DE102007063450A1 - Sunlight converting device i.e. carport, for e.g. house, has attachment unit provided to attach solar collector approximately horizontal or lightly inclined to horizontal and with distance to property surface - Google Patents

Abstract

The device has a solar collector (30) i.e. accessible, heat insulating layer, arranged adjacent to a building i.e. house (31). An attachment unit is provided to attach the solar collector approximately horizontal or lightly inclined to the horizontal and with a distance of 1.50 meter to a property surface (33). The solar collector is provided with a transparent cover layer having an anti-reflective layer. The anti-reflective layer is formed such that the anti-reflective layer develops a maximum reflection-preventing effect with an inclined angle of incidence.

Description

State of the art

facilities for the conversion of solar radiation into useful energy are from the literature known.

commonly these are used in solar thermal systems (which convert light into heat) or photovoltaic systems (which emit light into electrical voltage divided). To use these facilities in structures is also already a variety of mounting devices known. In general, the mounting devices are used to the Conversion devices to mount on the roof, either above the Roof skin, or as part of the roof of a pitched roof or at an angle to the roof area in the case of a flat roof or a roof with a very low roof pitch.

For old buildings Often none of these systems come into question. For one thing is mostly the installation effort is unreasonably high, since the heating itself often located in the basement while The conversion equipment will be mounted on the roof and therefore Lines must be laid which are over several floors and through several ceilings. On the other hand is often the orientation of the roof or the design the roof with roof cutouts or dormer windows not suitable for Assembly of solar panels.

Advantages of the invention

The Invention has the advantage that it opens up a possibility a property independently to build solar panels from the orientation of the existing building. Furthermore it is possible, to minimize the economic installation costs restrict, because the connection lines are already at ground level. Thus, the installation work to connect the device according to the invention with the on-site heating essentially inexpensive and easy to execute Earthworks. Especially for Existing real estate, for so far a solar retrofit impossible This results in a quick and easy way to save energy.

It is particularly advantageous, the device as a preassembled module form, as this further reduces installation costs become.

It is also particularly advantageous to form the module so that it in addition can be used as a carport, as it thus achieves further economic benefits become.

It is also particularly advantageous, the transparent cover to provide the collector module with an antireflection coating, thus increasing the efficiency of the collector.

It is particularly advantageous, the anti-reflection layer for oblique light to optimize, as this increases the efficiency of the collector at the same time pleasing Increase appearance leaves.

It is about it In addition, particularly advantageous to perform the roof surface of the device as a large collector, there the efficiency is further increased by avoiding thermal bridges and the solar thermal active area is enlarged.

It is particularly advantageous, the inclination of the roof surface variable because efficiency can be further increased and overheating in the Summer can be avoided.

It is also particularly advantageous to integrate into the roof skin a heat storage, there is a thermosiphon system without pumps and without further energy consumption is feasible.

It is about it In addition, particularly advantageous, the bottom under the carport as a long-term storage to use the heat surplus from the summer to use without line losses for the transitional period.

Illustrations and description

1 shows a device according to the invention, which has a dual function as carport.

The interior has four posts 1 of which two shorter posts 22 . 23 and two longer posts 24 . 25 and a slightly inclined surface 28 on. The area 28 has a side panel 3 on, which should not be higher than about 40 cm for optical reasons. Arranged behind the side panel. and therefore shown in phantom is a solar panel 30 , A brace 4 Although not relevant to the invention, but helpful to the side paneling 3 not to get too thick, especially if the posts are far apart.

With the help of the posts 22 - 25 becomes the collector 30 over a plot surface 33 next to a house 31 assembled. In the basement 32 of the House 31 is the heating 40 , She is with the solar collector 30 the device connected via two wires, the supply line 5 and the derivative 6 ,

In one of the posts are the derivative 5 and in a second post the supply line 6 to the solar collector 30 guided.

Alternatively, both lines can be performed in the same post, but then a circulation pump must be provided. From the foot of the posts become the derivative 5 and the supply line 6 below the plot surface 33 to the cellar 41 guided.

These Double use as a carport is not alone relevant to the invention be. Also used as a pergola, tool shed, bicycle storage, Canopy or patio roofing is quite conceivable. In all cases, the invention is beside the main building assembled.

this and the following embodiments It is common that the device according to the invention makes it possible to the optimal orientation of the solar panels or the photovoltaic Elements independent from the building to be heated. For this purpose, the device is a combination of solar energy recovery device and legs (including Lines) formed.

Also is common to the embodiments, that the device is designed as a module, which is either pre-assembled is delivered or delivered divided into a few submodules and at the construction site with little expenditure of time in a complete module is mounted. This module is also called solar module in the following.

Around To obtain a self-supporting module, roof cladding and solar panel preferably designed as an integrated self-supporting module. Preferably steel, wood or plastic are used here, depending on whether static, physical-thermal or aesthetic considerations take precedence granted becomes. Also mixed constructions are conceivable, provided that the goal conducive is a dimensionally stable, easy to transport, integrated, prefabricated module too receive.

Should the device is not delivered as a completely prefabricated module are, so it is particularly advantageous, the legs and the roof panel solar panels unit (the roof submodule) each to be executed as completely prefabricated submodules, and to make the connections between roof submodule and legs as a fit, which then in addition after assembly can be fixed, for example by screwing, welding, wedging.

It is production engineering and economically particularly advantageous, perform the roof sub-module as an integrated collector roof module, regardless of whether the roof surface as integrated large collector or with pre-assembled individual collectors.

at an execution with the largest possible collector There are additional technical and environmental benefits. The housing a collector is on the one hand a cold bridge, on the other hand the absorber surface is on the edge somewhat less efficient (inter alia, the Lambertian is due to the larger emission area Law no longer). These fringes are reduced when the Roof from a large collector-roof module consists. Furthermore is the solar usable area bigger, though the thick (well insulated) side walls between two individual solar panels are eliminated. Nevertheless like in the individual case arguments for an execution Talk to individual collectors.

Around the structural and economic requirements in a construction area To cope, the legs have a dual function. On the one hand They are used for mounting and correct alignment of the items they carry solar equipment, on the other hand, they served the Attaching the solar panels in a sufficiently high height to the Uses of the underlying space and the underlying Floor space to enable and to minimize the shading of the collector surface.

In the sum reaches the device according to the invention thus far a hitherto not achieved combination of energetically meaningful geographical orientation the solar technical system, extremely short construction times, and minimal Installation effort in the integration of the device according to the invention in the existing heating system, as well as a responsible Handling of resources, also and especially with the resource "building land".

The last property is realized by the connection of the inventive device usually located only a few meters from a cellar edge. In addition, the overcoming this few meters usually only with earthworks or paving connected, which are much less complicated to realize than the laying of cables in the living area of an existing building. The further laying of the connection lines in the basement designed As a rule, therefore, less expensive, since the lines ceiling-hanging and executed on plaster can be.

2 shows the solar collector 30 out 1 in detail. A generally flat cuboid housing 10 is with a transparent surface 11 Mistake. The inner surfaces of the housing 10 are except the transparent area 11 with a thermal insulation layer 12 Mistake. Inside the case 10 is an absorber plate 14 arranged, the heat-conducting with an absorber line 13 connected is. Embodiments are also known in which the absorber plate is designed as an absorber line. Inside the absorber pipe is a heat transfer medium 16 , usually a liquid with advantageous chemical and physical properties (non-corrosive, good flowability, suitable heat capacity, not freezing or evaporating throughout the operating temperature range). Passing through the housing and connected to the absorber line are a supply line 5 and a derivative 6 arranged so that the heat transport medium 16 can be directed from the outside into the absorber line and out of the absorber line.

Based on 2 The operation of the illustrated solar collector will be explained: a ray of light 17 falls on the transparent surface 11 , The solar collector is arranged so that between the sun's rays 17 and the surface normal 18 to the transparent surface 11 a lowest possible angle of incidence 19 is achieved.

For this purpose, the solar collector must be arranged at an angle. In this case, the collector is advantageously arranged so that the supply line 5 lower than the derivative 6 ,

A ray of light 17 meets the transparent surface 11 , this transparent surface intersperses 11 and heats the absorber plate 14 , which in turn is the heat transport medium 16 heated.

• a.) möglichst viel Licht auf die Absorberplatte trifft,
• b.) möglichst viel Licht in Wärme umgewandelt wird
• c.) wenig Wärme das Gehäuse verlässt (außer durch das Wärmetransportmedium)

It is the goal of building a collector system that

• a.) hits as much light as possible on the absorber plate,
• b.) as much light as possible is converted into heat
• c.) little heat leaves the housing (except through the heat transport medium)

This is achieved by several measures:
c.) is usually achieved by running the solar panel so that all the surfaces 10 of the solar collector are designed thermally insulating.

To comply with b.), The absorber should be designed in the spectral range of visible light as a black body, the transparent surface 11 should transmit sunlight as undisturbed as possible.

Furthermore, the solar collector is always aligned so that it is arranged approximately perpendicular to the direction of the incident light. The key figure for this is the angle of incidence 19 which is usually not between the transparent area 11 and the sunbeam 17 is measured, but between the so-called surface normal 18 (on the transparent surface 11 vertical) and the sunbeam 17 , Vertical light incidence means zero angle of incidence.

In In practice, the minimization of the angle of incidence is limited possible because the sun has an azimuth angle of about 180 degrees in the course of one Day passes and over the course of a year an elevation angle bandwidth of 47 Degrees passes over. In Stuttgart, for example (latitude just over 48.5 Degrees) the maximum elevation of the sun is about 72 degrees). Nevertheless, the Collector according to the prior art arranged obliquely to the over all relevant day and seasons averaged angle of incidence as possible close to zero. In the literature, a roof angle of about 45 degrees (measured between the horizontal and the roof skin).

Out 1 it becomes clear that in the device disclosed here a non-zero angle of incidence 19 occurs

This reduces the specific yield (yield per area) of the solar collector by a multiplicative factor equal to the cosine of the angle of incidence 19 , the so-called geometric factor. It is justified by the fact that the available energy of the sunlight is proportional to the energy flux density of the sunlight (constant) multiplied by the size of the absorber area multiplied by the cosinus of the angle of incidence. However, the efficiency of the collector (yield based on the incident energy flux density) does not decrease.

In addition to The specific yield also reduces the efficiency somewhat the reflectance of the glass material, usually for the transparent area is used, something increases, though the angle of incidence is clearly different from 0 degrees. With vertical Incidence of light gives glass a reflectance of about 4%, reduced by applying suitable antireflection coatings can be.

These Antireflection layers (consisting of one or more thin transparent Layers are essentially based on adjusting the "effective refractive indices" on the other hand on a destructive interference (and thus the disappearance) of the reflected light beam.

These Hang effects sensitive to the thickness of the antireflective layer and the wavelength of the from incident light beam. Because light that falls obliquely, a longer way traverses through the antireflective layer, are the usual used antireflection layers for obliquely incident light not suitable.

Therefore becomes the glass surface advantageously with a for non-perpendicular light incidence optimized anti-reflective coating provided which the loss of efficiency due to non-perpendicular light avoids.

It is particularly advantageous, the anti-reflection layer at the angle of light incidence in autumn and spring because there is an excess of sunlight in the summer anyway and opposite one in the year Comparison low demand for solar heat prevails.

By the described optimization measures is the device according to the invention technically as profitable as it is slanted in practice Collectors, economically even more profitable.

3 shows an extended embodiment of the invention. The solar collector is again designed as a carport roof. An application of an antireflection layer, which is optimized for non-perpendicular incidence of light, was omitted in this example. Rather, at least two posts 22 . 23 the four posts 22 . 23 . 24 . 25 extendable and / or retractable trained. At night and in winter, designed as a solar panel roof is designed as a flat roof or slightly inclined pent roof. During the day and in summer, the south-facing posts 22 . 23 retracted, whereby the roof of the carports receives a roof pitch optimized for the use of solar radiation.

On the left side is the carport with the usual carport roof pitch, on the right side are the four posts 22 . 23 . 24 . 25 adjusted so that the angle of incidence 19 between surface normals 18 and the sunbeam 17 is reduced.

It is clearly visible that by the appropriate extension or shortening the post increases the efficiency of the solar panels.

The Combination becomes particularly meaningful, as a rule then a carport is needed if there is no solar radiation, or vice versa. In a few different cases is a carport desirable, to shadow the vehicle. In these cases, a reduced efficiency even desirable for the collector overheating of the collector. Furthermore is can be avoided by the variable roof pitch that the mounting bracket of the collector only for a daytime and only for a season is optimized.

The lowering and re-raising of the roof can of course be done manually. Particularly suitable, but not exclusively intended for this purpose are worm gears and racks, or hydraulically retractable and extendable posts 22 . 23 in connection with a pump.

It is also conceivable, the lowering and renewed uplift of the roof machine to perform. In addition to conventional motor methods using an electric Drive offers here a solar driven method. So Pneumatic lifting is provided by means of solar heated gas or also an electric drive powered by a solar cell. Since the boost is usually required at the end of a sunny day solar power is always available, without the need for elaborate storage techniques would be necessary.

at the machine performed Raising are natural provided sensory controlled movements, wherein a occupancy sensor Determines whether the carport is occupied, and thus the roof not to Increased efficiency is lowerable. The sensor can be used as a light barrier between two diagonally opposite ones Post or as a sensor mounted in the roof (as well as in Parking assistance is used) can be listed. Also other arrangements are conceivable and intended.

Instead of or additionally to the lowering of the southern Post is also an elevation of the northern posts in otherwise provided in the same way. local structural conditions and possibly also legal conditions can be the decisive factor here.

As well can the eastern ones or western posts slightly lowered or raised to to optimize the solar yield throughout the day as the orientation of the collector roof module to the time-varying azimuth angle of Sun can be adjusted.

To effect the roof pitch, it is alternatively provided for shortening or lengthening the posts, each 2 posts to a portal 80 connect to. The two parallel portals are connected by an axis with respect to the collector roof module 77 is rotatably mounted.

In 4 this version is shown. Between the posts 70 . 71 is not a höhenver adjustable connecting strut 75 as the axis of rotation for the collector roof module 77 is executed. Between the posts 72 . 73 is a height-adjustable connecting strut 76 as a support for the collector roof module 77 is executed.

This design results in a technically advantageous solution to the problem that results in a change in the angle of inclination of the collector roof module 77 the connection point between posts (or cross strut) and collector roof module 77 changes. For this reason, roller bearings are provided on the crossbar. Also other ways of connecting between the posts 72 . 73 and the collector roof module 77 are conceivable, for example, by short at the post 72 . 73 attached pegs in a groove or guide rail on the side wall or the lower side surface of the collector roof module 77 intervention. In any case, measures to reduce friction, such as roller bearings or linear bearings are voteilhaft and usually provided.

Since the posts are connected in pairs to portals, the cross struts need not necessarily be located exactly between the posts. Rather, it is advantageous, in particular the arrangement of the transverse strut 76 , which is designed as an axle, to be chosen so that the lowest possible leverage is necessary to the collector roof module 77 to turn. This can be achieved by arranging the axis of rotation near the center of gravity.

Often, a maximum height of the structure is predetermined, so that the arrangement of the rotation axis in the vicinity of the center of gravity is made impossible. In this case, it is advantageous that, similar to garage doors, a return spring 79 is provided, which reduces the force necessary to change the inclination angle.

In addition, revealed attractive aesthetic design options especially for the portals.

All Inlets and outlets can advantageously be led back inside the post.

An even simpler adjustment results when the conventional design of the carport with 4 posts is omitted and the device according to 5 or 6 is performed.

It is possible and provided, 2 posts with a rotation axis 75 to connect or to provide with opposite pivot bearings. In the former case, the dimensional accuracy of the entire module is easier to achieve, in the second case, some material is saved.

The adjustment of the inclination can now be particularly elegant with ropes 200. carried out at the collector roof module 77 are arranged so that a torque with respect to the axis of rotation 75 of the collector roof module 77 can be applied. Preferably, but not necessarily, the ropes are at the corners of the collector roof module 77 appropriate. The ropes are used in addition to the adjustment of the inclination also for stiffening the structure and for absorbing wind forces. The pulling mechanism of the ropes 200. can be above the collector roof module 77 or below the collector roof module 77 to be ordered.

An extended embodiment of the invention is in 7 shown.

Again, a collector roof module 77 on 4 posts 70 . 71 . 72 . 73 arranged, of which in this example the posts 70 . 71 should be adjustable in height. In the collector roof module 77 is next to the collector surface a heat storage 90 arranged. The heated by the collector heat transfer medium 16 passes through a first line 91 to the heat storage 90 and from there via a second line 92 back to the collector. Over the lines 5 and 6 can be heated heat transport medium 16 or from the heat transport medium 16 heated water to be led to the house and after heat extraction back to the store 90 is advantageous because the collector roof module 77 anyway must be thermally insulated and thus synergies arise. In addition, the installation and planning effort (thermo-technical and structural engineering) further reduced because optimized and matched components are interconnected. Particularly advantageous is the arrangement of the memory at the highest point, since thus a so-called thermosiphon can be realized, and thus no pump is required for the transport from the collector to the heat storage. This saves construction costs and costs as well as energy during operation. Thermosiphon systems are therefore an indispensable part of solar technology in some countries.

Particularly practical, although not inseparable, is the combination of heat accumulator and collector with the inclination adjustment of the collector roof module 77 because the memory shifts the center of gravity of the collector roof module 77 causes and thus allows the axis of rotation away from the central axis of the collector roof module 77 to position and still obtain a positionable without great effort collector roof module.

8th shows an expanded embodiment of the invention. The solar collector is again designed as a carport roof. Anstel each of one supply line 5 and derivative 6 which are connected to the heater (not shown in the figure) lead the supply and discharge lines each to a triple switching valve 41 , With this triple switching valve 41 is ever a heating connection line 43 . 44 and a ground probe 45 . 46 connected. The low-lying ends of the geothermal probes are connected to each other so that they represent a water cycle. The three positions of the triple changeover valve open up 3 operating modes:
In priority operation, the heat transport medium from the heater via the heating connection line 43 . 44 and the supply line 5 to the solar collector 30 led, heated there. The heated heat transfer medium is then discharged 6 and the heating connection line 43 . 44 the heating (and in this the hot water tank) supplied. As soon as the hot water storage tank has been filled up, a water pipe between the supply line is being used in supply mode with the help of the triple changeover valve 5 and the ground probe 46 and between the derivative 6 and the ground probe 45 produced. The heat generated in the solar panel is now used to heat the under the carport lying plot.

The heat stored in the ground can then be used in winter, when the solar panels do not provide heat, to heat the house. This is done in recovery mode using the triple switching valves 41 a connection made the heating connection lines with the ground probes. Depending on the design of the Erdspeichers (as high or low temperature storage), the heat can be used directly to the heater or it is still a heat pump zwischenzuschalten.

In an advantageous modification of 8th It makes sense, the two probes 45 . 46 in the same hole. In this case, the supply lines in the same post were to lead.

to increase The storage power of this earth reservoir is what makes it suitable, the flooring of the carports heat insulating perform, for example, by incorporation of expanded clay in the concrete. Other embodiments the thermal insulation are known in the art.

These Combination is particularly advantageous as it has several boundary conditions makes use of. The relatively large one area The carport generates a surplus of heat in the summer, which a large store (like him a Erdspeicher represents), but the Erdspeicher is as well as solar collector plants in existing plants and under existing buildings - if any - only with very high installation costs feasible.

Instead of of the soil storage it is also possible to install an insulated hot water tank under the device, in particular when the device according to the invention as a carport is used, since in this case made anyway a passable surface must become. It is therefore particularly advantageous to the excavation for Making this drivable surface something deeper and to bring in the memory in this pit. Even more advantageous It is, the memory including the drivable surface also as a prefabricated module (called memory module in the following) form, which in the edge zones of the drivable surface or anchoring points integrated in other suitable places for installation of the solar module. For making this module can Knowledge from the production of prefabricated garages or prefabricated cellars resorted become.

Another embodiment is shown in the drawing 9. Here is a solar module 100 , which is not shown in detail here, on a memory module 200. assembled. However, the storage module does not have a contiguous hot water storage in its interior, but it has several, well insulated against each other water storage chambers 201 . 202 . 203 . 204 on. This division advantageously combines several desirable effects. By properly charging with solar heated water, it is possible to realize higher temperature storage and low temperature storage zones. The reasons for doing so are manifold and known to those skilled in the art. Even today, so-called stratified storage tanks are already being used for solar heating systems. The division of different water storage chambers further refines the principle of the stratified storage system. In addition, however, it is also provided, at least one chamber 204 of the chambers 201 . 202 . 203 . 204 for the collection of rainwater, especially rainwater from the roof of the solar module, use. Thus, the users of the device can 5 realize additional economic and environmental benefits by not only heating with solar energy but also irrigating its gardens with rainwater. The advantage of this device can be further increased by the fact that the storage chamber 204 for storing rainwater with both the solar panels and the rainwater pipes by suitable water leading elements such as pipes or hoses and valves is connected. This makes it possible for the storage chamber 204 to store rainwater in summer and to store solar heated water in autumn. Since in summer the water demand for garden irrigation is higher, whereas in autumn the need for hot water is higher, several Vor advance parts of the invention together and create additional benefits for the user of the invention.

10 shows a solar module 100 with posts 22 . 23 . 24 . 25 in detail. Here are several installation niches 91 . 92 to recognize. So is on a narrow side of the roof skin, a first installation niche 91 visible, which expands over the entire narrow side, in which a roller shutter 93 can be accommodated. Near the posts 22 is a second installation niche 92 arranged. In this installation niche, if necessary, a water pump 94 be attached and / or regulatory elements 95 for the water cycle and / or facilities 96 for measuring the solar yield. It is particularly advantageous at each post such an installation niche 99 provide, so that the roof element is better adapted to the respective mounting position. The design of the solar module with these installation niches 91 . 92 . 99 makes it possible on the one hand to offer a product line, it also enables the user to retrofit his solar module at a later date with various accessory or comfort components. The fact that devices for measuring the solar yield are provided in the solar module or in the immediate vicinity of the solar module, the solar module is also suitable in a special way for the production of hot water in the context of a so-called operator model.

Claims (8)

Apparatus for converting sunlight into useful energy for a property and at least one building, comprising a solar collector, characterized in that the solar collector is arranged adjacent to the building and means are provided to move the solar collector approximately horizontally or slightly inclined to the horizontal (e.g. Degrees) and at a distance of at least 1.50 m from the property surface. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that that the system is designed as a carport. Device according to one of claims 1-2, characterized that the solar collector provided with a transparent cover layer is that the transparent cover layer with an antireflection coating is provided, and that the antireflection layer is formed that their maximum reflection-preventing effect at a oblique angle of incidence unfolded. Device according to one of claims 1-3, characterized that the solar collector provided with a transparent cover layer is that the transparent cover layer with an antireflection coating is provided, and that the antireflection layer is formed that their maximum reflection-preventing effect at a oblique angle of incidence unfolded. Device according to one of claims 1-4, characterized that means are provided for inclining the solar collector change. Device according to one of claims 1-5, characterized that means are provided, the hot water produced either on the one hand the building for heating purposes or as process water supply or otherwise the To warm up under the plant lying or with the plant lying property. Device according to claim 6, characterized in that that part of the plot lying under the solar collector as passable, heat-insulating Layer is formed. Solar collector with a transparent cover layer, characterized in that the transparent cover layer with a Antireflection layer is provided, and that the antireflective layer so is designed to give their maximum reflection-preventing effect at a weird Incidence angle unfolded.