DE102007054323A1 - Photovoltaic device for use in solar system, has optical structure reflecting radiation deflected from hologram structure, and another optical structure reflecting solar radiation reflected from former optical structure - Google Patents

Abstract

The device has an optical structure (80) i.e. semi-permeable mirror, provided on a side turned towards the sun of a light conversion layer (120) for reflecting solar radiation (70) deflected from a hologram structure (40). Another optical structure (90) reflects the solar radiation. Another hologram structure (130) deflects a solar radiation (125) towards a solar cell (60). A third optical structure (140) reflects the radiation deflected from the hologram structure (130), and a fourth optical structure (150) reflects the solar radiation reflected from the third optical structure (140). The solar cell is selected from a thin film solar cell, silicon cell i.e. extensive silicon cell and multi-layer cell. An independent claim is also included for a method for manufacturing a photovoltaic device.

Description

The invention relates to a photovoltaic device according to the preamble of the appended claim 1, as disclosed in the document DE 30 05 914 A1 ,

in the Area of use of solar energy has been known for about 50 years, that solar energy is converted by silicon into electricity can. In today's standard solar cells, mostly mono- or multicrystalline silicon. These solar cells are transforming However, only a partial spectrum of the incident radiation in electrical Electricity around.

Often are also thin-film solar cells to convert the incident Solar radiation used in electricity.

A very high efficiency with over 39% conversion of solar radiation has been using high performance PV cells from higher value semiconductor interconnects in recent years (Preferably from III-IV semiconductor material) such. B. Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) achieved.

Such Semiconductor-based cells can be used in steps Tandem or triple cells are built and thus use a wider light frequency spectrum.

However, the large-scale production of such cells is very expensive. As from the document DE 103 20 663 A1 is known, the approach was chosen, the incident sunlight on a very small area of z. B. to concentrate below a few hundred square millimeters. Only for this small area then a solar cell is necessary. The use of materials is then significantly reduced.

There only the connection of several photovoltaic devices an economic Use of this allows such photovoltaic devices preferably combined to form a solar system.

at Such a photovoltaic device in which the incident Sun radiation in each case by means of an optical element on the very small area of at least one associated solar cell is concentrated, is added that a derivative of the resulting Heat is required at the solar cell.

Usually Of the solar cells used, only part of the incident can be used Radiation can be converted into electricity. The convertible solar radiation has wave frequencies ν whose photon energy hν over the energy gap of the semiconductor materials used in the solar cells lies. This part of the radiation that can be used by the solar cells is more likely short wave.

Of the Part of the incident solar radiation, not from the solar cells is converted into electricity, is rather longwave and turns out to be Heat noticeable.

To protect the solar cells from external influences, these are such. In the document DE 103 20 663 A1 installed in a closed housing. Here, the solar cells are applied inside a transparent housing made up of several glass panes on the inside of a lower glass pane. The incident solar radiation is concentrated by means of optical elements in each case to 100 to 1000 times on the small surface of an associated solar cell. As is known, the efficiency of solar cells decreases with an increase in their temperature. At such high concentrations of incident solar radiation, the working temperature of the solar cells is greatly increased because of the large amounts of heat that arise during their operation or because of incident on the solar cells or in their environment incident heat radiation. The method of mounting the solar cells leads to problems in the necessary heat dissipation to the outside, because despite existing heat sink around each solar cell, the resulting heat trapped in the closed housing.

It is known, heat that arises during operation of the solar cells or caused by the incident heat radiation, to the environment directly by means of air cooling or over Dissipate heat sink.

The Previously commonly used lens systems have a heavy weight, resulting in a difficult tracking and to increased production costs because of the large used amounts of material leads.

Furthermore, it is such. B. from the document DE 10 2004 031 784 A1 It is known to redirect the part of the incident solar radiation that can be used by the solar cells used by means of at least one holographic arcuate deflection device to an associated solar cell. The holographic deflection apparatus has a plurality of hologram layers, which preferably include diffraction holograms having different spectral diffraction efficiencies. Each diffraction hologram deflects the incident solar radiation in a specific spectral range and for different angles of incidence, that is, for different positions of the sun, in the same way to an associated solar cell and leaves incident Son radiation in another spectral range or angle of incidence. Several hologram layers are superimposed and chosen so that a constant diffraction efficiency results over the entire spectral range of the incident solar radiation. The deflection device is suitable for converting or concentrating diffuse incident light into parallel light. Here, the incident heat radiation and the part of the incident solar radiation which can not be converted into electricity by the solar cell are allowed to pass, thus avoiding overheating of the solar cells. Here, however, a very complex construction of a precisely curved bender is necessary. The hologram layers must be superimposed very precisely on each other and then bent in order to achieve a concentration of usable, incident solar radiation in each case to the associated solar cell can. Such bent deflecting devices are also very space-intensive.

From the document DE 19705046 A1 It is known to apply to the plastic cover of a solar cell in a calculator, a light converter layer of polymethyl methacrylate and / or polycarbonate of thickness 20 microns. The incoming solar radiation is shifted into the red after transmission through this layer in its spectral range. Although here is a part of the UV light, which is not converted by the solar cell into electricity, pushed to a longer wavelength spectral range, which is convertible from the solar cell into electricity. In this part of the spectrum, the solar cell works more efficiently. But also solar radiation is shifted in an edge region of the usable spectrum of the solar cell to longer wavelengths, which impinges on the solar cell and make themselves felt in their environment as heat. This leads to a heating of the solar cell and thus to a reduction in their efficiency.

adversely is in known solar modules or photovoltaic devices, that the solar cells used in each case very precisely on the optical axis and / or in the focus of the associated concentrating optical element must be positioned, which the incident solar radiation on the smaller area this one is concentrated. The usually used Lens systems have a high weight, resulting in a difficult Follow-up to the sun and increased production costs because of the large amounts of material used.

An optical element with at least one laterally mounted solar cell is from the document DE 30 05 914 A1 known. In this case, the photovoltaic device disclosed therein has at least one photovoltaic device which has an optical element with an optically active layer in the manner of a hologram and a plurality of solar cells. In this case, the optically active layer collects the incident solar radiation for different partial spectra in different light guides, which are respectively suitable for the partial spectrum of the collected solar radiation. The optical fibers conduct the respective solar radiation deflected thereon in a given partial spectrum of a solar cell which is matched to the partial spectrum and is attached laterally to the corresponding optical fiber. The plurality of optical fibers are arranged directly under the optically active layer next to each other. In this case, the construction cost of such a structure is large, since a coordinated solar cell and a matched to the sub-spectrum light guide are necessary for each sub-spectrum.

By the attachment of the at least one solar cell on a side surface an associated first optical element is the structure of such Photovoltaic device over the structure of a photovoltaic device with optical elements that reflect the incident solar radiation respectively on on its side facing away from the sun solar cells bundle, relieved. In such a PV device eliminates the design effort, with the usual Systems by the required, very accurate positioning the solar cells on the optical axis and / or in the focus of the associated optical element occurs.

Of the Invention is based on the object, a photovoltaic device according to the preamble of the attached Claim 1, to be built so that an increase in efficiency such a photovoltaic device according to the invention is achieved and overheating of the used therein Solar cells is avoided. The invention also relates to a production process for and a solar system with inventive Photovoltaic devices.

to Solution of the problem proposes the invention a Photovoltaic device having the features mentioned in claim 1 in front. Advantageous embodiments can be found in the dependent Claims.

The photovoltaic device according to the invention for the direct conversion of solar energy into electrical energy has at least one first optical element and at least one solar cell assigned to the first optical element and laterally attached thereto, wherein the first optical element comprises at least one first hologram structure which under one determined angle particular vertical incident solar radiation in at least one of the solar cell in the current convertible spectral range in the direction of at least one solar cell deflects and sonsti ge solar radiation passes.

At the side of the first hologram structure facing away from the sun at least one light converter layer for shifting the on it incident solar radiation in a rather long-wave of the Solar cell does not turn into electricity convertible spectral range to shorter Wavelengths available.

So may be the solar radiation transmitted by the first hologram structure reach the light converter layer and from this to a partial spectrum be moved, which is convertible from the solar cell into electricity.

On the sun-facing side of the light converter layer are one first optical structure for reflecting the first hologram structure redirected solar radiation and a second optical structure for Reflect the reflected at the first optical structure Solar radiation available.

By the first and the second optical structures will be those of the first hologram structure deflected solar radiation repeatedly in succession reflected and so the solar cell fed.

On the side of the light converter layer facing away from the sun are one second hologram structure using the light converter layer Solar radiation shifted to shorter wavelengths deflected in the direction of the solar cell and other solar radiation transmits, a third optical structure for reflecting the deflected by the second hologram structure and a radiation fourth optical structure for reflecting the third optical Structure reflected solar radiation available.

By the second hologram structure thus becomes that of the light converter layer shifted solar radiation to one of the solar cell in electricity convertible spectral range in the direction of the solar cell. The solar radiation deflected by the second hologram structure is then repeated by reflection on the third and on the fourth optical structures of the solar cell fed.

generally known Solar cells convert the partial spectrum of the solar radiation incident on them, the they can not convert them into electrical energy, into heat around. Due to the presence of the light converter layer only solar radiation in the spectrum that can be converted by the solar cell into electrical energy on this deflects and so an unwanted increase the temperature of the solar cells avoided. As the efficiency of a Solar cell with an increase in the temperature of these drops, Thus, a high efficiency of the solar cell over a longer Receive time. It will also be a bigger part the incident solar radiation is deflected to the solar cell and thereby increasing the efficiency of this.

Preferably For example, light converter layers that use infrared light can be used convert to visible or ultraviolet light. It can be z. B. a two-quantum absorption process in a suitable fluorescent Dye can be used.

At the lateral surface of the first optical element can also several solar cells may be present. So can too small area solar cells in the inventive PV device can be used.

Around a more efficient utilization of the incident solar radiation too are preferably more of the first optical elements each with at least one laterally mounted solar cell in the photovoltaic device according to the invention available.

Preferably has the photovoltaic device according to the invention a plurality of the first optical elements, of which a plurality first optical elements incident at a first angle Solar radiation in the specific spectrum on the at least one redirect laterally mounted solar cell and other solar radiation let through several first optical elements under a second Angle incident solar radiation in the specific spectrum deflect the at least one laterally mounted solar cell, u. s. This allows the photovoltaic device according to the invention work without tracking, because at different positions in the sun the incident solar radiation from a part of the photovoltaic device existing first optical elements each on the at least an associated solar cell is deflected.

Also, the photovoltaic device according to the invention can preferably work efficiently if it has a plurality of the first optical elements, of which a plurality of first optical elements deflect the incident at a first angle solar radiation in a first spectral range on the at least one laterally mounted solar cell, a plurality of first optical elements redirect the solar radiation incident at the first angle in a second spectral range to the laterally mounted solar cells, etc. The respective solar cells associated with the first optical elements each convert the son deflected thereon by the associated first element radiation in the corresponding sub-spectrum of the incident solar radiation entirely into electrical energy. Thus, with such a photovoltaic device according to the invention, a wider spectrum of the incident solar radiation composed of several partial spectra can be converted into electrical energy.

at a preferred embodiment of the invention, has the photovoltaic device according to the invention at least one first optical element with the at least one associated solar cell, wherein the first optical element the solar radiation incident on him vertically in a given Spectral range deflected to the solar cell. This is the first one optical element on the properties of its associated solar cell tuned and directs the solar cell only solar radiation in one Spectral range to the solar cell around, from the solar cell throughout can be converted into electricity. Such a invention Photovoltaic device is always tracked to the sun and delivers high performance throughout the day the solar cells in it throughout the day, as long as the sun shines, be irradiated.

Preferably the at least one first optical element has at least one laterally mounted solar cell with a smaller area as the light entrance surface of the associated first optical Element on. This is the incident at a certain angle Radiation in a certain spectral range on the surface the at least one solar cell by means of the associated first optical Elements concentrated and so the effectively utilized area the solar cell significantly reduced, resulting in a reduction of the Cost of the solar cells used leads.

at the photovoltaic device according to the invention are preferably more of the first optical first elements in particular all first optical elements on a common light entrance body and / or light exit body formed. Thereby can Such inventive first optical elements easier to handle and design. That leads to a reduction in the manufacturing cost of such a photovoltaic device according to the invention.

at the photovoltaic device according to the invention the at least one first optical element is preferably flat educated. Thus, the at least one first optical element be constructed very accurately. Also, the construction requires a level first optical element less effort than the construction a first element, the curved and / or lens-like surfaces having.

Preferably is on the sun-facing side of the light converter layer a first hologram structure exists, which under a certain Angle in particular vertically incident solar radiation in the from the solar cell to electricity convertible spectrum under one or more acute or obtuse angle with respect to the Sun-facing side of the light converter layer vertical straight line deflects and other solar radiation passes.

The first hologram structure preferably has a plurality of superposed, in particular flat hologram layers that under a certain Angle in particular vertically incident solar radiation in at least a subregion of the spectral region of the incident solar radiation, from the at least one solar cell into electrical energy convertible is opposite, each at an acute or obtuse angle on the side of the light converter layer facing the sun divert vertical straight line and let other solar radiation through. Such a realization of the first hologram structure is particularly simple and cost-effective and allows a very accurate Deflection of the at least one associated solar cell in electrical energy convertible partial spectrum of incident radiation, because for each such sub-spectrum one exactly on this coordinated hologram layer is provided.

Preferably For example, the first optical comprises a third hologram structure. Especially when the first optical structure is on the sun-facing side the first hologram structure is present, it has a semipermeable Mirror up. The first optical structure reflects that of the first Hologram structure on it diverted solar radiation and leaves other solar radiation through. With the help of the first optical structure For example, the solar radiation deflected by the first hologram structure may be thereon be fed by reflection of the solar cell.

The third hologram structure may have a plurality of preferably flat, superposed one above the other Have hologram layers, that of the first hologram structure Redirected radiation in a portion of the solar cell each reflecting into current convertible spectral range and let other solar radiation through. Such a third hologram structure is particularly easy and inexpensive to implement and allows a very accurate reflection of the first Hologram structure on them diverted solar radiation in a partial spectrum of the spectrum convertible to electrical energy, the incident Radiation, because for each such sub-spectrum one exactly is provided on this matched hologram layer.

Especially includes the on the sun-facing side of the light converter layer existing second optical structure, a fourth hologram structure. Preferably, the second optical structure is remote from the sun Side of the third optical structure exists and has a semipermeable Mirror up.

The fourth hologram structure can be superimposed several more evenly above each other Hologram layers, each of the first optical Structure deflected radiation on them in a portion of the reflect the solar cell into electricity convertible spectral range and let other solar radiation through. Such a fourth hologram structure is particularly easy and inexpensive to implement and allows a very accurate reflection of the first optical structure on them reflected solar radiation in each sub-spectrum of the spectrum convertible to electrical energy, the incident Radiation, because for each such sub-spectrum one exactly is provided on this coordinated hologram layer.

With Help of the second optical structure are those of the first optical Structure redirected solar radiation by means of reflection of the Solar cell supplied and other radiation transmitted.

Preferably The second hologram structure directs those through the light converter layer Solar radiation shifted to shorter wavelengths in a spectral range that can be converted into electricity by the solar cell at one or more acute or obtuse angles opposite on the side of the light converter layer facing away from the sun vertical straight and leaves other solar radiation by. Sun can also be incident solar radiation in another Spectral range than that of the solar cell directly into electrical Current convertible spectral range of the solar cell can be fed and be converted by this into electrical energy. The light output a solar cell thus worked is thereby increased.

The second hologram structure may be superimposed on several more particularly planar one above the other Hologrammschichten that through the Lichtumwandlerschicht Solar radiation shifted to shorter wavelengths in a partial spectrum which can be converted into electricity by the solar cell each at an acute or obtuse angle opposite on the side of the light converter layer facing away from the sun divert vertical straight line and let other solar radiation through. Such a second hologram structure is particularly simple and inexpensive feasible and allows a very accurate deflection the solar radiation displaced by the light conversion layer in one of the solar cell into electrical energy convertible Part spectrum, because for each such sub-spectrum one exactly is provided on this coordinated hologram layer.

Especially is the third optical structure on the side facing away from the sun the second hologram structure is present and has a mirror which redirected them from the second hologram structure Solar radiation reflects. It will be easy and inexpensive by the second hologram structure deflected solar radiation by means of Reflection of the solar cell fed.

The third optical structure has in particular a fifth Hologram structure on that of the second hologram structure Reflected on them reflected solar radiation and other solar radiation pass through. It will be easy and inexpensive the solar radiation deflected by the second hologram structure be fed by reflection of the solar cell.

The Fifth hologram structure may be superimposed several more evenly above each other Hologram layers, each of the second hologram structure Solar radiation redirected to them in one of the solar cell in Reflect electricity convertible part spectrum respectively and others Let solar radiation through. Such a fifth hologram structure is particularly easy and inexpensive to implement and can be a very accurate reflection of the second hologram structure Solar radiation directed at them in each of the solar cell in allow electrical energy convertible part spectrum because for each such sub-spectrum one exactly on this coordinated hologram layer is provided.

The fourth optical structure may be on the sun-facing side the third optical structure and then a semipermeable Mirror having the mirror of the third optical structure she reflected deflected solar radiation. It can be simple and easy inexpensive reflected from the third optical structure Solar radiation are supplied by reflection of the solar cell.

Especially the fourth optical structure comprises a sixth hologram structure, the solar radiation deflected by the third optical structure on them in the spectral range that can be converted by the solar cell into electrical current reflects and transmits other solar radiation.

The sixth hologram structure may comprise a plurality of, in particular, planar hologram layers superimposed on one another, which blocks the suns deflected onto them by the third optical structure Reflect radiation in a partial spectrum that can be converted into electricity by the solar cell and let other solar radiation through. Such a sixth hologram structure is particularly simple and inexpensive to implement and can allow a very accurate reflection of the redirected from the third optical structure solar radiation in each of the solar cell into electrical energy partial spectrum, as provided for each such sub-spectrum exactly on this matched hologram is.

Preferably is the at least one solar cell in direct contact with attached to a side surface of the first optical element and In particular, has an area that the side Surface of the first optical element is equal.

at a particular embodiment of the invention is between the at least one solar cell and the lateral surface of the first optical element, a second optical element is present the solar radiation impinging on this lateral surface in the spectral range that can be converted by the solar cell into electrical energy deflected in such a way that these evenly on the surface of the solar cell impinges. So can a local overload the solar cell can be avoided.

Especially the second optical element has at least one seventh hologram structure on, the on the solar cell facing side surface the first optical element incident solar radiation in the Way deflects that these in the form of a parallel, even Beam bundles perpendicular to the surface of the solar cell incident. An even distribution of the solar cell impinging radiation on its surface is particularly advantageous, since so the values of the at least one Solar cell accurately generated electricity and predictable are so easy to handle.

The Seventh hologram structure may have a plurality of particularly planar hologram layers each having a plurality of hologram areas with different Hologram textures include those of the first optical Element on them deflected solar radiation respectively on the surface distribute the solar cell. So can from the first optical element redirected solar radiation simple, accurate and cost-effective deflected to the surface of the solar cell and distributed arbitrarily become.

at a particular embodiment of the invention, the At least one solar cell has an area larger as the side surface facing the first optical Elements is. In this case, the existing second optical element has a Streulininsencharakter. By reducing the concentration of the at least a solar cell diverted solar radiation can overload the at least one solar cell can be avoided and their performance accurately to be controlled. By avoiding the overload the at least one solar cell is the life of this increased.

at a particular embodiment of the invention, the At least one solar cell has an area smaller as the lateral surface of the first optical element is. The existing second optical element has a collective lens character. By concentrating on the at least one solar cell Incident solar radiation can be another concentration of on the solar cell unguided solar radiation can be achieved and so solar cells can be used with a smaller area become. The costs of the solar cells used are reduced.

at a particular embodiment of the invention at least one of the hologram structures of the first and / or the second optical element, a diffraction grating with a given Period and depth. The diffraction gratings of such at least one hologram structure are very accurate and cost feasible. So can be a very accurate deflection of the incident on this solar radiation be achieved.

at a particular embodiment of the invention comprises Light converter layer a grid of conductive material for dissipating heat especially those in their environment Heat generated by solar radiation impinging on them in the outdoor environment, which is dimensioned so that no Diffraction of the incident solar radiation occurs. So can Overheating of the light converter layer can be avoided.

Preferably ends the grid in a side facing away from the solar cell side surface of the first optical element adjacent plate of conductive Material for further deriving the in the light converter layer heat generated in the outside environment. Especially The plate can be up to or further at the plane with the light converter layer in particular up to the sun-facing surface of the extend first optical element. So is overheating the first optical element and consequently the solar cell avoided.

One Embodiment of the invention will be described below the accompanying drawings explained. It shows:

1 a schematic sectional view of a photovoltaic device according to the invention ge according to one embodiment, with at least one first optical element with light converter layer and a second optical element.

In 1 is an embodiment of the photovoltaic device according to the invention 10 shown.

Every photovoltaic device 10 has at least one first optical element 20 on, on its side facing the sun a light entrance body 30 attached. The first optical element 20 can on its side facing away from the sun on a support 31 be arranged. The first optical element 20 has on its side facing the sun a first hologram structure 40 on that the incident solar radiation 50 in one of at least one laterally mounted solar cell 60 into electricity convertible spectrum 70 at an acute angle (0, <90 °) with respect to the sun-facing side of the first optical element 20 vertical straight line deflected.

The from the first hologram structure 40 redirected solar radiation 70 meets a first optical structure, here in the form of a third hologram structure 80 on and is reflected by this. The third hologram structure 80 reflected solar radiation 70 meets one on the side of the first hologram structure facing away from the sun 40 attached second optical structure, here in the form of a semitransparent mirror 90 , on and is reflected by this. After repeated reflection on the third hologram structure 80 and the half-transparent mirror 90 reaches that of the first hologram structure 40 redirected solar radiation 70 in the from the solar cell 60 in current convertible spectrum on at least one laterally mounted second optical element, here in the form of a seventh hologram structure 100 between a side surface of the first optical element 20 and the smaller area solar cell 60 is attached and placed on it by the first optical element 20 redirected sun radiation 70 by means of the existing hologram areas 101 . 102 with different hologram textures on the solar cell 60 concentrated and other solar radiation lets through.

Between the second optical element and the Solarelle 60 can be a transparent layer 105 be present, which is the transition between the second optical element and the solar cell 60 forms and the attachment of the solar cell to the first optical element 20 serves. To the solar cell 60 and the transparent layer 105 can a serving 106 be present, the solar cell 60 to protect against pollution and environmental influences.

The part of the incident solar radiation in one of the solar cell 60 not into electricity convertible spectrum 110 that of the first hologram structure 40 is passed through, passes the semi-transparent mirror 90 , is through the third hologram structure 80 passed through, reaches the light converter layer 120 and from this to shorter wavelengths, so to one of the solar cell 60 into electricity convertible spectrum 125 postponed. The radiation displaced by the light converter layer 125 reaches a second on the side facing away from the sun of the light converter layer 120 existing second hologram structure 130 , and from this at an acute angle to the side facing away from the sun of the light converter layer 120 vertical straight line deflected.

The second hologram structure 130 redirected solar radiation 125 is then at a on the side facing away from the sun of the second hologram structure 130 existing third optical structure, here in the form of a mirror 140 , reflects and then reaches a fourth, on the side facing the sun of the mirror 140 existing optical structure, here in the form of a semipermeable mirror 150 ,

The one from the mirror 140 reflected sunbeams are then redone at the semitransparent mirror 150 reflected and then reach, after repeated reflection at the mirrors 140 . 150 the seventh hologram structure 100 from which she then points to the solar cell 60 be redirected. The mirror 150 must be semipermeable as it is that of the second hologram structure 130 redirected solar radiation 125 must pass.

The light converter layer 120 has a grid in its interior 160 of conductive material for dissipating the solar radiation impinging on it 110 resulting heat in the external environment, which is particularly dimensioned so that no diffraction of the incident solar radiation 110 entry. The grid 160 ends in a on the side surface without solar cell 60 of the first optical element 20 adjacent wall 170 of conductive material for further dissipating the heat generated in the light converter layer to the outside environment. The plate 170 extends here to the sun remote from the surface of the first optical element 20 or to the carrier 31 ,

10

Photovoltaic device

20

first optical element

30

Light-entry

31

carrier

40

first hologram structure

50

incident solar radiation

60

solar cell

70

solar radiation in the spectrum that can be converted into electricity by the solar cell

80

first optical structure (third hologram structure)

90

second optical structure (semi-transparent mirror)

100

second optical element (seventh hologram structure)

101 102

hologram areas the seventh hologram structure with different hologram texture

105

transparent layer

106

protective wrapping

110

solar radiation in the spectrum that can not be converted into electricity by the solar cell

120

Lichtumwandlerschicht

125

from the light converter layer to shorter wavelengths shifted solar radiation

130

second hologram structure

140

third optical structure (mirror)

150

fourth optical structure (semi-transparent mirror)

160

grid

170

plate

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list The documents listed by the applicant have been automated generated and is solely for better information recorded by the reader. The list is not part of the German Patent or utility model application. The DPMA takes over no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited patent literature

• - DE 3005914 A1 [0001, 0017]
• - DE 10320663 A1 [0006, 0011]
• DE 102004031784 A1 [0014]
• - DE 19705046 A1 [0015]

Claims (51)

Photovoltaic device for the direct conversion of solar energy into electrical energy with at least one first optical element and at least one solar cell assigned to the first optical element and laterally attached thereto, wherein the first optical element has at least one first hologram structure, which is perpendicular at a certain angle, in particular deflecting incident solar radiation in the part spectrum which can be converted into electricity by the solar cell in the direction of the solar cell and transmits other radiation, characterized in that on the side of the first hologram structure facing away from the sun ( 40 ) at least one light converter layer ( 120 ) for displacing the solar radiation impinging thereon in one of the solar cell ( 60 ) not into power convertible spectrum ( 110 ) is present at shorter wavelengths, that on the side facing the sun of the light converter layer ( 120 ) a first optical ( 80 ) Structure for reflecting the first hologram structure ( 40 ) deflected solar radiation ( 70 ) and a second optical structure ( 90 ) for reflecting that of the at the first optical structure ( 80 ) reflected solar radiation ( 70 ) are present, that on the side facing away from the sun of the light converter layer ( 120 ) a second hologram structure ( 130 ), which by means of the light converter layer ( 120 ) solar radiation shifted to shorter wavelengths ( 125 ) in the direction of the solar cell ( 60 ) and other solar radiation passes, a third optical structure ( 140 ) for reflecting the from the second hologram structure ( 130 ) redirected radiation ( 125 ) and a fourth optical structure ( 150 ) for reflecting the third optical structure ( 140 ) reflected solar radiation ( 125 ) available. Photovoltaic device according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises a plurality of solar cells ( 60 ) and a plurality of first optical elements ( 20 ), wherein the first optical elements each have a light entry surface which is substantially larger than the surface of a solar cell ( 60 ) and each solar cell ( 60 ) at least one of the first optical elements ( 20 ) or each first optical element ( 20 ) several in each case the same spectral range of the incident solar radiation ( 70 . 125 ) using solar cells ( 60 ) assigned. Photovoltaic device according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the plurality of optical first elements ( 20 ) at a common light entrance body ( 30 ) and / or carrier ( 31 ) are formed. Photovoltaic device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the first optical element ( 20 ) is formed. Photovoltaic device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the first hologram structure ( 40 ) which at a certain angle, in particular vertically incident solar radiation ( 50 ) in the spectral range that can be converted into electricity by the solar cell ( 70 ) at one or more acute angles with respect to the side of the light converter layer facing the sun ( 120 ) vertical straight line and other solar radiation ( 110 ). Photovoltaic device according to claim 5, characterized in that the first hologram structure ( 40 ) has a plurality of, in particular, planar hologram layers superimposed on one another, which irradiate the solar radiation incident at a certain angle, in particular vertically, in a partial region of the spectral range which can be converted into current by the solar cell (US Pat. 70 ) each at an acute angle with respect to the sun-facing side of the first optical element ( 20 ) deflect vertical straight line and other solar radiation ( 110 ). Photovoltaic device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the first optical structure ( 80 ) between the first hologram structure ( 40 ) and the light converter layer ( 120 ) and a third hologram structure ( 80 ) corresponding to those of the first hologram structure ( 40 ) redirected solar radiation ( 70 ) and other solar radiation ( 110 ). Photovoltaic device according to claim 7, characterized in that the third hologram structure ( 80 ) has a plurality of, in particular, planar superimposed hologram layers, which correspond to those of the first hologram structure ( 40 ) deflected radiation in a partial region of the solar cell can be converted into current spectral range ( 70 ) and let other solar radiation through. Photovoltaic device according to claim 7 or 8, characterized in that the second optical structure ( 90 ) on the sun-facing side of the third hologram structure ( 80 ) and a semitransparent mirror ( 90 ) corresponding to that of the first optical structure ( 80 ) reflected solar radiation ( 70 ) reflected. Photovoltaic device according to claim 7 or 8, characterized in that the second op table structure ( 90 ) on the sun-facing side of the third hologram structure ( 80 ) and a fourth hologram structure ( 90 ) formed by the first optical structure ( 80 ) reflected solar radiation in the convertible from the solar cell into electricity area ( 70 ) and other solar radiation ( 110 ). Photovoltaic device according to claim 10, characterized in that the fourth hologram structure ( 90 ) has a plurality of, in particular, planar superimposed hologram layers, which correspond to those of the first optical structure ( 80 ) reflected radiation in a portion of the convertible from the solar cell into current spectral range ( 70 ) and let other solar radiation through. Photovoltaic device according to one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the first hologram structure ( 40 ), which at a certain angle in particular perpendicular incident solar radiation in the convertible from the solar cell into electricity spectral range ( 70 ) at one or more obtuse angles to the side of the light converter layer facing the sun ( 120 ) deflects vertical straight line and lets other solar radiation through. Photovoltaic device according to claim 12, characterized in that the first hologram structure ( 40 ) has a plurality of, in particular, planar hologram layers superimposed on one another, which irradiate the solar radiation incident at a certain angle, in particular vertically, in a partial region of the spectral range which can be converted into current by the solar cell (US Pat. 70 ) at an obtuse angle relative to the side of the light converter layer facing the sun ( 120 ) deflect vertical straight line and other solar radiation ( 110 ). Photovoltaic device according to one of claims 1 to 4 and 11 to 13, characterized in that the first optical structure ( 80 ) on the sun-facing side of the first hologram structure ( 40 ) and the light converter layer ( 120 ) and a semitransparent mirror ( 80 ) corresponding to that of the first hologram structure ( 40 ) reflected on him deflected solar radiation. Photovoltaic device according to one of claims 1 to 4 and 12 to 14, characterized in that the first optical structure ( 80 ) on the sun-facing side of the first hologram structure ( 40 ) and a third hologram structure ( 80 ) corresponding to those of the first hologram structure ( 40 ) redirected solar radiation ( 70 ) and other solar radiation ( 110 ). Photovoltaic device according to claim 15, characterized in that the third hologram structure ( 80 ) has a plurality of, in particular, planar superimposed hologram layers, which correspond to those of the first hologram structure ( 40 ) deflected radiation in a partial region of the solar cell can be converted into current spectral range ( 70 ) and let other solar radiation through. Photovoltaic device according to one of Claims 14 to 16, characterized in that the second optical structure ( 90 ) on the side of the first optical structure facing away from the sun ( 80 ) and a fourth hologram structure ( 90 ) formed by the first optical structure ( 80 ) reflected solar radiation in the convertible from the solar cell into electricity area ( 70 ) and transmits other solar radiation. Photovoltaic device according to claim 17, characterized in that the fourth hologram structure ( 90 ) has a plurality of, in particular, planar superimposed hologram layers, which correspond to those of the first optical structure ( 80 ) reflected radiation in a portion of the convertible from the solar cell into current spectral range ( 70 ) and let other solar radiation through. Photovoltaic device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the second hologram structure ( 130 ) passing through the light converter layer ( 120 ) solar radiation shifted to shorter wavelengths in a spectral range which can be converted into current by the solar cell ( 125 ) at one or more acute angles with respect to the side of the light converter layer facing away from the sun ( 120 ) deflects vertical straight line and lets other solar radiation through. Photovoltaic device according to claim 19, characterized in that the second hologram structure ( 130 ) has a plurality of, in particular, planar hologram layers superimposed on one another, which extend through the light converter layer ( 120 ) solar radiation shifted to shorter wavelengths in a partial region of the spectral range which can be converted into current by the solar cell ( 125 ) in each case at an acute angle with respect to the side of the light converter layer facing away from the sun ( 120 ) deflect vertical straight line and let other solar radiation through. Photovoltaic device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the third optical structure ( 140 ) on the Sun remote side of the second hologram structure ( 130 ) and a seal ( 140 ) corresponding to those of the second hologram structure ( 120 ) redirected solar radiation ( 125 ) reflected. Photovoltaic device according to one of Claims 1 to 20, characterized in that the third optical structure ( 140 ) on the side of the second hologram structure facing away from the sun ( 130 ) and a fifth hologram structure ( 140 ) corresponding to those of the second hologram structure ( 130 ) redirected solar radiation ( 125 ) and transmits other solar radiation. Photovoltaic device according to claim 22, characterized in that the fifth hologram structure ( 140 ) has a plurality of, in particular, planar superimposed hologram layers, which correspond to those of the second hologram structure ( 120 ) deflected radiation in a partial region of the solar cell can be converted into current spectral range ( 125 ) and let other solar radiation through. Photovoltaic device according to one of Claims 21 to 23, characterized in that the fourth optical structure ( 150 ) on the sun-facing side of the third optical structure ( 140 ) and a semitransparent mirror ( 140 ) corresponding to that of the third optical structure ( 140 ) Reflected on them solar radiation. Photovoltaic device according to one of Claims 21 to 23, characterized in that the fourth optical structure ( 150 ) on the sun-facing side of the third optical structure ( 140 ) and a sixth hologram structure ( 150 ) formed by the third optical structure ( 140 ) Reflected on them solar radiation and lets other solar radiation through. Photovoltaic device according to claim 25, characterized in that the sixth hologram structure ( 150 ) has a plurality of, in particular, planar superimposed hologram layers, which correspond to those of the third optical structure ( 140 ) redirected solar radiation in a portion of the convertible from the solar cell into electricity spectral range ( 125 ) and let other solar radiation through. Photovoltaic device according to one of Claims 1 to 18, characterized in that the second hologram structure ( 130 ) passing through the light converter layer ( 120 ) solar radiation shifted to shorter wavelengths in a spectral range which can be converted into current by the solar cell ( 125 ) at one or more obtuse angles with respect to the side of the light converter layer facing away from the sun ( 120 ) deflects vertical straight line and lets other solar radiation through. Photovoltaic device according to claim 27, characterized in that the second hologram structure ( 130 ) has a plurality of, in particular, planar hologram layers superimposed on one another, which extend through the light converter layer ( 120 ) solar radiation shifted to shorter wavelengths in a partial region of the spectral range which can be converted into current by the solar cell ( 125 ) at an obtuse angle relative to the side of the light converter layer facing away from the sun ( 120 ) deflect vertical straight line and let other solar radiation through. Photovoltaic device according to one of Claims 1 to 18 and 27 to 28, characterized in that the third optical structure ( 140 ) on the sun-facing side of the second hologram structure ( 130 ) and a semipermeable seal ( 140 ) corresponding to that of the second hologram structure ( 130 ) redirected solar radiation ( 125 ) reflected. Photovoltaic device according to one of Claims 1 to 18 and 27 to 28, characterized in that the third optical structure ( 140 ) on the sun-facing side of the second hologram structure ( 130 ) and a fifth hologram structure ( 140 ) corresponding to those of the second hologram structure ( 130 ) redirected solar radiation ( 125 ) and transmits other solar radiation. Photovoltaic device according to claim 30, characterized in that the fifth hologram structure ( 140 ) has a plurality of, in particular, planar superimposed hologram layers, which correspond to those of the second hologram structure ( 130 ) deflected radiation in a partial region of the solar cell can be converted into current spectral range ( 125 ) and let other solar radiation through. Photovoltaic device according to one of Claims 29 to 31, characterized in that the fourth optical structure ( 150 ) on the side of the third optical structure facing away from the sun ( 140 ) and the second hologram structure ( 130 ) and a mirror ( 150 ) corresponding to that of the third optical structure ( 140 ) Reflected on them solar radiation. Photovoltaic device according to one of Claims 29 to 31, characterized in that the fourth optical structure ( 150 ) on the sun facing side of the third optical structure ( 140 ) and a sixth hologram structure ( 150 ) formed by the third optical structure ( 140 ) redirected solar radiation in the convertible from the solar cell into electricity area ( 125 ) and transmits other solar radiation. Photovoltaic device according to claim 33, characterized in that the sixth hologram structure ( 150 ) has a plurality of, in particular, planar superimposed hologram layers, which correspond to those of the third optical structure ( 140 ) reflected radiation in a portion of the convertible from the solar cell into current spectral range ( 125 ) and let other solar radiation through. Photovoltaic device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the solar cell ( 60 ) in direct contact with the lateral surface of the first optical element ( 20 ) is attached. Photovoltaic device according to one of claims 1 to 34, characterized in that between at least one solar cell ( 60 ) and a lateral surface of the at least one associated first optical element ( 20 ) a second optical element ( 100 ) is present, which on the solar cell ( 60 ) facing side surface of the first optical element ( 20 ) incident solar radiation ( 70 . 125 ) deflected in such a way that this evenly on the surface of the solar cell ( 60 ). Photovoltaic device according to claim 36, characterized in that the second optical element ( 100 ) at least a seventh hologram structure ( 100 ) facing the solar cell facing side surface of the first optical element ( 20 ) incident solar radiation ( 70 . 125 ) in such a way that they are parallel to the surface of the at least one solar cell ( 60 ) vertical beam is. Photovoltaic device according to claim 36, characterized in that the second optical element ( 100 ) at least a seventh hologram structure ( 100 ) comprising at least one planar hologram layer comprising a plurality of hologram regions ( 101 . 102 ) having different hologram textures corresponding to those of the first optical element ( 20 ) redirected solar radiation ( 70 . 125 ) in each case on the surface of the solar cell ( 60 ) redirect. Photovoltaic device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the at least one solar cell ( 60 ) has a surface corresponding to the side surface of the first optical element ( 20 ) is similar. Photovoltaic device according to one of claims 36 to 38, characterized in that the at least one solar cell ( 60 ) has an area which is larger than the lateral area of the first optical element ( 20 ) and that the second optical element ( 100 ) has a Streulininsenkarakter. Photovoltaic device according to one of claims 36 to 38, characterized in that the at least one solar cell ( 60 ) has a surface which is smaller than the side surface of the first optical element ( 20 ) and that the second optical element ( 100 ) has a collection lens character. Photovoltaic device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one hologram structure of the first ( 20 ) and / or the second ( 100 ) optical element has at least one diffraction hologram with a given diffraction angle. Photovoltaic device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one solar cell ( 60 ) is a thin film solar cell. Photovoltaic device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one solar cell ( 60 ) is a silicon cell, in particular a large-area silicon cell. Photovoltaic device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one solar cell ( 60 ) is a microsolar cell, in particular with an areal extent of equal to or less than about 100 mm ² . Photovoltaic device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one solar cell ( 60 ) is a multi-layer cell of semiconductor compounds, in particular a tandem or a triple cell of III-V semiconductor compounds. Photovoltaic device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the light converter layer ( 120 ) in its interior and / or on its side facing away from the sun a grid ( 160 ) of conductive material for dissipating heat, in particular the solar radiation impinging thereon ( 110 ) has generated heat in the external environment, which is dimensioned such that no diffraction of the incident thereon solar radiation ( 110 ) entry. Photovoltaic device according to claim 47, characterized in that the grid ( 160 ) in a side facing away from the solar cell side surface of the first optical element adjacent plate ( 170 ) of conductive material for further dissipating heat, in particular that in the light converter layer ( 120 ) resulting heat in the outside environment ends, the plate ( 170 ) up to or further at the plane with the light converter layer ( 120 ) in particular up to the surface facing away from the sun of the first optical element ( 20 ) runs. Method for producing a photovoltaic device ( 10 ) according to at least one of the preceding claims. Solar system with a plurality of photovoltaic devices ( 10 ) according to any one of claims 1 to 48. Solar installation according to claim 50, characterized in that it consists of a plurality of isolated photovoltaic devices ( 10 ) is composed according to one of claims 1 to 48.