DE102009011910A1 - Surface element, useful e.g. as heating element for heating and polymerizing plastic sandwiches and drying and polymerizing coatings on substrate, comprises a flat substrate comprising structured electrically conductive knitted fabrics - Google Patents

Abstract

Surface element comprises a flat substrate comprising at least structured electrically conductive knitted fabrics, where: by applying an electrical voltage, a resistance heating (1) is realized; the substrate is doped and/or coated with functional ceramics, which are able to selectively transform infrared radiation for emitting and absorbing, and optionally additional layers made of functional ceramics in the sense of selectively transformed infrared and/or reflective material are integrated or applied as coating.

Description

The The invention relates to a surface element that functional Contains ceramics. It is for thermal processing, d. h., heating and polymerizing fiber-free plastics as well as fiber reinforced plastics with fibers of carbon, glass, textile and the like and beyond of other goods and objects using ceramics that are selectively transformed Emit infrared provided. There are different working pressures, various ceramic dopants and electrically conductive fibers feasible with selective emission or absorption spectra.

in the Conversely, the thermal utilization of such plastics, goods and objects for heating, heating and cooling purposes possible.

State of the art

On The subject area in question are material combinations in Form of carbon heaters based on carbon fiber for a long time known, wherein the carbon nonwoven acts as an electrical conductor and for the purpose in glass fiber composites, which are predominantly made of epoxy resin, is embedded. In more recent procedures and devices become self-conducting polymers based on conventional conductive additives as nanocomposites used. In both cases, the support electrical conductor the strength of the fiber composite materials used not or only insignificantly. In the second case, the electrical Ladder neither strength increasing nor electric Resistance. This is a significant heating of the Plastic can not be realized into the polymerization area.

carbon nonwoven As electrical resistance indicates due to its irregular Structuring different partial flows and Power distributions. This leads to their intensity deviating heating ranges in the fiber composite material.

The Temperature distribution is here, for example, an intended Temperature on a square meter of 150 ° C often in the impermissible range of 120 to 170 ° C. even Chief Polymers leave relatively high while maintaining high material strengths low electrical power and thus low heating to.

The Although mentioned material combinations have advantages in Connection with ordinary heaters, namely Carbon heaters, and in terms of their antistatic properties but are in terms of uniformity the temperature distribution for the production of sophisticated Fiber composites rather unsuitable.

the State of the art are still classically heated Autoclaves or heated mechanical presses, in or below those the required pressures and temperatures by convection or heat conduction for heating, deformation and Polymerization of the plastic in a solid composite with the respective Fiber matrix are applied. That happens in relatively large Equipment, and in particular with an extremely large and energy expenditure. Large workpieces require a heating and polymerization time of several hours in the worst case. To shorten the process duration the forming tools, if necessary, additional heated. These often have twenty times the workpiece mass, which shows that the energy required for the Tool heating compared to the workpiece heating disproportionately high.

Known are still facilities and technologies for warming and polymerisation of plastics based on energy transfer by short-wave or by selectively transformed infrared radiation, in the latter by using functional ceramics both for Coating of the radiator as well as for doping of the plastic or in general of the workpiece.

Ceramic compositions are for example in the EP 05 002 949 described in detail.

The use of selectively transformed infrared radiation is in conjunction with appropriate apparatus DE 101 63 087 for the thermal treatment of goods and after DE 102 50 798 for the thermal treatment of structures, components and building materials known.

Recent developments relate to devices for the thermal processing of biological and technical goods or objects using ceramic infrared radiators with selective emis sion or absorption spectra.

The aforementioned devices, especially those for thermal Processing of plastics without or with carbon fiber inserts, Glass, textile and other suitable materials, is subject to a constant development process. The present invention should contribute to this, with the aim of the possible uses of fiber composite plastics procedural or device side to improve.

task

task side becomes a technical solution for thermal processing of fiber-free plastics as well as fiber composite plastics Fibers made of carbon, glass, textile and the like and beyond aspired to by other goods and objects. It should in particular infrared radiation are used. Furthermore are Aspects of different pressures, different ceramic dopants with selective emission or absorption spectra and various electrically conductive fibers.

Next material and apparatus characteristics that ensure compliance Process steps require, are possible as practicable Suggestions for use.

Solution of the task

The inventive task is as stated in claim 1, solved Service. The subordinate claims include expedient Configurations.

A certain material equipment of the surface elements the generic type is a condition for their use as thermal processing equipment, to which later will be discussed in more detail.

• – Karbonvlies – als elektrischer Widerstand,
• – Karbongewebe – als elektrischer Widerstand,
• – Metallisiertes Gewebe – als elektrischen Widerstand,
• – Metall als Gewebe, Gelege oder Wicklung – als elektrischer Widerstand – auf einem Substrat oder einer Wicklung um ein flächiges Substrat,
• – Dünnflächiger Radiator mit warmen Wasser, Öl oder Dampf.

As primary flat heating elements are used:

• - carbon fiber fleece - as electrical resistance,
• - Carbon fiber - as electrical resistance,
• - Metallized tissue - as electrical resistance,
• Metal as a fabric, scrim or winding - as an electrical resistance - on a substrate or a winding around a planar substrate,
• - Thin radiator with warm water, oil or steam.

The are the main components of the flat heating elements different substrates, with or without coating and with a special functional ceramics.

at Carbon fiber composites are usually well-defined Knitted fabric of carbon fibers embedded in thermoset materials, and Although one or more layers, with the aim of high strength at to guarantee later use. Facing a Direct heating of carbon fiber composite plastics is proposed defined to use structured single or multi-ply carbon knit. By applying an electrical voltage is thus a resistance heater during thermal processing and / or at the later Use feasible. In contrast to the currently usual Carbon heaters based on undefined carbon nonwovens may cause warming from within by optimizing strength and power distribution be supported much better without the intended To dispense with strength properties.

The Contains surface element according to the invention furthermore doping with functional ceramics, which are able to to selectively emit transformed infrared radiation.

Natural crystalline mineralogical ceramics of all kinds (eg malachite) as well as industrially produced amorphous oxide ceramics (eg Al ₂ O ₃ ) in the sizes 50 nm to 5 mm can be used.

• – Cr₂O₃ in einer Konzentration von 5 ... 60% in Mullit (Al₂O₃/SiO₂) und/oder
• – ZrO₂ in einer Konzentration von 1 ... 50% in Mullit (Al₂O₃/SiO₂) und/oder
• – Ho₂O₃ in einer Konzentration von 0,1 ... 20% in Mullit (Al₂O₃/SiO₂) und/oder
• – Fe₂O₃ in einer Konzentration von 5 ... 40% in Mullit (Al₂O₃/SiO₂) und/oder
• – LaCrO₃ in einer Konzentration von 5 ... 70% in Mullit (Al₂O₃/SiO₂) und/oder
• – CeO₂ in einer Konzentration von 0,1 ... 20% in Mullit (Al₂O₃/SiO₂) und/oder
• – Y₂O₃ in einer Konzentration von 0,1 ... 20% in Mullit (Al₂O₃/SiO₂) und/oder
• – YCrO₃ in einer Konzentration von 0,1 ... 20% in Mullit (Al₂O₃/SiO₂) und/oder
• – Gd₂O₃ in einer Konzentration von 0,1 ... 20% in Mullit (Al₂O₃/SiO₂).

The functional ceramics are expediently composed as follows:

• - Cr ₂ O ₃ in a concentration of 5 ... 60% in mullite (Al ₂ O ₃ / SiO ₂ ) and / or
• - ZrO ₂ in a concentration of 1 ... 50% in mullite (Al ₂ O ₃ / SiO ₂ ) and / or
• - Ho ₂ O ₃ in a concentration of 0.1 ... 20% in mullite (Al ₂ O ₃ / SiO ₂ ) and / or
• Fe ₂ O ₃ in a concentration of 5 to 40% in mullite (Al ₂ O ₃ / SiO ₂ ) and / or
• - LaCrO ₃ in a concentration of 5 ... 70% in mullite (Al ₂ O ₃ / SiO ₂ ) and / or
• - CeO ₂ in a concentration of 0.1 ... 20% in mullite (Al ₂ O ₃ / SiO ₂ ) and / or
• - Y ₂ O ₃ in a concentration of 0.1 ... 20% in mullite (Al ₂ O ₃ / SiO ₂ ) and / or
• - YCrO ₃ in a concentration of 0.1 ... 20% in mullite (Al ₂ O ₃ / SiO ₂ ) and / or
• - Gd ₂ O ₃ in a concentration of 0.1 ... 20% in mullite (Al ₂ O ₃ / SiO ₂ ).

The Composition is thus on the specific absorption capacity of the selectively transformed infrared of the surface element tunable doping.

The Functional ceramic is preferred in a concentration of 0.01 to 20% 0.5 to 5% introduced into the plastic. The grain size is 20 to 50,000 nm, preferably in the range between 500 to 1,500 nm.

The Doping enables efficient heating through improved heat conduction and heat radiation in the material interior of the surface element.

The described heating of the surface element of inside by electrical resistance heating and / or by the Doping by means of nano- or microfunctional ceramics in use-side connection with selectively transformed infrared radiation is essential to the function, particularly with regard to the acceleration of warming, Polymerization and possibly later cooling processes with significantly improved energy efficiency. The warming and polymerization time can be reduced to 50 to 30% and the energy consumption be reduced to 40 to 10%.

at exclusive use of resistance heaters is one Workpiece doping makes sense.

at Use of carbon surface elements are the carbon fibers in the form of defined knitted fabrics in thermosetting plastics embedded. Conveniently, the plastics with functional ceramics in the sense of selectively transformed Infrared doped.

When Carrier material serve the following Substrates. These are with the actual electrically conductive Heating element of carbon fabric or the like. Connected, for example bonded. On the opposite side is an electrically insulating material applied. Depending on the application, the substrates remain on the outside uncoated or they will be equipped with a special functional ceramic coated to obtain targeted radiation properties.

• – Keramik (Fliesen, Kacheln, Hochleistungskeramik),
• – Glaskeramik (wie z. B. CERAN, ROBAX),
• – Quarzglas,
• – Metall (Stahl, Aluminium, Kupfer, ...),
• – Holzerzeugnisse (MDF, Massivholz, Möbelteile, Türen ...),
• – Papiererzeugnisse (Tapeten, Bilder),
• – Textilerzeugnisse,
• – Ledererzeugnisse,
• – Kunststoffe (Basis EP, CFK, GFK, ....).

Substrates can be depending on the application:

• - ceramics (tiles, tiles, high-performance ceramics),
• Glass-ceramic (such as CERAN, ROBAX),
• - quartz glass,
• - metal (steel, aluminum, copper, ...),
• - wood products (MDF, solid wood, furniture parts, doors ...),
• - paper products (wallpapers, pictures),
• - textile products,
• - leather products,
• - Plastics (based on EP, CFK, GFK, ....).

Several Surface elements can become one depending on the use large-scale structures or to a spatial Buildings are put together arbitrarily.

In an embodiment for one - sided use are the Surface elements on the workpiece to be heated or object facing side with functional ceramic in the sense coated by selectively transformed infrared. The opposite lying side is provided with a reflective material.

at Both-sided use are both sides with functional ceramics coated in the sense of selectively transformed infrared.

The Surface elements can vary depending on the practice planar, cylindrical or prismatic, rod-shaped stretched or bent two- or three-dimensionally formed.

Basically, the surface elements described should either act as a radiating body from a distance on an object or be in direct contact with the object. In the first case, the Transfer of heat in one as well as in two or more directions exclusively by radiation.

in the second case, heat conduction occurs through direct contact added. With radiation from distance, the distance between radiator and object in the range of a few millimeters to several meters lie.

• – Erwärmung und Polymerisation bzw. Kühlung von Kunststoff- Sandwichs,
• – Trocknen und Polymerisieren von Beschichtungen auf Substraten,
• – Erwärmen und Polymerisieren von Laminierungen auf Substraten,
• – Trocknen von Gütern,
• – Trocknen und Erwärmen im Allgemeinen, Sterilisieren, Backen, Garen und dgl.,
• – Enteisen von Oberflächen,
• – Raumheizung.

For the surface elements according to the invention the following fields of application are seen:

• - heating and polymerization or cooling of plastic sandwiches,
• Drying and polymerizing coatings on substrates,
• Heating and polymerizing laminations on substrates,
• - drying of goods,
• Drying and heating in general, sterilizing, baking, cooking and the like
• - deicing of surfaces,
• - Space heating.

• – von relativ niedrigen Temperaturen, vorzugsweise im Bereich zwischen –50 und 0°C zur Kühlung, zwischen 1 und 10°C zur Enteisung von Flächen, Körpern und Systemen durch Kontakt und Strahlung und zwischen 10 und 1.000°C zum Heilen, Heizen, Trocknen, Erwärmen Polymerisieren Sterilisieren Backen Garen und dgl.,
• – kleinen Abständen der Strahler zum jeweiligen Objekt, die wenigen Millimeter betragen können,
• – von relativ großen Strahlerflächen mit hoher Gleichmäßigkeit,
• – der formgerechten Anpassbarkeit des Strahlers in zwei- oder dreidimensionalen Formaten an verschieden ausgebildete Oberflächen der Bearbeitungsobjekte oder Güter.

The advantages are here in particular in the exploitation

• From relatively low temperatures, preferably in the range between -50 and 0 ° C for cooling, between 1 and 10 ° C for deicing surfaces, bodies and systems by contact and radiation and between 10 and 1000 ° C for curing, heating, drying , Heating Polymerizing Sterilizing Baking Garen and the like,
• - small distances of the radiators to the respective object, which can be a few millimeters,
• From relatively large radiator surfaces with high uniformity,
• - The conformable adaptability of the radiator in two- or three-dimensional formats on differently shaped surfaces of the processing objects or goods.

embodiments

In the embodiments listed below the apparatus features of the invention with reference to drawings explained in more detail. Beyond that Information on appropriate practical applications made.

The In the drawings, reference numerals are in the associated attached reference numerals list explained.

First is in 1 a surface element of the type according to the invention shown. In a thermosetting plastic 2 is a ceramic dopant in the form of a functional ceramic that is capable of selectively emitting transformed infrared to be embedded. Additionally embedded in a defined arrangement carbon fibers are as electrical resistance heating 1 available.

2 shows a single-sided surface element made of thermosetting plastic 2 with ceramic doping and additional resistance heating 1 , On the side facing the workpiece or object to be heated is an emitting or absorbing layer 11 made of functional ceramics in the sense of selectively transformed infrared. The opposite side is with a reflective layer 10 Mistake.

The representations in the 3 to 5 refer to the inventive use of surface heating elements described 4 with the additional use of selectively transformed infrared radiation in the more rational production and use of fiber composites and fiber-free sandwiches of plastics and other materials, such as glass, metal, ceramics, textiles and paper, within facilities for heating and polymerizing plastics.

The necessary steps are feasible in subsystems. The subsystems can be implemented alternatively or in combination.

Essentially, it is a vacuum system, a combined system of selective transformed infrared and air cooling and a multi-layer system consisting of surface heating elements 4 with selectively transformed infrared and plastic sandwiches 8th ,

In the heating and forming of plastics with or without embedded fibers of carbon, glass, textile and the like. And with or without further layers of plastic, glass, metal and similar Materi alien is to prevent air from being trapped. On the other hand, it must be ensured that a sufficiently high pressure causes the deformation. The uncrosslinked blanks (prepregs, mats, sandwiches, etc. of different laminations and materials in conjunction with the plastic to be formed and polymerized) are inserted for the purpose in a forming tool inside or outside of an autoclave in two- or three-dimensional format. Above this there is a vacuum hood V1 in analogous two- or three-dimensional format with the interposition of a vacuum release film 9 , On this another vacuum hood V2 is also placed in analogue two- or three-dimensional format. Under both vacuum hoods V1 and V2, the working pressure is simultaneously lowered to, for example, 100 to 0.1 mbar, whereby the air present on the layer system of the blanks is removed.

The simultaneous and uniform pressure reduction ensures Also, that's the first lower vacuum hood V1 belonging infrared-transparent vacuum release film 9 not prematurely and unevenly to the blank package applies and prevents the air underneath from escaping.

After the stable pressure build-up under both vacuum hoods V1 and V2, the upper vacuum hood V2 is again "flooded", ie the pressure is again increased to about one bar. Subsequently, the upper vacuum hood V2 is removed. When "flooding" the upper vacuum hood V2 closes the vacuum separating film 9 tight and under pressure to the blank package.

In a second step, there is a further pressure increase, in the autoclave, for example, at eight to ten bar, in the process control without autoclave by utilizing the existing pressure difference from about a bar.

In both cases, selective transformed infrared radiation from above is used for rapid and energy-efficient heating and polymerization of the plastic sandwich 3 brought in. Additional warm air does not have to be supplied.

On the contrary: the vacuum release film 9 is optionally when exposed to the selective transformed infrared radiation 7 by supplying cooling air 6 to cool.

The heating of the plastic sandwich 8th from below is coated by a functionalized with ceramic in the sense of selective infrared transformed Aluminiumheizplatte or better by a carbon heater 4 the species of the invention supported in two- or three-dimensional format. Under certain circumstances can be dispensed with the described supporting heat supply.

Plastic sandwich 3 For example, plastic parts staggered with carbon, glass, textile, paper and the like, photovoltaic modules, printed circuit boards, heating plates, and the like.

For the realization of a multi-layered system of surface heating elements 4 with selective transformed infrared and plastic sandwiches 3 for the faster and more uniform heating and polymerization of uncrosslinked blanks (prepregs, mats, sandwiches and the like of various laminations and materials in connection with the plastic to be formed and polymerized) between each blank electrically operated carbon heaters 4 based on high-temperature-resistant and pressure-resistant thermoset material with selectively transformed infrared introduced. These plate-shaped surface heating elements 4 preferably have a thickness of 1 to 4 mm. They reach a temperature of 80 to 160 ° C as needed and are in the range of 180 to 300 ° C pressure and temperature stable. The plates are each production task in the format two- or three-dimensional and coated on both sides of their surface with functional ceramics in the sense of selective transformed infrared.

In the layered structure, consisting of alternating between an upper and a lower pressing tool 5.1 and 5.2 arranged blanks and Karbonheizeinrichtungen 4 , can hold up to 40 plastic sandwiches 3 be included.

In Further embodiments are expedient Applications of surface heating elements described.

1. printed circuit boards

In the manufacture of printed circuit boards by compression, a plurality of sandwiches sandwiched therewith and plate-shaped carbon heating means interposed therebetween may be selectively formed transformed infrared polymerized and polymerized simultaneously ( 5 ).

2. Photovoltaic modules

Photovoltaic cells and modules can be produced by heating, fusing and polymerizing plastic in individual sandwiches of glass, silicon and plastic under vacuum and selective transformed infrared ( 3 and 4 ). Plastic sandwiches in the sense of photovoltaic modules u. Ä. Can be cooled by ceramic doping in plastic and ceramic coatings on the backsheet much better in sunlight. This improves their efficiency. The doping acts thereby accelerating the heat transfer in the interior and the coating intensifies the dissipation of heat energy by a better radiation.

3. Components made of carbon fiber composite plastics (CFRP)

Such parts are produced by heating and polymerization of sandwiches exclusively from this material under vacuum and convective pressure and with selectively transformed infrared ( 3 and 4 ), such as CFRP components for aircraft, boats, vehicles, equipment and machine parts.

4. Carbon heating plates and carbon radiators

These hot plates or emitters exist according to 2 from a defined knit carbon fibers as electrical heating resistor, embedded in thermosetting plastic with or without ceramic doping in the sense of selective transformed infrared. One or both sides of the heating plate are coated with an emitting or absorbing layer of functional ceramic in the sense of a selective transformed infrared. In one-sided coating, the other side carries a reflective and / or insulating layer. Full embedding in plastic allows for secure hermetization against surrounding gases and liquids. Preferred parameters are the following: thickness : 1 to 4 mm, length : 100 to 4,000 mm, width : 10 to 2,000 mm, area : 0.1 to 800 dm ² , Specific performance : 0.1 to 4 kW / m ² , temperature : 4 to 400 ° C, Geometric dimension : two- or three-dimensional, Electrical connection : one or two sided, tension : 3.6 to 400 V.

5. Components and profiles made of composite plastics with fibers of glass, textile and the like.

The thermal processing of such components and profiles is analogous to the above-described points ( 2 to 5 ).

• – Karbon-Glasfaserkunststoff-Funktionalkeramik,
• – Karbon-ROBAX-Funktionalkeramik,
• – Karbon-Papier-Funktionalkeramik.

Sandwich combinations can be exemplary:

• - carbon-fiberglass-functional-ceramic,
• Carbon ROBAX functional ceramics,
• - Carbon-paper-functional-ceramic.

6. Cooling systems

at a planar cooling element is the surface heating element also from a substrate (eg very good thermal conductivity Copper) with a coating of functional ceramic on the active Page. However, this coating is not primary the emission, but the absorption of infrared, that of being cooled Bodies is broadcast. On the opposite Side of the substrate becomes the heat absorbed by absorption discharged to a cooling unit.

cooling chambers are usually with uncoated surfaces Mistake.

Therefore, they work on the basis of convection and / or conduction. A heat transfer by radiation is usually not. By coating the cold or cooling interiors of cooling systems with Functional ceramics, the radiant heat flow is better absorbed and introduced the heat in the cooling circuit.

Example: Cooling bread after baking: bread at 135 ° C Surface temperature acts as an "emitter" during the cooled inner surface of the cooling tunnel (eg plus 20 ° C to minus 20 ° C) acts as an "absorber". In addition, the cooling process can still convection get supported.

7. Drying and Polymerization of Varnish Layers and other coatings on moldings

• – Die Strahler können in der Regel mit den gleichen Werkzeugen wie die Formteile selbst rationell gefertigt werden.
• – Die Strahler können in der Regel auf minimale Abstände, zum Teil bis auf wenige Millimeter, parallel zu zum jeweiligen Abschnitt der Oberfläche an das jeweilige zu beschichtende Formteil herangeführt und somit optimal mit geringstem Energieaufwand thermisch bearbeitet werden.
• – Weitere Vorteile sind unter Textziffer 7 angegeben.

For efficiently drying, heating and / or polymerizing layers of paint, paint, dispersions, powders and the like on two- or three-dimensional surfaces of plastic, metal, wood, textile, ceramic and other materials, carbon heaters are used as selective infrared transformed radiation sources congruent two- or three-dimensional format and in the structure according to 2 used. This results in special advantages, namely:

• - The spotlights can usually be made efficiently with the same tools as the moldings themselves.
• - The emitters can be brought to minimum distances, sometimes up to a few millimeters, parallel to the respective section of the surface of the respective molded part to be coated and thus optimally processed thermally with the lowest energy consumption.
• - Further advantages are under text number 7 specified.

8. Drying of granular goods

grained Goods such as cereals, pasta, wood chips, pet food, fruit and vegetables in this form and more are possible in a layer under the carbon radiators large area spread for the purpose of a rational drying. The carbon radiators become extremely dense with the smallest possible distance brought to the estate.

• – Sehr rationelle Übertragung der Strahlungsleistung auf das Gut;
• – Starke Reduzierung der Bauhöhe beispielsweise eines Mehretagentrockners, da je Etage nur 50 bis 100 mm an Bauhöhe erforderlich sind.
• – Auf Grund der allgemein bekannten hohen Stabilität von Karbonfaserverbundkunststoffen und damit auch von darauf basierenden Karbonstrahlern können große strahlende Flächen bei geringer Strahlerdicke und mit geringen Abständen zueinander ohne stützende oder tragende Elemente ausgebildet werden.
• – Der trocknende und die Feuchte abführende anfangs kalte Luftstrom kann ausreichend schwach und weitestgehend laminar durch den schlanken Raum, der durch den Abstand zwischen Strahler und Gut gebildet ist, geleitet werden.

This provides the advantages described below of drying under normal air pressure and at temperatures above zero degrees Celsius:

• - Very efficient transfer of the radiation power to the estate;
• - Strong reduction in the height, for example, a multi-floor dryer, since each floor only 50 to 100 mm in height are required.
• - Due to the well-known high stability of carbon fiber composites and thus also based on carbon radiators large radiating surfaces can be formed with low radiator thickness and with short distances to each other without supporting or supporting elements.
• - The drying and moisture-removing initially cold air flow can be sufficiently weak and largely laminar through the slender space, which is formed by the distance between radiator and Good, are passed.

The low laminar air flow only leads to one very little cooling of the radiator and is only with one very low energy and plant complexity associated.

9. Drying boards or similar tabular objects

Drying of boards and similarly shaped objects in the sense of 6 , After that, carbon emitters are positioned between the individual layers of the board, at very close intervals of, for example, 50 mm.

The under text number 7 The advantages stated here apply analogously.

10. Drying of goods in small Piece sizes in eddy current

Biological or technical goods, such as granules, grains, sugar, salt or Instand material can be dried particularly efficiently in the eddy current with cold air under selective transformed infrared. A device for this is in 7 specified.

11. Drying of leafy Vegetables, for example salad or spinach

The drying takes place similarly as in 7 shown. By the nozzle bottom, however, is very cold air, expediently in the temperature range between 2 and 4 ° C, pressed. The ensuing spin around of the leaves causes the following advantageous effects:

• - near the spotlights, for example, a temperature at temporary direct contact between 40 and 60 ° C or behind a protective grid between 100 and 200 ° C, there is an efficient drying.
• - Through the constant mutual contact the leaves, the required blurring of the remaining moisture on the surface and thus the requirement for an even more efficient drying
• - Due to the cold air flow, the sheet material constantly cooled down again. The drying process both stationary and continuous feasible.

12. Drying of goods under Vacuum and if necessary in the frozen state

The great strength and stability of the carbon radiator against humidity and pressure in a slim design as well by the radiation in the low temperature range of for example 20 to 200 ° C allows their use in vacuum freeze dryers. So far, the drying takes place exclusively on the Basis of very low pressures of, for example, 0.1 to 1 mbar and by transfer of contact heat from underneath. Through an additional transmission radiant heat in the form of selectively transformed Infrared from above and possibly also from below can be the drying process be significantly accelerated. Energy efficiency and product quality improve significantly. The drying process is also stationary or be carried out in a continuous flow.

13. De-icing of aircraft

In particular carbon fiber composite airfoils and tailings open with the structural design according to 1 can be de-iced by applying an electrical voltage. For this purpose, already satisfy low currents that cause low temperature increases up to about 4 ° C. Similarly, rotor blades of wind power plants can be de-iced.

14. De-icing of runways at airfields

By large-scale introduction of carbon heating plates into or under the concrete surface of a runway Icing prevented or canceled the occurrence of icing become.

15. De-icing of critical traffic areas

By Inserting carbon heating panels in or under the road surface especially at critical intersections, steep garage exits, in critical curves, etc. icing can be prevented or occurred icing be canceled again. applications are also used at stops, platforms and other waiting areas seen.

16. De-icing rails and switches

By laminar application of carbon heating panels to rail tracks, Especially in the switch area, icing can be prevented or occurred icing be canceled again.

So far become electric heating elements with relatively small contact surface (For example, 10 × 1000 mm) and relatively high operating temperatures (For example, 500 ° C) used. The proposed carbon heating plates are more extensive (for example, 100 × 1,000 mm) and have relatively lower operating temperatures (for example 4 to 160 ° C). They are also appropriate isolated to the outside. This will be the energy efficiency and the effectiveness significantly improved.

17. Heating seat surfaces

seats made of carbon fiber composite plastics in the outdoor area, for example on benches, chairs, chairlifts and the like in the cold season with temporary concrete needs be heated. This can be a useful contribution to energy efficiency and health promotion.

18th room heating

Currently, the heating of rooms takes place mainly with convective heat. The energy consumption depends on the thermal insulation, the desired room temperature and other influencing factors, for example in the range of 100 to 200 kWh per m ² × year. The efficient use of carbon emitters reduces the energy requirement to about 25% and significantly improves the well-being of humans, animals and plants.

• – Funktionellen Keramiken,
• – Dimensionierung der erforderlichen Flächen und Temperaturen,
• – Positionierung der Flächen im Raum,
• – Zeitliche Aktivierung bzw. Deaktivierung,
• – Design und Integration in vorhandenen Funktionsflächen wie Türen, Wände, Fußböden, Decken, Möbeln, Bildern und anderen Flächenhaften Gebilden.

Efficient use includes further optimizations according to the concrete needs in terms of

• - functional ceramics,
• - dimensioning of required surfaces and temperatures,
• - positioning of the surfaces in the room,
• - time activation or deactivation,
• - Design and integration in existing functional surfaces such as doors, walls, floors, ceilings, furniture, pictures and other area-like structures.

The Radiator temperatures are between 4 and 2,500 ° C.

From the dimension of the possible increase in energy efficiency this use is among the most attractive.

19. Protection against frost and hypothermia

plants in greenhouses, conservatories u. ä.

20. Support biological processes

Prophylaxis, Accompanying physiotherapy, improvement of well-being, improvement motivation, improvement of growth in animals and plants, fermentation, pasteurization and sterilization.

21. Baking

Next the use of surface heating elements for the oven They can also be used in baking dishes and baking trays. An outside coated baking pan takes about twice as much Radiant heat as an uncoated baking pan in itself and pass these on to the dough.

1

electrical Resistance heating,

2

thermoset Plastic, containing a ceramic doping,

3

Plastic sandwich (Plastic part made with carbon fibers, glass, textile, paper and the like, photovoltaic module, printed circuit board, Hot plate and the like),

4

surface heating,

5

Tool,

5.1

upper Pressing tool,

5.2

lower Pressing tool,

6

Cooling air

7

Infrared radiation,

7.1

spotlight with fan,

8th

Plastic Sandwich,

9

Vacuum release film

10

reflective Layer,

11

emitting or absorbent layer of functional ceramic,

12

Board,

13

spotlight,

14

Dryer wall,

15

dry material,

16

Nozzle plate,

17

Base plate,

V1

Lower Vacuum hood,

V2

Upper Vacuum hood.

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

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Cited patent literature

• - EP 05002949 [0009]
• - DE 10163087 [0010]
• DE 10250798 [0010]

Claims (7)

Surface element for the thermal treatment of materials, goods and objects, characterized in that a flat substrate comprises at least one structured electrically conductive knitted fabric, wherein by applying an electrical voltage, a resistance heating is realized that the substrate with functional ceramics, which are able selectively emitted infrared radiation to be emitted and absorbed, doped and / or coated and that optionally additional layers of functional ceramic in the sense of selectively transformed infrared and / or reflective material can be integrated or applied as a coating. Surface element according to claim 1, characterized in that the functional ceramic is composed as follows: - Cr ₂ O ₃ in a concentration of 5 ... 60% in mullite (Al ₂ O ₃ / SiO ₂ ) and / or - ZrO ₂ in one Concentration of 1 ... 50% in mullite (Al ₂ O ₃ / SiO ₂ ) and / or - Ho ₂ O ₃ in a concentration of 0.1 ... 20% in mullite (Al ₂ O ₃ / SiO ₂ ) and / or Fe ₂ O ₃ in a concentration of 5 to 40% in mullite (Al ₂ O ₃ / SiO ₂ ) and / or LaCrO ₃ in a concentration of 5 to 70% in mullite (Al ₂ O ₃ / SiO ₂ ) and / or - CeO ₂ in a concentration of 0.1 ... 20% in mullite (Al ₂ O ₃ / SiO ₂ ) and / or - Y ₂ O ₃ in a concentration of 0.1 ... 20% in mullite (Al ₂ O ₃ / SiO ₂ ) and / or - YCrO ₃ in a concentration of 0.1 ... 20% in mullite (Al ₂ O ₃ / SiO ₂ ) and / or - Gd ₂ O ₃ in a concentration of 0.1 ... 20% in mullite (Al ₂ O ₃ / SiO ₂ ). Surface element according to claim 1, characterized characterized in that the functional ceramic in a concentration from 0.01 to 20%, preferably 0.5 to 5%, in the substrate of the surface heating element is contained, in a grain size of 20 to 50,000 nm, preferably from 500 to 1,500 nm. Surface element according to claim 1, characterized characterized in that the resistance heating forming electrical Conductive knitted fabric, single or multi-layered in the substrate material embedded as a knitted fabric - carbon fiber or tissue, - metallised fabric, - metal as a fabric, scrim or winding on a substrate or a winding around a flat substrate, - or a thin surface Radiator with warm water, oil or steam, and as substrates - ceramics (Tiles, tiles, high-performance ceramics), - glass ceramic (such as CERAN, ROBAX), - quartz glass, - metal (Steel, aluminum, copper, ...), - wood products (MDF, solid wood, furniture parts, doors ...), - Paper products (Wallpapers, pictures), - textile products, - leather products, - plastics (Basis EP, CFK, GFK, ....), be used. Surface element according to claim 1, characterized in that each facing the material to be heated Side of the surface element with an additional Layer of functional ceramics in the sense of selectively transformed Infrared and the non-heating side, if any, with reflective Material is provided. Surface element according to claim 1, characterized through, the two- or three-dimensional education. A surface element according to claim 1, characterized by, the use as a heating element for the following applications: - heating and polymerization of plastic sandwiches, - drying and polymerizing coatings on substrates, - heating and polymerization of laminations on substrates, - drying of goods, - drying and Mentioning in general, sterilizing, baking, cooking and the like, - de-icing of surfaces, - Space heating.