DE102010005908B4 - Process for burning industrial vegetable waste, apparatus for incinerating industrial vegetable waste and boiler for steam production - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method of incinerating industrial vegetable waste, an apparatus for incinerating such waste, and a boiler for generating steam (1) which uses the calorific value of the waste to generate energy without polluting the atmosphere. The present method is carried out under control of the viscosity of the waste, as a result of which it is completely incinerated, and the steam generated is advantageously used to generate energy (4) by means of a generator (3).

Description

Disclosure of the invention

The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for burning industrial plant waste and a steam-producing boiler therefor. It refers to the use of industrial vegetable waste as a fuel; For this purpose, such waste has not been used until now. In a first aspect, the invention is directed to a method of burning industrial plant waste to utilize its calorific value. In particular, the invention relates to a process for burning industrial plant waste
A) concentrating molasses, vinasse or mixtures thereof until a solids content of between 30 and 85% is reached; B) preheating the concentrated molasses, vinasse or mixtures thereof to a temperature between 60 and 100 ° C until a viscosity between 30 and 80 centistokes is reached for their complete combustion in a burner; C) performing a real-time viscosity measurement with a viscometer to control and regulate temperature, viscosity and concentration; D) Burning in the burner by atomization.

• a. einen Drucktank für die Melasse, Vinasse oder Mischungen davon (10), und zwei Tanks für Melasse, Vinasse oder Mischungen davon (19) und (20) mit einer für Verbrennung geeigneten Viskosität zwischen 30 und 80 Zentistoke;
• b. zwei Brenner (Q1) und (Q2) für zerstäubte Melassse, Schlempe oder Mischungen davon;
• c. zwei Viskositäts-Messvorrichtungen (17) und (18) zum Messen der Viskosität der zum Verbrennen verwendeten Melasse, Vinasse oder Mischungen davon;
• d. zwei Direktdampf-Injektionsvorrichtungen (13) und (14) zur direkten Dampfinjektion in die Melasse, Vinasse oder Mischungen davon;
• e. zwei Pumpen (11) und (12) zum Pumpen der Melasse, Vinasse oder Mischungen davon in die Injektoren (13) und (14) und Viskosimeter (17) und (18);
• f. zwei Regel- oder Steuerventile (15) und (16) zum Regeln oder Steuern der in die Melasse, Vinasse oder Mischungen davon injizierten Dampfmenge;
• g. zwei Pumpen (21) und (22) zum Pumpen der Melasse, Vinasse oder Mischungen davon in die Brenner (Q2) bzw. (Q1).

In another aspect, the invention is directed to an apparatus for combusting industrial plant waste as a fuel, which is typically used in a boiler for steam generation. In particular, the invention relates to an apparatus for incinerating industrial vegetable waste comprising molasses, vinasse or mixtures thereof, characterized in that it contains:

• a. a pressure tank for the molasses, vinasse or mixtures thereof ( 10 ), and two tanks for molasses, vinasse or mixtures thereof ( 19 ) and ( 20 ) having a viscosity of between 30 and 80 centistokes suitable for incineration;
• b. two burners (Q1) and (Q2) for atomized molasses, stillage or mixtures thereof;
• c. two viscosity measuring devices ( 17 ) and ( 18 ) for measuring the viscosity of the molasses used for incineration, vinasse or mixtures thereof;
• d. two direct steam injection devices ( 13 ) and ( 14 ) for direct steam injection into the molasses, vinasse or mixtures thereof;
• e. two pumps ( 11 ) and ( 12 ) for pumping the molasses, vinasse or mixtures thereof into the injectors ( 13 ) and ( 14 ) and viscometers ( 17 ) and ( 18 );
• f. two control or control valves ( 15 ) and ( 16 ) for controlling or controlling the amount of steam injected into the molasses, vinasse or mixtures thereof;
• G. two pumps ( 21 ) and ( 22 ) for pumping the molasses, vinasse or mixtures thereof into the burners (Q2) and (Q1), respectively.

Description of the invention

The following text mentions soy molasses and vinegar but does not exclude other waste with similar properties, which may contain some type of sugar (eg sugar cane), or substances (eg starch) that are hydrolyzed to sugars can, such as corn, turnip, potato, castor, canola, sesame, peanut, palm, cottonseed, orange peel, sunflower, u. s. which are known to those skilled in the art and for which any adaptations for carrying out the invention are made without the need for testing tests.

As used herein, "molasses" means a sugar waste resulting, for example, from the distillation of the liquid solvent used to wash the flour resulting from the comminution of a plant (bean, grain, seed, peel and the like) , is separated.

As is well known, soybeans are pressed or extracted to obtain soybean oil, and then the oil is separated from the solid cake. The cake is again subjected to a thermal treatment, dried, cooled and stored for later commercialization. This process produces a soy flour that may contain from 44 to 50% protein (at 12.5% moisture) depending on the shell separation.

The method of providing a high protein concentrate is an additional extraction step. Using a water-alcohol mixture, the above-mentioned flour is subjected to extraction to provide a high-protein concentrate (65-74% dry-based protein) and micelles. The concentrate is pressed, subjected to a thermal treatment, dried, cooled and finally stored. It is mainly used for the production of animal feed. The micelles, that is a mixture of sugars, water and alcohol, then come to the distillation stage, and then the alcohol is first separated from the remaining liquid which is recycled to the process. It is then concentrated to remove most of the water, yielding the molasses (30% -80% solids).

The soy molasses contains a high amount of sugars that can be converted to alcohol, and therefore it can be fermented be subjected. The decline in fermentation is known by the term "vinasse". This vinasse contains mainly sugar waste, fine flour granules that are too small to be caught by any filter, as well as lipid waste and ash. Sugar cane molasses can also contain sugars that can easily be converted to alcohol to undergo traditional fermentation. Both the vinasse produced in the process of producing sugarcane alcohol and the sugarcane molasses may be concentrated to be used as a vegetable fuel, such as e.g. B. soy molasses and vinegar.

The use of soy molasses as an additive to animal feed is known. However, most of this molasses is a waste which has hitherto been considered as an unwanted by-product due to the difficulties in marketing and lack of storage space.

Burning the molasses would be an option to dispose of. However, it has not been possible to burn them in conventional plants without making a number of changes, as it has been found when the molasses was burned for an extended period of time, thus allowing identification of the problems. There were a number of problems that prevented the waste from being incinerated for more than 2 hours: the molasses could not be heated to be atomized on the burner, eliminating the need to control temperature, concentration and viscosity has been achieved, and such parameters are of paramount importance for atomization and subsequent control of combustion. These difficulties prevented the molasses from being pumped into the burner, so that no tests to determine the optimum concentration, temperature and viscosity could be made to provide complete combustion.

In the BPF oil combustion process, it is not necessary to control the viscosity and concentration since such parameters are guaranteed by the supplier of the fuel. There is no difficulty in heating since conventional heat exchangers heat the oil without the occurrence of crusting and crystallization of the sugars.

In the case of some waste, such as molasses, this is not the case since the sugar is burned when it reaches more than about 60 degrees Celsius, so that it crystallizes and then turns into coal, and the coal forms a crust in the internal pipes of the exchanger, so that the fuel is wasted and combustion is prevented. At temperatures below 60 degrees Celsius, incineration is incomplete as it is not possible either to heat the molasses as required or to maintain the viscosity in a range between 50 and 70 centistokes. This value was found after a number of experiments and O ₂ , CO ₂ and CO measurements. EP 0 048 061 A2 relates to a process for processing the vinasse in which the vinasse is concentrated to a dry solids content of about 60% and the concentrated vinasse is burned with excess air.

The object of the invention relates to the provision of a method and apparatus for complete combustion of the molasses, vinasse or mixtures thereof.

The object is solved with the features of the independent claims. Advantageous embodiments thereof are specified in the further claims.

The solution found is to inject steam directly into the molasses at high speed using injectors and heat them to about 100 degrees Celsius without any problem, and then a viscometer performs a real-time viscosity measurement and sends according to the one used Default value is a signal to open or close a steam control valve in the injector. The molasses reaches a pressure tank and is sent directly to the burner. Such control makes it possible to develop the present combustion method with optimum temperature, viscosity and concentration of the molasses.

Another problem found due to molasses burning is the formation of a highly soluble, hygroscopic, white ash. This ash covers all heat exchanger surfaces of the boiler as well as ducts, exhaust fans (combustion chamber, evaporator, superheater). This ash collects in the exchanger areas and after two hours the temperature of the gases at the outlet of the combustion chamber reaches 550 ° C, but should never be higher than 420 ° C. It also collects in areas where there is no heat exchange, such as: boiler outlet piping, air preheaters, economizers, multicyclone, exhaust fans. Such accumulation increases with time, and there is a loss of charge in all these parts of the device, destruction of the exhaust fan (orig .: consumindo todo) and interruption of combustion for more than a week.

The solution found for the overflow in the areas of heat exchange ( Combustion chamber, evaporator, superheater) was the installation of sootblowers. In each area, a model was used that gives the best work result. Two blower pressures were tested: 12 and 21 kgf / cm ² . It has been found that the gas temperature at the combustion chamber outlet at a pressure of 12 kgf / cm ² falls to 440 ° C, and to 390 ° C at a pressure of 21 kgf / cm ² .

In non-heat exchanges, such as boiler exit piping, air preheaters, economizers, multi-cyclones, bell-shaped gas vents have been provided with threads and rotary valves so that the ashes are removed directly into a slag truck.

After setting such parameters, a good result was achieved.

Another characteristic of molasses is that many pollutants are emitted when burnt, which causes damage to the environment. Moreover, it can only be burned in blast furnaces at a temperature of about 1300 degrees Celsius, an expensive process that results in no advantage in the cycle of utilizing plant material.

It was found that the combustion process caused another problem, namely the emission of smoke containing more than 5000 mg / m ^{3 of} gas particles, with a fine white vapor (ash) directly into the atmosphere, which exceeded the legal limits become.

Unlike other biomass fuels, where most of the ash is insoluble, the ash of molasses is soluble, so the solution used to prevent its emission into the environment must be different.

A first attempt to reduce this particulate emission was to use a multi-cyclone and a water-jet scrubber-equipped unit. However, it was found that when a new molasses combustion was carried out, the multi-cyclone and the gas washing unit could reduce the particles in the gas from 5000 mg / Nm ³ to 2500 mg / Nm ³ , but they did not 400 mg / Nm ³ , which are required by the IAP. It was also found that the white ash clogged the multi-cyclone over time, and the only way to proceed was to stop the washing process every 3 days, that is, by interrupting the process, which made the construction not practical.

Continuing with the combustion process, it was found that this was because the gas washing apparatus, which is very common in the alcohol and sugar industries, only removes the water-insoluble particles contained in the gases, so that soluble particles pass through the washing unit, without being removed.

The option used was to remove the multi-cyclone and change the type of washing unit. Then, a venturi wash unit was used to provide a highly efficient gas-liquid mixture to promote the collection of both soluble solids and insoluble solids, followed by a cyclone separator, a mist eliminator and a mist eliminator, both on top of the Cyclone separator are installed. A water injection pipe (orig .: lança de saturação) was installed in front of the venturi to promote the saturation of the gases in the boiler before entering the venturi, the soluble and insoluble solids are retained in the latter, and the gas becomes the gas leave saturated washing unit, along with water containing soluble and insoluble solids. The excess water is then separated by the cyclone separator, drops of more than 25 microns in size are removed by the first mist eliminator, and droplets (haze) larger than 3 microns are then removed by the mist eliminator (demister) the soluble particles are entrained, and the molasses combustion gases are released into the environment at a concentration lower than that required by the IAP.

Description of the invention

When searching for alternative uses for molasses and / or vinasse, in particular those of soybeans, it has surprisingly been found that this waste can be burned as fuel. In particular, the soybean molasses and / or vinasse may be used as fuel in steam-producing boilers to replace fossil fuels such as BPF oil or any other commonly used for this purpose, with the advantages of preventing accumulation a waste product previously considered to be a waste with low utility value, the advantageous use of their heating power, thereby saving costs by replacing more expensive and expensive fuels.

• – Konzentrieren der Melasse, Vinasse oder Mischungen davon, bis ein Feststoffgehalt von zwischen 30 und 85% erreicht ist;
• – Vorwärmung auf zwischen 60 und 100°C, bis eine geeignete Viskosität für ihre vollständige Verbrennung in dem Brenner erreicht ist;
• – Verbrennen in einem Flammenbrenner unter Zerstäubung.

According to a first aspect, the present invention is directed to a process for burning molasses and / or vinasse characterized by the following steps:

• - concentrating the molasses, vinasse or mixtures thereof until a solids content of between 30 and 85% is reached;
• - Preheating to between 60 and 100 ° C until a suitable viscosity for their complete combustion in the burner is reached;
• - Burning in a flame burner under atomization.

• – die Melasse, Vinasse oder Mischungen davon stammt von Sojabohnen oder Zuckerrohr;
• – der Feststoffgehalt der Melasse, Vinasse oder Mischungen davon beträgt zwischen 60 und 80%;
• – die Vorwärmung wird durch direkte Dampfinjektion ausgeführt;
• – die Vorwärmung wird bis etwa 100°C ausgeführt; und
• – die Viskosität der erwärmten Melasse und/oder Vinasse beträgt zwischen 30 und 80 cst (Zentistoke).

In particular, the following aspects are advantageously applied, but without excluding any other condition:

• - the molasses, vinasse or mixtures thereof are derived from soybeans or sugarcane;
• The solids content of the molasses, vinasse or mixtures thereof is between 60 and 80%;
• - the preheating is carried out by direct steam injection;
• - the preheating is carried out to about 100 ° C; and
• - The viscosity of the heated molasses and / or vinasse is between 30 and 80 cst (centistoke).

The burner is of the same type commonly used for BPF oil and gas, for example Saacke SSB-S200 series E-609 E-610 burner.

It has been found that the complete combustion of molasses and / or vinasse is favored in the above-mentioned viscosity ranges, with expected variations as a function of the origin of the plant for this new fuel. It has also been found that the heating power provided is greater than that of the solid fuel burnt as a chip.

• – einen Aufbewahrungsbehälter zum Aufnehmen von Melasse und/oder Vinasse;
• – eine Pumpe zum Pumpen der Melasse und/oder Vinasse in eine Vorrichtung mit direkter Dampfinjektion;
• – eine Vorrichtung zur direkten Dampfinjektion in die Melasse und/oder Vinasse;
• – eine Vorrichtung zum Überprüfen und Steuern bzw. Regeln der Viskosität, die mit der Vorrichtung zur direkten Dampfinjektion verbunden ist;
• – eine Pumpe zum Pumpen der Melasse und/oder Vinasse in einen Brenner; und
• – einen Brenner für zerstäubten flüssigen Brennstoff.

According to a further aspect of the invention, there is also provided an apparatus for burning molasses, the apparatus being characterized in that it comprises:

• A storage container for receiving molasses and / or vinasse;
• A pump for pumping the molasses and / or vinasse into a device with direct steam injection;
• - a device for direct steam injection into the molasses and / or vinasse;
• A device for checking and controlling the viscosity associated with the device for direct steam injection;
• A pump for pumping the molasses and / or vinasse into a burner; and
• - a burner for atomized liquid fuel.

The apparatus according to the invention operates as follows: the molasses and / or vinasse having a solids content between 30 and 85% is placed in a container in which it is heated by injection of direct steam - the steam injector being independent or a device integrated into the container. The viscosity of the molasses and / or vinasse is greater than that suitable for complete combustion so that the steam is injected until the viscosity decreases to a suitable range, typically between 40 and 80 cst, and then the liquid pumped into the burner. The apparatus of the invention includes a device for checking and controlling the viscosity, for example a viscometer and a set of tubes and valves, which can return the pumped liquid to the container if the viscosity is higher or lower and a special actuator which can act on the direct steam injector in the bulk of the molasses and / or vinasse, thereby increasing or decreasing the amount of steam to increase or decrease the viscosity as required. Devices for checking and controlling the viscosity for this purpose are known to those skilled in the art, so that specific details thereof are not an essential aspect of the invention.

The apparatus for burning liquid fuel of the apparatus according to the invention is known in the art, connected to an air compressor to allow atomization of the fuel. Advantageously, the device can also burn gaseous fuel at the same time, such as LPG (orig .: GLP), if it is desired to supplement the burning of molasses and / or vinasse.

The apparatus according to the invention is typically connected to a steam-generating boiler. In this configuration, such a boiler may be a multi-fuel burner, or may have multiple molasses and / or vinasse burners, sootblowers, etc. The boiler may be provided with a variety of additional devices, such as a system for controlling the emission of solid particles, in accordance with the legal requirements of the region in which the process is carried out.

Advantageously, the steam produced in the boiler is directed to an energy producing turbine which can be advantageously used in the production process which produced the vegetable waste, thereby rendering the production process self-sufficient.

Preferably, the apparatus also includes sootblowers, which make it possible to clean the interior of the boiler, for example once an hour, with no interruptions to the Cleaning are required, whereby the combustion is improved.

Suitably, without thereby excluding any other system, the system for controlling the emission includes at least one venturi in which the combustion gases and water are intimately contacted with each other; and,
a cyclone separator, a mist eliminator and a mist separator where the haze is sent after it exits the venturi.

Instead of using a Venturi, a washing unit with absorption columns or pumps of water can be used.

A merely illustrative example of an embodiment of the invention will be given below without causing a limitation on the scope of protection which exceeds that expressed in the appended claims. The figure is schematic, its size or proportions are not in accordance with reality, since its purpose is solely the didactic explanation of an embodiment of the invention.

example

attached 1 schematically illustrates a plant in which soy molasses is burned in a boiler ( 1 ) is converted to steam in a turbine ( 2 ) the 12 kgf / cm ² steam and the 1.5 kgf / cm ² steam is removed; and finally by a generator ( 3 ) Electricity ( 4 ) is produced. The micelles (not shown) from the extraction of sugars enter a four-stage device, the molasses thickener ( 8th ), which turns the molasses into a pressure tank ( 10 ) sends. With the help of the steam, the micelles are concentrated to 80 brix degrees before being added to the pressure tank ( 10 ). The into the thickener ( 8th ) is injected through a Brix-degree measuring device ( 9 ) at the outlet of the thickener ( 8th ) controlled by a steam valve ( 7 ) opens or closes according to the desired concentration. The molasses is concentrated to 80 brix degrees and then placed in a pressure tank ( 10 ). The molasses is concentrated to remove the water since the dry matter (carbon, hydrogen, sulfur and nitrogen) is of interest. The molasses turns into small tanks ( 19 ) and ( 20 ) and to the injectors ( 13 ) and ( 14 ) by pumping ( 11 ) and ( 12 ), where it is heated by injecting direct steam. The amount of injected steam is controlled by control valves ( 15 ) and ( 16 ) controlling the signal from viscosity measuring devices ( 17 ) respectively. ( 18 ) receive. If the viscosity is high, the measuring devices ( 17 ) and ( 18 ), a signal to open the valves, and if low, send a signal to close them, depending on the selected default value. The pumps ( 21 ) and ( 22 ) pump the molasses into the burners (Q2) and (Q1) with set concentration, pressure, temperature and viscosity.

In this particular example, the one indicated by the boiler ( 1 ) generates a pressure of 42 kgf / cm ² and exits through a pipe to a turbine ( 2 ), where the 12 kgf / cm ² extraction steam (orig .: vapores de extração) and 1.5 kgf / cm ² evaporation (orig .: vapores de escape) are taken. It is this drop in vapor pressure that makes it possible to generate electrical energy ( 3 ) to create. Thus, two lines with the 12 kgf / cm ² extraction steam (orig .: vapor de extração) (orig. 5 ) and 1.5 kgf / cm ^{2 of} exhaust vapor (orig .: vapor de escape) ( 6 ) to the molasses-producing factory.

The boiler ( 1 ) can also generate steam with other fuels because it 23 ) for supporting solid fuel, such as soybean schnitzel or shells.

Burners (Q1) and (Q2) are further equipped with lances (orig .: lanças), which can burn gas.

The boiler ( 1 ) is further provided with a sootblower (not shown), which is a rotary steam injector, for the purpose of removing occasional incrustations within the boiler.

The of the burning of the molasses in the boiler ( 1 Gases then pass to a particle control system.

This particle control system includes a water injection tube (orig .: lança de saturação) (orig. 24 ), a Venturi washing unit ( 25 ), a cyclone separator ( 26 ), a mist eliminator ( 27 ) and a vapor separator ( 28 ).

If the combustion fumes are the boiler ( 1 ), they receive through the water injection tube (orig .: lança de saturação) (orig. 24 ) an amount of water that allows its saturation. After saturation they enter the Venturi washing unit ( 25 ) where all the particles are collected and injected by injecting water into the venturi ( 25 ) getting washed. The gases enter the lower part of a cyclone separator ( 26 ), where the centrifugal force separates the amount of injected water present in the gases. This water comes out with insoluble solids along with a portion of soluble solids. The gases still contain the droplets which have dissolved the soluble solids and which are present as particles at the outlet of the chimney ( 30 ) appear when the measurement is performed. Still within the body of the cyclone separator ( 26 ) the gases pass a droplet separator ( 27 ), which captures drops larger than 25 micrometers, and then passes to another vapor separator ( 28 ), which captures drops larger than 3 microns. So are the gases, the cyclone separator ( 26 ), within the limits accepted by the Environmental Protection Agency.

One skilled in the art, by means of the teachings herein, as well as the example and attached drawing, will understand and be able to practice the invention in an equivalent manner, which is not expressly described, but within the functions and results taught herein the appended claims are protected.

Claims (13)

A method for burning industrial vegetable waste comprising A) concentrating molasses, vinasse or mixtures thereof until a solids content of between 30 and 85% is reached; B) preheating the concentrated molasses, vinasse or mixtures thereof to a temperature between 60 and 100 ° C until a viscosity of between 30 and 80 centistokes is reached for their complete combustion in a burner; C) performing a real-time viscosity measurement with a viscometer to control and regulate temperature, viscosity and concentration; D) Burning in the burner by atomization. The method of claim 1, characterized in that the molasses, vinasse or mixtures thereof are derived from soybeans, sugarcane or other wastes containing sugars or substances which can be converted to sugars by chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the solids content of molasses, vinasse or mixtures thereof is between 30 and 80%. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the preheating is carried out by direct steam injection into the mass of the molasses, vinasse or mixtures thereof by means of an injector. The method of claim 1, characterized in that the molasses, vinasse or mixtures thereof is heated to about 100 ° C by preheating. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the burner is a type Saacke SSB-S200 series E-609 E-610. An apparatus for burning industrial vegetable waste comprising molasses, vinasse or mixtures thereof, characterized in that it contains: a. a pressure tank for the molasses, vinasse or mixtures thereof ( 10 ), and two tanks for molasses, vinasse or mixtures thereof ( 19 ) and ( 20 ) having a viscosity of between 30 and 80 centistokes suitable for incineration; b. two burners (Q1) and (Q2) for atomized molasses, stillage or mixtures thereof; c. two viscosity measuring devices ( 17 ) and ( 18 ) for measuring the viscosity of the molasses used for incineration, vinasse or mixtures thereof; d. two direct steam injection devices ( 13 ) and ( 14 ) for direct steam injection into the molasses, vinasse or mixtures thereof; e. two pumps ( 11 ) and ( 12 ) for pumping the molasses, vinasse or mixtures thereof into the injectors ( 13 ) and ( 14 ) and viscometers ( 17 ) and ( 18 ); f. two control or control valves ( 15 ) and ( 16 ) for controlling or controlling the amount of steam injected into the molasses, vinasse or mixtures thereof; G. two pumps ( 21 ) and ( 22 ) for pumping the molasses, vinasse or mixtures thereof into the burners (Q2) and (Q1), respectively. The apparatus according to claim 7, characterized in that the burners for the molasses, vinasse or mixtures thereof (Q1) and (Q2) can also burn gaseous fuel at the same time. A steam-producing boiler, characterized in that it comprises at least one apparatus for burning molasses, vinasse or mixtures thereof according to one of claims 7 or 8. The boiler according to claim 9, characterized in that it is a multi-substance type which can burn solid fuel, and the solid fuel comprises soya chips or shells. The boiler according to claim 9, characterized in that it is provided with a sootblower for the purpose of removing occasional incrustations within the boiler. The boiler according to claim 9, characterized in that it is provided with a system for controlling the emission of solid particles containing a system which removes soluble and insoluble material comprising a Venturi washing unit ( 25 ), a cyclone separator ( 26 ) and a vapor separator ( 28 ). The boiler according to claim 9, characterized in that it is provided with a system for controlling the emission of solid particles comprising a washing unit, such as absorption or gas bubble scrubber, a cyclone separator ( 26 ) and a vapor separator ( 28 ) contains.

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