DE102005020326B4 - Ring resonator antenna - Google Patents

Abstract

Ring resonator, which is used as an antenna (10; 60) - comprising at least two series-connected unit cells in the form of two ports, each with an input port and an output port, - each unit cell having at least two independent magnetic and at least two independent electrical energy stores and - wherein each unit cell is a series connection of a first electrical memory and a first magnetic memory in the first line (12) and a parallel connection of a second electrical memory and a second magnetic memory between the first line (12) and the second line (14) having. characterized in that - the unit cells are arranged and coupled one behind the other in a ring structure such that each unit cell is coupled to a unit cell preceding in the ring direction and a unit cell following in the ring direction, with first lines (12) and second lines (14) in each case coupled unit cells are connected to each other, - exactly two resonance distributions are excited, at which the resonance frequencies {fse, fsh} are different or the same and do not depend on the number of unit cells in the ring, with the current distribution determined by the series resonance fse a constant current (not equal to 0) flows between all gates, and with the voltage distribution determined by the parallel resonance fsh, a constant voltage (unequal to 0) is applied to each gate, - exactly two further resonance distributions are excited, with a resonance frequency f + 1> max {fse , fsh} and a resonance frequency f– 1 <min {fse, fsh} generate the same local current / voltage distribution along the gates of the unit cells in the ring arrangement.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a ring resonator for electromagnetic energy, which is used as an antenna and which is formed from at least two unit cells connected to a ring arrangement.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

It is known to construct resonators from so-called unit cells. The term "unit cells" is understood to mean generally consisting of an input port and an exit port existing two ports, each unit cell provides energy storage. The term "energy storage" is understood here to mean in general all types of structures that are capable of forming an electric or magnetic field and thus to store energy. An energy store in this sense can thus z. B. a coil or a capacitor, in the simplest case, but only a piece of pipe.

The actual physical behavior of a unit cell can be simulated by a so-called equivalent circuit. Such an equivalent circuit is a linear network consisting of concentrated elements such as capacitances and inductances and / or distributed lines, which model the energy stores of the physical realization and describe the high-frequency behavior between the input and the output gates of the unit cell. The topology of the equivalent circuit of such a unit cell commonly has a so-called longitudinal branch and a so-called shunt branch.

It is also known to construct resonators of so-called "metamaterials", also referred to as "left-handed materials" or "LH materials" for short (see, for example, Sanada, et al., "Novel zeroth-order" in composite right / left -handed transmission line resonators ", Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference, Vol. 3, pp. 1588-1592, Seoul, Nov. 2003).

The term "metamaterials" are understood to mean structures which have special, unusual electromagnetic properties, so-called "left-handed" properties, often referred to for short as "LH properties". In particular, under suitable conditions, such structures may simultaneously exhibit negative permittivity and negative permeability, resulting in antiparallel (counteracting) group and phase velocities of the electromagnetic waves passing through the materials.

Electrical circuit arrangements realized by such metamaterials behave differently from conventional so-called "right-handed" (RH) materials, whose properties are referred to as "right-handed" or "RH properties" for short, and in which the group and phase velocities of the materials are rectified by continuous electromagnetic waves.

Due to parasitic effects (which may be desirable), metamaterials can have both LH properties and RH properties. These types of materials are then referred to as CRLH (Composite Right-Left-Handed) materials.

Utilizing both types of properties (left-handed, right-handed), concepts and realizations of novel devices and devices are possible in the field of high-frequency and microwave technology.

In the investigation and comparison of realized circuits with model calculations, it has been shown that pure metamaterials and in particular also CRLH materials can be usefully analyzed and modeled with the help of an extended theory of conduct. For this purpose, equivalent circuits are used which model individual unit cells. In this way, the behavior of a network built up from real unit cells can be calculated using common methods and tools (see C. Caloz and T. Itoh, "Application of the Transmission Line Theory of Left-Handed (LH) Materials to the Realization of a Microstrip LH Transmission Line ", IEEE APS Int'l Symp., Vol. 2, pp. 412-415, San Antonio, TX, June 2002).

Also in the field of radio technology metamaterials are used. The generally increasing use of radio technology in the high-frequency and microwave range, especially in Consumer applications such. B. WLAN or Bluetooth ^TM requires ever better transmitting and receiving antennas for different frequencies.

In the case of corresponding devices, however, relatively expensive and / or multiple antenna arrangements have hitherto been required in order to provide a high-quality connection in different frequency bands.

A high-frequency nuclear magnetic resonance resonator is known from the patent EP 0 554 388 B1 known as "A RADIO FREQUENCY VOLUME RESONATOR FOR NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE". The invention relates to a radio frequency resonator for use in nuclear magnetic resonance with an internal structure having two coaxial internal high-frequency annular flow paths spaced along the axis defined by them and having at least four high frequency current connection paths interconnecting the inner annular flow paths , It is characterized in that the resonator further comprises two outer high frequency current ring current paths coaxial with, and radially outward of, the inner ring current paths having at least four other high frequency current connection current paths connecting each pair of axially adjacent inner and outer ring current paths, Loops between an outer ring current path and an inner ring current path, which enclose them and define an outer structure, and at least one discrete capacitor arranged in and interrupting each outer loop in each current loop, thereby providing, in conjunction with the inductance in each loop including the electrical conductors of the current paths intrinsic inductance, each loop in the external structure is exclusively resonant such that no part of the internal structure has a capacitor, so that in the internal structure all into no loop that shows resonance.

A temperature compensation mechanism for a micromechanical ring resonator is disclosed in the patent application EP 1 313 216 A2 described as "temperature compensation mechanism for a micromechanical ring resonator". This invention relates to a time base, that is to say a component having a resonator and an electronic circuit for operating this resonator together with an oscillator which can be used in a time base. The emphasis of the invention is on mechanisms to compensate for the influence of temperature on the oscillator frequency. Interdigital topologies and annular micromechanical structures are used for the resonator.

From the international publication of Sanada et al entitled: "Novel Zeroth Order Resonance in Composite Right / Left-Handed Transmission Line Resonators Arbitrary", published in: 2003 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference Vol. 03, 2003, Seoul, page 1588 -1591 linear straight line resonators are known, which are also constructed with CRLH material. These resonators can be operated either with open or short-circuited end and accordingly have a constant voltage distribution or current distribution over the entire line structure. Capacitors with interdigital structures are also used to couple the signals.

An annular resonator is from the document JP 02 060206 A known as "RING TYPE RESONATOR". The invention relates to a special ring resonator in which an interdigital capacitance is serially integrated. Here, the length of the finger structures of the interdigital capacitance is here a quarter wavelength and the total length of the annular transmission line of the resonator is a whole or a half wavelength. By this combination, the whole arrangement acts both as a frequency-determining resonator and at the same time as a filter, whereby spurious waves, the so-called "spurious", are effectively suppressed.

From Lin et al International Publication entitled "Arbitrary dual-band components using composite right / left-handed transmission lines", published in: IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol.52, No.4, page 1142 -1149, April 2004, doi: 10.1109 / TMTT.2004.825747 annular couplers are known, which are also constructed with CRLH material. These components used as coupler structures allow operation as a ring coupler at two different frequencies. In this case, the respective galvanically connected terminals, the used concentrated components and the transmission lines are constructed so that a low-loss targeted distribution of the power fed to the respective output ports.

In the presented in this publication annular coupler topologies are therefore always both an electrically connected to the ring structure input gate for feeding the power to be distributed, as well as two galvanically connected to the ring structure output ports and a likewise Galvanically connected to the ring structure so-called Isolationstor, which is always provided for the absorption of possibly erroneously performed performance shares with an adapted terminating resistor.

In contrast to the ring coupler structure described in this publication, which always requires four connections connected to the ring structure for the intended operation of the annular coupler, an annular antenna only has a single connection for feeding in the electromagnetic power, because the injected one Power at an antenna not distributed to various goals, but intended to be emitted in the surrounding space.

Because of the use of CRLH material, the annular topology, and the ability to operate at different frequencies, the coupler structure described in this publication is similar to the antenna described herein, and thus represents the closest prior art.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

The invention has the object to improve the quality of high-frequency or microwave connections. In particular, one aspect of the invention is to improve the communication quality of radio frequency (RF) links by enabling dual band operation of an antenna with flexible and multiple polarizability (horizontal, vertical, circular, and hybrid) at two different operating frequencies.

This object is achieved with a ring resonator according to claim 1.

In such ring resonators, the interaction of the magnetic and electrical energy storage in the longitudinal branch of the equivalent circuit of the unit cell between input and output port on a series resonant behavior, while the interaction of the magnetic and electrical energy storage in the transverse branch of the equivalent circuit of the unit cell has a parallel resonant behavior.

By connecting the unit cells to a closed ring structure (or in other words to a chain, it being understood that the ring structure does not necessarily have to be circular), periodic boundary conditions can be fulfilled in a nearly ideal manner with the ring resonator according to the invention. As a result, the properties of a metamaterials can emerge, so that a resonator type is created, which can then be adapted to desired requirements by means of the CRLH conduction theory.

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For adapting such a ring resonator to given requirements, the following dispersion relation is used for the equivalent circuit representing the unit cells with the lumped elements C _L , L _R , C _R and L _L :

in which

The dispersion relation shows a band gap if the parameters are suitably chosen. This band gap separates a first frequency range from a second frequency range (see also 2 ), each with a continuous dispersion relation. In the one (in 2 lower) frequency range (referred to as the LH frequency range) dominate the LH properties of the metamaterial (phase constant β <0).

In the other (in 2 upper) frequency range (referred to as RH frequency range) dominate the RH properties of the metamaterial (β> 0). Thereby, the ring resonator according to the invention enables a dual-frequency operation, taking advantage of the different properties of the metamaterials in the different frequency ranges for two different resonant frequencies, one of which is in the LH frequency range and one in the RH frequency range, a standing resonance distribution (so-called λ field distribution) is achieved. This allows a completely equivalent behavior at both frequencies and thus a highly effective radiation and polarization at both frequencies.

The ring resonator is excitable in an LH frequency range and an RH frequency range, wherein after a two frequency ranges at least partially comprehensive excitation with electromagnetic energy through the length of the ring assembly certain resonance modes with a generally also referred to as n · λ distribution field distribution along the Ring (where n ∈ N ₊ , N ₊ = set of positive natural numbers, λ = wavelength of the resonance mode) in the RH frequency range and simultaneously resonant modes are formed with the same n · λ distribution in the LH range.

Advantageously, the ring resonator is designed so that after excitation simultaneously to the resonant modes and a zeroth order current mode is propagatable, which is described by an associated along the ring locally constant current and an associated voltage, which is everywhere equal to zero along the ring is.

Advantageously, the ring resonator is designed so that after excitation simultaneously to the resonant modes and possibly also simultaneously to the zero-order current mode, a zeroth-order voltage mode is capable of propagation, by an associated along the ring locally constant voltage and an associated current, the along the ring is zero everywhere is described.

A feed of the ring resonator may be via one or more coupled to the ring of unit cells feeder connections. Depending on the feed strategy, a voltage or maximum current then forms at the feed point.

A decoupling of two feed points can be achieved at 90 ° offset feed points with the same supply (maximum voltage maximum) or (maximum current maximum) and 180 ° offset feed points with different supply (voltage maximum current maximum).

The chain of coupled unit cells forming the ring may be circular, oval or any other shape as required. When using the ring resonator as an antenna can be achieved by simultaneous feeding (possibly with a phase shift) at several suitably selected feed points of the ring a variety of polarizations of the signal. Thus, one and the same ring resonator can be used to generate horizontal, vertical, 45 ° -directed, and right-handed or left-handed circularly polarized radiation at two different operating frequencies. Utilization of these different polarisations on the transmitter and receiver side considerably improves the connection quality in high-frequency or microwave radio links (see also PS Neelakanta, et al., "Making a Robust Indoor Microwave Wireless Link: A novel scheme of polarization-sense diversity ", Microw J., Aug. 2004).

Preferably, the unit cells are arranged distributed in two dimensions. This embodiment on the one hand favors the symmetry of the ring resonator, as well as a preferred direction of the radiation when using the ring resonator according to the invention as an antenna. Such a ring resonator can also be easily manufactured because of the good accessibility of all unit cells.

A particularly flexible and efficient embodiment of the ring resonator according to the invention is achieved when the energy storage, ie lines, inductors and / or capacitances, in a multi-layer structure (multilayer) are formed. In this case, various possibilities for realizing the capacities and inductances of the unit cell are available.

The capacitances can be constructed as plate capacitors within the multilayer structure. The inductors can be used as three-dimensional structures, for. B. be designed as helical coils, which can be realized with high inductance values. Advantageously, at least one magnetic and / or electrical energy store is designed as a high-frequency transmission line.

It is particularly advantageous if the multilayer structure is realized as a ceramic wiring carrier in multilayer construction, commonly referred to as "LTCC" (Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic). The advantages of the LTCC technology make it possible to manufacture the ring resonator according to the invention in a quick and favorable manner while at the same time providing excellent control of the individual layers.

In a particularly simple structure of the ring resonator is provided that the lines, inductances and capacitances of the unit cells are formed as a strip conductor (microstrip) on a substrate. In this embodiment, all known and conventional methods for producing printed circuits can be used.

On a substrate, such. As a circuit board, the strip conductors can be applied such that the capacitance C _{L is formed} by a suitable flat stripline assembly.

The inductance L _L may be formed as an elongated strip conductor or as a stub. In this case, the capacitance C _L and the inductance L _{L are} responsible for the LH behavior, and accordingly a capacitance C _R and an inductance L _{R are} responsible for the RH behavior of a unit cell. The capacitance C _R and the inductance L _R can then be caused by the capacitance between the strip conductors and a ground layer or by the caused by the current flow in the capacitance structure C _L magnetic flux.

Preferably, the unit cells are arranged on the substrate within a circular area, each unit cell occupying a circular area corresponding to a uniform distribution of the circular area under the unit cells.

The circular area of a substrate can be subdivided symmetrically into n (n ∈ N ₊ ) identical circular sections or area segments, where n is the number of unit cells. Each segment is then covered with a stripline arrangement which, in accordance with the above description, in cooperation with the substrate and a ground plane, respectively realizes the lumped elements of a unit cell. In this case, the ring arrangement of the unit cells is circular, whereby a maximum of symmetry between the unit cells is achieved.

Advantageously, one of the capacitances (C _R , C _L ) of each unit cell can be formed as an interdigital capacitor. Such a capacitor is easy to realize in the manufacture of printed circuits. A comb structure of lines protrudes with their line fingers in the interstices of a corresponding counter-structure, without contacting them. A continuous gap path separates the comb structures from one another, wherein the gap path is preferably meander-shaped.

Preferably, at least one of the inductors (L _R , L _L ) of each unit cell is formed as a stub. It is particularly advantageous if these stub lines are arranged in a star shape around a center in such a way that there is a coupling between the stubs in the center.

The formation of the inductance as spur line is the conceptually and manufacturing technically simplest realization of an inductance. A meeting of the stubs in a center in which there is a coupling between the lines, in turn favors the symmetry of the individual unit cells, since no separate coupling of each individual stub is required and an associated potential deviation of individual coupling points is excluded. The type of coupling of the stubs can be arbitrary and, for example, consist in a simple conductive connection.

In a preferred embodiment, a through-hole (a so-called "via hole") of the branch lines to a ground plane is formed in the center. The stub lines then use the common via, whereby possible symmetry disturbances are avoided by individual vias of the stubs.

In another advantageous embodiment, a varactor in the common center of the stubs is provided instead of the common via. In this way, the resonance frequency can be influenced by changing the capacitance of the varactor, whereby a tunability of the ring resonator is achieved.

Further details and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following purely exemplary and non-limiting description of two embodiments in conjunction with the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

1 shows both a schematic representation of a ring resonator according to the invention of eight unit cells and an equivalent circuit of such a unit cell.

2 shows in a diagram a plot of the dispersion relation of the ring resonator according to the invention 1 ,

3 Fig. 12 schematically illustrates the layout of the printed strip conductors of the ring cavity resonator constructed of microstrips on a substrate, comprising eight unit cells 1 ,

4 shows a schematic perspective view of a four-unit cell comprising ring resonator.

5 (a) shows the current and the voltage distribution along the ring resonator according to 4 in the so-called voltage and current mode.

5 (b) shows an equivalent circuit of a ring resonator according to the invention consisting of N (N ∈ N ₊ ) unit cells.

5 (c) schematically shows the voltage mode equivalent equivalent circuits.

5 (d) schematically shows the current mode equivalent equivalent circuits.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In the following, two exemplary embodiments of ring resonators according to the invention will be described with reference to the drawings purely by way of non-limiting example.

The schematic representation of in 1 in its entirety with 10 designated ring resonator shows eight unit cells, which are arranged in a circular ring. Each unit cell occupies one eighth of the circular area of the entire ring resonator.

According to the description of the ring resonator by the CRLH-line theory, two centrally symmetric line rings are each made of eight lines 12 and 14 are shown, for reasons of clarity, only a few were provided with reference numerals and with their eight coupling points 16 respectively. 18 of which, for reasons of clarity, only a few have been provided with reference numerals which form unit cells. The coupling points 16 and 18 are at the ends of the pipes 12 and 14 provided and serve the coupling each unit cell with a subsequent or a previous unit cell.

Inside the 1 For example, a unit cell is shown as an equivalent circuit with lumped elements L _R , C _R , L _L and C _L. The in the line 12 in series acting inductance L _R and capacitance C _L are shown by corresponding symbols as a capacitor or coil. Between the lines 12 and 14 are the inductance L _L and capacitance C _R coupled, which are connected in parallel.

The length p of the line belonging to a unit cell 12 and 14 corresponds to the length of the circular arc of the corresponding circular section.

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The to the in 1 in the diagram of the ring resonator calculated using the CRLH-line theory, the values of the dispersion relation are shown in the diagram of FIG 2 shown graphically. The dispersion relation for a number of N (in this case N = 8) unit cells and the mode index n follows the expression:

in which

The values for the unit cell concentrated elements realized in this embodiment are C _L = 0.7 pF, L _R = 3.4 nH, C _R = 1.0 pF, and L _L = 4.2 nH. On the branches applied in the diagram 22 and 24 In the dispersion relation, the resonances supported by the ring resonator are marked by dots, with the frequency in 2 in GHz. The resonances are distributed equidistantly over the β-axis of the diagram, corresponding to the resonance condition β _n = (2πn) / l, where l is the length of the circumference of the ring resonator.

As stated, the ring resonator exhibits properties of a metamaterial. The lower branch 22 The dispersion relation corresponds to the LH behavior of this metamaterial and is correspondingly at lower frequencies. The upper branch 24 sweeps the RH range at higher frequencies.

As mentioned earlier, a band gap separates 26 the LH of the RH area.

The layout of the printed stripline of the in 1 shown embodiment of a ring resonator according to the invention 10 is in 3 shown. Copper has been used as the conductor material. Eight stubs 30 . 32 . 34 . 36 . 38 . 40 . 42 and 44 are star-shaped on a substrate made of RT / Duroid 5880 ^® , with all stubs in the center 46 meet the star-shaped arrangement and adjacent stubs each include an angle of 45 °.

The from the center 46 to the end of each stub line 32 to 44 measured radius of the star-shaped arrangement is in this embodiment 15.30 mm. Each stub has a width of 2.00 mm.

In this embodiment, a via of the common center of the stub lines to a ground plane can be dispensed with because, due to the symmetrical design of the ring resonator except for a zero-order oscillation mode of the ring resonator, no oscillation mode generated a current flow in the via.

Between the stubs are each interdigital capacitors 48 formed, for reasons of clarity, only a few have been provided with reference numerals. The fingers of the interdigital capacitors each start from a stub line and are separated by a meander-shaped gap from the adjacent capacitor fingers of an adjacent stub line. The from the center 46 Distance measured to the outer boundaries of the interdigital capacitors is 13.80 mm in this embodiment.

At the stubs 30 is another interdigital capacitor 50 formed with a capacitance C _C = 0.16 pF, the coupling of the ring resonator 10 is used with a matching circuit and in the dash-dot oval A in 3 is shown in magnification.

A transmission line 52 with a length of 9 mm and a width of 0.4 mm is connected to the capacitor. For feeding the ring resonator 10 is at the other end of the line 52 a (not further shown here) 50 Ω connection provided.

The ring resonator shown 10 operates at two resonant frequencies f _-1 = 1.93 GHz and f _{+ 1} = 4.16 GHz, which in 2 are indicated by dashed lines. The field distribution on the ring resonator 10 is identical at both frequencies, so that identically shaped radiation patterns are generated. This feature is made possible by the utilization of the LH and RH properties in different frequency ranges realized in the ring resonator according to the invention.

Because the feeding of the ring resonator 10 takes place via a connection, the polarization of the radiation is not changeable in this embodiment. However, if in the described ring resonator two staggered by 90 ° stubs are provided with matching circuits and feed points, the radiation can be done differently polarized. For this purpose, the supply of the ring resonator takes place either exclusively at one of the terminals (horizontal or vertical polarization), or at both terminals with identical phase (45 ° polarization) or with a phase offset (circular or elliptical polarization).

In 4 is a highly schematic perspective cutaway view of a four-unit cell ring resonator comprehensive 60 shown here in the form of a on a plate-shaped carrier 61 trained multi-layer structure is realized.

The uppermost layer is formed by cross-shaped stubs 62 . 64 . 66 and 68 , In the region of the free ends of the stub lines go from each stub arc-like in the direction of the two adjacent stubs each four circular arc-like fingers 70 of which, for reasons of clarity, only a few have been provided with reference numerals. From each stub branch in total eight fingers 70 from. These fingers form as related above 3 described, interdigital capacitors. To feed a microstrip feed line is used 72 which forms the middle position.

A special feature are the two additional zero-order modes, which show a constant voltage or current distribution along the ring resonator. The voltage mode corresponds to an equally distributed voltage along the ring, while the associated current is zero. The current mode corresponds to an equally distributed current along the ring, while the associated voltage is zero. The ring structure allows the simultaneous existence of both zeroth order modes.

By combined electrical / magnetic coupling, a dual band operation of both zeroth order modes can be achieved. The adaptation can be done by the feed line 72 in the middle position, which couples electrically (voltage mode excitation) and magnetic (current sense excitation) to the ring structure on the top layer.

Im in 4 example shown are the stubs 62 . 64 . 66 and 68 through-contacted in the center of the ring formed by the unit cells - there is a so-called. "Via-Hole" 74 , By using a variable capacitance (a so-called varactor) instead of the via-hole 74 For example, the resonant frequency of the voltage mode can be made adjustable without affecting the resonant frequency of the current mode.

The far-field characteristic of such a ring resonator can be modeled in voltage mode by an electrical monopole, while the ring resonator in the current mode radiates over ground like a magnetic dipole.

The properties of in 4 shown ring resonator 60 , are in 5 summarized schematically, the 5 (a) the current and the voltage distribution along the ring resonator once in the voltage mode (in 5 referred to as "voltage mode") and once in the current mode (in 5 as "current mode") shows. The dotted line indicates the voltage (in 5 referred to as "voltage"), the dashed line and the current (in 5 referred to as "current").

5 (b) shows an equivalent circuit of a consisting of N (N ∈ N ₊ ) unit cell ring resonator.

In the vicinity of the resonance frequency of the voltage mode, the ring resonator can by the in 5 (c) , near the resonant frequency of the current mode through the 5 (d) Replacement circuit shown are modeled.

Within the scope of the inventive concept, numerous modifications are possible. Thus, the ring resonator can be realized by a variety of known techniques and methods, such. B. also with methods of surface mounting technology, if the desired frequency range allows. In addition, the capacities and inductances required to realize the unit cell network can be realized in any manner, as two- or three-dimensional structures. The shape of the ring of the unit cells is freely selectable taking into account the desired application. It is only essential that the unit cells constructed in the manner described, d. H. show the behavior described, and are connected together to form a closed chain or a ring. The use of corresponding ring resonators for transmitting and / or receiving is likewise provided by the invention.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

10

Ring Resonator

12

management

14

management

16

coupling point

18

coupling point

22

branch

24

branch

26

bandgap

30

stub

32

stub

34

stub

36

stub

38

stub

40

stub

42

stub

44

stub

46

center

50

Interdigital capacitor

52

transmission line

60

Ring Resonator

61

carrier

62

stub

64

stub

66

stub

68

stub

70

finger

72

Microstrip feed line

74

Via hole

Claims (28)

Ring resonator, which is used as an antenna ( 10 ; 60 Each unit cell providing at least two mutually independent magnetic and at least two mutually independent electrical energy stores, each unit cell having a series connection of a first electrical storage unit and at least two series-connected unit cells in the form of two-ported ones; a first magnetic memory in the first line ( 12 ) and a parallel connection of a second electrical memory and a second magnetic memory between the first line ( 12 ) and the second line ( 14 ) having. CHARACTERIZED IN THAT - the unit cells are arranged and coupled in a ring structure one behind the other in such a way that each unit cell is in each case coupled to a unit cell preceding in the direction of the ring and a unit cell following in the direction of the ring, in each case first lines ( 12 ) and in each case second lines ( 14 ) of the coupled unit cells are connected to each other, - exactly two resonant distributions are excited, in which the resonance frequencies {f _se , f _sh } are different or equal and not dependent on the number of unit cells in the ring, wherein the by the series resonance f _se a constant current (not equal to 0) flows between all gates, and wherein at the voltage distribution determined by the parallel resonance f _sh a constant voltage (not equal to 0) is applied to each gate, - exactly two further resonant distributions are excited, a resonant frequency f ₊₁ > max {f _se , f _sh } and a resonant frequency f _-1 <min {f _se , f _sh } generate the same local current / voltage distribution along the gates of the unit cells in the ring assembly. Ring resonator ( 10 ; 60 ) for electromagnetic waves according to claim 1, formed from a plurality each representable by an equivalent circuit with lumped elements in the form of capacitances and inductances identical unit cells, - wherein the magnetic energy storage, the inductors and the electrical energy storage are the capacitances. A ring resonator according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the resonator is in an LH frequency range in which the group and phase velocities of an electromagnetic wave passing through the resonator are oppositely directed, and in an RH frequency range in which the group and phase velocities of a After the electromagnetic energy propagating through the resonator are excited by the length of the ring arrangement, certain resonant modes with an n · lambda distribution along the ring (n ∈ N +, lambda = wavelength of the resonance mode ) in the RH frequency range and at the same time resonant modes with the same n · lambda distribution in the LH range are formed. Ring resonator according to claim 3, characterized in that simultaneously to the resonance modes with n x lambda distribution a resonant zero-order mode (power mode) is excited in the ring resonator at least partially full after both frequency ranges excitation with electromagnetic energy passing through a associated locally along the formed by the unit cell ring locally constant current and an associated voltage applied to the gates, which is everywhere along the ring is zero, is described. Ring resonator according to claim 3 or 4, characterized in that in the ring resonator after the two frequency ranges at least partially comprehensive excitation with electromagnetic energy simultaneously to the resonant modes and possibly simultaneously the current mode a zero-order voltage mode is excited by an associated along the ring formed by the unit cells locally at the gates constant voltage and an associated current, which is equal to zero along the ring, is described. Ring resonator according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the unit cell is arranged distributed in two dimensions. Ring resonator according to one of Claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the electrical and magnetic energy stores, in particular lines, capacitances and inductances, of the unit cell are formed in a multilayer structure. Ring resonator according to claim 7, characterized in that the multilayer structure comprises an LTCC ceramic substrate. Ring resonator according to one of Claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the electrical and magnetic energy stores, in particular lines, capacitances and inductances, of the unit cell are designed as printed structures (microstrip) on a substrate. Ring resonator according to Claim 9, characterized in that the unit cells are arranged on the substrate within a circular area, each unit cell occupying a circular area corresponding to the uniform distribution of the circular area under the unit cells. Ring resonator according to one of Claims 1 to 10, characterized in that at least one electrical and / or magnetic energy store of a unit cell is designed as an interdigitated finger structure. Ring resonator according to one of claims 1 to 11, wherein each unit cell comprises two capacitances (C _R , C _L ), characterized in that at least one of the capacitances (C _R , C _L ) of each unit cell is formed as an interdigital capacitor. Ring resonator according to one of claims 1 to 12, wherein each unit cell comprises two inductors (L _R , L _L ), characterized in that at least one of the inductors (L _R , L _L ) of each unit cell is formed as a stub. Ring resonator according to any one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that an electrical or magnetic energy storage is formed as mäandrierte- or helical line structure at least. Ring resonator according to one of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that at least one magnetic and / or electrical energy store is designed as a high-frequency transmission line. Ring resonator according to claim 15, characterized in that the high-frequency transmission line is connected at one end to ground and forms a short stub. Ring resonator according to claim 15, characterized in that the high-frequency transmission lines are arranged in a star shape around a center and there is a coupling in the form of a galvanic connection between the lines. Ring resonator according to claim 17, characterized in that the center is connected via a via (via hole) to ground. Ring resonator according to claim 17, characterized in that the center has no via hole and no ground connection. Ring resonator according to Claim 17, characterized in that the center is connected to ground via a controllable component, in particular a varactor or transistor. Ring resonator according to one of Claims 17 to 20, characterized in that a respective interdigital capacitor comprising a number of line fingers is arranged between adjacent high-frequency transmission lines, wherein line fingers of an interdigital capacitor emanate from each high-frequency transmission line. Ring resonator according to Claims 1 to 21, characterized in that at least one electrical or magnetic energy store is realized with one or more discrete controllable active components, in particular a transistor or varactor. The ring resonator of claim 22, wherein the ring resonator is constructed on a semiconductor substrate, characterized in that the at least one active device is integrated on the substrate. Ring resonator according to claim 1 to 23, characterized in that a feed gate for magnetic, electrical or galvanic coupling of power is provided. Ring resonator according to claim 24, characterized in that at least two different injection points are provided for feeding power signals of equal and / or different amplitude and phase. Ring resonator according to one of Claims 13 or 15 to 21, characterized in that a matching circuit with a supply connection is provided on at least one stub line or a high-frequency transmission line. Ring resonator according to Claim 26, characterized in that adaptation circuits each having a feed connection are provided on at least two stub lines or high-frequency transmission lines offset by 90 ° in each case. A method of transmitting and receiving high frequency energy with a ring resonator according to any of claims 1-27.

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