DE102008026505A1 - Solar module, particularly for roof covering of building roof, and for solar surface of solar system, has photovoltaic active layer for transformation of solar radiation into electrical energy - Google Patents

Abstract

The solar module (2) has a photovoltaic active layer for transformation of solar radiation into electrical energy. The thermal resistance of the solar module is reduced at a lower side of the photovoltaic active layer compared to a cooling medium. A flow-through heat sink, made of aluminum, is provided at the lower side of the photovoltaic active layer for reducing the thermal resistance. Independent claims are included for the following: (1) a solar surface, particularly solar roof surface on a building roof; (2) a solar system; and (3) a composite material.

Description

The The invention relates to a solar module with a solar surface at least two solar modules and a solar system with a solar surface.

It is well known, solar panels or solar panels on building surfaces or the like. It is usually assumed that due to wind flow and the like, the solar modules be sufficiently cooled, so that no thermal damage the solar modules can occur. Depending on the sunshine can however operating temperatures up to 65 ° C, in extreme cases up to 80 ° C occur. Due to the high temperatures will an efficiency of the solar modules significantly reduced.

From the DE 33 144 637 a roof tile with a base body and a cover of polymer concrete is known, wherein between the cover plate and the base body is formed by an air permeable cavity and semiconductor photoelements are cast into the cover of polymer concrete. The cover plate has at the bottom of cooling fins, which protrude into the air-flowed cavity. However, polymer concrete has a very low thermal conductivity (from about 1 to 2 W / (mK)), so that despite the cooling fins, there is only a very poor heat transfer to the air.

By the low thermal conductivity of polymer concrete However, cooling is limited and / or only with one high air flow possible. At low air flow The heat is usually not dissipated, but on the cover plate or stowed on the Dachstein. A high air flow is possible for example by a blower or the like, however, due to the required drive energy for the fan gives an energy gain by cooling the Solar module is used up again, or even more energy applied must become.

It is therefore an object of the invention, a solar module, a solar surface with at least two solar modules and a solar system with one To create solar surface, which have a high efficiency.

These Task is solved by a solar module, in particular Solar module for a roof covering of a building roof, comprising a photovoltaically active layer for transformation from solar radiation to electrical energy, with thermal resistance of the solar module relative to a cooling medium at least at an underside of the photovoltaic active layer extremely reduced is, so the thermal conductivity of one of Cooling medium flowed around at least 200 W / (mK), preferably at least 1000 W / (mK), more preferably at least 2000 W / (mK), in particular at least 5000 W / (mK).

By Lowering the thermal resistance becomes a heat transfer improved from the solar module to a cooling medium and so on an intensive cooling by good dissipation of heat achieved by the photovoltaic active layer. Preferably the thermal resistance lowered so that an efficiency up to 30%. Because adequate cooling also possible with low throughput of the cooling medium is, can on an additional blower in the Most operating modes or the like are dispensed with, so that a generated energy gain as useful energy available stands.

In An embodiment of the invention is photovoltaic at the bottom of the active layer at least one of a cooling medium umströmbarer and / or flow-through heat sink to reduce a thermal resistance provided. The heat sink can be formed integrally with the photovoltaically active layer or be connected to it. In embodiments in which the heat sink with the photovoltaic active Layer is connected, an intermediate layer, between the components, For example, a support layer for the photovoltaic be provided active layer. The heat sink may be suitably structured to be one with the cooling medium to maximize contact area.

In an advantageous development, the photovoltaically active layer, a carrier layer of the photovoltaically active layer and / or the heat sink is / are at least partially made of a composite material with an embedded highly thermally conductive component from the group comprising carbon nanotubes, carbon nanotube fullerene derivatives and carbon nanotube fullerene alloys educated. Such composites are sometimes referred to below as CNT composites (carbon nanotubes - CNT). In the context of the invention, materials which have a thermal conductivity of at least 1000 W / (mK), preferably approximately 6000 W / (mK), are referred to as highly heat-conductive. The thermal conductivity is, for example, up to 15 times higher than the thermal conductivity of copper or a comparable material with about 400 W / (mK). Preferably, materials are used which have a ge rings density. In this case, a density is denoted as low density, which corresponds at most approximately to the density of aluminum, ie a maximum of about 2.7 g / cm.sup.3. Preferably, composites having a density of at most 1.5 to 2 g / cm 3 are used. A corresponding heat sink or a corresponding solar module are reali with low weight sierbar. A low weight is particularly advantageous when using such a solar module for a roofing. Corresponding composites may also have about 60 times higher tensile strength than steel. As a result, they are able to absorb an occurring tensile stress in an edge fiber zone of the carrier layer. A particularly easy-to-build and highly heat-conductive construction is conceivable, for example, if both a carrier layer and a heat sink made of composite material are provided.

In another advantageous embodiment, the photovoltaic active layer, the carrier layer of the photovoltaically active Layer and / or the heat sink at least partially a coating of a composite material with an embedded, highly thermally conductive component from the group comprising carbon nanotubes, carbon nanotube fullerene derivatives and carbon nanotube fullerene alloys. By a coating can provide thermal resistance to a cooling medium be lowered, with a coating partially cheaper is feasible as a design of the heat sink from a corresponding material. It is also possible apply a coating to existing equipment and so the Increase efficiency.

The Coating can advantageously be rolled on, sprayed on, with nozzles applied or the like. In advantageous embodiments a coating is structured, foam-like and / or in one Art tree structure applied, which is preferably a favorable Ratio of thermally conductive sections or Strands to heat-dissipating surface having.

In Another embodiment is the heat sink and / or a coating of a composite comprising grain components, in particular grain components of aluminum, hochwärmeleitfähigem Composite material or the like, formed. Such grain components have a maximum particle size of about 0.1 to about 3 mm in diameter. The grain components are for example aluminum scrap, recycled products, CNT composite material residues, CNT composite scrap, etc. cost-effective through mechanical Crushing producible. The grain components are replaced by a suitable carrier joined together so that a Body is shaped. The composite or grain composite may contain cavities or gas inclusions and is thus available with very low weight.

In a further embodiment, the heat sink at least one aerodynamically optimized structure on. In other words, the heat sink is shaped that it has low flow resistance. Influence a cooling medium along the bottom of the solar module depends on an arrangement of the solar module. In arrangement on a roof is preferably a cooling channel below created the solar modules, which from a gutter to a roof ridge extends linearly. In one embodiment are themselves along the cooling channel extending, in the cooling channel projecting cooling fins provided, in particular cooling rib, which run curved transversely to the channel direction, so as to have a surface to increase.

In Another embodiment of the invention is through the heat sink an umströmbare surface at the bottom the photovoltaic active layer created which at least twice as large, preferably at least three times as large, in particular at least ten times as large as a surface the bottom of the photovoltaic active layer without heat sink. The heat sink is in one embodiment designed that a ratio of free surface to volume considering fluidic Boundary conditions is maximized. In other words, a body becomes created, which has a large free surface has low volume and low flow resistance.

In a development of the invention is the heat sink by means of a highly heat-conductive elastic Materials, in particular by means of a high thermal conductivity Composite nonwoven, preferably a CNT composite nonwoven, attached to the photovoltaic active layer. By an elastic Material can be unevenness between the heat sink and compensate the solar module. At the same time a corresponding effect Material a good heat distribution.

In A further embodiment of the invention, the heat sink at least one channel, which of a cooling medium can be flowed through. The one in the heat sink provided channel can be straight or meandering run, with a meandering course preferably large radii are provided, so that low flow resistance is present. The realized in the heat sink channel may have any cross-section, but are preferably Sewer pipes used without discontinuities on the circumference.

The invention is further achieved by a solar surface, in particular a solar roof surface for a building roof, comprising at least two solar modules, wherein the solar modules are connected in series by means of at least one longitudinal profile, so that below the solar modules in the longitudinal direction of the solar surface extending cooling channel is created , On the bottom of the solar modules heatsink are provided in a Ausgestal, the in protrude the cooling channel and can be flowed through and / or flowed through by a cooling medium. The cooling channel sections of the individual solar modules are thus fluidly connected. This creates a uniform temperature field below the solar surface. The solar roof surface is designed, for example, for a pitched roof or a pent roof, wherein the solar modules arranged in series can be arranged in a scaled fashion. A corresponding longitudinal profile is for example from the EP 1 734 588 A2 known, to which reference is hereby made in full.

In a development of the solar surface is at an outlet the cooling channel arranged a collector element, through the a coolant flow is nacherhitzbar at the outlet. By a reheating of the coolant flow at the outlet can a Flow rate of the cooling medium in the Cooling channel can be increased. By the increase the flow velocity becomes the cooling capacity and thus the efficiency of the photovoltaically active layer increases. An increase in the flow rate is alternatively or additionally by further measures possible. Especially when arranging the solar surface on a building can be used as air cooling medium For example, from a basement area or on a dark side be taken from the building. In addition, by suitable Arrangement of the cooling duct on a building roof a chimney effect can be achieved.

In Another embodiment of the invention is in the longitudinal profile one of the cooling channel thermally and / or electrically isolated Cable channel provided. In the cable channel are, for example, connecting cables, Sensor lines and the like for the photovoltaic led active layer. By the separation of the cable channel From a cooling duct, the connecting cables are light accessible and protected from moisture.

The Task is further solved by a solar system comprising a solar surface, the solar system continues to be a solar thermal system includes and guided through the cooling channel Cooling medium can be fed to the solar thermal system. Solar thermal energy is the transformation of solar radiation into heat designated. An associated plant is called solar thermal system designated. By supplying the heated cooling medium to a solar thermal system, for example to a heat absorbing Aggregate of the solar thermal system, is a further increase in efficiency achievable. This makes it possible to have a highly efficient power generation plant to accomplish. The solar system thus created is a hybrid system with a low temperature zone in which the invention cooled Solar surface is arranged, and a high-temperature zone, in which suitable units of the solar thermal system arranged are. Suitable units are for example a collector and / or an evaporator, the aggregates in so-called split units or split devices separated from others Elements can be arranged. Use of the heated Coolant for the solar thermal system corresponds a so-called recuperation, so that a subsequent solar thermal Process can be started at a higher temperature level can, and therefore on a desired higher Temperature level ends.

Preferably The solar thermal system includes at least one heat-absorbing Aggregate, which at least partially made of a composite material with an embedded high thermal conductivity component from the group comprising carbon nanotubes, carbon nanotube fullerene derivatives and carbon nanotube fullerene alloys is. Such a heat-absorbing aggregate can be particularly be made physically small, with compared to conventional Aggregates an equal efficiency can be achieved. small size Aggregates can be located in a suitable place in a building, for example in the area of a roof ridge, advantageously as split units Attach. The connection of such a solit unit to a main unit and / or other aggregates of the solar thermal system is possible over thin pipes, so that the installation does not have negative effects on the usable living space as a result.

Not Finally, the task is solved by using a Composite with an embedded high thermal conductivity Component from the group comprising carbon nanotubes, Carbon nanotube fullerene derivatives and carbon nanotube fullerene alloys for a solar module and / or a heat-absorbing Aggregate of a solar thermal system. Drawing such composites characterized by high thermal conductivity, high rigidity and low weight. By using the composite materials Are solar systems and / or solar thermal systems in lightweight construction feasible, due to a rapid heat transfer to a cooling medium and / or a heat transfer medium of the solar thermal system it becomes possible to have a fast reacting, to create a controllable energy system for a building. As a rule, a low flow velocity for heat transfer due to high thermal conductivity sufficient. If necessary, can in advantageous embodiments of a hybrid system comprising Solar modules and solar thermal system a flow rate a heat carrier and / or a cooling medium increased in the short term, so increased Intercept energy demand.

Further advantages of the invention will become apparent From the subclaims and from the following description of embodiments of the invention, which are shown schematically in the drawings. For identical or similar components, the same reference numbers are used in the drawings. As part of an embodiment be described or illustrated features may also be used in another embodiment to obtain a further embodiment of the invention.

In show the drawings:

1 : a schematic representation of a section of a solar surface;

2 : an enlargement of a detail II according to 1 ;

3 : an enlargement of a detail of a cut solar module;

4 to 9 : Details, similar 3 alternative embodiments of a solar module;

10a a sectional side view of another embodiment of a solar module;

10b : the solar module according to 10a in an exploded view;

11 FIG. 2 is a sectional side view of an alternative embodiment of a heat sink solar module; FIG.

12 a sectional side view of another embodiment of a solar module;

13 : a schematic representation of a solar surface according to the invention on a building roof;

14 : schematic representation of two embodiments of solar systems on a house roof;

15 : schematic representation of two further embodiments of solar systems on a pent roof;

16 : a schematic representation of another variant of a solar system on a pent roof;

17 : a sectional side view of a vaporizer and

18 a sectioned plan view of the evaporator according to 17 ,

1 schematically shows a section of a solar surface 1 comprising a plurality of solar modules 2 , The solar modules 2 are arranged such that they overlap at the edge regions in a longitudinal direction L. Such an arrangement is also referred to as a scaly arrangement. This is a common arrangement of solar modules 2 on a schematically illustrated substructure 3 a house roof. In the illustrated embodiment, attachment via longitudinal profiles 4 , which are arranged parallel to each other and spaced transversely Q. In the illustrated longitudinal profiles 4 they are U-profiles, wherein in the transverse direction Q adjacent solar modules 2 each on one end of a leg of the U-profiles 4 are hung up. The height of the U-profiles 4 determines a distance of the solar modules 2 from the substructure 3 , Below the solar modules 2 becomes so between the solar modules 2 and the roof construction 3 a cooling channel 5 created for a not shown cooling medium. The solar modules 2 are preferably without cross struts on the roof construction 3 arranged so that the channel sections below the individual solar modules 2 are fluidly connected to one another in the longitudinal direction L.

2 shows an enlargement of a detail II according to 1 , As in 2 recognizable, according to the invention, the longitudinal profile 4 be used as a cable channel, with electrical connection cables 40 for the solar modules such as solar power lines, sensor cables and the like can be performed in the cable channel. Will a liquid cooling medium through the cooling channel 5 guided, so in addition in the cable channel a pipe 41 be provided for the cooling medium.

The solar modules 2 lie on flattened ends of the legs of the longitudinal profile 4 on. A cover 42 serves for fixing the solar modules 2 on the longitudinal profiles 4 and thus on the roof construction 3 , The cover 42 serves for sealing and / or frost protection. In this case, in the illustrated embodiment, at support points and pressure points of the solar modules 2 each elastic plastic profiles 43 intended. A distance A between the lateral edges of the transverse direction Q according to FIG 1 neighboring solar modules 2 is chosen as low as possible in order to achieve good land use. On the other hand, however, the distance A is sufficient to dimension to a simple laying of the lines 40 . 41 to achieve.

According to the invention, a thermal resistance of a bottom side of the solar module 2 , in particular on a photovoltaically active layer 20 of the solar module 2 reduced. In the in 2 illustrated embodiment is for this purpose a heat sink 6 at the bottom of the solar module 2 , more precisely a bottom of the photovoltaic active layer 20 arranged. Various embodiments of the heat sink 6 will be referred to below with reference to 3 to 11b described in detail.

3 schematically shows a detail of a sectional view of a solar module 2 with a heat sink 6 , The heat sink shown 6 For example, is formed of extruded, copper-free aluminum alloy. Aluminum has a thermal conductivity of 221 W / (mK). The thermal conductivity is significantly higher than that of concrete, polymer concrete and / or a glass surface used for the photovoltaically active layer. The heat sink 6 has one on the solar module 2 arranged body 61 with cooling fins 60 on, which are arranged in the longitudinal direction parallel to each other. The cooling fins 60 protrude from the main body 61 starting, leaving a transition between the main body 61 and the cooling fins 60 is rounded. A stretch C between two cooling fins 60 and a material thickness D at the rounded transition points are chosen such that optimum heat conduction within the heat sink 6 possible, with a base area 61 and thus the solar module 2 is cooled as evenly as possible.

4 shows a detail, similar 3 , an alternative embodiment of a solar module 2 with a heat sink 6 , In the embodiment according to 4 is at the distance C between two cooling fins 60 a coating 62 made of a highly heat-conductive composite material. Through the coating 62 becomes a thermal resistance between the heat sink 6 and one the heat sink 6 around flowing, not shown medium further reduced. As a result, in comparison to the embodiment according to 3 be achieved at a reduced flow around the same surface cooling effect. Thus, it is possible the distance between two cooling fins 60 to increase. As a high heat conductive composite material, for example, a composite material with carbon nanotubes (CNT), CNT fullerene derivatives or CNT fullerene alloys is used, which has a thermal conductivity of 2000 to 6000 W / (mK).

5 shows a detail, similar 3 in a further embodiment with a heat sink 6 which is completely related to one 4 produced composite material is produced. Depending on the choice of the composite, this has in addition to the high thermal conductivity and a particularly low density. Thus, composites are conceivable which have a density of at most 1.5 g / cm ³ . Due to the high thermal conductivity of the composite, a distance E between two cooling fins in comparison to the embodiment according to FIG 3 be significantly increased. This will be a heat sink 6 created, which has a particularly low weight, but at the same time is suitable to a good heat dissipation, ie an efficient cooling of the solar module 2 to achieve.

6 and 7 show further embodiments of heat sinks 6 with cooling fins 60 , Here are the cooling fins 60 in the embodiments according to the 6 and 7 non-linear shaped but wavy. As a result, the surface flowed around by a cooling medium can be further increased. By the corrugation of the cooling fins 60 according to 6 and 7 Part of a radiation energy emitted from the region of a zone C is again part of the cooling fin 60 absorbed and fed via convection to the flowing cooling medium.

8th shows a detail, similar 3 , according to another embodiment. In the embodiment according to 8th is a heat sink 6 made of a composite of grain constituents, the grain constituents being produced via a binder, preferably a good heat-conducting binder. A corresponding heat sink 6 can be produced for example by cold pressing. The grain components are made of a highly conductive material, such as aluminum or a composite material described above, wherein the grain components of scrap or the like can be obtained by grinding or similar mechanical crushing.

9 shows a detail, similar 3 , according to another embodiment. In the embodiment according to 9 is the heat sink 6 of several layers 6a . 6b . 6c . 6d built up. Preferably, a composite material with carbon nanotubes (CNT composite material) is used for each layer. The multiple layers make it possible to combine different properties. Between the photovoltaic active layer 20 and the heat sink 6 is an intermediate layer 63 arranged in detail in connection with the 10a . 10b is explained. On top of the photovoltaic active layer 20 is a glass plate 21 arranged. It goes without saying that embodiments are also conceivable which do not have a layer 6d having cooling fins.

By using the composite materials described is the design of the solar module 2 as a sandwich system with maximum tensile and compressive strength in the edge zones and extremely good continuous thermal conductivity feasible. A sandwich system requires a certain thickness in order to ge rigidity and strength of the solar module währleisten. This is according to the embodiment of the invention 9 by using a composite material in the intermediate layer 6b reached. Due to the low density of the composite used, the solar module undergoes no significant increase in weight and no significant reduction in heat transfer capacity despite increasing thickness. In order to avoid weight gain, it is possible in the described composite materials with embedded high thermal conductivity components due to the extremely good thermal conductivity, cavities or lightweight particles to install without reducing the thermal conductivity in a relevant for the application dimensions.

At the in 9 illustrated embodiment is taking advantage of the material properties, in particular the compressive and tensile strength of the composite material used, dispensed on a glass, for example, designed carrier layer for the photovoltaically active layer. In this case, a carbon nanotube composite is used, which has an approximately 60 times higher tensile strength than steel. Such a composite material is able to absorb the tensile stress in an edge fiber zone of a carrier layer (substrate plate), which is usually designed as a glass plate. This makes it possible to reduce the thickness of the glass plate or these - as in 9 presented - to be omitted. At the in 9 illustrated embodiment is the photovoltaically active layer 20 directly adjacent to a print zone of a supporting sandwich panel or layer 6a , The layer 6a takes over the compressive stresses and is at the same time in the immediate vicinity of the substance to be cooled, namely the photovoltaically active layer 20 so that their heat is dissipated very well. These two properties of the composite material, high compressive stress stability and highest thermal conductivity, are for use in connection with a solar module 2 especially advantageous.

10a is a sectional side view of a solar module 2 with a heat sink 6 , where the heat sink 6 without adhesive connection to a bottom of the solar module 2 is appropriate. 10b is an exploded view of the embodiment according to 10a , For attaching the heat sink 6 without adhesive connection is between the solar module 2 and the heat sink 6 an elastic material 63 arranged. The elastic material 63 In one embodiment, it is a nonwoven made of a composite material with the properties described above. The elastic material 63 For example, has a thickness of about 0.5 to about 6 mm, preferably from about 1 to 4 mm. Through the elastic material 63 In particular, due to the high thermal conductivity of the web is a good heat distribution of the solar module 2 to the Kühlkör by 6 possible. Through the elastic material 63 can continue to unevenness between the solar panel 2 and the heat sink 6 be compensated. Due to the elasticity of the elastic material 63 it is further possible static indeterminacy in the range of a schematically indicated attachment of the solar module 2 compensate.

11 is a sectional side view of another embodiment of a solar module according to the invention 2 with a heat sink 6 , In the heat sink 6 are pipe sections 64 embedded, through which a not shown cooling medium is feasible. The heat sink 6 is in this embodiment preferably made of a highly heat conductive composite material, such as a CNT composite material. It can be several cooling tubes 64 in the heat sink 6 be incorporated, in the illustrated embodiment, two parallel cooling tubes 64 provided at a distance H. The heat sink 6 can with the solar panel 2 glued and / or by means of a related 10a . 10b described elastic material 63 with the solar module 2 be connected. When cooling a solar module 2 through in cooling tubes 64 guided cooling medium there is a risk that uneven cooling of the solar module 2 he follows. To counteract this effect, the cooling tubes can 64 on the one hand meandering on an underside of the solar module 2 be arranged. According to the invention, uneven cooling continues through the heat sink 6 prevented, passing through the heat sink 6 the heat first from the solar module 2 slips off and then the tube system 64 is forwarded. In the illustrated embodiment, a cooling effect in the immediate area of the cooling tubes 64 also counteracted, in which a direct contact between the heat sink 6 and the solar module 2 in the field of cooling tubes 64 through recesses 65 is prevented. The heat sink 6 In contrast, the solar module contacts 2 in places, which is a maximum distance L from the cooling tubes 64 exhibit.

12 shows a sectional view of another embodiment of a solar module according to the invention 2 with a heat sink 6 , similar 11 , In contrast to 11 but are cooling tubes 64 provided, which have an oval cross-section, wherein the cooling tubes 64 such on the solar module 2 arranged that a larger cross-sectional extension substantially parallel to the solar module 2 is arranged. As a result, compared to the embodiment according to 11 a larger area of the solar module 2 in the field of cooling tubes 64 arranged. The heat sink 6 is in one embodiment made of a composite material having a thermoplastic phase during manufacture. The tubes 64 can during the thermoplastic Phase in the heat sink 6 be inserted.

The in the figures illustrated solar modules with heat sinks are merely exemplary embodiments. Of course Other embodiments are conceivable. In particular It is also possible to apply a coating directly on a photovoltaic apply active layer and / or the photovoltaic active Layer with a high thermal conductivity too shape.

13 schematically shows a solar surface according to the invention 1 with solar modules 2 which on a building roof 3 is appropriate. It is between a substructure 30 of the building roof 3 and the solar modules 2 a cooling channel 5 created. As the cooling medium is used in the illustrated embodiment, air. Cold air is for this purpose at a channel inlet 50 introduced in a eaves area. An outlet 51 of the cooling channel 5 is in a ridge 51 arranged. This makes use of the fact that cold air rises. In the illustrated embodiment is in the region of the outlet channel 51 a first collector 70 provided by which one in the cooling channel 5 heated cooling medium is additionally heated. The first collector 70 may also be at least partially made of a highly heat conductive material to achieve heating of the cooling medium without loss. Through the first collector 70 a chimney effect, by which a flow drive of the cooling medium is achieved due to a temperature difference between air inlet and air outlet, further enhanced. The supplied air can for example be taken from the environment and at the outlet 51 be returned to the environment. The outlet 51 may have a constriction or constriction to generate a negative pressure and increase a flow velocity through a Bernoulli effect. Further, it is conceivable the inlet 50 as shown in the eaves area with a pipe system 8th to connect, with the cooling channel 5 Air from a basement area 81 or the like, that is supplied from a cool area of the building. In the illustrated embodiment, the channel system includes 8th continue a fan 82 For example, which is attached to a shadow-side house wall or the like, for drawing air from this point and the inlet 50 supply.

14 shows two embodiments of a solar system according to the invention on a house roof. The solar system includes one solar panel each 1 with solar modules 2 , which with a roof construction 3 a channel 5 form. The solar system also includes a solar thermal system 9 with a split unit 90 , The split unit 90 is as a heat absorbing aggregate with a fan 91 designed. The split unit 90 Depending on the structural conditions, according to a first embodiment, it is arranged substantially vertically, for example on a middle wall of a roof dwelling, and / or according to a second embodiment substantially parallel to a second roof surface 31 arranged. In both embodiments, the heated cooling medium of the split unit 90 fed, the split unit 90 one fan each 91 includes. In the second embodiment, the split unit 90 preferably attached in the region of a Isolati onsquerschnitts the building roof, in which case a roof insulation of the building roof 3 can be used advantageously for a sound insulation. By using the fan 91 that will be from the cooling channel 5 escaping cooling medium further accelerated, thereby flowing through the cooling channel 5 further improved. The split units 90 are with more elements 92 the solar thermal system 9 such as heat pumps, cooling units, storage etc. through thin tubes 93 connected, with the pipes 93 For example, have a diameter of about 3 cm. Such pipes thus require only a small usable space. Depending on the design of a medium of the solar thermal system 9 and / or one for the cooling of the solar modules 2 used cooling medium, the cooling medium directly through the pipes 93 the solar thermal system 9 be fed or heat by means of a heat exchanger to the medium of the solar thermal system 9 submit. For a heat exchanger used for this purpose, it is also conceivable to use highly heat-conductive materials such as corresponding composite materials.

15 shows a further embodiment of a solar system with solar surface 1 and solar thermal system 9 on a building roof designed as a pent roof 3 with a substantially vertical outer wall 32 , In this case, according to a first embodiment, a ridge collector 90 to increase the flow rate at an outlet 51 of the cooling channel 5 intended. At the first collector 90 is still a fan 91 of the solar thermal system 9 arranged, through which the flow rate is additionally increased. The first collector 90 is designed such that one of the incident side of the light rays facing side consists of a glass plate, which is arranged for example on a blackened copper body or the like, which transmits the heat of the incident light rays to the cooling medium flow. Preferably, a highly heat-conductive composite can also be used here. A corresponding ridge collector 90 preferably has a high aesthetic similarity with a solar module on the outside 2 on. The ventilator 91 and / or the first collector 90 is / are via lines 93 with the main units 92 of the solar thermal system 9 connected. According to a second in 15 illustrated embodiment is the split unit 90a below the solar surface 1 arranged so that the entire roof area as a solar area 1 is usable.

16 shows a further embodiment of a solar system with solar modules 2 , which are cooled by a liquid cooling medium. In the embodiment according to 15 is below the solar modules 2 a cooling channel 5 formed, wherein the cooling channel 5 for example, in the heat sinks according to the 11 and 12 is formed. In this case, a cooling medium can be used, which is usually used as a heat transfer medium in solar collectors of a solar thermal system. In the embodiment according to 15 is a collector 90 mounted near a roof ridge, through which the cooling medium is heated by means of incident light rays. In addition, the cooling medium is due to waste heat of the solar modules 2 heated. The thus heated cooling medium is through pipes 93 a memory 92 fed. It is conceivable, the channels of the solar modules 2 and the collector 20 to make such that the cooling medium in series, in parallel or optionally by the solar modules 2 and / or the solar collector 60 to be led. In other words, the cooling medium for the cooling of the solar modules 2 and for the solar collector 60 used in series or parallel operation or in combination of these two operating modes.

As fans 82 . 91 Preferably speed-controlled fans are used. The fans 82 . 91 Preferably operate at low speed so as to keep vortex losses, a noise level and / or energy consumption low. In particular, in a house interior such fans are advantageously used. Due to the rapid heat transfer is a moderate flow rate, which can be generated by such fans in normal operation, as a rule sufficient. Depending on the attachment of the system, a chimney effect is preferably achieved, which is already sufficient in many cases to produce a moving cooling medium flow. The fans can therefore be switched off temporarily. For this purpose, the fans are designed so that they have only a low flow resistance even when switched off. If, due to high outside temperatures, no wind or similar boundary conditions, the flow rate generated by the chimney effect is not sufficient to achieve a desired cooling, the fans can be switched on as needed. For rapid heating and / or fast energy gain, the speed of the fans can be increased in the short term. Thanks to the high response speed achieved by using highly heat-conductive materials, a fast-reacting, controllable system can be created.

As evaporator or heat exchanger of the heat pump or the refrigerator of the solar thermal system 9 are preferably used by the respective main unit split units. The split unit is in advantageous embodiments with a in 17 or 18 schematically illustrated, divided evaporator 100 educated. Show 17 and 18 a sectional side view of an evaporator 100 or a sectional plan view of an evaporator 100 , The evaporator 100 includes an inner part 101 and an outdoor part 102 , The inner part 101 has molded lead structures 103 on, which favor the inner flow and phase change. The illustrated lead structures 103 are just examples. The inner part 101 is via an illustrated access line 104 a cold heat transfer medium supplied. One in the inner part 101 vaporized heat transfer medium is removed via a discharge line, not shown. The wall of the inner part 101 is designed with sufficient strength that it withstands pressure through the heat transfer medium or a heat-releasing medium. In particular, in liquid media must also be ensured sufficient corrosion resistance.

According to the invention, the inner part 101 preferably formed of a composite material having an embedded high thermal conductive component selected from the group comprising carbon nanotubes, carbon nanotube fullerene derivatives and carbon nanotube fullerene alloys. It is the one for the inner part 101 used composite material preferably further stabilized by temperature-resistant binder, so that the inner part 101 weldable and / or glued. The thus created inner part 101 can be used as a core or molding when applying a surrounding outer heat sink or outer part 102 to serve in a mold. The outer part 102 preferably has cooling fins 105 and is in one embodiment of a coarse-grained composite material with good thermal conductivity properties.

A corresponding evaporator 100 or heat exchanger can be made particularly small construction. This is particularly advantageous when the evaporator 100 is used in the flow field of a cooling medium for the solar modules. An orientation of the evaporator 100 is arbitrary depending on space conditions.

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list The documents listed by the applicant have been automated generated and is solely for better information recorded by the reader. The list is not part of the German Patent or utility model application. The DPMA takes over no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited patent literature

• - DE 33144637 [0003]
• - EP 1734588 A2 [0017]

Claims (15)

Solar module, in particular solar module for a roof covering a building roof, comprising a photovoltaically active layer for the transformation of solar radiation into electrical energy, characterized in that a thermal resistance of the solar module ( 2 ) relative to a cooling medium at least on a lower side of the photovoltaically active layer ( 20 ), so that the thermal conductivity of a region surrounded by cooling medium is at least 200 W / (mK), preferably at least 1000 W / (mK), more preferably at least 2000 W / (mK), in particular at least 5000 W / (mK). Solar module according to claim 1, characterized in that on the underside of the photovoltaically active layer ( 20 ) at least one of a cooling medium umströmbarer and / or flow-through heat sink ( 6 ) is provided for reducing a thermal resistance. Solar module according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the photovoltaically active layer ( 20 ), a carrier layer of the photovoltaically active layer ( 20 ) and / or the heat sink ( 6 ) is at least partially formed of a composite having an embedded high thermal conductive component selected from the group consisting of carbon nanotubes, carbon nanotube fullerene derivatives, and carbon nanotube fullerene alloys. Solar module according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the photovoltaically active layer ( 20 ), the carrier layer of the photovoltaically active ( 20 ) and / or the heat sink ( 6 ) at least partially has a coating of a composite material with an embedded, highly thermally conductive component from the group comprising carbon nanotubes, carbon nanotube fullerene derivatives and carbon nanotube fullerene alloys. Solar module according to one of claims 2 to 4, characterized in that the heat sink ( 6 ) and / or the coating is formed from a composite comprising grain components, in particular grain components made of aluminum, highly heat-conductive composite material or the like. Solar module according to one of claims 2 to 5, characterized in that the heat sink ( 6 ) has a flow-optimized structure. Solar module according to one of claims 2 to 6, characterized in that through the heat sink ( 6 ) an umströmbare surface at the bottom of the photovoltaically active layer is formed which is at least twice as large, preferably at least three times as large, in particular at least ten times as large as a surface of the underside of the photovoltaically active layer without heat sink ( 6 ). Solar module according to one of claims 2 to 7, characterized in that the heat sink ( 6 ) by means of a highly heat-conductive elastic material, in particular by means of a highly heat-conductive composite nonwoven fabric on the photovoltaically active layer ( 20 ) is arranged. Solar module according to one of claims 2 to 8, characterized in that the heat sink ( 6 ) at least one channel ( 64 ), which can be flowed through by a cooling medium. Solar surface, in particular solar roof surface for a building roof, comprising at least two solar modules ( 2 ) according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the solar modules ( 2 ) by means of at least one longitudinal profile ( 4 ) are connected in series, so that below the solar modules ( 2 ) in the longitudinal direction (L) of the solar surface ( 1 ) extending cooling channel ( 5 ) is created. Solar surface according to claim 10, characterized in that at an outlet ( 51 ) of the cooling channel ( 5 ) a collector element ( 70 . 90 ) is arranged, through which a flow of coolant at the outlet ( 51 ) is reheatable. Solar surface according to claim 10 or 11, characterized in that in the longitudinal profile ( 4 ) one of the cooling channel ( 5 ) is provided thermally and / or electrically insulated cable channel. Solar system comprising a solar surface according to claim 10, 11 or 12, characterized in that the solar system further comprises a solar thermal system ( 9 ), wherein a through the cooling channel ( 5 ) guided cooling medium the solar thermal system ( 9 ) can be fed. Solar installation according to claim 13, characterized in that the solar thermal system ( 9 ) comprises at least one heat-absorbing aggregate which is at least partially formed of a composite material having an embedded high thermal conductive component selected from the group consisting of carbon nanotubes, carbon nanotube fullerene derivatives and carbon nanotube fullerene alloys. Use of a composite material with an embedded highly thermally conductive component from the group comprising carbon nanotubes, carbon nanotube fullerene derivatives and Carbon nanotube fullerene alloys for a solar module ( 2 ) and / or a heat-absorbing aggregate ( 90 ) of a solar thermal system ( 9 ).