DE102011002250A1 - Spacer arrangement for manufacturing vacuum insulated panel, vacuum insulated glass and evacuated rimless compound system, has traction-mechanical transmission elements stressed by tensile load - Google Patents

Abstract

The spacer arrangement (10) has the traction-mechanical transmission elements (30-1,30-2) stressed by tensile load for heat transfer insulating clearance of force distributing force walls (106,107), pressure distribution disks (103- 51) or surfaces of objects. The pressure chamber (250-a) of the walls are formed one-piece at molded plates (251-a,251-b,251-c).

Description

The invention relates to a spacer and spacer assembly, yet a spacer and spacer assembly, a use for producing VIP and VIG and a use for producing rimless composite systems with the features mentioned in the preamble of each independent claims.

It is known that force-bearing support elements are used in vacuum insulation for spacing the walls.

The US 2007 0286 981 A1 discloses a VIP panel with tension-loaded spacers uniformly distributed between a plurality of plates subjected to the external pressure differential force. One embodiment proposes to fasten a multiplicity of short fiber elements in each case at both ends, which could fail due to excessive manufacturing complexity and costs. Another embodiment uses two endlessly stretched fibers that intersect and attach to edges of the panel assembly. The fiber intersection causes very small bending radii, which limit each fiber significantly in their Zuglastragfähigkeit, so that the intended high power transmission can only be achieved with much thicker fiber filaments, which are then transmitted significantly more heat. Thus, there are no practicable solutions.

Previous patent applications to the present Applicant have presented tensile load-bearing and economically manufacturable spacers having very high power reserves in conductive heat transfer which outstrip all spacers / s claimed in compressive load. As long as only one or a few multilayers of these arrangements are sufficient, such as, for example, sufficient for building insulation, they provide excellent results. If the temperature differences become greater, as in high-temperature or cryogenic applications, then the heat radiation components quickly exceed the conductive advantages gained through their temperature dependence in the 4th power. It is complicated to provide heat radiation measures in the form of many small parts in these arrangements, which are constructed of continuous or discontinuous radiation suppression agents such as fine-porous fillers or multilayer insulation.

The invention has for its object to improve traction claimed spacers such that it is easy and economically possible to arrange radiation suppression means between the walls to be spaced and adapted to the particular application. Furthermore, it is a further object of the invention to reduce the conductive heat conduction via the spacers even more effectively.

The present invention is directed to a spacer and spacer assembly having at least one tensile load-transferring member for heat transfer-isolating spacing of first and second force distributing walls, pressure distribution panels, and / or surfaces of articles having a plurality thereof each wall counteracting, over the spacer center away from behind behind projecting, with at least one tensioned tension-transmitting element connected pressure transducer. In this case, at least one of the pressure sensor is designed as a hollow mold of any geometrical cross-section and surrounds spaced a mutual pressure transducer. A wrap around is at least from two opposite sides.

The objects of the invention are achieved according to this device-technical aspect in that the plurality of pressure transducer at least the first or second walls is integrally formed into a mold plate, so that their complex individual arrangement of pressure distribution plates or walls omitted.

According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the plurality of pressure transducers of at least the first or second walls are each formed into a mold plate in the form of a respective Trayanordnung predetermined length and width.

In this case, preferably a deep-drawing deformation, pressing, for example, from a plate-like material, or injection molding process can be used for the production.

In particularly preferred embodiments, the tensile force transmission elements are integrally formed and clamped over a plurality of successively arranged on a line opposing pressure transducer from edge to edge of the mold plate.

The tensile force-transmitting elements are preferably stretched in at least one surface direction of the arrangement. Optionally, at least one second arrangement of tensile force transmission elements can be stretched at a predetermined angle transversely to the first, in order, for example, to make the loading of the marginal edges of the pressure sensors smaller.

The tensile force transmission elements have a predetermined length and are attached to each opposite edge of respective Trayanordnung using fasteners. Alternatively, they may be applied and secured around the tray array by an endless loop shape.

The width and length of the tray arrangement (s) are preferably predetermined for an intended temperature application such that different thermal expansion of the cold side and hot side tray arrays is covered by the gap spacing and can not result in contact, the traction transfer elements around the pressure transducers of at least one of the spaced tray arrays can be slidably arranged.

In this case, a one-piece fastening strip is preferably provided as a fastening means on each side, which span the tensile force transmission elements. The fastening strips are latched into the folded fold edge of a side wall of the Trayanordnung and / or secured by gluing. In these mounting walls of Trayanordnungen side wall reinforcements in the form of shaped ribs are preferably provided to accommodate the bending moments of the last traction routes.

In preferred embodiments of the invention, at least two integral Trayanordnungen can be arranged spacedly engaging. Further, at least one further Trayanordnung be arranged therebetween, wherein in each spaced gap space another arrangement of traction transfer elements is arranged, so that an overall longer effective Zugkraftelementestrecke is formed, which can be summed up thereby longer than the thickness of the spacer assembly.

The multiple Trayan order has on the one hand an extension function to achieve 1.2 to 5-fold extension of the effective tensile element line and on the other hand, each Trayanordnung itself forms a radiation shield with their preferably reflective coated or formed surfaces. In particular, in the spaced columns of the pressure transducer in the vertical surfaces, it may be the only means against the heat radiation.

The pressure transducers may have any geometric cross-section, in particular rectangular, honeycomb-shaped or cylindrical, wherein the cross-sectional parameters are selected so that they achieve the greatest possible structural rigidity with minimal use of material.

The spaced apart walls, pressure distribution plates or articles may have 2- or 3-dimensionally-curved molding surfaces of any shape, which pressure transducers may have matched normal orientation and / or shape.

The Trayanordnung / s are preferably formed of sheet metal or plastic, glass or ceramic, and are optionally preferably on one or two sides provided with a radiation reflection layer.

Between the pressure transducers of a Trayanordnung preferably a contiguous Raumkavität is formed, the contiguous Raumkavität is optionally provided for radiation suppression / measures.

In addition, voids may be provided in the pressure transducers, which are optionally also provided for radiation suppression / measures, as a Strahlungsunterdrückungsmittel1maßnahmen a finely structured filler from incomplete enumeration such as perlite, silica, aerogels, mineral wool, glass / rock wool, glass / basalt fibers or similar can.

As a radiation suppression / measures in particular for use in the contiguous Raumkavität a preferably integrally formed multilayer arrangement of spaced radiation shields, be provided consisting at least of a radiation shield.

The voids in pressure transducers and / or the contiguous space cavity are preferably sealed with a tight seal sheet to make them dustproof for further processing.

According to yet a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the radiation shields are formed from metallically coated plastic films or metal foils and provided with over-arranged through-openings, in which the pressure sensors are push-through. As a result, a multilayer package can be prefabricated and simply inserted into the tray arrangement, where it remains fixed or unfixed. The multilayer arrangement is layered with spacing layers which are fabric-like, such that the fabric naturally frayes in the cut or punched edge regions. This fraying of the fabric causes an enlargement of the diameter of individual fiber filaments exactly at the edge, so that the reflective layers are even more clearly spaced at the edge. The layers are unloaded and very thin, so that the low frangible forces for this sufficient spacing can suffice. The layer arrangement is aligned and fixed against displacements in a predetermined position, so that at the edge no contacts between reflective layers due to the edge deformation occur. For fixing the multilayer to edges, at least one spacer layer can be made with oversize and thereby exposed at the edge of the multilayer arrangement. These exposed portions may be attached to one of the pressure sensing plate or tray assembly by a mechanical fastener or adhesive.

The pressure distribution plates have, for the purpose of constructive stiffening in preferred embodiments, waves, grooves or reefs or structures.

The multilayer Trayanordnungen are further preferably provided with retaining means against tilting for uniform formation of the spacer gaps, wherein the holding means are designed as pressure-loaded local Aufsetz-projections predetermined height and / or tensile stress as claimed holding fibers of predetermined length, locally increasing the gap spacing by Prevent lifting. This ensures that the spacing in local areas can be greater and less in contact with corresponding local areas to the touch. This only applies if the traction transfer elements can rest and slide freely. If, for example, on one of the Trayanordnungen the tensile force transmission elements are aligned and fixed to the pressure transducers, then they fulfill this holding function itself.

The spaced walls can be formed in addition to opaque configurations as glass panes and the Trayanordnungen transparent or diffuse glass or plastic film by molding process, with polycarbonate is preferred as a UV-resistant plastic, but other plastics such as polyacrylic or polyester can be used. Although the optical impairment by pressure transducer and traction transfer elements is not overlooked, but often acceptable and in diffuse windows without interference. The more than 95% of the tray surfaces can be arranged in the gap spaced from both walls and then form two additional intermediate windows, which reduce the heat transfer through absorption and re-emission.

The multilayer radiation shield assembly can have coatings of gold, silver, copper, platinum, chromium, TiN, ceramic layers, metal oxides at high temperature, and aluminum and other metals at low temperatures.

The one or both sides provided on the surfaces of Trayanordnungen metal layers can be sputtered, vapor-deposited or conventionally electroplated or formed by polishing.

The spacing of the multilayer layers can be carried out by known means such as between inserted evacuable cellulose, textile mats, grid structures, permanent magnetic means, wrinkles, etc. In at least one spaced gap, an unloaded multilayer arrangement may be arranged, wherein it preferably has Durchlasasschnitte for the tensile force transmission elements, so that they can not burden the multilayer arrangement. As a result, the heat radiation is effectively reduced even in the lower area ratio of the pressure transducer. Also, a maximum performance can be achieved if all columns are provided with multilayer arrangements. Further, the residual gas convection heat flux reduces because the layers of the multilayer devices may be spaced at 0.1-0.2 mm, while the gaps could be 0.5 to 2 mm. Likewise, the vertical residual gas convection heat flux acting with a greater gap length is switched off. The multilayer assembly may be integrally modeled on the tray form or assembled from a one-piece horizontal portion and individual molded multilayer assemblies mounted on the pressure transducers.

According to a particularly preferred advantageous embodiment of the present invention, at least one of the Trayanordnungen is formed with a reformed cavity by a space offset by a predetermined amount, thereby reducing or eliminating the conductive heat transfer through the Druckaufnehmerwandungen and subsequent heat dissipation through this floor and / or space for radiation suppression agents.

The length of the effective stretch of the tensile force transmitting members and the length of the vertical gap accommodating them is preferably shorter than the mean free path of the residual gas molecules, thereby restricting the residual gas heat transfer. For 20 ° C and 1E-3 Torr, the mean path length of the residual air is, for example, 4.86 cm.

Due to the thermal gradients present along the tensile force transmission elements, it is advantageous in selected configurations to form the tensile force transmission elements of different superimposed Trayanordnungen of different material to realize a more effective thermal conductivity resistance by different heat conduction.

A prefabricated spacer arrangement according to the invention can preferably be tied together into an easily manageable package, for example by strapping from outside with fibers or foil tape. It is also advisable to provide a dustproof enclosure according to the invention, which protects the package until shortly before use against contamination. In further embodiments, the finished package can be de-steamed by baking and the wrapper then be made steam-tight to be removed shortly before use. The finished package can be provided with fastening means which make it suitable for fastening also on, for example, vertical wall arrangements. They may be eyelets or preferably suspension loops, one of which may be sufficient by symmetrical central arrangement.

The spacing of the pressure transducers and Trayanordnungen is preferably in the millimeter range, more preferably less than 1 mm, more preferably less than 0.5 mm, thereby keeping the residual gas convection and required vacuum depth lower. As a result, a vacuum depth of 1E-3 to 1E-4 mbar is sufficient, which can be achieved with mechanical vacuum pumps.

Further, at least one evacuation port is provided in pressure receiving surfaces and / or surfaces of the continuous space cavity for connecting the split spaces divided by a tray array and / or for evacuating the voids of the pressure transducers and / or then positioned radiation suppression means. This can be generated as a perforation already during the molding process of the Trayanordnung. In order that the fine-grained fillers are not sucked out into the gap spaces serving as evacuation channels, a filtering means made of a non-woven fabric or gas-permeable plastic or fine metal mesh is preferably applied to the evacuation openings.

Ausgasungsarme substances are preferably used for the production of Trayanordnungen and used in the evacuated cavity, the usual in vacuum getter and desiccant to maintain vacuum. Tinplate with tin or chrome coating and heat-resistant steel sheets, plastics without plasticizer and press paper fabrics without degassing binders. Drying by baking at temperatures between 100 and 450 ° C can be used in production and after installation in an on-site application for evaporation. All surfaces may be smooth to reduce adsorption.

The spacers according to the invention are suitable for use in fine and high vacuum, as well as ultrahigh vacuum and can be adapted to temperature applications between 0 K and up to 2000 K.

According to further preferred embodiments of the present invention, the tensile force transmitting members are formed of fibers or foils / tape having a low thermal conductivity and maximum tensile strength ratio most favorable for the given temperature application, the following incomplete listing being selectable between stainless steel, titanium alloys, tungsten , Aramid, glass, quartz, carbon, ^Vectran®TM , ^Zylon®TM , ^Dyneema®TM , basalt, ceramic fibers and the like.

According to a further device-technical aspect, the invention is again of a spacer and spacer assembly with at least one tensile load-transmitting element for heat transfer insulating distances of mutually acted upon with a force first and second, distributing the applied force walls, pressure distribution plates and / or surfaces of objects out. The spacer arrangement has a plurality of individual stand-off spacers, which act against each wall, with protruding projections projecting beyond the spacing center and having at least one tensioned transmission element connected thereto. In this case, at least one of the pressure sensor is formed as a hollow mold of any geometrical cross-section and surrounds spaced a mutual pressure transducer, and this encompassing is present at least from two opposite sides.

The objects according to the invention are achieved by arranging in the spaced-apart cavity a radiation suppression means integrally formed over a surface area, in which through openings for inserting the pressure sensors stand-alone spacers are provided. As a radiation suppression means, a multilayer arrangement with at least one radiation shield and / or an unloaded filled fine-porous or finely structured filler may be provided. Although this embodiment requires more effort to attach the stand-alone spacers, but in preferred embodiments may outweigh the advantage of being able to suppress the heat radiation very effectively and easily. This embodiment can also be combined with the further-forming features described above.

According to another aspect of the present invention, their objects are achieved by use of the spacer assembly of any of the previously described preferred ones Embodiments and their combinations for producing evacuated or evacuable VIP (vacuum insulated panel) or VIG (vacuum insulated glass) solved, wherein at least one spacer assembly is enclosed by at least one gas-tight envelope. The gas-tight envelope is, as usual, preferably thermally insulated, at least in the edge region, from a thin metallic foil or a thin film of thinly coated plastic.

The metallic foil or metallic coating of the gas-tight envelope can be formed according to the invention from a metal such as aluminum, titanium, stainless steel, lead, tin, zinc, bismuth, tantalum, nickel, platinum, tungsten and the like or their alloys from a non-exhaustive list.

According to yet a use-technical aspect of the present invention, its objects are achieved by use of the spacer assembly according to one of the previously described preferred embodiments and their combinations for producing an evacuated or evacuable rimless composite system comprising an inner and an outer gas-tight envelope walls, wherein a plurality of Spacer assemblies with or without distance between them is arranged between sufficiently stiffened walls.

This creates space between the spacer assemblies, which form a branched channel system and the evacuation of at least one common evacuation and Befluidungsanschluss from serving through the accessible portions of the respective gas-permeable sheaths of the spacer assemblies.

According to a most preferred embodiment of the present invention, the VIPs, VIGs and / or rimless composite system may be used to form at least one of the following functionally coherent thermoinsulating / thermally insulated and / or soundproofing insulation systems in an incomplete list: building walls, foundation basements, Floor / floor sub-walls, prefabricated panels, door and window frames and frames, glass panes, roof walls, greenhouses, flat and tubular solar collectors, piping and pipe fittings, pipe fittings, valves / throttles, electric power switches, stationary and portable heat / cold storage , Outdoor / external heat exchangers, boilers, filling equipment / hot and / or cold media connections, flow measuring units, power plant and propulsion turbines, steam condensers, drop towers, rocket engines and gas tanks, electric generators, heat decoupled rotary shafts, T transformers, propulsion machines, heat engines, stirling engines, burner, chimneys, waste incinerators, fuel cell shrouds, current superconductors / solenoids, tokamak / nuclear fusion reactors, spin tomograph, heat exchangers, heat pumps, district heating pipelines, containers / containers / lids, mailers, food and pharmaceutical medical supplies Packaging, Dewar / Thermos, Ship, Underwater, Aircraft, Rail and Land Vehicle Housings / Hulls / Walls / Bodies, Enclosures, Cold Rooms and Areas and Propulsion Machinery, Exhaust / Exhaust Systems, Refrigeration Equipment, Cookware / Cooking Kettles / Baking Equipment, Crucibles and Mills furnaces, thermal treatment plants, ovens, superheated propellants, thermal insulation clothing / shoes, diving suits, flexible shields / tent homes, heat shield elements, refinery / chemical plants and pipelines, brake lines, compressed air tanks, LPG tanks, helium / hydrogen tanks, Vacuum bulkheads, bathtubs, swimming pools, VIP panels and VIP corner / corner elements, sound insulation cladding for power machines and other applications.

Further preferred embodiments of the invention will become apparent from the remaining, mentioned in the dependent claims characteristics.

The invention will be explained below in embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings. Show it:

1 a first embodiment of the invention in partial cross section;

2 a second embodiment of the invention in partial cross section;

3 Perspective view of a multilayer arrangement according to the invention;

4 a third embodiment according to the invention in partial cross section;

5 perspective view of a Trayanordnung with applied traction transfer elements;

6 a further embodiment of the invention in the partial cross-section, and

7 Yet another embodiment of the invention in partial cross section.

1 shows a first embodiment of the invention in partial cross section. There are a total of three integrally formed Trayanordnungen 251 / a . 251 / b and 251 / c with formed inside by shaping sleeve-like and arranged in a predetermined grid pressure transducers 250 / a and 250 / b . 250 / c spaced apart with a predetermined gap .DELTA.h arranged. It can be arranged in this way at least two to any number of Trayanordnungen, but it is expedient to limit the number of Trayanordnungen to a maximum of 5 to 10, because the cross section of each further pressure transducer increases by the predetermined spacing.

Between each paired Trayanordnungen 251 / a and 251 / b and between 251 / b and 251 / c is in each case a preferably as a fiber mat or foil / -band integrally formed tensile force transmission element 1.30 and 2.30 arranged. The tensile force transmission elements 1.30 and 2.30 are around the edges of the sleeve-like pressure transducer 250 / a . 250 / b and 250 / c deflected and led to the edge of the Trayanordnung where they are attached. The length of the tensile force-transmitting elements is predetermined so that after alignment and loading of the arrangement in each case the desired gap spacing is set. Against tilting of the respective Trayanordnungen in relation to each other they are secured with holding means, for example, in the form of pressure-loaded small support elements integrally formed from the Traystoff (not shown) and / or with additional, the Trayanordnungen holding together holding fibers are realized are also optimized thermal insulation and no large forces must be transferred. A minimalistic design of this function, for example, requires only holding fibers comprising the entire arrangement. These holding fibers prevent locally the spacing between Trayanordnungen can be larger, while corresponding to at another local location, the spacing would be smaller or zero.

The tensile force transmission elements 1.30 . 2.30 are thermally optimized designed optimized, ie their cross-section and material are selected for each temperature application with the lowest thermal conductivity and maximum tensile strength. By virtue of the present triple stray arrangement, the effective traction tracts of the traction transfer elements overlap, so that they add up to a larger effective total traction section. In the present case, the effective total traction section is therefore 15% longer than the total wall thickness. With another Trayanordnung you would, for example, achieve about 60-80% longer effective total traction. As a result, an extension function can be realized, which leads to a lower thermal conductivity of the overall arrangement. There are improvements in thermal insulation in this way at least by a factor of 2 to 6 conceivable.

The individual pressure transducers 250 / a . 250 / b and 250 / c the respective Trayanordnung are arranged in the plane with a predetermined grid spacing, so that it acts on a concentrated proportionate surface force. This distribution of forces is in each case by a sufficiently rigid pressure distribution plate 103/51 , at the same time the outer walls 106 and 107 can be made. A sufficient rigidity can be achieved by appropriate thickness and fabric or constructively, for example. By corrugation / corrugation.

The attachment of the tensile force transmission elements 1.30 and 2.30 at the edge of respective Trayanordnung is preferably carried out by mechanical means or may be carried out with a suitable adhesive adhesive. In the present example, the Trayanordnungen are with a mounting side 251 / a3 completed with a fold-over fold edge 251 / a36 and 251 / b36 are provided. In the folded fold edge 251 / a2 are each the clamping bars 251 / a2 and 251 / b2 respective traction transfer elements 1.30 and 2.30 inserted and locked. So that the attachment side 251 / a3 . 251 / b3 Stable, these are with stiffening agents 251 / a31 ( 5 ) reinforced in the form of ribs or indentations.

By the present inventive spacer arrangement has been achieved that at least one large contiguous Raumkavität 251 / C4 and a plurality of small space cavities in the sleeve-like hollow pressure receivers 250 / a the first Trayanordnung is formed. In order to counteract the heat transfer due to the heat radiation, it is thereby inventively easy to fill in these empty space cavities, for example. A finely structured filler. The filler does not have to perform a supporting role, but it can do so to some extent. Because the compression of the filler in the sense of a viable compaction is eliminated, its thermal insulation can be optimally adjusted. Suitable fillers are all substances known in vacuum insulation, such as perlite, silica, mineral wool / glass / rock wool, aerogels, glass fibers with or without opacifiers. It could also be other substances in question, which could not be used so far because of too low resilience.

The filling with the filler can be carried out by pouring or in the form of pre-pressed plates. So that the relatively dusty processes do not complicate the further assembly, the filled cavities of the Trayanordnungen are each with a dust-tight closing sheet 251 / 2c and 251 / 2a locked. The fillers so enclosed 250 / 1a . 250 / 1c are evacuatable via perforations in the walls of Trayanordnungen, with the spaced cavities 121/1 and 121/2 communicate, so that there is a wide-ranging evacuation channel system that requires no additional space and costs. If the filler is used finely structured without binder, filtering fleeces are 251 / a5 . 251 / c5 used to entrain the filler particles and clog the cavities 121/1 . 121/2 excluded.

The Trayanordnungen are preferably prepared as deep-drawn parts of a metal sheet or plastic plates, but can also be made in one piece as injection molded parts. The surfaces of Trayanordnungen, especially in cavities 121/1 and 121/2 mutually facing, optionally reflective can be formed against the heat radiation or coated. The cross section of the pressure transducer 250 / a . 250 / b and 250 / c can have any geometry, for example. Rectangular, hexagonal or round / oval and is structurally stiffening designed by its shape, so that the wall thickness of the pressure transducer can be minimized. As further materials, glass and ceramics are particularly suitable in high-temperature applications.

A spacer assembly according to the invention is assembled to form a spacer package and tied together with additional fibers, for example, arranged on the outside. To protect the interior of the assembly from dust intrusion, a dustproof bearing sleeve can be applied, which is removed shortly before use in an application. The dimensions of the spacer packages are predetermined so that a good handling and especially the different thermal expansion of Trayanordnungen on the cold and warm sides can be balanced without the Trayanordnungen touch. For this purpose, the gap spacing is to be chosen sufficiently large, so that due to the thermal expansion occurring displacement reduces the gap on one side of the pressure transducer and extends to others. The tensile force transmission elements 1.30 . 2.30 can thereby at least slide around the pressure sensor of one of the two spaced respective ray arrangements.

The total thickness of the arrangement or the length of an effective Zugkraftstrecke is limited to a value that does not allow too high additional heat flow through residual gas along the vertical gap spaces. This may, for example, be a value below the free path length of the residual gas molecules at a given pressure. For residual air at 1E-3 mbar, the free path length at 20 ° C is about 4.5 cm. In addition, this additional heat flow has only a minor effect, as it can occur for a fraction of the plate area only in the closely spaced vertical gap spaces. This area fraction can be, for example, about 3-5%.

The shape of the walls and Trayanordnungen can also have a flat two-dimensional or 3-dimensional shape shown in addition to flat, the pressure sensor are then arranged vertically according to the curvature. The pressure transducer 250 / a . 250 / b and 250 / c Further, in embodiments, in addition to the illustrated parallel sleeve walls, they may have a tapering shape, to thereby be easier to demould or to achieve greater rigidity.

In further embodiments, in particular in the contiguous Raumkavität 251 / c4 instead of a finely structured filler, an array may be positioned with at least one additional radiation shield, as in FIG 3 described.

2 shows a second embodiment of the invention in partial cross section. In contrast to the previous embodiment, the upper in the picture Trayanordnung 251 / c with a staggered spatial cavity 251 / c4 formed as described above with a fine-grained filler 250 / 1c is filled. This filler forms a partial measure against the heat radiation. In addition, the length of the effective Zugkraftstrecke 2.30 shortened, whereby adjustments are feasible. Thus, for example, tensile force transmission element 1.30 and 2.30 be formed of different materials, since they are exposed to different temperatures along the temperature gradient.

The space divided by the offset floor now leaves a second space cavity between the floors of the tray arrangement 251 / c and 251 / c arise, left empty or as here with a radiation shield package 203 / 1p is filled. A multilayer radiation shield makes it possible to achieve higher radiation-damping effects compared to fillers. The spacing of the individual layers in the package can be done in one of the known ways, eg. through a textile, through creasing etc.

In further embodiments, the radiation suppression means may be formed of a filler continuously and this shape of a plate having recessed through holes 203 / 1ik to have.

3 shows a perspective view of a multilayer arrangement according to the invention 203 / 1p , the a plurality of individual metal-coated or formed of metal foils radiation shields 203 / 1n having.

The arrangement is combined into a package and with pressure transducer openings or support openings 203 / 1ik in the given grid Mistake. In this way, a package can be easily manufactured and then inserted in one piece in the space cavity of the Trayanordnung provided. In the Raumkavität it can be fixed by fastening means or arranged unsecured, if the edge of the package should not be formed kinkable. The arrangement allows the application economically adapted execution. Nor does not have the entire space available with the radiation shield package 203 / 1p filled out.

4 shows a third embodiment according to the invention in partial cross-section. This is designed for maximum insulation performance and therefore has only one radiation shield package 203 / 1p on, which almost fills the available space. In the case of large temperature differences of the high-temperature reservoirs or the cryotanks, the fourth-power radiation heat flux component increases and requires very effective countermeasures.

A further significant thermal insulation improvement over previous embodiments was also achieved here in that the soil 251 / c34 the upper Trayan order 251 / c has been deepened and the space cavity is now between Trayanordnung 251 / c and 251 / b created. The sleeve-like pressure transducer of the upper Trayanordnung 251 / c This gives it a rounded edge 251 / c6 , As a result, no conductive heat flows over the sleeve walls of the pressure transducer 250 / c in these in previous embodiments upstream ground 251 / c34 and cause there a temperature increase with concomitant increased radiation. The edges of the pressure transducer 250 / c are preferably rounded and the sleeve walls are thereby virtually doubled, making them stiffer and consequently at least this Trayanordnung is made of a thinner material. The doubled sleeve walls can, as shown, rest against each other without a gap or optionally also be spaced apart, which can be predetermined by the manufacturing method used.

All edges of the pressure transducers have a curve adapted to the fiber or foil used in order to avoid weakening of the tensile force-transmitting element. The illustrated closing sheet 251 / 2c can be eliminated in this embodiment.

In some applications, the spaced walls may 106 and 107 simultaneously form the gas-tight barrier and pressure distribution plates. In here presented embodiment, it may be for the lower wall 107 apply, upper wall 106 however, it may not be gas tight and therefore has a thin gastight barrier 106/20 covered.

In a further development, the recessed floor 251 / c34 as in 6 the lower Trayan order around a small gap from the wall 106 be raised, thereby forming another pair of radiation suppression surfaces between wall 106 and Tray order 251 / c which can make up about 95-98% of the surface.

The multilayer arrangement 203 / 1p is preferred to attach to the cold side of the assembly, thereby ever preclude the conductive heat transfer to them from the warm side. It can also be applied to the fibers of the tensile force transmission elements, which is sufficient even with horizontally arranged insulation boards without fasteners.

5 shows a perspective view of a Trayanordnung 251 / a with applied traction transfer elements 1.30 ,

This lowest Trayanordnung 251 / a is with mounting sides 251 / a3 and 251 / a5 (not shown) formed with stiffening means in the form of molded ribs 251 / a31 are equipped. So can the respective attachment side 251 / a3 share the load with the last pressure transducer. The other two sides of the Trayanordnung can also sidewalls 251 / a32 . 251 / a33 in particular, in addition to support the mounting walls and / or to protect against the ingress of dust / dirt during installation.

The tensile force transmission elements 1.30 are grouped into discrete bands or filaments spaced at the distance of the pressure transducer 250 / a preferably on a common clamping bar 251 / a2 are attached. They form with the identical clamping bars on the opposite side of an assembly that is prefabricated and easy to install. The clamping bar 251 / a2 gets into the fold edge 251 / a36 inserted and preferably engaged by means of latching, so that their position is defined.

At the respective pressure transducer 250 / a have the occasionally formed tensile force transmission elements 1.30 be fastened, so that the further assembly is simplified. This can be carried out by guide means, clamping means or by gluing.

It is already sufficient, the tensile force transmission elements 1.30 in only one direction, however, in some applications it may be advantageous to have a second identical one Assemble assembly of traction transfer elements in the transverse direction to the first and this also the side walls 251 / a32 and 251 / a33 as mounting sides to execute.

Furthermore, in other embodiments, the Trayanordnung 251 / a already the outer wall 107 form and this gas-tight, ie without the perforation 251 / a1 be educated. The attachment of the tensile force-transmitting element is carried out in the case inside and the voids of the pressure transducer 250 / a communicate with the environment, leaving it empty or, for example, purpose sound insulation can be filled with a filler.

6 shows a further embodiment of the invention in partial cross section.

Here is a reduction to only two spaced Trayanordnungen 251 / c and 251 / a completed. The spaced walls 106 . 107 For example, transparent or diffused glass panes and the tray arrangements are also formed of a transparent or diffusely transparent glass / ceramic glass or plastic such as polycarbonate, polyacrylic or the like.

The floor space of the upper tray arrangement, which is freely arranged in the room 251 / c serves as an additional pane of glass because it absorbs heat radiation and emits in both directions. To double this effect, the bottom of the lower Trayanordnung 251 / a also raised and forms a third part of the cavity 121/3 , All partial cavities and cavities are communicating with each other by means of perforation so that they can be evacuated.

For the gap spacing, a gap height of 0.2 to 1 mm may be recommended to limit the vacuum depth to still manageable pressures of 1E-3 to 1E-4 mbar. The larger distances in the room cavities 251 / c4 and in pressure transducers 250 / a Although they provide a certain residual gas heat flow to, but this flows in series to virtually reduced to zero cleavage gas residual heat and is thus limited by him.

This design can be used to fabricate VIG (sealed glass) sealed edge glazing or rimless composite (RVS) systems. The reduction of the conductive heat flow of a VIG can by using high-efficiency fibers such as aramid, Vectran ^® - Zylon ^® -, S-glass fibers, basalt fibers or, for example, by plastic film made of cellophane, polycarbonate, etc. to conductive Wärmeleitwerten from 0.05 to 0.005. W / mK range. The suppression of thermal radiation can approach that of 3 to 4 times glazing, with additional selective coating (s) providing further known performance enhancement. The light transmission was allowed to be reduced by 1-3% due to additional thin films.

Although the optical impairment of the freedom of view of such a glass pane was not to be overlooked, it was acceptable, since the fibers or film strips may also be relatively transparent. In diffuse glazing no disturbance could be felt at all.

7 shows yet a further inventive embodiment of the spacer assembly 10 in partial cross-section.

It has almost the same structure as the one in 4 but with the difference that the ground 250 / a34 the pressure transducer 250 / a has also been rearranged so that he does not direct radiation to the bottom of the next spaced Trayanordnung 251 / b radiates. This is especially beneficial if the Trayanordnung 250 / a made of a metal sheet, because the sleeve walls of the pressure transducer 250 / a then transport the heat high to the ground. So that setback floor 250 / a34 even over a distance no direct heat radiation exchanges, can the empty space of the pressure transducer 250 / a with a fine porous filler 250 / 1a filled and sealed with a filter fleece. The filler may alternatively be provided with a binder and may no longer need a fleece. If the effort is not too great for an application, then instead of the filler, a multilayer arrangement in the pressure transducer 250 / a be positioned.

Another difference is the spacing of the recessed floor 251 / c34 from the wall 106 whereby an additional large-area radiation shield pair and still an evacuation channel system can be realized in the gap formed. The unequal arrangement of the recessed floors 251 / c34 and or 250 / a34 However, it may be advantageous, by additional stiffness achieved a much thinner sheet or plastic for the production of Trayanordnungen 251 / a and 251 / c to use and thereby save weight and cost.

The multilayer arrangement 203 / 1p Further, to make them more easily evacuable, they may be provided with perforations distributed in the area, care being taken that the metallic layer layers of the multilayer arrangement do not come into contact with each other at edges. The same applies to the punching of the support openings 203 / 1ik , This can be achieved by appropriate spacer fabric made of glass, cellulose, plastic or cellulose fibers. At typical packing densities of 10 to 20 layers per mm thickness reach the multilayer thermal conductivity of about 1E-5 W / mK. Because the tensile force transmission elements of fibers can also achieve these values, it is also the performance level of existing spacer assemblies.

It is possible to realize very thin-walled arrangements in the thickness range of 3-5 mm (without pressure distribution plates) or thickness range of 30-60 mm and to use suitable materials for each temperature application. The supported spacing eliminates the need for costly, very high vacuum resistant steel outer containment and restrictions on cylindrical shapes and dimensions for many heat storage, process reactor, and liquified gas tank applications.

It should be noted that the illustrated embodiments can not describe the entire scope of the present invention, but it is possible for one of ordinary skill in the art to create further embodiments of the invention, which are covered by the scope defined in the claims, without being inventive step got to.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

103/51

Pressure distribution plates

106, 107

wall

121/1, 121/2

Cavity, partial cavity, gap

203 / 1n

radiation shield

203 / 1p

Radiation shield package, anti-radiation agent, multilayer assembly

203 / 1ik

Pressure transducer opening, support opening, passage openings

250 / a, 250 / b, 250 / c

Pressure transducer

250 / a34

ground

250 / 1a, 250 / 1c

filler

251/4

Raumkavität

251 / a, 251 / b, 251 / c

Mold plate, Trayan order

251 / a2, 251 / b2

clamping bar

251 / a3, 251 / b3

Fixing side, edge

251 / a31

Stiffener, rib

2511a32, 251 / a33

Side wall

251 / a36, 251 / b36

folding edge

251 / a5, 251 / c5

Fleece, filter

251 / c4

reshaped space cavity

251 / c34

Ground, set back

251 / c6

edge

251 / 2c, 251 / 2a

closing leaf

30/1, 30/2

Traction transmission element

F _Δp

Force, pressure force

.delta.h

gap distance

H

Beabstandungshöhe

H

total thickness

X, Y, Z

coordinate directions

RVS

Borderless composite system

VIG

vacuum insulated glass

VIP

vacuum insulated panel

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of the documents listed by the applicant has been generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited patent literature

• US 20070286981 A1 [0003]

Claims (12)

Spacer and spacer assembly ( 10 ) with at least one tensile load-transmitting element ( 1.30 . 2.30 ) for heat transfer of insulating spacing of mutually with a force (Fm, F _Δp ) acted upon first and second, the impinging force (F _Δp ) distributing walls ( 106 . 107 ), Pressure distribution plates ( 103/51 ) and / or surfaces of articles comprising a plurality of opposing wall members opposing each other over the spacer center and projecting therefrom with at least one tensioned tensile force transmitting member, at least one of the pressure transducers being formed as a female mold of any geometrical cross section and a mutual one Pressure transducer spaced surrounds, and wherein an encompassing of at least two opposite sides is present, wherein between the different-side pressure transducers a gap ( 121/2 ) predetermined spacing (Δh, Δd) is provided, characterized in that the plurality of pressure transducer ( 250 / a . 250 / b . 250 / c ) at least one of the first and second walls ( 106 . 107 ) in one piece to a mold plate ( 251 / a . 251 / b . 251 / c ) is formed, so that their complex individual arrangement of pressure distribution plates or walls omitted. Spacers ( 10 ) and spacer arrangement ( 10 ) according to claim 1, characterized in that the plurality of pressure transducers ( 250 / a . 250 / b . 250 / c ) at least one of the first and second walls ( 106 . 107 ) to the mold plate in the form of a Trayanordnung ( 251 / a . 251 / b . 251 / c ) predetermined length and width is formed. Spacers ( 10 ) and spacer arrangement ( 10 ) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the tensile force transmission elements ( 1.30 . 2.30 ) are integrally formed and via a plurality of successively arranged on a line counteracting pressure transducer ( 250 / a . 250 / b . 250 / c ) from edge to edge of the mold plate ( 251 / a . 251 / b . 251 / c ) are clamped, and / or the tensile force transmission elements ( 1.30 . 2.30 ) extend in at least one surface direction (X, Y) of the arrangement, and / or optionally at least one second arrangement of tensile force transmission elements extends at a predetermined angle transverse to the first, and / or the tensile force transmission elements ( 1.30 . 2.30 ) have a predetermined length and at each opposite edge ( 251 / a3 ) of the tray arrangement using fasteners ( 251 / a36 . 251 / b36 . 251 / a3 . 251 / a2 . 251 / b2 ) are attached or attached around the Trayan order by an endlessly formed loop shape, and / or the width and length of Trayanordnung / en ( 251 / a . 251 / b . 251 / c ) are predetermined for an intended temperature application such that different thermal expansion of the cold side and hot side Trayanordnungen ( 251 / a . 251 / b . 251 / c ) is covered by the gap spacing (Δh) and can result in no contact, wherein the tensile force transmission elements ( 1.30 . 2.30 ) are slidably disposed about the pressure transducers of at least one of the spaced Trayanordnungen. Spacers ( 10 ) and spacer arrangement ( 10 ) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least two integral Trayanordnungen ( 251 / a . 251 / b . 251 / c ) are arranged intermeshingly engaged, and / or at least one further Trayanordnung ( 251 / b ) is disposed therebetween, wherein in each spaced gap space ( 121/1 . 121/2 ) another arrangement of traction transfer elements ( 1.30 . 2.30 ) is arranged, so that an overall longer effective tensile element distance is formed, which can be summed up thereby longer than the thickness (H) of the spacer assembly can be. Spacer and spacer assembly ( 10 ) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the pressure transducers have any geometric cross-section, in particular rectangular, honeycomb-shaped or cylindrical, wherein the cross-sectional parameters are chosen so that they achieve the greatest possible structural rigidity with minimal use of material, and / or the spaced walls ( 106 . 107 ), Pressure distribution plates ( 103/51 ) or objects have 2- or 3-dimensimal curved mold surfaces of any shape, wherein the pressure transducers have adapted thereto normal alignment and / or shaping, and / or the Trayanordnung / en ( 251 / a . 251 / b . 251 / c ) made of sheet metal or plastic, glass or ceramic, and optionally preferably on one or two sides are provided with a radiation reflection layer, and / or between the pressure transducer ( 250 / c ) a coherent space cavity ( 251 / c4 ), wherein the contiguous space cavity is optional for radiation suppression means / measures ( 203 / 1p . 250 / 1c ) is provided, and / or in the Druckaufnehmem ( 250 / a ) White spaces ( 250 / 1a ), which are optional also for radiation suppression agents / measures ( 250 / 1a ), and / or as a radiation suppression agent / measures a finely structured filler ( 250 / 1a . 250 / 1c ) may be provided from an incomplete list such as perlite, silica, aerogels, mineral wool, glass / rock wool, glass / basalt fibers or the like, and / or as a radiation suppression / measures a preferably integrally formed multilayer arrangement ( 203 / 1p ) from spaced radiation shields ( 203 / 1n ), and / or the voids in pressure transducers ( 250 / a ) and / or the contiguous space cavity with a dense closing sheet ( 251 / 2a . 251 / 2c ), and / or the radiation shields ( 203 / 1n ) of the multilayer arrangement ( 203 / 1p ) consist of metallically coated plastic films or metal foils and with openings ( 203 / 1ik ) into which the pressure transducers ( 250 / a . 250 / b . 250 / c ) are push-through, and / or the pressure distribution plates ( 103/51 ) for the purpose of constructive stiffening waves, grooves or reefs. and / or the multilayer Trayanordnungen ( 251 / a . 251 / b . 251 / c ) are provided with retaining means against jamming for uniform formation of the spacer gaps, wherein the holding means are designed as pressure-loaded local Aufsetz-projections predetermined height and / or tensile stress as claimed holding fibers of predetermined length locally prevent enlargement of the gap spacing by raising, and / or in at least one spaced gap ( 121/1 . 121/2 ) an unloaded multilayer arrangement can be arranged, wherein it provides through-passage sections for the tensile force-transmitting elements ( 1.30 . 2.30 ), so that they do not burden the multilayer arrangement Spacer and spacer assembly ( 10 ) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one of the Trayanordnungen ( 251 / a . 251 / c ) with a reshaped chamber cavity ( 251 / c4 ) by a ground offset by a predetermined amount ( 251 / c34 ), thereby reducing or eliminating the conductive heat transfer across the pressure transducer walls and subsequent heat radiation across that floor, and / or space for radiation suppression means ( 203 / 1p ) to accomplish. Spacers ( 10 ) and spacer arrangement ( 10 ) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that in Druckaufnehmerflächen and or surfaces of the contiguous Raumkavität at least one evacuation opening ( 251 / a1 ) for connecting split spaces divided by a tray arrangement ( 121/1 . 121/2 ) and / or for evacuating the voids of the pressure transducer ( 250 / a ) and / or then positioned radiation suppression means is provided. Spacer and spacer assembly ( 10 ) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the tensile force transmission elements ( 1.30 . 2.30 ) are made of fibers or foils / tape having a low thermal conductivity and maximum tensile strength ratio most favorable for the given temperature application, the following incomplete listing being selectable between stainless steel, titanium alloys, tungsten, aramid, glass, quartz , ^{Carbon, Vectran®TM} , ^Zylon®TM , ^Dyneema®TM , basalt, ceramic fibers and the like. Spacer and spacer assembly ( 10 ) with at least one tensile load-transmitting element ( 1.30 . 2.30 ) for heat transfer of insulating spacing of mutually with a force (Fm, F _Δp ) acted upon first and second, the impinging force (F _Δp ) distributing walls ( 106 . 107 ), Pressure distribution plates ( 103/51 ) and / or surfaces of articles comprising a plurality of opposing spacers on each wall, projecting beyond the spacer center and engaging with at least one tensioned transmission element, at least one of the pressure sensors being formed as a hollow shape of any geometrical cross section and a mutual pressure transducer spaced surrounds, and wherein a clasping is present at least from two opposite sides, characterized in that in the spaced-apart cavity over a surface region integrally formed radiation suppression means ( 203 / 1p . 251 / c4 ) is arranged, in the passage openings ( 203 / 1ik ) for pushing through the pressure transducer ( 250 / a ) the spacers are provided, wherein as radiation suppression means ( 203 / 1p ) a multilayer arrangement ( 203 / 1p . 251 / c4 ) and / or an unloaded filled fine-porous or finely structured filler ( 251 / c4 ) is provided. Use of the spacer arrangement according to one of the preceding claims for producing evacuated or evacuable VIP (vacuum insulated panel) or VIG (vacuum insulated glass), wherein at least one spacer assembly is enclosed by at least one gas-tight envelope, and wherein the gas-tight envelope is heat-insulating at least in the edge region of a thin metallic foil or thin metallic coated plastic film. Use of the spacer assembly according to one of the preceding claims for producing an evacuated or evacuable rimless composite system (RVS), comprising an inner and an outer gas-tight Hüllwandungen, wherein a plurality of spacer assemblies with or without spacing between sufficiently stiffened walls ( 106 . 107 ), wherein between the spacer assemblies voids arise that form a branched channel system and the evacuation of at least one common evacuation and Befluidungsanschluss from serving through the accessible portions of the respective gas-permeable sheaths of the spacer assemblies. Use according to claim 9 or 11, characterized in that the VIPs, VIGs and / or Rimless Composite System are used to form at least one of the following functionally coherent thermoisolating / thermoisolated and / or soundproofing insulation systems in an incomplete list: Building walls, foundation basements, floor / floor basements, prefabricated panels, door and window frames and frames, glass panels, roof walls, greenhouses, flat and tubular solar collectors, piping and pipe fittings, pipe fittings, valves / throttles, electric power switches, stationary and portable Heat / cold storage, outdoor / outdoor heat exchanger, boilers, filling equipment / hot and / or cold media connections, flow measuring units, power plant and propulsion turbine, steam condensers, drop towers, rocket propulsion and gas tanks, electric generators, heat decoupled rotary shafts, transformers, propulsion machinery, heat engines, stirling engines, combustors, chimneys, waste incinerators, fuel cell shrouds, current superconductors / solenoids, tokamak / nuclear fusion reactors, spin tomographs, heat exchangers, heat pumps, district heating pipelines, containers / containers / lids, shipping containers, foodstuffs - and pharma-medical packaging, dewar / thermoses, marine, underwater, aircraft, rail and land vehicle casings / hulls / walls / bodies, housings, refrigerators and bodies and engines, exhaust systems, refrigerators, cookware / cooking kettles Ovens, crucibles and ovens, thermal processing equipment, ovens, superheated propellants, thermal insulation clothing / shoes, diving suits, flexible shields / tent homes, heat shield elements, refinery / chemical plants and piping, brake lines, compressed air tanks, LPG tanks, helium / hydrogen tanks, vacuum bulkhead devices, Bathtubs, swimming pools, VIP panels and VIP angle / corner elements, sound insulation cladding for power machines and other applications.

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