DE102010060289A1 - Solar collector for compound system for converting solar electromagnetic radiation energy to heat energy for solar collector system, is provided as flat collector or tube collector with radiation focusing device - Google Patents

Abstract

The solar collector is provided as a flat collector or tube collector with a radiation focusing device. A heat conduction link of a heat conductor of the tube shaped radiation absorbers, are distanced from the walls of the tube shaped outer shell. A gas-tight outer shell-connector has a heat conduction connector. Independent claims are also included for: (1) a compound system with a hollow space; (2) a method for producing a compound system; (3) a solar collector system with a steam piston engine; and (4) energy product, particularly mechanical energy which is produced by the solar collector.

Description

The invention relates to a solar collector, a composite system of solar collectors, a method for producing a composite system with flat-plate collectors, a method for producing a composite system with tubular collectors, a solar collector system and an energy product with the features mentioned in the preambles of independent claims.

It is known that especially vacuum tube solar collectors with an optical focusing device are considered the most effective and can reach efficiencies of over 90% and high temperatures of 500 degrees Celsius even in cold weather. The tube shape makes it possible to catch the negative pressure difference even without a spacer. However, gas-tight solid heat sand bridges are always present at the end connection points of the absorber to the fluid center pipes or several pipe absorbers, over which relatively high heat losses occur. The vacuum tubes are usually gas-tight at the factory, evacuated and sealed. They are connected to heat-dissipating fluids on conventional thermal insulation pipelines.

Out US 4,289,113 a flat evacuated solar collector is known in which the front glass pane, the radiation absorber and the rear wall are spaced apart by means of solid pressure force spacers. Spacers formed as partitions brace themselves between the windscreen and the rear wall and the absorber is attached to them. Isolated pin-like spacers are also distributed and arranged through special larger than their diameter-sized openings in the flat collector inserted without contact with the opening edge. As a result, no heat due to the conduction of the much hotter radiation absorber on the windshield and back wall is transmitted back. This refinement also has the disadvantage that the tube connection of the radiation absorber is connected in a gas-tight manner to the outer, for example, lateral wall, and thus a conductive heat edge bridge is formed, via which the heat energy obtained in the absorber is transmitted and lost to the windshield, lateral walls and the rear wall becomes. The fluid supply and removal pipes are insulated with a conventional thermal insulation material such as rigid foam, whose performance is also limited, so that transport losses must occur.

In most of the flat solar panels, which are usually used in practice, evacuation is sometimes not applied, so that in addition heat losses due to the convection of the trapped air occur. These collectors can only be used effectively in warm weather. Both solar collectors and the pipe vacuum collectors have a peculiarity that they can not simultaneously serve as thermal insulation for building walls or roofs.

The invention has for its object to improve evacuated flat and tubular solar panels such that no heat edge bridges occur at the terminals of the radiation absorber. Furthermore, it is an object of the invention to allow simultaneous thermal insulation of the building walls or roofs, thereby saving costs for further insulation. In addition, the heat pipes should be heat-insulated according to the invention more effectively and free of thermal sand bridges, including as much as possible of all components of a solar system such as heat exchangers and heat storage.

According to a first device-technical aspect, the invention is based on a solar collector for converting solar electromagnetic radiation energy into heat energy, wherein the solar collector is designed as a flat or a tube collector with or without a beam focusing device. The solar collector has a flat or tubular radiation absorber with supplying and dissipating heat conduction / s with heat conducting connections, wherein the radiation absorber is arranged in an evacuated cavity of a radiation-permeable flat or tubular outer shell. The cavity is formed by at least a front and a rear walls of the flat outer shell or by an enclosing wall of the tubular outer shell and by the radiation absorber itself.

The objects of the invention are achieved according to this aspect in that the / the Wärmeleitungsanschluss / e of the heat conduction / s of the flat or tubular radiation absorber and the walls of the flat or tubular outer shell are spaced from each other everywhere, so they have no conductive contact with each other. At least one wall of the flat or tubular outer shell further has at least one gas-tight outer jacket connection which encloses at least one heat conduction connection of the heat conduction (s) of the radiation absorber, so that there is no conductive contact here as well.

In tubular collectors, the tubular radiation absorber itself serves as a heat conduction and its ends as a heat conduction connection / e. Its tubular radiation-permeable outer shell forms at its ends the outer shell connections according to the invention.

Tubes and fittings may have any other desired cross-section besides the preferred one, including oval, rectangular, polygonal, etc.

The spacing is preferably carried out by an evacuatable heat-insulating spacer arrangement, which will be described below.

According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the marginal edges of the heat-conducting connections and the outer sheath connection / s are prepared for a gas-tight connection of the edges to be connected as evacuatable double-walled conduits of formed heat conduction or for a gas-tight connection with marginal edges of the heat conduction connections and walls of the outer shells further evacuated double-walled solar collectors prepared, with their respective cavities give a coherent cavity. As a result, the flat or round solar collectors according to the invention can be assembled into an endlessly continuable composite system or, alternatively, can also be formed individually by sealing the edge in a gas-tight manner.

The wall (s) of the outer shell are preferably spaced from each other and / or from the flat or tubular radiation absorber by at least one evacuable and heat-insulating optimized spacer arrangement. The evacuability makes it possible to evacuate a composite of many collectors composite system or tofluid.

At least one spacer assembly is preferably embodied as any of the non-exhaustively enumerated spacer types: compressive force, compression force honeycomb core, compressive force filler spacer, traction, tension suspension, wheel spoke spacers, bridging spacer assembly and / or magnetic spacer assembly, or any composition from that.

• – die Druckkraft-Abstandhalteranordnung wenigstens einen massiv oder hohlräumig ausgebildeten Druckabstandhalter aufweist, der einen nichtwärmedämmungsoptimierten Querschnitt oder einen derart wärmedämmungsoptimierten Querschnitt aufweist, dass der Querschnitt der Kraft übertragenden Teile des Abstandhalters bis zum mit vorgegebenen Sicherheitsreserven beaufschlagten Druck-Festigkeitsgrenzwert des verwendeten Abstandhalter-Materials reduziert ist, wobei das Abstandhalter-Material für gegebene Temperaturanwendung möglichst geringen Wärmeleitwert bei größtmöglichem Druck-Festigkeitsgrenzwert aufweist, und/oder
• – eine Wabenstruktur-Abstandhalteranordnung aufweist, die einen derart wärmedämmungsoptimierten Querschnitt aufweist, dass ihre zulässige Flächenbelastbarkeit um einen vorgegebenen Sicherheitsfaktor höher oberhalb von dem durch die beaufschlagende Kraft/e ausgeübten Druck vorgegeben ist, wobei das Abstandhalter-Material für gegebene Temperaturanwendung möglichst geringen Wärmeleitwert bei größtmöglichem Druck-Festigkeitsgrenzwert bzw. Elastizitätsmodul aufweist, und/oder
• – einen in einer dünnwandigen gasdichten Hülle eingeschlossenen evakuierten Pulver- oder Hartschaum-Kissenkörper oder eine Gasfüllung aufweist, wobei die Hülle bevorzugt wenigstens eine oder gar keine metallische Schicht aufweist, und wobei wenigstens ein Kissenkörper zur Aufnahme eines anteiligen Flächendrucks ausgelegt und angeordnet ist, und/oder
• – die Zugkraft-Abstandhalteranordnung wenigstens einen Zugkraft-Aufhängungs-Abstandhalter mit wenigstens einem Zugkraft-Übertragungselement aufweist, das nur Gewichts- und/oder Masseträgheitskräfte auffängt, die zwischen Wandungen einer Überbrückungs-Abstandhalteranordnung übertragen werden müssen, wobei das Zugkraft-Übertragungselement-Material möglichst geringen Wärmeleitwert bei größtmöglicher Zugfestigkeit aufweist, und/oder
• – wenigstens einen Zugkraft-Abstandhalter aufweist, der über eine Vielzahl versetzt hintergreifend entgegen wirkender Druckaufnehmer flächenverteilte Druckdifferenzkräfte von Wandungen auffängt und überträgt, wobei das/die aus Fasern oder Folien bestehende Zugkraft-Übertragungselement/e einen derart wärmedämmungsoptimierten Querschnitt aufweist/en, der bis zum mit vorgegebenen Sicherheitsreserven beaufschlagten Zugkraft-Festigkeitsgrenzwert des verwendeten Materials reduziert ist, wobei das Zugkraft-Übertragungselement-Material möglichst geringen Wärmeleitwert bei größtmöglicher Zugfestigkeit aufweist, und/oder
• – die Zugkraft-Abstandhalteranordnung wenigstens einen Radspeichen-Abstandhalter aufweist, dessen aus Fasern oder Folien bestehende Zugkraft-Übertragungselemente einen derart wärmedämmungsoptimierten Querschnitt aufweisen, der bis zum mit vorgegebenen Sicherheitsreserven beaufschlagten Zugkraft-Festigkeitsgrenzwert des verwendeten Materials reduziert ist, wobei das Zugkraft-Übertragungselement-Material möglichst geringen Wärmeleitwert bei größtmöglicher Zugfestigkeit aufweist, und/oder
• – die Überbrückungs-Abstandhalteranordnung oder ein Abschnitt mithilfe verdickter, rippenversteifter, gewellter, geriffelter, rohrartiger oder materialverstärkter Überbrückungsbereiche der Wandungen zwischen Abstandhalteranordnungen einer der anderen Abstandhaltertypen ausgebildet ist, und/oder
• – die magnetische Abstandhalteranordnung abstoßend orientierte Permanentmagnete aufweist, die auf die beaufschlagende Kräfte bemessene Dimensionen aufweisen.

The effectiveness of the above-mentioned spacer arrangements is further increased when

• - The pressure force-spacer assembly has at least one solid or hollow space formed pressure spacers having a non-thermal insulation optimized cross-section or a heat insulation optimized cross section that the cross section of the force transmitting parts of the spacer is reduced to the applied with predetermined safety margins pressure-strength limit of the spacer material used wherein the spacer material for a given temperature application has the lowest possible thermal conductivity at the highest possible pressure-strength limit, and / or
• - Has a honeycomb spacer assembly having such a heat insulation optimized cross-section that their allowable surface load is given by a predetermined safety factor higher above the pressure exerted by the applied force / e pressure, the spacer material for a given temperature application as low as possible Wärmeleitwert with the greatest possible Pressure-strength limit or elastic modulus has, and / or
• A evacuated powder or foam foam body enclosed in a thin-walled gas-tight envelope or a gas filling, the shell preferably having at least one or no metallic layer, and at least one cushion body being designed and arranged to receive a proportional surface pressure, and / or
• The traction-force-spacer assembly comprises at least one traction-suspension spacer having at least one traction-transmitting element which absorbs only gravitational and / or inertial forces to be transmitted between walls of a bridging spacer assembly, the traction-transmitting element material being as small as possible Having thermal conductivity at the greatest possible tensile strength, and / or
• - Has at least one traction-spacers, which traps and transmits over a plurality of hintergreifend counteracting pressure transducer area-distributed pressure differential forces of walls, said / consisting of fibers or films tensile force transmission element / e such a heat insulation optimized cross-section / s, the up to is reduced with predetermined safety reserves applied tensile strength limit of the material used, wherein the tensile force transmission element material has the lowest possible thermal conductivity with the greatest possible tensile strength, and / or
• - The traction-spacer assembly comprises at least one Radspeichen spacers, which consist of fibers or films tensile force transmission elements have such a heat insulation optimized cross section, which is reduced to the applied with predetermined safety reserves tensile strength limit of the material used, wherein the tensile force-transmitting element material Has the lowest possible thermal conductivity with the greatest possible tensile strength, and / or
• - The Bypass Spacer assembly or a section using thickened, ribbed, corrugated, ribbed, tubular or material-reinforced bridging regions of the walls between spacer assemblies of one of the other spacer holder types is formed, and / or
• - The magnetic spacer assembly has repulsively oriented permanent magnets having dimensioned on the forces acting on dimensions.

A tensile force transmitting member is preferably fibers or films having a favorable low thermal conductivity and high tensile strength ratio such as aramid, glass, quartz glass, carbon, Zylon, Vectran, Dyneema fibers (Zylon, Vectran, Dyneema) Brands of respective manufacturers), paper, cellophane or steel, nickel alloy, heat-resistant alloy and the like. It chooses according to the invention for an intended maximum temperature application of the most suitable material, with the UV resistance and environmental compatibility, reusability make a high demand.

Furthermore, at least one permanent magnet pair of neodymium, AlNiCo aluminum nickel cobalt or SmCo samarium cobalt or ferromagnet or another material is preferably formed. Neodymium is the strongest, but only usable up to about 200-230 degrees Celsius. Half as strong are AlNiCo Aluminiumnickelkobalt or SmCo-Samarium-Cobalt permanent magnets, but can be used up to 500-600 degrees Celsius. Also, mixed use of neodymium on the cold side and AlNiCo aluminum nickel cobalt or SmCo samarium cobalt on the hot side of the absorber can be selected.

In particularly preferred embodiments, the flat collector is designed as a thermal insulation of a building or housing, so that the profitability of the solar collectors according to the invention is increased by this additional benefit.

Furthermore, the flat collector may have a 2- or 3-dimensionally curved surface shape, thereby satisfying not only structural rigidity but also the optical or other requirements of an application. In particular, the walls of housing of a moving means may require curved surfaces.

In addition, the solar collector according to the invention can have at least one corrugated, corrugated or structured wall, thereby further increasing their rigidity with structural means.

The radiation absorber of the flat or surface collector preferably has a plurality of spaced-apart spacer openings, through which a spacer is inserted without contact through which the walls of the outer shell spaced from each other proportionally spaced pressure differential forces.

The spacer preferably has a thinner bar spacer, which is inserted without contact through a correspondingly thinner spacer opening. Furthermore, the spacer has a wider broadening section, which is arranged on the side facing away from the irradiated side of the flat absorber. The broadening section ensures stable alignment of the thin but shortened bar spacer. In this way, the shading of the absorber surface can be reduced by the bar spacers without the stability of the spacer assembly has to suffer altogether.

In a further preferred refinement, the solar collector has at least one lateral wall which connects the front and rear walls or the enclosing wall and / or is used as a spacer, the connections being made gas-tight. This allows for the edge formation of a single solar collector or, alternatively, a compound composite system if the composite system does not manage to completely encase without forming a sealed edge.

The flat plate collector and / or tube collector preferably has a connecting strip made of metal foil or metallically coated foil arranged peripherally at the peripheral edge (s) of its transparent wall, wherein the connecting strip is preferably formed as a ring strip in the tube collector.

The connecting strips are used for gas-tight connection with connecting strips of the same type to be connected according to the invention solar collectors or double-walled tubes.

For an inclined or vertical arrangement of the flat or tubular solar collector, at least one inclination-retaining means is preferably provided, which absorbs the proportionate weight forces of the radiation absorber. Additionally or alternatively, at least one inclination-retaining means may be provided which absorbs the proportionate weight forces of the front wall of the outer shell. Furthermore, at least one support structure fastening means for fastening to a counter fastening means arranged on a support structure can be provided on the rear wall. These measures allow the assembly of the solar collector according to the invention in an inclined position, because the conventional heat sand bridges forming Forces transmitting terminal connections are missing according to the invention.

The rear wall of the flat collector, which is preferably formed of gas-tight metal sheet, according to a further preferred embodiment of the present invention at least one edge from the back to the front side inclined edge formed, which thereby characterized for a gas-tight connection with an adjacent further back Wall is available accessible.

At least the front wall of the flat collector or enclosing wall of the tube collector is transparent to the solar radiation, in particular made of glass, quartz glass or transparent plastic.

Furthermore, at least one wall of the outer shell and / or the surface of the radiation absorber is equipped with an infrared reflection layer.

On the radiation absorber, in preferred embodiments, a coating is formed with at least one metamaterial designed for high light absorption and / or low infrared emission.

According to a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention, at least one heat conduction is pre-stretched by a predetermined pre-stretch length from the respective outer sheath connection of the wall of the outer sheath in order thereby to arrange the heat conduction connection accessible for a gas-tight connection.

The radiation absorber is preferably provided with an absorption coating having an optimized ratio of good radiation absorption and low infrared radiation emission.

The solar collector can be arranged in a radiation-focusing arrangement such as a channel-like focusing mirror, parabolic mirror or Fresnel lens arrangement or formed anordbar.

According to a further device-related aspect of the invention, it is based on a composite system consisting of at least two solar collectors according to one of the previously described preferred embodiments or combinations thereof according to the invention.

The objects according to the invention are achieved according to this aspect in that the outer shells of connected solar collectors with their walls or outer sheath connections and the heat pipes of the solar collectors are each gas-tightly and equidistantly connected to one another on both sides, so that the respective cavities result in a coherent cavity.

The composite system according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a thermal expansion compensation system for compensating for thermal expansion by a sufficient expansion gap is provided at the junction between the respective walls of the solar collectors.

A composite system of tube collectors comprising a thermal expansion compensation system for compensating for thermal expansion of the tubular radiation absorber, the thermal expansion compensation system being formed by corrugation of at least one tubular radiation absorber and / or slidably mounting at least one tubular radiation absorber in angular sections the pipe is formed.

The common cavity of the composite system is preferably evacuable and / or fluidizable from at least one evacuation port.

According to a procedural aspect of the invention, it starts from a method for producing a composite system with flat plate collectors according to one of the previously described preferred embodiment.

• – wenigstens zwei rückseitige Wandungen benachbarter Flachkollektoren mit ihren rückseitig kraftschlüssig angebrachten Tragstruktur-Befestigungsmitteln an Gegenbefestigungsmitteln einer Tragstruktur derart befestigt werden, dass sie entlang ihrer geneigter Randkanten miteinander in Berührungskontakt stehen, wobei die Tragstruktur mit Flachkollektoren unter einer beliebigen Neigung, horizontal oder vertikal angeordnet wird;
• – eine gasdichte Verbindung entlang der geneigten Randkanten benachbarter Wandungen ausgeführt wird,
• – wenigstens eine in einem Vormontageschritt oder hier folgend erstellte Absorber-Baugruppe, aufweisend einen Absorberträger, Abstandhalter, Neigungs-Haltemittel und an den Abstandhaltern angeordneten Strahlungs-Absorber, an hohlraumseitigen Befestigungsmitteln der jeweiligen rückseitigen Wandung befestigt wird, wobei der Absorberträger hierfür über Gegenbefestigungsmittel verfügt,
• – optional Wärmeleitungen einer Vielzahl von Strahlungsabsorbern miteinander parallel und/oder in Reihe im Hohlraum gasdicht verbunden werden,
• – jeweilige frontseitige Wandungen auf die Tragflächen der Abstandhalter aufgelegt und mit einem beabstandeten Neigungs-Haltemittel Gewicht tragend abgestützt werden, derart, dass zwischen benachbarten frontseitigen Wandungen ein Ausdehnungs-Spalt entsteht und die jeweiligen Verbindungsstreifen einander entlang positioniert sind,
• – die Verbindungsstreifen zusammengefügt und gasdicht verbunden werden.

The objects of the invention are achieved according to this aspect in that

• - At least two rear walls of adjacent flat plate collectors with their rear side frictionally mounted support structure fixing means are secured to counter-fastening means of a supporting structure such that they are in contact contact along their inclined edges, wherein the support structure is arranged with flat panels at any inclination, horizontal or vertical;
• A gastight connection is made along the inclined edges of adjacent walls,
• At least one absorber assembly produced in a pre-assembly step or here following, comprising an absorber support, spacers, inclination-holding means and radiation absorbers arranged on the spacers, is fastened to cavity-side fastening means of the respective rear wall, the absorber carrier having counter-fastening means therefor,
• - optional heat conduction of a variety of radiation absorbers parallel to each other and / or or gas-tightly connected in series in the cavity,
• Respective front-side walls are placed on the support surfaces of the spacers and supported in a load-bearing manner with a spaced-apart inclination-retaining means, such that an expansion gap is created between adjacent front-side walls and the respective connection strips are positioned along one another,
• - The connecting strips are joined and connected gas-tight.

Preferably, a cover strip which extends along the connected connection strip is attached and optionally has a correspondingly inclined rainwater drainage edge.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, rear and front walls of a double-walled evacuatable panel are gas-tight, rimless and equilateral connected to the rear and front walls of at least one flat solar panel forming the edge of the composite system so that their cavities form a common cavity. As a result, a building or housing can have double-walled evacuated thermal insulation and, at the same time, planar collectors according to the invention arranged on the sunny walls, without exhibiting interposed heat edge bridges. The double-walled evacuatable panel may also be designed as a glass pane. Only at the inevitable access openings such as openable windows and doors edge closures are required, which can form Wärmerandbrücken.

The joint of the adjacent flat panels or panels can be performed at any predetermined angle and as an over-corner joint.

At the rear and at the front walls of at least one flat solar collector or panel forming the edge of the composite system, a final lateral wall can preferably be arranged in a preceding or following step to thereby form a gastight closed cavity around the edge.

At least one through a wall of the flat collector, preferably lateral or rear wall, through a Außenhüllen connection through led out heat pipe connection is particularly preferred gas-tight, borderless and equilibrium connected to a double-walled evacuable pipe, said pipe connected to a heat-processing system.

The common cavity is further evacuated or fluidized from at least one evacuation port.

In accordance with a further aspect of the invention, it is based on a method for producing a composite system with tube collectors.

• – eine eine erste rohrartige Wandung aufweisende erste Außenhülle eines ersten Rohrkollektors an einer äußeren Tragstruktur befestigt wird, wobei vorher oder hier folgend ein erster rohrartiger Strahlungs-Absorber im Hohlraum der ersten Außenhülle ganz ohne Abstandhalter oder mithilfe wenigstens eines evakuierbaren Abstandhalters angeordnet wird,
• – mit dem um eine Vorstrecklänge vorragenden Ende des ersten Strahlungs-Absorbers ein zweiter Strahlungs-Absorber eines nächst benachbart anzubringenden zweiten Rohrkollektors gasdicht verbunden wird,
• – die zweite Wandung der zweiten Außenhülle des nächst benachbart anzubringenden zweiten Rohrkollektors mit oder ohne Abstandhalter über ihrem zweiten Strahlungs-Absorber bis zum Kontakt mit der ersten Wandung des ersten Rohrkollektors aufgeschoben und mit dieser ausgerichtet wird,
• – die Ringstreifen der ersten und zweiten Außenhülle miteinander gasdicht verbunden werden,
• – nachdem eine gewünschte Anzahl von Rohrkollektoren zu einem zusammenhängenden Verbund-System verbunden wurden, an wenigstens einem um die Vorstrecklänge vorragenden Ende des abschließenden Strahlungs-Absorbers jeweils ein Innenrohr eines doppelwandigen Rohres gasdicht verbunden wird, und
• – das jeweilige Außenrohr des doppelwandigen Rohres mit oder ohne Abstandhalter über ihrem Innenrohr bis zum Kontakt mit der Wandung der Außenhülle des jeweiligen abschließenden Rohrkollektors aufgeschoben und mit dieser ausgerichtet wird,
• – wobei die Anzahl und längsaxiale Beabstandung der Abstandhalter entlang des Rohrkollektors so vorgegeben wird, dass das Gewicht der verbundenen rohrartigen Strahlungs-Absorber verteilt getragen wird und diese eine vorgegebene zulässige Durchbiegung nicht überschreiten können, wobei die Abstandhalter eine längsaxiale thermisch bedingte Verschiebung der verbundenen Strahlungs-Absorber zulassen.

The objects of the invention are achieved according to this aspect in that

• A first tubular shell having a first outer shell of a first tube collector is attached to an outer support structure, wherein before or here following a first tubular radiation absorber is arranged in the cavity of the first outer shell without any spacers or at least one evacuable spacer,
• A second radiation absorber of a second tube collector to be attached next to it is connected in a gastight manner to the end of the first radiation absorber projecting by a pre-stretch length,
• - The second wall of the second outer shell of the next adjacent to be attached second tube collector with or without spacers is pushed over its second radiation absorber to contact with the first wall of the first tube collector and aligned with this,
• The gaskets of the first and second outer shells are connected to one another in a gastight manner,
• - After a desired number of tube collectors have been joined into a coherent composite system, at least one projecting to the Vorstrecklänge end of the final radiation absorber each an inner tube of a double-walled tube is gas-tightly connected, and
• - The respective outer tube of the double-walled tube with or without spacers is pushed over its inner tube to the contact with the wall of the outer shell of the respective final tube collector and aligned with this,
• The number and longitudinal axial spacing of the spacers being set along the tube collector such that the weight of the connected tubular radiation absorbers is distributed and can not exceed a predetermined permissible deflection, the spacers causing a longitudinal axial thermal displacement of the connected radiation Allow absorber.

Here, too, the common cavity is preferably evacuated or fluidized from at least one evacuation port.

The joint of adjacent pipe collectors or double-walled pipes is formed at any angle.

The solar collector or the composite system of solar collectors is positioned in the focus of a radiation focusing device.

According to a further device-related aspect of the invention, it starts from a solar collector system with at least one solar collector and / or composite system according to one of the previously described preferred embodiments, the at least one heat storage for storing the absorbed solar energy as thermal energy, and at least one permanently or temporarily switchable Consumers of the stored thermal energy has.

The objects of the invention are achieved according to this aspect in that at least the heat storage double-walled with evacuable spacers and Doppelrohranschluss / en is formed such that its cavity with the common cavity of the composite system gas-tight, borderless and equilateral connectable, so no heat margin bridge / n created by joints.

As consumers in the solar system according to the invention, a double-walled spaced and evacuated isolated engine such as a steam turbine, a Stirling engine, a steam piston engine, an adsorption and / or absorption chiller or a heat process plant such as distillation, refinery, a heating system or the like provided be. Then the thermal losses will be largely reduced, so that higher efficiency can be achieved.

According to a preferred embodiment of the solar system according to the invention spaced-apart valve, throttle, pumps / circulation pumps and / or flow, temperature, pressure / vacuum measuring devices are provided in inner tubes of the double-walled spaced pipes of the solar system, which can be driven from outside heat bridge free, actuated and / or are readable.

It is particularly advantageous if at least one heat exchanger and / or a heat pump device is provided in a further developed solar system according to the invention, in order to transfer the heat energy from a temperature potential to another temperature potential, the housing of which preferably being double-walled and evacuated and borderless on the side Double pipes of the composite system are connected. By heat pumps of various kinds, it is possible to absorb the waste heat from processes and above-mentioned engines and re-initiate at a required higher temperature potential in the utilization cycle of the consumer thermal energy. Paired with the inventive double-walled evacuated and thermal bridge-free thermal insulation of the entire composite system or the solar system can achieve efficiencies over 90% and save the heat energy load independently in heat storage.

The fluid in the solar collector and solar system may be liquid or gaseous, formed from a non-exhaustive list of water, water vapor, oil, solar oil, salt solution or melt or air / gas / inert gas / mixture. Furthermore, several different fluid circuits may be coupled to different fluids via heat exchangers.

The heat conduction (s) and / or absorber (s) may further be at least partially solid without fluid from a good heat conductor such as graphite, carbon nanotube, metal / alloy, copper, aluminum, silver, gold, steel or a composition thereof, and / or coated wherein the heat is conductively transported along a temperature gradient.

According to a further device-related aspect of the invention, their objects are achieved by an energy product, which is saved and / or generated by a solar collector or composite solar system according to one of the previously described preferred embodiment or its combination and / or applications according to the invention, wherein the energy product as heat, cold, light, electrical or mechanical energy can occur.

According to yet another procedural aspect of the invention, their objects are achieved by a method for producing an energy product in the form of heat, cold, light, electrical or mechanical energy using the thermal energy associated with a solar collector, a composite system or a Solar collector system was obtained according to one of the preferred embodiments described above or their combinations of solar radiation energy according to the invention.

For the metal-glass compounds according to the invention, a wide variety of available welding, soldering or chemical bonding techniques can be used.

Friction welding or soldering promises a particularly economical implementation.

Radiation absorbers may also be formed as flat, corrugated, corrugated structures to increase their structural rigidity and / or to make their surface larger.

Further preferred embodiments of the invention will become apparent from the remaining, mentioned in the dependent claims characteristics.

The invention will be explained below in embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings. Show it:

1 a schematic cross-sectional view of a spacer assembly;

2 a schematic cross-sectional view of a second spacer assembly;

3 a schematic cross-sectional view of a third spacer assembly;

4 a schematic cross-sectional view of a fourth spacer assembly;

5 a schematic cross-sectional view of a fifth spacer assembly;

6 a schematic cross-sectional view of a first inventively usable spacer assembly in tubular shape;

7 a schematic cross-sectional view of a second spacer assembly according to the invention used in tube shape;

8th a schematic cross-sectional view of a third spacer assembly according to the invention used in tube shape;

9 a schematic cross-sectional view of a fourth inventively usable spacer assembly in tube shape;

10 a longitudinal side cross-sectional view of a spacer assembly in tubular shape,

11 a cross-sectional view of the spacer assembly in the form of a flat solar collector according to the invention;

12 another cross-sectional view of the spacer assembly 11 ;

13 a cross-sectional view of the composite system according to the invention with the solar collector of the preceding figures and a tube;

14 a schematic cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the present invention used stand-alone spacer assembly,

15 one-piece tensile force transmission element 14 .

16 perspective view of the preferred embodiment 14 and 15 .

17 a perspective view of a construction step of a composite system according to the invention of tube collectors,

18 a cross-sectional view of a next assembly step of the composite system 17 .

19 a cross-sectional view of the assembled composite system 17 and 18 .

20 a side view of an evacuated flat plate collector according to the invention,

21 a perspective view of a building step of the evacuated flat plate collector 20 .

22 a partial perspective sectional view of a building step of the evacuated flat plate collector 20 and 21 .

23 an enlarged partial sectional view of the flat collector 20 to 22 with a spacer,

24 an enlarged partial sectional view of the flat collector 20 to 22 with a spacer behind 14 to 16 .

25 a perspective view of the connection of two adjacent rear walls for a composite system according to the invention after 26 .

26 a cross-sectional view of a composite system according to the invention,

27 FIG. 2 a cross-sectional view of an embodiment according to the invention of an evacuatable tube collector arrangement with weight-carrying honeycomb segment, FIG.

28 perspective view of the honeycomb segment from 27 .

29 a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the invention yet another evacuatable tube collector assembly with weight bearing pad spacer,

30 a schematic cross-sectional view of yet another preferred variant of the spacer assembly according to the invention for spacing of absorber tubes.

1 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a spacer assembly used in the invention 10 , whose inner shell as an inner tube 120/2 and the outer shell as an outer tube 120/1 is formed, between which by predetermined dimensions of the tubes with a distance ΔD a cavity 121 is trained. The tubes continued perpendicular to the illustrated image plane in both directions.

In particular, the outer tube 120/1 is in this case self-supporting, ie formed, for example, vacuum-resistant. The walls of the outer tube 120/1 are designed by wall thickness, material strength and / or constructive shape such as waveform to withstand the acting from outside to inside pressure differential forces. This eliminates the need to provide spacers that intercept these pressure differential forces.

The inner tube 120/2 and its content, however, has a dead weight m, Fm, which according to the invention by loaded on tensile load symmetrically arranged tensile force transmission element / e 300/1 and 300/2 by means of a (not shown) fastening device at the above the inner shell 120/2 arranged inside the outer shell is attached hanging.

The tensile force transmission element / s 300/1 and 300/2 each have an elementary heat transfer path / on. The entire cross-section of the traction transfer element (s) 300/1 and 300/2 is sized to fit the given spacer 10 attributable weight forces and optionally inertial forces Fm are considered with a predetermined safety factor applied tensile strength value of the fiber material used.

The inner tube 120/2 is also self-supporting, ie it holds the pressure in the inner tube possibly exerted by harbored content pressure and temperature. In addition, both, the inner and outer tubes 12071 . 120/2 formed self-supporting in the axial direction, so that they may hang freely over a predetermined support distance Sm. The inner longitudinal axial tube support is designed according to the invention with the described spacer assembly. The outer longitudinal axial tube support is made by a known method and therefore not specifically illustrated.

The on a given spacer 10 attributable weight forces and optionally inertial forces Fm are calculated from the predetermined support distance Sm, so that the cross section of the tensile force transmission element / e 300/1 and 300/2 adapted to it.

The inclination angle α of the tensile force transmitting member (s) 300/1 and 300/2 is straight in this case. The tensile force transmission element / s 300/1 and 300/2 can be pivoted from the center position in both directions, z. B. as a result of movements of the support structure to which the outer tube 120/1 is attached. This freedom of movement is advantageous if, in particular in pipe angle elements, the different thermal expansion of the inner tube compared to the outer tube is compensated.

In 2 shown schematic cross-sectional view of a second spacer assembly used in the invention 10 on the other hand allows additional tensile force transmission element / s 300 / 1k . 300 / 1l . 300 / 1m . 300 / 2k . 300 / 2m and 300 / 2l a support against inertial mass forces from other directions, which may occur, for example, as a result of accelerated movement of a movement means.

The cross-section of respective fibers of all traction transfer elements 300 / 1k . 300 / 1l . 300 / 1m . 300 / 2k . 300 / 2m and 300 / 2l and the support distance length Sm is given constructively based on intended maximum loads.

The tensile force transmission element / s 300 / 1l and 300 / 2l serve here in relation to their complementary arranged tensile force transmission element / e 300/1 and 300/2 as a reverse force transmission means. Furthermore, a more accurate positioning of the inner shell can be 120/2 in the outer shell 120/1 to reach.

3 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a third spacer assembly used in the invention 10 that with a single traction transfer element 300/1 gets along.

4 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a fourth spacer assembly used in the invention 10 which the design of 1 as a stapler 150 with a clip 150/1 with a for insertion of the inner shell 120/2 sufficiently sized clamp opening is formed, wherein the ends of the clip 150/1 as outer shell fastener 150 / 1a . 150 / 1b for at least one or a one-piece tensile force transmission element 300/1 . 300/2 are provided. Here's the clip 150/1 against the inside of the outer shell 150/1 attackingly applied and / or resiliently attacked. The Clip opening is positioned counter to the direction of action of the loading force Fm, so that the section facing away from the clip opening 150 / a the bracket 150/1 at the suitable as a support portion portion of the inside of the outer shell 120/1 is applied.

The tensile force transmission elements 300/1 . 300/2 each form an elementary heat transfer section / predetermined length before they pass the inner shell 120/2 as an inner shell fastener directly or by means of an additional inner shell fastener 150/2 enclose and thus the inner shell 120/2 to be suspended.

This embodiment has particular advantages not only when the inner shell 120/2 already connected endlessly, for example in the case of an upgrade of existing pipelines with inventive thermal insulation. The stapler 150 settles around a pipe 120/2 arrange by plugging and then enclose with longitudinally split pipe shells, which in turn are then sealed with a gas-tight barrier produced for example by wrapping or welding. The clip 150/1 can itself by in her given spring force on the inside of the outer shell 150/1 hold or additionally attached by gluing, welding, pressing.

The positioning of the inner shell 120/2 inside the outer shell 120/1 does not necessarily centered, but may be designed in favor of a larger Zugelementstrecke or elementary heat transfer path / unbalanced.

5 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a first solar collector according to the invention as an evacuable spacer assembly 10 holding a solar collector with a radiation absorber 600 made of metal plate 600/1 and an energy carrier medium 600/4 leading absorber pipes 600/3 represents. The outer shell is here by a transparent glass pane 106 , back wall 107 and lateral edge element 601 educated.

A problem solved by known solar collectors is that the high to very high temperatures reaching absorber 600 of the solar collector via its fasteners heat to the rear wall arranged below it 107 or to the front wall 106 gives off, causing energy losses.

According to the invention, the absorber to tensile force transmission elements 300/1 arranged hanging, in turn, on the intended fasteners 600/2 and or 600/6 and on the walls 106 and 107 spaced spacers 610 are attached. This attachment is preferably carried out by a deflection as a loop or by gluing, welding, crushing, etc. The cross-section of the tensile force transmission element (s) 300/1 and 300/2 is preferably optimized thermal insulation.

Because only vertically directed weight force Fm does not act on solar collectors under all circumstances, there are more than tensile force transmission elements 130/1 . 130/2 trained reverse transmission means 130 arranged to the absorber 600 to hold in its intended position in an oblique or vertical mounting of the solar collector. This ensures in particular that the absorber 600 with the edges of its breakthrough openings 600/5 not in touching contact with any of the spacers 610 can come. This fixed arrangement allows for minimal heat loss, the use of the solar collector according to the invention even on means of movement such as aircraft, ships or vehicles that are subject to changing accelerations.

The additional spacers 610 can be used with at least one of any spacer types as compressive force transmission elements or as a tensile force transmitting element / s (see 24 ) or magnetic ( 11 to 13 ) be formed. The illustrated solid spacer 610 can, for example, formed from a heat-insulating material such as cork, ceramic or rigid foam and its cross-section heat-insulating be reduced to the material-related minimum possible.

The inventively thermally optimized variants offer the opportunity to use the evacuated solar collector simultaneously as a wall or roof insulation, whereby the utility of the solar panel increases and costs for the thermal insulation of the wall / roof can be saved. This added-value use is further increased if, according to the invention, the edges of the solar collectors are connected in a gas-tight manner to the edges of the edges of the gas-tight barriers of adjacent solar collectors and / or evacuated wall panels. Shown is a by edge element 601 closed edge of the solar collector, but this also forms a thermal bridge and suggests that this preferred variant is not suitable for simultaneous wall insulation. However, this thermal bridge is like the spacers 610 at least in no physical contact with the absorber 600 , so that only a heating of the back wall 107 the outer shell takes place.

The particular advantage of the invention is further achieved in that the absorber tubes 600/3 each with an inner tube forming the inner tube of a further spacer assembly (not shown) and by walls 106 . 107 formed cavity 121 with an outer shell forming the outer tube of another spacer assembly on the same side, gas-tight and borderless are connected (see 13 ). Then the heated by sunlight content in the form of an energy carrier medium 600/4 transported almost lossless to a heat storage and / or heat exchanger. The already good efficiency of the solar thermal collectors can thus reach well over 90% and above all by the effective heat storage in inventively designed storage a very drastic improvement of the practical benefits of solar energy can be realized.

The gas-tight edge connection of the lateral edge elements 601 with the back wall 107 can be carried out, for example, by soldering or welding, since both are metallic executable. For the glass-to-metal connection of the glass pane 106 with the lateral edge elements 601 can also be a connection strip 106/12 used, which may have been attached to the glass pane by means of one of the available gas-tight connection techniques.

6 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a first inventively usable spacer assembly 10 , whose inner shell as an inner tube 120/2 and the outer shell as an outer tube 120/1 is formed, between which by predetermined dimensions of the tubes with a diameter spacing .DELTA.D a cavity 121 is trained. The tubes continued "perpendicularly" in both directions perpendicular to the illustrated image plane.

In particular, the outer tube 120/1 is in this case self-supporting, ie formed, for example, vacuum-resistant. The walls of the outer tube 120/1 are designed by wall thickness, material strength and / or constructive shape such as waveform to withstand the acting from the outside to the inside pressure differential forces. This eliminates the need to provide spacers that intercept these pressure differential forces. For a solar tube collector, it is made of transparent glass or plastic.

The inner tube 120/2 and its content, however, has its own weight m, Fm, which according to the invention by a magnetic spacer, comprising at least two repulsively arranged permanent magnets 800/1 . 800/2 spaced by the spacing height h is supported. The illustrated centered position of the inner shell is merely idealized because, in fact, the spacing is due to a balance between mass force Fm and the opposite magnetic repulsion force.

The inner tube 120/2 is also self-supporting, ie, it withstands the pressure exerted in the inner tube possibly by harbored contents pressure and temperature. In addition, both, the inner and outer tubes 120/1 . 120/2 formed self-supporting in the axial direction, so that they may rest freely over a predetermined support distance Sm. The inner longitudinal axial tube support is designed according to the invention with the described spacer assembly. The outer longitudinal axial tube support is designed according to one of the many known types and therefore not specifically illustrated.

The two permanent magnets comprise a predetermined angular segment, so that thereby the inner tube is stably supported, instead of being displaced by transverse sliding forces of the abutting magnet sections. This creates a torque undefined direction of rotation, but by the rigid arrangement of the inner and outer tube 120/1 . 120/2 or pipe absorber is collected. The inner and outer tube is in fact already rigidly aligned in space by a single raw angle.

Of course, this preferred arrangement is only suitable if the mass force Fm remains firmly aligned in the application.

In the utility room 120/21 of the inner tube 120/2 For example, a liquid or gaseous fluid can flow.

At least one of the exterior side or cavity side surfaces of the inner and / or outer shell 120/1 . 120/2 is preferably equipped with a reflection layer against the infrared radiation, which is preferably aligned opposite to the infrared radiation direction or acts in both directions.

7 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a second spacer assembly used in the invention 10 in tube shape.

In contrast to the previous embodiment is also above the inner tube 120/2 another magnet pair consisting of permanent magnets 800/3 and 800/4 arranged. This magnet pair can be arranged both repulsive and attractive. If it is attractive, it will help that underneath the inner tube 120/2 arranged, repulsive pair of magnets 800/1 . 800/2 , In this case, the arrangement shown is fixed in space and can not be arranged vertically.

On the other hand, if the pipe arrangement is to be arranged in an indeterminate orientation or, for example, vertically, then it is advantageous that this is above the inner pipe 120/2 arranged magnet pair 800/3 and 800/4 is aligned as well sinking.

8th shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a third spacer assembly according to the invention 10 in tube shape.

This corresponds to the execution 6 but this is below the inner tube 120/2 arranged magnet pair in at least two magnet pairs 800 / 1a . 800 / 2a and 800 / 1b . 800 / 2b divided up. This could save costs or flat rather than curved permanent magnets can be used.

9 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a fourth spacer assembly used in the invention 10 in tube shape. This corresponds to the embodiment 7 , but with additional against the twisting of the inner and outer tube 120/2 and 120/1 in relation to each other arranged magnet pairs 800 / 5a . 800 / 6a and 800 / 5b . 800 / 6b , These torque magnets are also repulsively aligned, thereby ensuring that a given torque can be transmitted. This torque may be provided, in a preferred embodiment, only the transverse displacement forces of the repulsively oriented magnets 800 / 1a . 800 / 2a and 800 / 1b . 800 / 2b catch. In another preferred embodiment, however, also a torque can be transmitted to realize a heat-decoupled rotary shaft. For this purpose, a plurality of magnet pairs can be arranged radially and in a plurality of axial planes in order to be able to transmit a larger torque. In a further preferred embodiment, this arrangement is for example for actuating a in the inner tube 120/2 built-in regulating or blocking choke or used in superconductors of a power switch, so that the actuating elements of the throttle or switch no thermal bridges forming contact with the outer shell 120/1 exhibit.

10 shows a side cross-sectional view of the spacer assembly 10 out 6 or 8th in tube shape.

The inner tube 120/2 in this case lies on at least two longitudinally spaced magnetic spacers 800 / 1c . 800 / 2c and 800 / 1d . 800 / 2d on, for example, the execution 800/1 . 800/2 out 1 correspond. These equally repulsively oriented permanent magnets generate transverse displacement forces in the longitudinal axial direction Z, which in the present case by at least two counteracting and each repulsively oriented magnetic lateral force holding means 800 / 7c . 800 / 8c and 800 / 7d . 800 / 8d be caught.

The magnetic shear forces 800 / 7c . 800 / 8c and 800 / 7d . 800 / 8d can in a further preferred embodiment also radially encircling the inner tube 120/2 be arranged. Their attachment as well as the attachment of the magnet pairs 800 / 5a . 800 / 6a and 800 / 5b . 800 / 6b can be done by gluing, clamping, soldering or by bells of various kinds. Further, for ease of assembly handling, they may be grouped together in sleeve carriers or tray holders placed in or on the tubes 120/1 . 120/2 to be assembled.

In an alternative embodiment, the magnetic shear force retaining means 800 / 7c . 800 / 8c and 800 / 7d . 800 / 8d by transverse displacement and return force transmission means designed for tensile load as tensile force transmission elements 130 . 130/1 . 130/2 be replaced.

11 shows a cross-sectional view of a flat solar collector according to the invention, which is shown in an inclined position.

The solar collector is equipped with a mostly black coated absorber 600 for example, from a metal plate 600/1 and the one energy carrier medium 600/4 leading absorber pipes 600/3 educated. The outer shell is in this case by the wall formed as a transparent glass 106 educated. The back is for example by a non-transparent wall 107 educated.

The problem thereby solved known solar collectors is that the high to very high temperatures reaching absorber of the solar collector via its fastening elements by convection heat to the rear wall arranged below it 107 or to the front wall 106 gives off, causing energy losses.

According to the invention, the absorber 600 by magnetic spacers 800 / 1i . 800 / 2i stored at a distance. These are preferably at the back of the absorber 600 arranged and absorb only the mass forces Fm of the absorber so that only a few pairs of magnets, but at least three, sufficient for this purpose. The resulting magnetic transverse displacement forces F _Q are using transverse acting aligned shear force 800/7 . 800/8 . 800/9 collected. This arrangement of three magnets ensures that the transverse displacement forces are also absorbed in both x-directions. In both Y-directions, such lateral force retaining means are preferably also provided (not shown).

Should the solar collector be arranged vertically, then means must be provided, the detachment of the absorber 600 to prevent. For this purpose, additional magnetically attracted aligned pairs of magnets can be provided, which are designed in the same way and remain spaced apart as a result of a higher repulsive force of the repulsive magnet pairs with a gap.

The edges 106/9 . 107/9 the walls 106 . 107 can as shown with an edge closure element 107 / 101 be sealed or provided for an equilateral connection with other adjacent spacer assemblies, plates or solar collectors.

The walls 106 and 107 However, are still to be spaced against the pressure differential _forces acting on them F _Ap , which is hereinafter in 12 is described.

12 shows another cross-sectional view plane of the solar collector 11 , The clearer representation because of the magnet pairs 800 / 1i . 800 / 2k omitted.

The flat absorber 600 has a plurality of through holes arranged in a predetermined spacing pattern d _i 600/5 through which spacers 801 / 1i . 801 / 2i between the walls 106 . 107 without contact with the absorber plate 600/1 have a lasting effect.

These spacers 801 / 1i . 801 / 2i In this case, they are preferably designed as magnetically repelling spacers used according to the invention, which absorb proportional pressure differential forces FΔp. This ensures at the same time that the solar collector can serve as a thermal insulation board. However, in other preferred embodiments, they may be implemented by spacers of other types, if not required or desired, that the back 107 from the front wall 106 should be thermally insulated. Then simple solid spacers, for example in the form of sleeves, can be used.

13 shows a cross-sectional view of the solar collector according to the invention with a double-walled connecting pipe 1.10 ,

The effective magnetic spacing of the absorber according to the invention 600 in the evacuated cavity 121 The flat solar collector only really comes to fruition when the heat edge bridges at the unavoidable connection points with incoming and outgoing pipelines are avoided.

For this purpose, one is inventively as the solar collector 2.10 trained spacer assembly with another than a double-walled pipe used in the invention 1.10 trained spacer assembly equilateral and borderless, gas-tight connected.

Gleichseitig should mean here that the inner tube 120/2 with the connecting piece 600/31 of the absorber tube 600/3 is connected gas-tight and since both are supported by respective magnetic spacers, no contact with walls 106 . 107 and outer tube 120/1 exhibit.

The outer tube 120/1 is also equilateral with the outer spigot 601/1 gas-tight connected to the edge element 601 the flat solar collector is arranged gas-tight.

The gas-tight connections can be carried out by one of the known methods such as gluing, welding or soldering. For example, the pipe ends have fitting extensions for soldering 120/16 and 120/26 on, as they are common in pipe construction. The cavities of the objects thus connected to a composite system thus provide a common cavity 121 which can be evacuated from at least one evacuation port which may be located anywhere in the system.

So that the connection work can be carried out comfortably, the inner connecting piece protrudes 600/31 of the absorber tube 600/3 by a predetermined pre-stretch length l ₁₂₀ from the outer spigot 601/1 out. First, according to the invention, the inner pipe connection in the accessible state and only then carried out the outer pipe connection.

At one, not shown here (see 17 to 19 ), The pipe connections are equally equilateral and borderless executable, with the only difference that inside the tube collector, the inner tube usually over the entire length of the outer tube up to a permissible deflection length does not need to be stored, as this self-supporting in terms to the pressure difference forces F _Δp . The inner tube of the tube collector is then held, for example, in the magnetic bearings of the connection tubes or the tube collector receives at its ends even magnetic or other spacers.

14 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a stand-alone spacer assembly usable according to the invention 10 ,

This has a least elementary arrangement of at least two spaced-apart insertable behind intermeshing counteracting pressure transducers 500 and 510 on.

At least one outer sleeve pressure transducer 500 from the two pressure transducers 500 . 510 is as a sleeve body 500 made of any geometric, closed or open cross-section. The sleeve body 500 has at least one to the opposite wall 106 or 107 facing access opening, in which a counteracting, internally arranged pressure transducer 510 is positioned.

Here are both left and right arranged opposite sleeve sides as a pressure transducer 500/1 and 500/2 so that the other two sides of the outer sleeve pressure transducer 500 cancel the resulting tilting moments against each other. As deflecting serve the edges of the access opening. These edges preferably have Umlenkrundungen (not shown), which ensure that the fiber or ribbon-like tensile force transmission elements 30 no risk of breakage.

The internal pressure transducer 510 can be made solid or sleeve-like and has at its edges shown in the picture below also Umlenkrundungen 510/1 . 510/2 on (not shown). At these Umlenkrundungen 510/1 . 510/2 is the tensile force transmitting element 30 guided integrally deflected and thus transmits the pro-rata pressure differential forces. Furthermore, the Umlenkrundungen preferably each have a gradation, which ensures that the tensile force-transmitting element 300 . 30 a sufficient distance to the adjacent side surface of the respective pressure transducer 500 . 510 and the length of the elementary heat transfer path is thereby defined and increased.

15 schematically shows the one-piece tensile force transmission element 30 out 14 without the sleeve-shaped pressure transducer. Preferably, the tensile force transmitting element 30 formed integrally as a closed loop predetermined circumferential length, so that the tensile force transmitting element 30 basically attachable without special attachment. A merely fixing attachment to at least one of the two sleeve-shaped pressure transducer 500 . 510 However, it is advantageous for the handling of the composite spacer 10 is more comfortable.

So that or the tensile force transmission elements 30 can not slip from the respective position on the deflection, at the deflection edges of at least one of the sleeve pressure sensor guide grooves or separators may be provided (not shown).

The outer and inner pressure transducer 500 and 510 each have a support surface 500/6 and 510/4 on, against a respective wall to be spaced 106 . 107 a spacer assembly may be arranged and may have a matched to the shape of the wall curved surface shape. Further, a plurality of nested sleeves may be used to thereby form an extended heat transfer path and to improve the thermal insulation without having to increase the height of the spacer.

16 shows a perspective view of the preferred embodiment 14 and 15 , The illustrated rectangular shape of the pressure transducer 500 . 510 is not a limitation and can be of any open or closed geometric cross section, such. B. round, oval, triangular or honeycomb-shaped.

The tensile force transmission element / s 1.30 and 2.30 For example, as each two single spaced closed loops are crossed in two directions X, Y executed. The more individual fibers are distributed over an edge length, so the lower proportional compressive force must be transmitted and thereby the material of Umlenkrundungen 510/1 . 510/3 have a lower allowable compressive strength.

The individual traction transfer element / s 1.30 and 2.30 may preferably together with each other to a tensile force-transmitting element mat 1.30 and 2.30 by means of transverse weft threads 300/3 be connected so that their handling during assembly is simplified. In the Umlenkrundungen also separators or guide grooves may be further configured (not shown), which is for maintaining the position of the tensile force transmission element / e 1.30 and 2.30 to care.

The assembly of the spacer 10 This is very easy. The outer sleeve pressure transducer 500 is provided with one or more one-piece tensile force transfer mat / s 1.30 and or 2.30 predetermined length enclosed and projecting part of the respective loop into the access opening of the sleeve pressure transducer 500 freely suspended introduced. The internal pressure transducer 510 is then with its pressure receiving end with the Umlenkrundungen 510/1 and 510/3 in the access opening of the outer sleeve pressure transducer 500 introduced and against the free-floating loops of the tensile force transmission elements 1.30 and 2.30 attacked, with the individual tensile force transmission element / e 1.30 and 2.30 in the respective guide grooves or separators (not shown) are to be positioned. To make the latter operation easier, the support surface is 500/1 of the sleeve pressure transducer 500 removable or missing completely.

In this condition is the spacer 10 can already be used, but can fall out, which is why a (not shown) fixation, for example in the form of a surrounding from the outside holding thread can prevent this. The two pressure transducers 500 and 510 but are still tilted against each other. Only after an assembly between two walls to be spaced 106 . 107 lend these walls by their attacking surface contact to both bearing surfaces 510/4 and 500/1 the spacer assembly 10 a stability against such tilting moments.

17 shows a partial perspective view of a construction step of a composite system according to the invention of two pipe collectors.

In a on a (not shown) supporting structure in the focus of a (not shown) focusing device mounted transparent collector tube 122 / 1b is using at least one wheel spoke spacer 10 / b in the form of an inner tube of the pipe absorber 122 / 2b spaced apart. Its pre-stretched end l ₁₂₀ serves as a well positioned port for the next tube absorber 122 / 2a or a heat pipe 120/2 ,

At the edge of the collector pipe 122 / 1b is preferably the front side of a metallic or metallically coated ring strip 123 / b gas-tight. The connection between glass and metal can be carried out by means of a known connection technique such as soldering, welding, friction welding or chemical bonding. It may preferably already be factory-made. This is the marginal edge of the collector tube 122 / 1b for a gas-tight connection to another collector tube 122 / 1a prepared.

The gas-tight connection can be realized in alternative embodiments with a metal sleeve formed as a connecting element, which is attached to the cylindrical outer surfaces in the edge portion and connected in a gastight manner.

The focusing device, not shown, is formed in the prior art, for example, as a semi-cylindrical mirrored channel or mirror or Fresnellinsenanordnung and arranged so that the rays are detected by a larger area of the mirror or lens assembly and deflected to the absorber.

The ring strip 123 / a . 123 / b may alternatively have an arbitrarily shaped outer edge, for. For example, rectangular or polygonal etc. side inner edge may not be too much in the cavity 121 protrude to prevent contact with the absorber tube. The inner edge is therefore preferably round and preferably has the same diameter as the inner diameter of the transparent collector tube 122 / 1a ,

18 shows a cross-sectional view of a next assembly step of the composite system 17 , The wheel spoke spacer 10 / b is here shown only schematically simplified as a cross of tensile force transmission elements.

The collector pipes 122 / 2a and 122 / 2b are already joined together and at their connecting edges with a weld 122 / 2ab connected gas-tight.

19 shows a cross-sectional view of the assembled composite system 17 and 18 ,

A second collector tube 122 / 1a is over the previously gas-tight connected pipe absorber 122 / 2a deferred and with the at its edge edge gas-tight arranged strip of rings 123 / a in contact with the ring strip 123 / b of the first collector tube 122 / 1b brought. The two preferably formed from a metal sheet or foil ring strip 123 / a and 123 / b are then connected edge-circulating simultaneously or continuously gas-tight. They remain flexible, so that length changes due to the thermal expansion can be compensated without causing a crack in one of the ring strips.

Preferably, a guide means formed as a sleeve 124 in the collector pipe to be connected 122 / 1a on the inside and around a Vorstreckabschnitt protruding frictionally arranged so that it into the opening of the collector tube 122 / 1b can be introduced. This leaves the two collector tubes 122 / 1a and 122 / 1b aligned with each other and withstand lateral forces at the junction. The guide 124 is preferably transparent, so that it does not form radiation shading.

Between the margins and on them gas-tight attached strip of stripes 123 / a and 123 / b can be designed as a ring elastic spacing 125 be arranged to provide a spacing in the axial direction. This spacing compensates for thermal expansion of the composite system.

The use of the additional spacer 10 / a is only optional, the two spacers shown are already arranged very close to each other. Their longitudinal axial spacing along connected absorber tubes is limited only by the permissible deflection of these and according to the invention it is necessary to provide as few heat transfer sections or their overall cross-section as possible.

Between the gas-tight connected absorber tubes 122 / 2a . 122 / 2b and gas-tight connected collector tubes 122 / 1a . 122 / 1b is a coherent cavity 121 emerged, which is practically endlessly continuable in the manner according to the invention.

If the composite system is to end, it can easily be connected gas-tight to a double tube. Then, for example, instead of a transparent collector tube, a metallic outer tube 120/1 and an ordinary metallic tube instead of an absorber tube 120/2 each gas-tight and equilateral, such as in 13 connected to connect. The diameter of these tubes, in particular the outer tube may preferably be selected smaller than the diameter of the collector tube 122 / 1b ,

Furthermore, the joints can also be made by other means that can provide a gas-tight glass-to-metal connection.

20 shows a side schematic view of an evacuated flat collector according to the invention. The lateral edge elements 601 have been omitted here for clarity. In addition, this may be an endlessly arrangable embodiment in which the lateral edge elements 601 completely missing.

A designed as a transparent glass outer wall 106 is like in 5 described on a variety of spacers 610 supported in operation, the pressure differential forces FΔp between the glass and the rear wall 107 catch them to space them. The spacers 610 are each through a breakthrough opening 600/5 preferably without contact with the absorber plate 600/1 the absorber inserted because of the diameter of the opening 600/5 greater than the diameter of the spacers 610 is. Preferably on the back of the absorber plate 600/1 is an example meander-shaped absorber tube 600/3 arranged in good conductive contact with this. However, the shape of the absorber can be chosen arbitrarily.

The spacers 610 show a broadening 610/1 on that in the back part of the cavity 121 is arranged.

The absorber pipes 600/3 have a fluid-supplying and a fluid-discharging connection piece 600/31 . 600/32 on, each by a larger than its outer diameter sized opening 602/1 . 602/2 in the back wall 107 Passed through and brought out without contact. With a spacing around the lead out connecting piece 600/31 . 600/32 is in each case an outer connecting piece 601/1 and 601/2 arranged and for example by means of soldering or welding to the back wall 107 positively and gastight connected. The connecting pieces 600/31 and 600/32 preferably protrude from the respective outer connecting piece 601/1 and 601/2 by a predetermined pre-stretch length l ₁₂₀ so as to be accessible for a first gas tight internal connection operation to be performed.

21 and 22 show in addition to the above functional explanations of a perspective view of a building step of the evacuated flat plate collector 20 , Merely for reasons of better representability is the absorber plate 600/1 from the meandering absorber tube, for example 600/3 in 21 shown separated, because in fact they are preferably soldered or welded together to realize the best possible conductive contact. The absorber pipes 600/3 can in the cavity 121 be connected in parallel and / or in any combination in order to achieve a desired Wärmeabführleistung. For this purpose, one of the connecting pieces 600/31 and 600/32 instead of led out to the outside, to another absorber tube in the cavity 121 be connected.

An evacuation port 171 is used for connection to an evacuation and / or Befluidungsvorrichtung. If the flat collector shown at each edge with a border element 601 gas-tight, then each such flat collector has its own evacuation port 171 on. If, on the other hand, a composite system according to the invention comprising a plurality of equilateral components at the peripheral edges thereof is assembled in a gastight manner by means of connecting strips of connected flat collectors, then it is sufficient if at least one flat collector has an evacuation connection 171 over which the entire contiguous cavity 121 is evacuable.

The evacuation port 171 is also instead of on a lateral edge element 601 as in 5 , but arranged for example on the back. As a result, the individual flat plate collectors can be connected to each other without problems. The connection pipes are then behind the back wall 107 z. B. laid in the building walls or roof walls.

In 20 to 22 For example, the means for spacing the absorber plate apart have been omitted for simplicity of illustration. You can, for example, like in 5 or 11 to 13 or be formed by means of other spacer assembly.

23 shows an enlarged partial sectional view of the flat collector 20 to 22 with a thin bar spacer 610/2 , Which is designed with the smallest possible cross-section, thereby less of the effective area of the absorber plate 600/1 to escape, but also to form a larger thermal resistance. So its diameter can be reduced to up to 2-3 mm and the breakthrough opening 600/5 can then be 3-4 mm small. Thus the so thin designed bar spacers 610/2 does not have to bridge the entire spacing height h, which may be, for example, 20-60 mm, and thus makes excessive demands on its bending strength, it is on the side facing away from the irradiation side of the absorber plate 600/1 with a widening means in the form of a sleeve 610/1 supported. The absorber facing end face of the widening agent 610/1 is also with a spacing from the absorber plate 600/1 arranged so that they still no contact with the spacer 610 Has. The remaining functionality has already been described above.

So that through the illuminated section of the spacer 610/2 Shaded radiation is not lost, its surface is preferably designed to be reflective radiation, so that the usually incident at an angle of incidence radiation to the absorber plate 600/1 is diverted. This achieves virtually all incident radiation regardless of breakthrough openings 600/5 and shading by thin bar spacers 610/2 the absorber plate 600/1 ,

The broadening agent 610/1 may preferably be formed of a heat-insulating material such as ceramic, plastic, glass, etc. and have recessed longitudinal channels, thereby to reduce the cross-section heat-insulating. The supported by him thin spacer 610 may also be preferably formed of a thermally insulating material such as ceramic, plastic, glass o. Ä. In embodiments that do not realize simultaneous wall insulation, it is also possible to use non-heat-insulating materials, such as metals and alloys.

24 shows an enlarged partial sectional view of the flat collector 20 to 22 with a spacer behind 14 to 16 ,

The spacer 10 is a set up with tensile force transfer elements, very effective thermal insulation acting spacer. He is here used instead of broadening, or on his to the absorber plate 600/1 facing end face is the thin-dimensioned bar spacers 610/2 arranged frictionally. It can for example be an integrated part.

The spacer is preferably in one on the back wall 107 accurately positioned holder 107 / A84 arranged. As a result, the assembly is facilitated and the exact alignment of the plurality of spacers on each other and the opening openings of the absorber plate 600/1 allows.

Instead of the spacer 10 can be a thin-walled honeycomb or a cushion spacer 250 as in 29 described or a magnetic spacer or another spacer can be used.

25 shows a perspective view of the connection of two adjacent rear walls 107/1 . 107/2 for a composite system according to the invention 26 ,

The margins 107/19 . 107/29 the neighboring back walls 107/1 . 107/2 are preferably inclined with an inclination angle φ from the inside outward and with a predetermined edge height h _φ . The angle of inclination φ ensures that a large number of adjoining gas-tight walls have sufficient space for thermal expansions by bending these inclined edges under occurring displacement forces. In addition, the touch edges 107/39 the marginal edges 107/19 . 107/29 characterized in particular by the edge height h _φ highlighted highlighted by the plate surface and thus aaccessible gas-tight connection technology accessible. Additionally, if this bonding technique requires high temperatures, such as welding or brazing, the hot weld is further away from the plate, which may be in contact with a temperature sensitive material. Friction welding is particularly advantageous because little energy is expended and the connection is made by melting a surface portion.

As a material for these plates are metal sheets or metallized plastic plates, since they should preferably be simultaneously gas-tight barriers. The folded plates can be made flat or in any surface curvature and shape as pressed or deep-drawn parts made of sheet metal or plastic or plastic injection molded parts and therefore have a high precision, which provides the creation of high-quality gas-tight connections along the contact edges 107/39 promotes. In small series, a production of sheet metal by cutting, bending and welding the corners can be applied. The latter technically feasible technique is also suitable for making tailor-made tailor-made panels that inevitably need to be formed at termination sites and can not always be sealed with standard panels. The plates can be rectangular as well as triangular, polygonal, hexagonal or any shape.

The angle of inclination φ does not necessarily have to be symmetrical for adjacent plates and, in preferred applications, may also have a negative value or be formed vertically.

26 shows a partial cross-sectional view of a composite system according to the invention of two adjacent flat plate collectors according to the invention, which is vertical to a support structure 107 / A , For example, a building wall are grown.

The composite system is preferably constructed on site from prefabricated semi-finished products, starting with the application of a precisely prefabricated reference template or mounting template 107 / A8 on the supporting structure 107 / A , The mounting template 107 / A8 is designed as a sheet metal punching or -ziehteil or as a plastic part with thus accurately placed fasteners. Also the juxtaposition of neighboring assembly templates 107 / A8 takes place by means of precisely shaped reference engagement means, which are not shown.

The mounting template 107 / A8 is aligned and, for example, by means of a variety of screws 107 / A1 that in screw prestretches 107 / A82 are pushed through, on the support structure 107 / A attached frictionally. A larger wall section continues in this way with the mounting templates lined up next to each other 107 / A8 lined.

After that, the attachment of the back walls 107/1 and 107/2 be executed. For this purpose, has a back wall 107/1 Fastener in the form of one or more Einrastpins 107 / A83 and for example, projecting support posts 107 / A81 on. The Einrastpins 107 / A83 snap into the intended for them latching openings in the mounting template 107 / A8 and prevent detachment of the wall 107/1 from the mounting template. In addition, the protruding support post engages 107 / A81 in one in the back wall 107/1 provided gas-tight recess formed 107 / A85 and thereby supports the weight of the still-to-be-built flat collector, so that it is passed over the mounting template and screws on to the support structure. Between the back walls 107/1 and 107/2 and the mounting templates 107 / A8 For example, an elastic spacing means (not shown) may be placed to realize a rattle-free arrangement.

In this way, more adjacent back walls 107/1 . 107/2 attached to the entire wall section provided and with their inclined edges 107/19 . 107/29 brought against each other. This step is in 25 shown individually. If a whole wall or wall section is so prepared, the touch or joint edges can 107/39 gas-tight, for example, connected by soldering or welding and their tightness z. B. be visually inspected.

In the next step, the preferably prefabricated absorber assemblies can be attached to the rear walls 107/1 . 107/2 be grown. The individual absorber assemblies preferably have at least one carrier plate 107 / A86 on, at the a plurality of spaced-apart spacers 610 arranged frictionally or integrally formed. The carrier plate 107 / A86 For example, has openings into which the recesses described above 107 / A85 from this side perceptibly intervene as Vorstreckungen. This fastening means may also be designed latching and / or a frictional connection of the support plate 107 / A86 with the back wall 107/1 be carried out by gluing.

The spacers are shown here only schematically as thin-walled sleeves. They are more preferable 23 . 24 or by means of other heat-insulating optimized spacers and using in 24 illustrated holder 107 / A84 accurately positioned and held. At the spacers 610 is the absorber 600 by means of force transmission elements or inclination retaining means 130/1 and 300/1 attached. In this way, the entire prepared wall section is fitted with the prefabricated absorber assemblies.

Next, the front side formed as glass sheets walls 106/1 . 106/2 be grown.

For this purpose, each glass pane 106/1 . 106/2 preferably one or more support holders 106 / A8 on, on the side facing away from the front side of the glass 106 force fit, z. B. are attached by gluing. This support holder takes and continues to give especially the weight of the vertically arranged glass pane 106 on. For this purpose, it would be sufficient to align the supporting edge of the support holder horizontally, however, the support bracket 106 / A8 fulfill another important function. An inclined arrangement of its supporting edge results from the weight of the glass pane 106/1 one to the back wall 107/1 pointing force component, which ensures that the glass pane 106/1 against the spacers 610 is pressed and can not fall off, even if the cavity 121 is not yet evacuated and therefore there are no pressure differential forces that cause it. The angle of inclination determines how big this horizontal force component should be. In addition, a latching means may be provided here which is additionally effective against detachment of the glass pane. The support holder 106 / A8 acts in preferred embodiments of at least one thermally insulated cross-section optimized spacer 107 / A87 on a portion of the inclined edge 107/19 the back wall 107/1 and thus transmits the weight forces of the glass sheet 106/1 on the back wall 107/1 , Alternatively, in other embodiments, a power transmission to the carrier plate 107 / A86 and from her to the back wall 107/1 respectively.

The glass pane 106/1 can reach considerable proportions and is subject to thermal expansion. In order to provide expansion options for the change in length, it lies against the end faces of the spacers 610 sliding on. It may be provided in further embodiments, special sliding surfaces on the glass. The glass pane is supported by the lowest support holder during thermal expansion 106 / A8 and expands to the top. When shrinking, it can be the opposite of an upper support bracket 106 / A8 support. As a result, in operation, only a few of the support holders 106 / A8 in contact with the counter support means of the back wall 107/1 or the carrier plate 107 / A86 stand.

It will continue to process and a variety of glass 10671 . 106/2 at the support holders 106 / A8 assembled. The support holders are preferably arranged in the lower region and in the upper region (not shown) of the glass panes.

Each glass pane has a gas-tight at its peripheral edge, all-round connecting strip 106/12 . 106/21 from a metal foil or sheet on. The gas-tight glass-metal connection is preferably made at the factory. During transport, the integrity of these connecting strips must be ensured, which can be done using special packaging. The connecting strips 106/12 . 106/21 stand after attaching the adjacent glass panes 106/1 . 106/2 opposite each other at a small distance.

To define this distance during assembly, an elastic spacer can be used 106/6 be arranged in the form of a spacer seal between the edges of the glass sheets. Otherwise, this distance actually already by the exact arrangement of the support holder 106 / A8 and the rest of the structure. It can be a few millimeters and also serve to compensate small deviations.

The connecting strips can now be assembled with a special tool along their connecting edges and connected in a gastight manner. Soldering or welding, more preferably friction welding, for example with ultrasound, are very suitable for connecting the metal connection strips, which are easily accessible. connecting strips 106/12 . 106/21 may preferably consist of aluminum, copper or steel foil. In particular, a known stretchable aluminum foil is suitable since this makes the necessary shaping easier, especially in corner areas.

If all gas-tight connections of the finished wall section are carried out, end strips 106 / E5 for protection and decorative reasons on the connected connection strip z. B. be attached by gluing. In particular, the upper edge of the horizontally mounted end strips 106 / E5 are designed with an angle of inclination, which allows for a given glass plate inclination drainage of rainwater. The connecting strips 106/12 . 106/21 do not carry weight but can still absorb some shear forces to some extent. The weight of each glass pane is only on the associated back wall 107/1 . 2.10 transferred, so that an arbitrarily high wall according to the invention is auskleidbar.

If the entire wall or roof of the building or vehicle housing is constructed in this way with the flat panels into a coherent composite system, the edge of the composite system can either be gas-tight or continue to be formed with double-walled evacuably spaced panels or windows become. It is also possible to make over-the-corner connections so that a fully enclosing composite system can be built. An enclosed building can only be connected to the necessary door and ventilation Openings have recesses with Wärmerandbrücken and thus have a highly efficient thermal insulation and at the same time for generating energy usable solar collector surfaces. The evacuation or pacification of the coherent cavity 121 can from at least one evacuation port (not shown, see 22 ).

27 shows a cross-sectional view of an evacuable tube assembly with a weight bearing honeycomb segment 103/2 as a spacer.

This preferred arrangement spaces the walls of the inner and outer tubes 120/1 and 120/2 a double-walled heat pipe or collector pipe 122 / 1a . 122 / 1b and absorber tube 122 / 2a . 122 / 2b According to the invention, only with regard to the weight force Fm flowing through the inner tube / absorber tube and the contents enclosed in it, the energy carrier medium 600/4 is produced. The spacing with respect to the forces FΔp generated by the pressure difference is in this case by a sufficiently firmly formed wall of the outer tube 120/1 or collector tube 122 / 1b executed.

The honeycomb segment 103/2 is in 28 shown in perspective. The honeycomb core 103/2 is in this way mainly available from paper as Pappwabenkern for cardboard honeycomb panels and as a filling element for cavities or may be made of cellophane film, when the absorber temperature is below 60-80 degrees Celsius. Paper can be exposed to significantly higher temperatures, but if absorbers have to withstand temperatures in the range of 500 degrees Celsius and more, then metallic foils come into question as material for the honeycomb structure.

The honeycomb core 103/2 is made of individual mutually parallel strips of the cell height h by gluing to each of an offset to the next row of cells adhesive areas 103/6 educated. For this purpose, usually larger sheets are first glued together / bonded together and then cut to the desired cell height h.

Such honeycomb core must be pulled apart to form a hexagonal honeycomb shape. The honeycomb core is only slightly pulled apart and bent about an axis along the glued strips so that the honeycomb cells have a honeycomb shape or rather a rhombus shape. Only in this direction shown and incomplete expansion of the honeycomb core bending of the honeycomb core is possible without problems. In the transverse direction of the strips, a bend is impossible, or leads to an irregular tilting of the side edges of the honeycomb cells.

This given property conventional honeycomb cores can be used according to the invention to equip cylindrical surfaces of pipes, boilers and casings, etc. with a low-cost evacuable or fluidizable fluid insulation.

Since the honeycomb structure does not have to carry high pressure differential forces in this case, a honeycomb segment formed short in the axial direction is sufficient 103/2 ,

In order to evacuate and / or to be able tofluidize such a conventional honeycomb structure, connection openings are present in the cell walls 104 or alternatively edge recesses provided. Furthermore, instead of Entluftungsrillen in one of the walls, preferably in the absorber tube 122 / 2b be provided.

The honeycomb segment 103/2 may additionally be provided in preferred developments of each side with a sheet of the same material, thereby fixing its shape and allow easier installation.

29 shows a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the invention an evacuated tube collector assembly with weight-bearing pad spacer 250 ,

The cushion spacer 250 is designed as a film-formed bag in which a silica powder / Kieselsäusrepulver or foam or a gas filling 250/1 is enclosed.

The cushion spacer 250 is prepared and sealed when filled with silica powder / Kieselsäusrepulver preferably under a vacuum environment, but according to the invention in a preferred embodiment without a metal layer. The film is only partially gas-tight and is able to pass a sufficient amount of gases over a certain short period of time. In the cavity 121 prevails after assembly of the composite system according to the invention, the system-dependent negative pressure, so that the bag film only has to bridge the time that elapses between factory production and installation. For this time is not critical, the cushion spacer 250 be evacuated in a metallized storage envelope which is removed immediately prior to installation.

The missing metal layer allows the spacer according to the invention 250 to achieve lower heat transfer values, since a plastic film thermal conductivities in the range of 0.2 W / mK has compared to 15 W / mK for stainless steel and 220 W / mK for aluminum.

The cushion spacers 250 can be axial along a cavity 121 be arranged to proportionately the weight forces of the inner absorber tube 122 / 2b and content.

The cushion spacer 250 is preferably formed so that it forms an angular segment around the inner tube 120/2 occupies and thereby also supports it laterally. Since the cavity remains continuous above it, it can be evacuated according to the invention.

Such as powder evacuated or foam evacuated cushion spacers 250 Even heat conduction values of 0.004 W / mK can be reached. Their segmental application provides even better thermal insulation whose limits are dictated by the maximum compressive strength of the materials used. The pouch envelope serves as a shell claimed to train.

In alternative embodiments, the shell of the cushion spacer 250 but be formed metallic, since only a few spacers to catch the weight forces are needed. In still other embodiments, the shell of the cushion spacer 250 be formed of an air-permeable grid, mesh or textile-like material, thereby the powder material enclosed therein after installation in the cavity 121 along with the evacuation of the cavity 121 to evacuate. Because the cushion spacers 250 be evacuated from all sides over a large area, takes their evacuation not so long and can be accepted under certain circumstances.

Particularly advantageous is a further embodiment with a gas filling 250/1 , The gas filling may consist of any gas mixture, but preferably of a heat-insulating gas mixture or gas, such as xenon with its excellent low thermal conductivity of 0.005 W / mK. But also argon, nitrogen, dry air, etc. can be used. The pressure in the sheath can be arbitrarily predetermined and is finally in the application by the cushion spacer 250 allocated share of power. In this case, the envelope must preferably be gas-tight, ie made of a metallic or metallically coated film. With axial spacing of, for example, realistically realizable 2 meters and an absorber weight of an estimated 10-20 kg accounts for each pad spacer 5 to 10 kg weight, which themselves have a contact surface of a few square centimeters. The caused by the metallic shell thermal bridges are based on the bridged length or area of the solar collector only slightly, so that a very high thermal insulation is achieved, which even exceeds the thermal conductivity of 0.005 W / mK of the xenon.

In further preferred embodiments, the cavity can also 121 be filled with the gas, for example. Xenon, then the thermal conductivity of the entire arrangement will approach the thermal conductivity of 0.005 W / mK of xenon. It is then advantageous if the maintenance of the degree of evacuation is difficult or too risky. The high thermal insulation according to the invention is mainly due to the rimless equilateral connection of all outer shells and inner sheaths.

30 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of yet another preferred variant of the spacer assembly according to the invention 10 for spacing of nested tubes 120/1 . 120/2 or absorber pipes 122 / 2b and collector pipes 122 / 1b ,

In this example arrangement, the outer tube is 120/1 constructively designed so that it is characterized by pressure difference between the cavity 121 and the outside atmosphere attacking forces F _Δp can wear without spacers by vacuum-resistant design. For example, the F _Δp can be much more than just 1 bar for underwater pipes. In relatively small sized tubes or vessels, it can be easily achieved by thicker wall and / or by radial wall corrugation / corrugation.

The spacer assembly 10 serves here only to absorb the force acting on them Fm, which from the weight of the inner tube 120/2 and the content in it 600/4 arises. Accordingly, the cross section of the tensile force transmitting member / s 30 be dimensioned smaller, since the externally acting acting forces F _Δp do not act on them. Consequently, the thermal insulation is even more effectively predetermined. The spacer arrangements 10 can be used along the entire pipe pair in for the inner pipe 120/2 or absorber tube 122 / 2b be positioned at permissible distances.

The pressure transducer 200 . 201 can also without special walls carrying them 106 . 107 directly on the respective surfaces of the pipes 120/1 . 120/2 be arranged and / or be formed from inside.

They preferably comprise a predetermined angular segment γ, which is to pretend that the inner tube 120/2 gets a reliable lateral grip. When the tube assembly due to, for example, movements of a vehicle Exposing accelerations in lateral or in all directions, the angular segment γ can be increased or completely encircle the circle.

As applications in addition to pipe collectors all pipes in question, which are designed to heat or cold leading. At least one of the inner and / or outer wall surfaces of the outer tube 120/1 , Collector tube 122 / 1b and / or the inner tube 120/2 , the absorber tube 122 / 2b may also be provided with an infrared reflective layer to reflect the infrared radiation back.

The pipe spacing .DELTA.D must not necessarily be formed symmetrical circular circulation, but can be reduced on one side to increase the height of the angle segment and thus to further increase the thermal insulation.

With means according to the invention, heat conductivities can be achieved for an overall arrangement of interconnected solar collectors and pipelines, including all connection points / connections, depending on the type of spacer used and the choice of material, which are at least between 0.01 W / mK and 0.01 × 10 ^-4 W / mK.

It should be noted that the illustrated embodiments can not describe the entire scope of the present invention, but it is possible for one of ordinary skill in the art to create further embodiments of the invention, which are covered by the scope defined in the claims, without being inventive step got to.

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of the documents listed by the applicant has been generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited patent literature

• US 4289113 [0003]

Claims (10)

Solar collector for converting solar electromagnetic radiation energy into heat energy, wherein the solar collector is formed as a flat or a tube collector with or without a beam focusing device, comprising a flat or tubular radiation absorber ( 600 . 600/1 . 122 / 2a . 122 / 2b ) with supplying and discharging heat conduction (s) ( 600/3 ) with heat conducting connections, wherein the radiation absorber ( 600 . 600/1 . 122 / 2a . 122 / 2b ) in an evacuated cavity ( 121 ) a radiation-transmissive flat or tubular outer shell ( 106 . 107 . 122 / 1a ), and the cavity ( 121 ) by at least one front and one back walls ( 106 . 107 . 601 ) of the flat outer shell or by an enclosing wall ( 122 / 1a ) of the tubular outer shell ( 122 / 1a ) and by the radiation absorber ( 600 . 600/1 . 120 / 2a ) itself, characterized in that the heat conduction connection (s) ( 600/31 . 600/32 ) of heat conduction (s) ( 600/3 ) of the flat or tubular radiation absorber ( 600/1 . 122 / 2a . 122 / 2b ) and the walls ( 106 . 107 . 122 / 1a . 122 / 1b . 601 ) of the flat or tubular outer shell are spaced apart so that they have no conductive contact with each other and at least one wall ( 107 . 122 / 1a . 122 / 1b . 601 ) of the flat or tubular outer shell at least one own, gas-tight connectable outer shell connector ( 601/1 . 601/2 . 122 / 1a . 122 / 1b ), the at least one heat conduction connection ( 600/31 . 600/32 . 122 / 2a . 122 / 2b ) of heat conduction (s) ( 600/3 . 122 / 2a . 122 / 2b ) of the radiation absorber ( 600/1 . 122 / 2a . 122 / 2b ) spaced encloses. Solar collector according to claim 1, characterized in that the peripheral edges of the heat conducting connections ( 600/31 . 600/32 ) and the outer sheath terminal (s) (s) ( 601/1 . 601/2 ) for a gas-tight connection of the edges to be connected as evacuatable double-wall pipelines of heat conduction (s) ( 120 / 2a ) or for a gas-tight connection with marginal edges of the heat-conducting connections ( 600/31 . 600/32 ) and walls ( 106/2 . 107/2 . 122 / 1a ) of the outer shells ( 122 / 1a ) further evacuatable double-walled solar collectors are prepared, their respective cavities ( 121 . 121 ) a contiguous cavity ( 121 ), and / or the wall (s) ( 106 . 107 . 120 / 1b . 601 ) of the outer shell from each other and / or from the flat or tubular radiation absorber ( 600/1 . 120 / 2b ) by at least one evacuated and heat-insulating optimized spacer assembly ( 130/1 . 130/2 . 300/1 . 610 . 10 . 1.10 . 2.10 . 10 / a . 10 / b . 10 / n . 800/1 . 800/2 . 800 / 1i . 800 / 2i ), and / or at least one spacer arrangement ( 610 . 10 . 1.10 . 2.10 . 10 / a . 10 / b . 10 / n . 800 / 1i . 800 / 2i ) is executed as any of non-exhaustively enumerated spacer types: 610 ), Compression Force Honeycomb Core ( 103/2 ), Compressive force filler spacers ( 250 ), Traction ( 10 . 1.10 . 2.10 . 10 / a . 10 / b . 10 / n ), Traction suspension ( 130/1 . 130/2 ), Wheel spoke spacers ( 10 / a . 10 / b ), Bridging spacer assembly and / or magnetic spacer assembly ( 800 / 1i . 800 / 2i ) or any composition thereof. Solar collector according to claim 2, characterized in that the pressure force spacer assembly at least one solid or hollow space formed pressure spacers ( 610 ), which has a non-thermal insulation optimized cross section or a heat insulation optimized cross section, that the cross section of the force transmitting parts of the spacer is reduced to the applied with predetermined safety margins pressure-strength limit of the spacer material used, the spacer material for a given temperature application as small as possible Wärmeleitwert having the highest possible pressure strength limit, and / or a honeycomb spacer assembly ( 103 ), which has such a heat insulation optimized cross-section, that their allowable surface load is given by a predetermined safety factor higher above the pressure exerted by the applied force / e pressure, the spacer material for given temperature application as low as possible thermal conductivity at the maximum pressure-strength limit or Has elastic modulus, and / or the compression force filler spacer ( 250 ) comprises an evacuated powder or rigid foam cushion body enclosed in a thin-walled, gas-tight envelope ( 250 ) or a heat-insulating gas filling ( 250/1 ), wherein the shell preferably has at least one or no metallic layer, and wherein at least one cushion body ( 250 ) is arranged and arranged to receive a proportional surface pressure, and / or the tensile force spacer assembly at least one traction-suspension spacer with at least one tensile force transmitting element ( 130/1 . 130/2 . 300/1 . 300/2 ) that captures only weight and / or inertia forces (Fm) that must be transmitted between walls of a bridging spacer assembly, wherein the tensile force transmitting member material having the lowest possible thermal conductivity value with the greatest possible tensile strength, and / or at least one tensile force spacer ( 10 . 1.10 . 2.10 . 10 / a . 10 / b ), which via a plurality of interlocking counteracting pressure transducer ( 500 . 510 ) area-distributed pressure differential forces (F _Δp ) of walls ( 106 . 107 ) and transmits the traction transfer element (s) ( 30 ) has such a heat insulation optimized cross-section, which is reduced to the applied with predetermined safety reserves tensile strength limit of the material used, wherein the tensile force transmission element material has the lowest possible thermal conductivity with the greatest possible tensile strength, and / or the traction-spacer assembly at least one Radspeichen spacers ( 10 / a . 10 / b ), whose traction transfer elements ( 30 ) have such a heat insulation optimized cross-section, which is reduced to the applied with predetermined safety reserves tensile strength limit of the material used, wherein the tensile force transmission element material has the lowest possible thermal conductivity with the greatest possible tensile strength, and / or the bridging spacer assembly or a portion using thickened , rib-stiffened, corrugated, fluted, tubular or material-reinforced bridging areas of the walls ( 106 . 107 . 120/1 ) between spacer assemblies ( 1.10 . 2.10 ) is formed of one of the other spacer holder types, and / or the magnetic spacer assembly ( 800 . 800/1 . 800/2 . 800 / 1i . 800 / 2i ) comprises repulsively oriented permanent magnets having dimensioned to the acting forces, and / or the flat collector is designed as a thermal insulation of a building or housing, and / or the flat collector optionally flat or a 2- or 3-dimensionally curved surface shape. and / or the solar collector optionally at least one corrugated, fluted or structured wall ( 106 . 107 , 6ßß / 1, 122 / 1a . 122 / 1b . 120 / 2a . 120 / 2b ), thereby increasing their rigidity by design means. Solar collector according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the radiation absorber ( 600/1 ) of the flat collector a plurality of spaced spacer openings ( 600/5 ), through each of which a spacer ( 610 ) is arranged without contact, the walls ( 106 . 107 ) of the outer shell proportionally spaced pressure differential forces (FΔp), wherein the spacer ( 610 ) a thinner bar spacer ( 610/2 ), which through a correspondingly thinner spacer opening ( 600/5 ) is passed through non-contact, and a broader broadening section ( 610/1 ), which is arranged on the side facing away from the irradiated side of the flat absorber side, and / or the flat collector and / or tube collector a at the / the peripheral edge / n of a transparent wall ( 106/1 . 106/2 . 122 / 1a . 122 / 1b ) circumferentially gas-tight arranged connecting strips ( 123 / a . 123 / b . 106/12 . 106/21 ) of metal foil or metallically coated foil, wherein in the tube collector of the connecting strip as a ring strip ( 123 / a . 123 / b ) is formed, and / or for a tilted or vertical arrangement of the flat or tubular solar collector at least one tilt-holding means ( 130/1 . 106 / A8 ) is provided, the proportional weight forces (Fm) of the radiation absorber ( 600 . 600/1 ), and / or at least one inclination-retaining means ( 106 / A8 ) is provided, the proportionate weight forces (Fm) of the front wall ( 106 . 106/1 ) and / or on the back wall ( 107/1 ) at least one support structure fastening means ( 107 / A8 ) for attachment to a support structure ( 107 / A ) arranged counter-fastening means ( 107a1 ) is provided. Solar collector according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one heat conduction ( 600/31 . 600/32 ) by a predetermined pre-stretch length (l ₁₂₀ ) from the respective outer shell connection ( 601/1 . 601/2 . 122 / 1b ) of the wall ( 107 . 122 / 1b ) of the outer shell is pre-stretched to thereby arrange the heat pipe connection accessible for a gas-tight connection. Composite system of at least two solar collectors according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the outer shells of connected solar collectors with their walls ( 106/1 . 106/2 . 107/1 . 107/2 . 122 / 1a . 122 / 1b ) or outer shell terminals ( 601/1 . 601/2 . 122 / 1a . 122 / 1b ) and the heat pipes ( 600/3 . 600/31 . 600/32 . 122 / 2a . 122 / 2b ) of the solar collectors are each gas-tight with each other on the same side and are respectively spaced, so that the respective cavities ( 121 ) a contiguous cavity ( 121 ), optionally a thermal expansion compensation system is provided for compensating for thermal expansion by providing at the joint between the respective walls ( 106 . 106/1 . 106/2 . 120/1 . 122 / 1a . 122 / 1b ) of the solar collectors a sufficient expansion gap (c) is provided, and / or optionally in tube collector, a thermal expansion compensation system for compensating thermal expansion of the tubular radiation absorber ( 122 / 2a . 122 / 2b ), wherein the thermal expansion compensation system preferably by wave corrugation of the tubular radiation absorber ( 122 / 2a . 122 / 2b ) and / or by slidable suspension of the tubular radiation absorber ( 122 / 2a . 122 / 2b ) in angular sections of the pipeline ( 120/1 . 120/2 ) may be formed. Method for producing a composite system according to one of the preceding claims with flat plate collectors, characterized in that - at least two rear walls ( 107/1 . 107/2 ) of adjacent flat-plate collectors with their rear-side frictionally attached support structure fastening means ( 107 / A85 ) to counter-fastening means ( 107 / A81 ) a support structure ( 107 / A8 ) are fastened in such a way that they lie along their inclined edges ( 107/19 . 107/29 ) are in contact with each other, the support structure is arranged with flat collectors under any inclination, horizontally or vertically; A gastight connection along the inclined edges ( 107/19 . 107/29 ) of adjacent walls ( 107/1 . 107/2 ) is performed, - at least one in a pre-assembly step or here following created absorber assembly comprising an absorber carrier ( 107 / A86 ), Spacers ( 610 . 10 . 800 / 1i . 800 / 2i ), Slope holding means ( 130/1 . 106 / A8 . 800/7 . 800/8 . 800/9 ) and on the spacers ( 610 . 10 . 800 / 1i . 800 / 2i ) arranged radiation absorber ( 600 . 600/1 ), on cavity side fasteners ( 107 / A85 ) of the respective rear wall ( 107 . 107/1 . 107/2 ), the absorber carrier ( 107 / A86 ) has counter-fastening means for this purpose, - optionally heat pipes ( 600/3 ) a plurality of radiation absorbers ( 600 . 600/1 ) parallel to each other and / or in series in the cavity ( 121 ) gas-tight, - respective front walls ( 106 . 106/1 . 106/2 ) on the wings of the spacers ( 610 ) and with a spaced slope holding means ( 106 / A8 ) Supporting weight, such that between adjacent front walls ( 106/1 . 106/2 ) an expansion gap (c) is formed and the respective connecting strips ( 106/12 . 106/21 ) are positioned along each other, - the connecting strips ( 106/12 . 106/21 ) and connected gas-tight. Method for producing a composite system according to one of the preceding claims with tubular collectors, characterized in that - a first tubular wall ( 122 / 1b ) is attached to an outer support structure having first outer shell of the first tube collector, wherein before or here following a first tubular radiation absorber ( 122 / 2b ) in the cavity ( 121 ) of the first outer shell ( 122 / 1b ) is arranged without any spacers or with the aid of at least one evacuatable spacer, with the end of the first radiation absorber projecting by the pre-stretch length l ₁₂₀ ( 122 / 2b ) a second radiation absorber ( 122 / 2a ) is connected in a gas-tight manner to a second tube collector to be attached next to it, the second wall (FIG. 122 / 1a ) of the second outer shell of the second tube collector to be attached next adjacent, with or without a spacer above its second radiation absorber ( 122 / 2a ) until contact with the first wall ( 122 / 1b ) is pushed and aligned with the first tube collector, - the ring strips ( 123 / a . 123 / b ) of the first and second outer shells ( 122 / a . 122 / b ) are connected to each other gas-tight, - after a desired number of tube collectors have been connected to form a coherent composite system, at least one of the pre-stretch length l ₁₂₀ projecting end of the final radiation absorber in each case an inner tube ( 120/2 ) of a double-walled tube ( 120/1 . 120/2 ) is connected gas-tight, and - the respective outer tube ( 120/1 ) of the double-walled tube with or without spacers over its inner tube ( 120/2 ) until contact with the wall ( 122 / 1a . 122 / 1b ) is pushed and aligned with the outer shell of the respective final tube collector, - the number and longitudinal axial spacing of the spacers ( 10 / a . 10 / b . 800 / 1i . 800 / 2i . 250 ) is predetermined along the tube collector such that the weight (Fm) of the connected tubular radiation absorbers ( 122 / 2a . 122 / 2b ) and these can not exceed a predetermined allowable deflection, wherein the spacers ( 10 / a . 10 / b . 800 / 1i . 800 / 2i . 250 ) allow a longitudinal axial thermal displacement of the connected radiation absorber. Solar collector system with at least one solar collector and / or composite system according to one of the preceding claims, comprising at least one heat storage for storing the absorbed solar energy as heat energy, and at least one permanently or temporarily switchable consumers of the stored thermal energy, characterized in that at least the heat storage double-walled with evacuable spacers and Doppelrohranschluss / en is formed such that its cavity with the common cavity ( 121 ) of the composite system gas-tight, borderless and equilateral is connectable, so no Wärmerandbrücke / n by joints arise / s, as consumers a double-walled spaced and evacuated insulated steam turbine, a Stirling engine, a steam piston engine, an adsorption and / or absorption chiller or a heat process plant such as distillation, refinery, a heating system or the like may be provided, wherein in inner tubes of the double-walled pipes of the solar system spaced valve, throttle, pumps / circulation pumps and / or flow, temperature, pressure / Vacuum measuring devices are provided which can be driven, operated and / or read from outside without thermal bridges. Energy product saved and / or generated by a solar collector or composite system or a solar collector system according to any one of the preceding claims and / or applications, wherein the energy product may occur as heat, cold, light, electrical or mechanical energy.

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