided, but also passively by an on-site switching function. A passive switching function can, for. B. may be a reed contact, which is connected by a magnet, which is on by a mechanical element on the reed contact and moved away again, or a microswitch, or a light-dependent switch, the z. B. in daylight only has a low resistance, while he would have a very high resistance at night, etc.

Now, the example based on the 9 continuing, the receiving stations be able to detect either on the frequency f ₁ = 2f ₀ and / or on the frequency f ₂ = 3 · f ₀ additionally a different phase position (phase modulation, here PSK). Since the transmitter side, the switching between a right of 50% lying PWM ratio and a left-sided PWM ratio can be independent of the previously shown decisions, there are further possibilities of channel designs.

Based on all the switching functions that ever are conceivable, the construction described here is active or passive use. The same applies to everyone with switches provided transponder applications.

In order to there is the possibility of a typical RFID concept to build comparable functionality, even with identical ones Application areas, but still clearly recognizable to others and to provide more advanced technical way than this possible on the state of the art with typical RFID transponders is.

It switching functions can be passed on, transferring energy and data can be passed to the data line too realized using passive transponder relay concepts be, etc.

For smaller systems with a not too large number of receiving stations (Transponders) can passive coding with the illustrated resonator concept realized and used: with z. B. 4 resonators can transmitter side four frequencies, z. B. the first four frequency components of a PWM signal or 4 relatively closely adjacent frequencies the within a defined frequency band, directly activated become.

at the same time Two such frequencies each define two more, also usable frequencies, namely the difference frequency and the sum frequency, so that further possible combinations result. These frequencies are provided by corresponding difference frequency resonators (Beat resonators) or sum frequency resonators (overlay resonators) activated for radiation.

The Transmission of the four frequencies is z. B. 6 receiving stations received and evaluated. Does each receiving station have a unique resonator identifier, then it can be defined by a frequency signature defined by the Sending station is detected, whether and that they are currently watching is addressed.

A provided load coupling takes place in a receiving circuit in this Example by means of non-resonant decoupled signal energy and leads to a backscatter signal on all activated frequencies.

Do z. For example, the 6 receiving circuits represent the 6 resonator identifiers (in the order f ₀ , f ₁ , f ₂ , f ₃ , a resonator of "0" not present in frequency, an existing one of "1" is shown for each receiver, so 0101 means that are present for the frequencies f ₀ and f ₂ none resonators for the frequencies f ₀ and f _2, resonators) 0101, 1010, 1001, 0110, 1100 and 0011, the transmitting station may activate each of these 6 stops clearly by and inactivate the resonators with the corresponding frequency components respond.

Lie However, more than 6 reading stations, z. B. with the resonator 0001, 0010, 0100, 1000 ago, then each of these would Reading stations can also be addressed if one of the aforementioned six stations are addressed should. The transponder with the resonator ID 0001 would z. B. also be addressed, if only one of the transponders be addressed with the resonator 0101, 1001 or 0011 should.

If a transponder with the resonator 1110 or 0111 addressed If the transponders 1010, 0110, 1100, 1000, 0100 and 0010 or the transponders with the resonator ID 0101, 0110, 0011, 0001, 0010 and 0100 addressed simultaneously.

These Disadvantages can but by appropriate measures in the receiving circuits, as shown below the keyboard will be shown.

Naturally it is possible at any time to send and receive station directly in one place to a unit (in pluggable or adhesive form) summarize when the resonators for transmission and reception work on different frequencies.

• – einer Station mit mindestens einem Kopplungskreis und mindestens zwei Resonatoren, von denen
• – mindestens einer in der Station zum Senden (mit einer Auskopplungsspule) und
• – mindestens einer in der gleichen Station zum Empfangen (mit einer Lastkopplungsspule) vorgesehen sind,

stellen zudem ein darüber hinausgehendes Konstrukt dar, indem (im gleichen magnetischen Kreis) zwei verschiedene Resonanzen sowohl zum Empfang als auch zum Senden eingesetzt werden können, wobei die dazu eingesetzten Frequenzen fast beliebig weit voneinander, aber auch beliebig nahe beieinander, u. U. weniger als eine Kanalbandbreite auseinander liegen können.Constructions in which z. B. the use

• A station having at least one coupling circuit and at least two resonators, of which
• At least one in the station for transmission (with a decoupling coil) and
• - at least one in the same station for receiving (with a load coupling coil) are provided,

also represent an out-going construct by (in the same magnetic circuit) two different resonances can be used both for receiving and for transmitting, with the frequencies used for almost any distance from each other, but also arbitrarily close to each other, u. U. may be less than a channel bandwidth apart.

Of the Minimum distance for the resonance points of two resonators is just separable from the just used with the resonators Defined resonance point.

It So it is possible to send and receive unit in one device to summarize, if with the resonators the involved frequencies be able to distinguish enough clearly, and the coupling and decoupling is carried out each resonant.

If z. B. the frequency bandwidth is 25 KHz, then it is possible, at half the frequency, so at 12.5 KHz each to use a pilot tone to for the Return route to transmit distinguishable signals. Since both frequencies refer to separate (but closely tuned) resonators It is possible, even within such a channel bandwidth to establish a duplex connection.

When important extension of the invention Resonator method given possibilities, the "indirect Information transfer "via passive (or also active) "relay transponders" can be seen.

In the example of 11 3 transmitting stations ( 187 ) 188 ) and ( 189 ) assumed that due to the distance to each other here can not make a direct connection with each other here. The transmitting stations all work with a PWM control, as shown above and in the table 9 has been described.

Furthermore, 4 receiving stations ( 190 ) 191 ) and ( 192 ) such as ( 193 ), which are passively designed in this example. Each of these receiving stations can each be reached by at least two transmitting stations (eg RFID readers), a receiving station ( 193 ) can be reached from all three transmitting stations.

The transmitting stations work with a PWM control, as shown in the table above and in the table 9 already described; Thus, they can act on several channels by means of different types of modulation on a reachable for them receiving station. Although here are the stations u. U. have no way to communicate directly, they can do this through the intermediary of the passive overlay resonators ( 190 ) 191 ) 192 ), but also about ( 193 ) to reach.

With A suitable routing concept can also be used by small restaurants Networks are set up (PicoLANs) that alternate between active ones Reading / transmitting stations and passive relay stations pass on information can.

at Container contents could be delivered via suitably Active and / or passive intermediate stations also larger Quantities of general cargo can be read from the outside. Z. B. could have a large amount of bottles / items labeled with individual passive, cheap RFID transponders Beyond, each box / box / pallet is also included a (always reusable) intermediate station, all bottle transponders the box for reading can reach the news (data about the contents of the box) in the sum but directly or indirectly to a parent active station forwards data from the outside conveniently can be read out.

Based on 12 another example will be described. At the transmitting end, two stations are provided in this example, with the first ( 200 ) z. B. on 13.4975 MHz a relatively strong, should also deliver a transponder suitable signal. The second station ( 201 ) produces the same at 13.6225 MHz.

A receiver-side multiple resonator design ( 250 ), which include the two individual resonators ( 202 ) and ( 203 ), which form resonator pairs with the transmitter-side resonators of the two transmitting stations, in addition to a resonator ( 210 ) to the energy supply not shown here and also two resonators ( 205 ) respectively. ( 204 ) for the difference and the sum frequency should work together with these two transmitting stations.

This reception structure ( 250 ) of the 12 So integrates a superposition resonator, the resonators ( 202 ) and ( 203 ) to the two transmission frequencies, z. B. 13.4975 MHz or 13.6225 MHz, are designed.

Two decoupling circuits ( 206 ) and ( 207 ), decouple signals for two receiving circuits. The "evaluation" of these signals consists here only of the mixture by means of a diode with a current-limiting resistor in a receiving circuit ( 208 ) and thus represents the required nonlinearity of the receiver.

This arrangement causes the extraction of an energy component with the difference and sum frequency from that of the RF resonators ( 202 ) and ( 203 ) and processed by the diode demodulator overlay signal. The edge permanent resonators ( 205 ) respectively. ( 204 ) are accordingly designed for this difference frequency of 125 kHz or to the sum frequency of 27.12 MHz and activate these frequencies here for further transmission z. B. for transmission to the outside.

Bottom right in the 12 is this once again shown in a top view or overview: the two transmitting stations ( 215 ) and ( 214 ) correspond to the transmitting stations ( 200 ) respectively. ( 201 ) of the detail view and send an electromagnetic field to the receiving station ( 213 ), which forms the two operating frequencies of 27.12 MHz and 125 kHz by superposition. 125 kHz are emitted to the right, which is transmitted with a normal RFID transponder ( 212 ) can interact, the z. On a metallic surface ( 211 ) could sit. These 12 also illustrates the circumstances for a further possible example of the use of such a superimposition transponder: the two transmitting stations S ₁ (FIG. 200 ) respectively. ( 215 ) and S ₂ ( 201 ) respectively. ( 214 ) now transmit on the frequencies f ₁ = 6.8425 MHz and f ₂ = 6.9675 MHz and have in this example, due to their distance from each other no direct contact, although they easily, even at low power, a distance of some Can bridge meters.

If these stations S ₁ and S _{2 are} transmitted - for the time being without modulation - then the two frequency components f ₁ and f ₂ reach the superposition resonator (FIG. 202 ) 203 ) along with ( 205 ) respectively. ( 213 ) collects the energy from these two frequencies in its environment and superimposes them (initially only additive).

Without further measures, there is only one (not 100%) beating at this point. However, the spectrum of the field course measured here would still only consist of the two frequency components f ₁ and f _{2 of} the carrier signals from the two stations S ₁ and S ₂ .

Now comes a suitable, nonlinear functionality ( 208 ) in the vicinity of the overlay transponder (which may be, for example, a hysteresis-type core material) then, caused by this non-linearity, arise both above and below the arithmetic mean of the two frequencies, additional frequency components. The reason for this process is known and can be found in the general literature on modulation methods and signal theories.

Although of course these two frequency components are available on both sides of the transponder, here in the example of the 12 be accepted (this is in the overview of the 12 bottom right also shown) that on one side only the sum frequency with 13.56 MHz interested, on the other hand, only the 125 KHz.

Such a structure is z. B. useful if, as assumed in this example, on the one hand a metallic environment ( 211 ) is present, or if a data transfer with the 13.56 MHz over a much greater distance easier than z. B. directly with a field frequency of 125 kHz.

In this example, it can now additionally be assumed that between the metallic surface ( 211 ) and the overlay transponder according to the invention, for. B. very close to, or even directly on the metallic surface of a normal RFID transponder ( 212 ) which responds to the 125 kHz signal in its normal functional frame. The 125 kHz reading field normally generated by a reader must generally be very strong if the reader wanted to read the transponder under these conditions.

In In this example, it can now be further assumed that the overlay transponder from the difference signal, a modulation signal for the 13.56 MHz trains.

It should be noted that the function of this arrangement is the 12 from another point of view can also be represented as: A reader ( 200 ) operating on the frequency of 6.28 MHz or even 13.56 MHz, can use a transponder ( 212 ) due to a metallic or liquid surface ( 211 ) only at a very low frequency of z. B. 125 kHz can work (which ia only distances in the mm range would be bridged) read by two (auxiliary) carrier signals f ₁ and f ₂ of two remote stations S ₁ and S ₂ and a superposition transponder are used as auxiliary transponder.

From starting from this example status can now additionally, the Expanding example once again, assume that a second heterodyne resonator with the same frequency settings as the first in some Distance to the first heterodyne resonator arranged is.

The both from the superimposition of the carrier signals originating frequencies with 125 kHz and 13.56 MHz are due to of the same origin exactly with the frequencies used in the first overlay transponder be won, agree.

Since at the position of the first heterodyne resonator, the 125 kHz obtained there on the there also won 13.56 MHz signal be modulated, this 125 kHz signal can be obtained by demodulation also at the position of the second heterodyne resonator from the received 13.56 MHz signal. Thus, at these positions, there is twice the exact same 125 kHz signal obtained from two different sources or on different signal paths. These signals can be compared with each other to obtain information about the signal path.

14 represents as another application the construction of a passive keyboard, here exemplified for nine keys.

A such keyboard is z. B. in explosive dangerous environment useful, if any sparking is to be avoided. Such Keyboard can be freely fixed in a variably held position. A such passive construction is z. B. also useful if a key arrangement (For example, as a stick-on to any surface control, the z. B. could be made in large quantities) immediately above a reader position, e.g. B. from the outside on the device or on a glass or device wall, can be attached.

With Such a keyboard can, for. B. holes that in a housing for a keyboard lead-through or at least drilled for the cable gland should be avoided. This simplifies the production and Z. As well as to completely seal a device. For underwater applications, applications in aggressive environments (Acid, gas, heat, steam, ...), etc. can switch functions through a housing wall without cables and the associated Problems are passed into the interior of a device.

The 14a exemplifies a keypad from a keyboard with nine keys: The six on-edge resonators are in this 14a switched so that upon actuation of a key in each case the bridging of two resonators. For example, the key inactivates ( 234 ) the resonators ( 218 ) and ( 217 ). The button consists only of a conductive plastic, which at one point at ( 234 ) is pressed with four contacts. This will cause a connection z. B. between the lines ( 219 ) and via this a short circuit for the resonators (here ( 218 )), whereby these are inactivated. With the same key arrangement and multiple resonator activations are possible, for. B. when the coil and the capacitance of the resonator are not parallel, but in series.

14b shows how even more than just two resonators can be inactivated by one key at a time, here in 14b For each button, these are 3 resonators, which are deactivated with one button. (Again, it is also possible to simultaneously perform the simultaneous activations of the three resonators by a key function, when full of the parallel resonances series resonances shown here are used).

extensions on 4 resonators per switching point are easy to perform: These are the connections of the resonators over Cables fed to a wreath from contact points, in the two associated contact surfaces under a conductive flexible material are arranged. At the exert an actuating pressure on a so defined Key position becomes the conductive material on the wreath of the contact points pressed, and thus a connection between all in the wreath Made contact points alike. Each resonator, which has a supply line to such a contact ring is so through Short circuit inactivated (activated during series connection).

The here in the 14 For the clarity of the circuit at the edge of the keyboard field resonators shown are, however, realized in a real construction by coils which extend around the key arrangement in the outer space.

15 shows by way of example the structure (one of many possible) of a passive transponder, here in foil construction with a receiving circuit ( 230 ), which by means of a coil ( 229 ) evaluates the coupled signal and three resonators ( 225 ' ) 226 ' ) and ( 227 ' ).

The transmitter arrangement may have a similar structure, here represented by a signal generator ( 232 ), which generates the generated signal for decoupling onto a coil ( 228 ) and also here the three resonators required for resonator pair formation with the receiver arrangement ( 225 ) 226 ) and ( 227 ).

This coil ( 228 ) generates an electromagnetic field with a temporal intensity curve, which corresponds approximately to the time course of the generator signal. This can be a single, harmonic signal, which can be several, individual sine functions, which are first switched in their sum on the coupling coil, but this can also be a signal with a rectangle, triangle or sawtooth.

The resonators shown here as zusammenklebbare films ( 221 ), with z. B. directly printed on the board material or etched coil structures ( 222 ) and with the capacities also realized directly by the layout ( 223 ), can be freely chosen and matched. The free assembly of resonators with suitably selected resonance frequencies transponder and transmitter units for any Working frequencies are compiled. Possible switching functions ( 224 ) are parallel to the capacity ( 223 ).

Of the Structure of three or four such film resonators would be in a heterodyne resonator, without any electronics, equal. Only the non-linearity to be introduced (diode, Transistor or just a core material) would have to be added.

The presentation of the 11 showed already a scenario for this application, with which the meaning of the technology for the RFID happening can become clear. Thus, the resonator designs of the present invention provide a broad application field that includes, but is not limited to, RFID applications.

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list The documents listed by the applicant have been automated generated and is solely for better information recorded by the reader. The list is not part of the German Patent or utility model application. The DPMA takes over no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited patent literature

• - DE 10206676 A1 [0005]
• - DE 4435894 [0005]
• US 2006/0267737 [0009]
• - US 6285295 [0010]
• - DE 10239303 [0012]
• - CA 2387106 [0012]
• - DE 3810702 [0035]
• - DE 102005045360 [0035]
• - DE 60102613 [0035]

Claims (25)

Method for detecting device states, operating states and the states of setting elements and for reading these states by means of a reading unit, characterized in that - by at least one switching function a total present switching state and thus a current device state and / or an operator status completely or at least partially reflected, wherein - these switching functions are in operative connection with resonators, so that with each switching function change at least one resonator can be activated, inactivated or switched, wherein - each resonator as part of a resonator pair, the wireless connection between a transmitting and a - from whose existence or non-existence the device and / or service status can be derived as a whole or at least partially. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that that the at least one switching function is mechanical or electronic can be brought into a defined switching state. Method according to claim 2, characterized in that that the at least one switching function only by a mechanical actuated element such as a control lever indirectly in a defined switching state can be brought. Method according to claim 3, characterized that the switching function is a reed contact, the first by a mechanically actuated element by means of a magnet in one defined switching state is brought. Method according to at least one of the claims 1 to 4, characterized in that a resonator by means of a Switching function is disabled by short circuit. Method of at least one of the claims 1 to 4, characterized in that a resonator by a switching function, which produces a connection missing from resonant circuit formation, is activated. Method according to at least one of the claims 1 to 4, characterized in that a switchover between two resonators, where always clearly a resonator active, a second is always inactive and at a switching function change the resonators each exchange their roles. Method according to at least one of the claims 1 to 4, characterized in that an activation or inactivation is done by a two-way changeover switch, that for activation of one of two resonators the Both switches must always be brought into the same position and at each unequal position of the switches always both resonators are inactivated. Method according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that activation and inactivation a resonator is effected by means of a switching circuit so that each switch can turn the resonator on and off, respectively each switch operation is the currently inactive resonator activated or inactivated the currently active resonator. Method according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that one takes place by means of switching functions Activation, inactivation or switching of resonators depending on is made by a defined condition, this condition by given any switching function or a combination of switches can be, but also by the respective bit value of any serial data stream, additional or exclusive, can be given. Method according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that for detecting existing compounds in transmission both unmodulated and unmodulated Carrier signals can be used. Method according to one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that for detecting existing compounds separate, spatially differently positioned transmitters and receiving units are used. Method according to one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that for detecting existing compounds a reading unit both the characteristics of the transmitting station and can combine the property of the receiving station. Method according to one of claims 1 to 13, thereby marked that every resonator - Part of a Receiving station - part of a broadcasting station, or - part an overlay transponder can be. Method according to one of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that the resonators are part of a superimposition transponder, which is part of a transmission for detecting the switching radio is used. Method according to one of claims 1 to 15, characterized in that the resonators are part of a superposition transponder who are part of a transfer to capture the Switching functions is used. Method according to claim 16, characterized in that that overlay transponder as part of a transmission switchable activatable non-linear functional elements or mixing arrangements have. Method according to one of claims 1 to 17, thereby marked that that in an overlay transponder a nonlinear element used to form new frequencies or the mixing arrangement used either - one belongs to the transponder switchable subcomponent, or - a constructive intended only in this environment or property to be found at the location of the transponder is, or - one not to the transponder and / or to the permanent environment itself, - but at least temporarily present at the location of the transponder, or - by an external movement only into the sphere of influence of the overlay field reaching, or - by a switching function only is to be activated sub-component. Method according to one of claims 1 to 18, thereby marked that from one at least first and one at least second frequency by means of nonlinear function or mixing function, - the Difference frequency between the frequencies after a suitable one Low-pass filtering is formed by the third resonator, is provided and / or radiated, or - the Sum frequency from the two frequencies after a suitable high-pass filtering formed, provided and / or radiated by the third resonator will, or - both the sum frequency, this after a high-pass filtering by the third resonator, as well as the Difference frequency, this after a low-pass filtering by a fourth resonator, are provided and signals with these be provided and / or radiated both frequencies simultaneously. Method according to one of claims 1 to 19, characterized in that as a control unit a keyboard is used, in which each key as a switching function at the same time in an active compound with at least one resonator. Passive keyboard layout with N × M keys below Use of resonators according to one of claims 1 to 20, characterized in that by means of N × M keys a Keyboard arrangement at least two of N + M resonators can be inactivated or activated at the same time. Passive keyboard layout with N × M keys below Use of resonators according to one of claims 1 to 21, characterized in that by means of each key of a keyboard arrangement in each case more than two resonators simultaneously inactivated or can be activated. Passive keyboard layout with N × M keys below Use of resonators according to one of claims 1 to 22 characterized in that such a keyboard such an operating element - in dangerous Environments can be used - on variable held Position can be fixed freely - as one on one any surface applicable control element from the outside on a device, on a glass or equipment wall, can be attached, and so no breaking the device wall Cable management needed inside a device. - For Underwater applications and for applications in more aggressive Environment is used. Passive keyboard layout with many buttons underneath Use of resonators according to one of claims 1 to 23 characterized in that the resonators through - discreet Components realized at the edges of a keyboard field or are contacted, or - on a board material or foil applied or etched coils and / or capacitances are realized, where - the coil structures as well around the button assembly can run around in the outer space. Arrangement according to at least one of the claims 1 to 24, characterized in that for all signal frequencies arbitrary frequencies and frequency combinations, but preferably ISM frequencies, are used, preferably at the frequencies of 125 kHz or 13.56 MHz is worked.