DE102004041494A1 - Pre-processed and partial demounted material compound e.g. electro and electronic unit, disintegrating and separating method, involves crushing material into one or two staged processes and freeing material from damages and anionic trashes - Google Patents

Abstract

The method involves crushing a pre-processed and partially demounted material to be treated into one or two staged processes and freeing the material from damages and anionic trashes in a treatment course. Ferromagnetic components and light materials are removed from the material flow. The material flow is divided into two flows. Metals and plastics are removed selectively from the coarse material by using specific sensors. An independent claim is also included for a system for executing a method for disintegrating and separating pre-processed and partial demounted material compound.

Description

The The invention relates to a process for digestion and separation complex metal-containing waste, scrap and waste, in particular Electric and electronic scrap including sorted recovery the base materials used, as well as a facility for the implementation of the Process.

Out establish the conservation of resources in conjunction with promotional and demanding legal Provisions are the recovery of waste materials and waste in Germany for quite some time common Practice. For Separate collection and treatment until final disposal Complex systems and techniques are available. outgoing mono-fractions and mixtures of substances that are easy to separate Quantities returned to the production cycle or otherwise be recycled high quality.

apart fall from the comparatively easy to process waste Substance mixtures for disposal, their professional preparation considerable technological expenditure is required. Disused Electrical and electronic equipment counts these waste mixtures, given their increasing prevalence in connection with an increasingly shorter service life in the future continue considerably will grow.

Becoming present quite different approaches for the treatment of old electrical appliances. As a standard concept Here, the treatment of complete devices by mechanical crushing with following partly multi-stage separation of metal-containing constituents considered become. Electrical and Electronic Equipment However, often contain polluting components, the Significant risks with such unselective treatment concepts represent. Alone in the aspect of the need for a selective Collection of hazardous substances is the classic scraping of whole equipment without pretreatment thus unsustainable. Further waste law Requirements such as the Waste Deposit Ordinance or product specific Provisions such as the Electrical and Electronic Equipment Act under preparation also require Processing techniques that over extend far beyond the scope of separating metals.

alternative to the destructive ones described above Processing techniques are dominated by manual intervention Dismantling techniques practiced that provide for a disassembly into individual components. The separation is non-destructive in the sense of preserving the structure and possibly the function of individual Components. With the number of decomposition steps, the costs increase accordingly. A higher one Cutting expenses can generally only be economically represented be if functional Components are fed to a reuse. Both at the Manufacturers as well as consumers encounter the reuse of used ones Components and devices however, on low acceptance. Manufacturers fear sales losses New goods, product liability problems and image losses. moreover reuse is seen as inhibiting innovation because according to manufacturer assessment the speed of innovation slows down and thus the competitiveness endangered in global competition.

The Demand for used electrical equipment is weak in industrialized countries pronounced, since these hazardous substances may include asbestos, usually less favorable fuel consumption and worse use properties compared to new items and often by incompatibilities with regard to new standards and products. This Trend is compounded by the fact that most of the time to market A rapid price decline of the devices takes place and therefore preferred on new goods and less on used goods is used. All in all is therefore the profitability profound dismantling and dismantling process not given.

• – Ausbau kompletter Bauteile zur Wiederverwendung
• – Separation sortenreiner Wertstoffe
• – Auslese von Störstoffen, die die Weiterverarbeitung beeinträchtigen (zum Beispiel betonhaltige Materialien aus älteren Waschmaschinenfabrikaten)

Against this background, newly developed process concepts for the processing of complex composite materials such as WEEE provide a combination of manual disassembly techniques as upstream stage with downstream destructive treatment processes for the further treatment of pre-sorted material streams. Manual disassembly as the first treatment step in the recycling of WEEE is primarily concerned with the removal and complete removal of pollutant-containing materials, and may also include the following steps:

• - Removal of complete components for reuse
• - Separation of varietal recyclables
• - Selection of impurities that impair further processing (for example, concrete-containing materials from older washing machine makes)

Due to the predominantly manual presorting, the material diversity and complexity of the input materials are significantly reduced. Nevertheless, the pollutant-contaminated materials continue to represent a heterogeneous mixture of different shapes and sizes with a high diversity of materials. For rational reasons, in general, with the aim of material separation of the remain Bende material stream treated in the totality. Mostly mechanical, multi-stage separation processes are used. These have in common that for the material digestion of composites usually one- or multi-stage comminution levels are kept. To obtain largely single-grade individual materials mainly dry mechanical processes of processing technology such as sieving or sifting and known techniques for the deposition of metals are used. Separation techniques are also known in which certain components of the mixture to be separated are detected by means of specific sensors as well as by using image identification systems and then sorted out manually or automatically, for example by means of a blower.

One fundamental Problem of processing composites for recovery of the base materials is due to the fact that the requirements an efficient material digestion and the requirements for a selective Substance collection with high yields due to the exclusion of optimal operating conditions Marked are. On the one hand, the degree of digestion of the composite separation decreases with decreasing grain sizes the Material mixture too. A largely complete dissolution of material composites thus sets frequently a fine comminution ahead. On the other hand, both sorting techniques require as well as classing techniques as possible size Grain dimensions to identify, evaluate and sort out individual substances (Sorting techniques) or the mixture with high selectivity Classify (Classification Techniques).

The one of the fundamental problems discussed Among the main causes why the known methods for further separation of composite materials is problematic throughout and therefore in need of improvement are.

A Alignment of the process concepts to the most complete material digestion leads to mixtures of substances with high fine grain content. Because the fine grain is usually discharged is, the material loss is correspondingly high. The problem is about that in addition, aggravated by the fact that these waste requiring disposal due to the range of ingredients generally no directly depositable substances within the meaning of the Waste Deposit Ordinance and thus one require expensive thermal aftertreatment.

There the shift to finely divided mixtures moreover a separation after the sort makes difficult, the separated fabric fractions stand out by a comparatively high content of foreign substances. The latter is associated with significant losses in marketing. Furthermore, applies It should be noted that finely divided substances such as aluminum particles a significant safety risk in relation to fires, deflagrations etc.. represent.

Also Of importance is the release of heat energy, which is associated with the material shredding. At high loads by crushing operations can it due to the associated heat load to softening and Decomposes in particular come from plastics. adhesions, Caking or the like. and a leakage of gaseous pollutants are among the possible Sequelae, the massive breakdowns up to the total Failure of a plant can cause.

Of the extensive waiver of mechanical crushing units for the reasons stated above requires against the background of a high degree of digestion elaborate manual decomposition steps. As disadvantages are pronounced high personnel costs as well as the low realizable material throughput to watch. Both aspects lead to uneconomic solutions.

task The present invention is a process for digestion of composite-containing metal-containing materials and separation to provide in purest fractions, which at the same time a low-priced and Highly efficient selection of material types with high material yields guaranteed.

These The object is achieved by a method having the features according to claim 1 and a facility for implementation the method with the features according to claim 10 solved. The under claims 2 to 9 and 11 include advantageous design options.

• – eine selektive Ausschleusung von Schadstoffen bzw. schadstoffbelasteten Produkten
• – einen wirksamen Aufschluss von Verbundstoffen
• – eine vollständige Abtrennung von Eisen- und Nichteisenmetallen (Aluminium, Buntmetalle)
• – eine Gewinnung von Kunststoffen mit zuverlässiger Sortentrennung und hohen Stoffausbeuten
• – eine Reduktion der nicht verwertbaren Stoffanteile auf ein minimales Restvolumen

The inventive method allows

• - a selective discharge of pollutants or polluted products
• - effective digestion of composites
• - complete separation of ferrous and non-ferrous metals (aluminum, non-ferrous metals)
• - a recovery of plastics with reliable sorting and high material yields
• - A reduction of the non-recyclable substance shares to a minimum residual volume

• – Komplettaufbereitung mit einem Verfahren, welches für die Behandlung nahezu aller elektrischer Altgeräte und Verbundmaterialien geeignet ist
• – rein trockenmechanische Aufbereitung, d.h. abwasserfreier Betrieb
• – geringer spezifischer Leistungsbedarf
• – weitgehend vollautomatische Betriebsweise
• – wartungs- und verschleißarmer Betrieb
• – hohe Schutzgüte, aufwändige Sicherheitskonzepte (Explosionsschutz, u.a.) entfallen
• – erzielbare Stoff Rückgewinnungsraten überschreiten durchweg die 85%-Marke

Apart from low specific treatment costs, the inventive Ver drive the following advantages:

• - Complete treatment with a process that is suitable for the treatment of almost all electrical waste and composite materials
• - purely dry mechanical treatment, ie sewage-free operation
• - low specific power requirement
• - largely fully automatic operation
• - low-maintenance and low-wear operation
• - high protection quality, complex safety concepts (explosion protection, etc.) omitted
• - recoverable substance recovery rates consistently exceed the 85% mark

Further explanations of the advantages as well as details and characterizing features of the invention are presented below. The execution of the method according to the invention, including the various design options, is based on the simplified flow diagrams in FIG 1 and 2 out.

The Preparation of complex composite materials such as electronic and old electrical appliances in the EC member states legally prescribed treatment standards. This includes the in the Annex Π of the Directive 2002/96 / EC, selective treatment of materials and components. The list acc. Annex II of the EC Directive Specifically specifies which pollutant substances, preparations and components from old devices must be removed. To meet these requirements, As a rule, there is a need for manual pretreatment, the possibly a partial device decomposition includes, perform. The pretreatment includes, for example, the removal of liquids from refrigerators or the separation of external electrical lines.

The inventive method is against this background on the processing of manually pretreated and partially dismantled waste. For the purpose of manual Removal of pollutants and impurities sees the method according to the invention different implementation options in front.

1 schematically shows a possible sequence of the method steps.

In this embodiment variant of the method according to the invention, the material to be treated A is in the first stage 1 First coarsely pre-shredded and on a sorting belt 2 given up. In this way, the decomposition and removal of contaminated products compared to the purely manual disassembly simplify and accelerate time. This has the advantage that the throughput can be significantly increased.

For spreading of pollutants and contaminants become several sorting jobs held, preferably arranged on both sides of the tape become. The belt speed becomes high output rates tuned and is due to a manual Sorting without auxiliary devices, for example, the identification facilitate the parts, at belt speeds below 0.5 m / s. As the device manufacturers future are required by law to take measures to facilitate the Transport of pollutants, it can be assumed that the Labeling of contaminated assemblies and parts increasingly product-specific Labels such as data storage units (barcodes) used which are computerized Systems allow quick and easy identification. at Use of automatic detection systems can reduce the belt speed be increased to values above 0.5 m / s.

The Bandwidth of the sorting belt must be the average working depth take account of a sorting force. With two-sided arrangement of the sorting work stations becomes the bandwidth is preferably set to a maximum value of 1.2 m. In order to achieve high and accurate sorting services, the Number of fractions to be removed per sorting workstation limited.

The freed of pollutants and possibly contaminants material flow passes through in the embodiment variant acc. 1 a second crushing stage 3 , This is where the composite materials are largely broken down. According to the invention, the object of the material to be treated B, bypassing the preliminary size reduction and the subsequent pollutant removal distance, can also take place before the second size reduction stage. This task point is kept in particular for small devices contaminated with pollutants as well as for all pollutant-free composite materials.

By Use of a shear and impact stress oriented Crushing apparatus and corresponding limitation of the power input is a major digestion of the material, in particular the Separation of metals and non-metals, achieved without the material mixture in its entirety to small grain sizes to crush. This procedure provides an important requirement for the further treatment according to the invention the material flow is.

In order to facilitate the further processing and to reduce the complexity of the substance mixture to be separated, according to a characterizing feature of the invention, first removes the selectively separable materials from the comminuted mixture. By means of conventional magnetic separation 4 First, a removal of the ferromagnetic components (Fe-metals). For the exploration of stainless steel (VA) materials, a separate separation stage is used 5 maintained. The operating principle of the separator for VA-containing materials is based on the effect that, as a result of comminution of these substances at the fracture boundaries, surfaces form which can be polarized under the action of a strong magnetic field and thereby separated.

In the remaining material mixture in particular lightweight materials such as films, fluff from textile residues o. The like., Wood chips and other finely divided substances low density affect the effectiveness of sorting out further valuable fractions. For this reason, according to the invention, in the further course of treatment, the lightweight materials, such as lint, foils, textiles, wood and the like, are first of all. by air sifting 6 separated from the main material flow. The separated mixture of light substances is extremely high in calorific value and is suitable for energy recovery.

To the unwanted Accompanying substances in the material mixture continue to be considered as casts Wires o. Like., Which complicate both the further processing as well as the functionality the devices of downstream units such as conveyors or sieve apparatus can. A discharge of wire helices offers apart from the increase in Operational safety the advantage that the diversity of materials of the mixture reduces and thus facilitates the further processing becomes.

With appropriate operating setting of the classifier 6 it is possible that the Gewölle contained in the material mixture is largely discharged with the Leichtstofffraktion. If the lightweight fraction is to be assigned to energy recovery, however, it is more favorable if non-combustible constituents such as wire corrugations do not possibly get into the lightweight fraction.

For a selective detection of wire helixes, according to an optional embodiment of the invention, following the visual stage, a separation stage 7 intended for the removal of vaults. Devices for separating vaults are known in different embodiments. The discharge can take place, for example, with the aid of rotating brushes, in which the vaults interlock, including mechanical separation devices. In the plant according to the invention for the implementation of the method can also be a sorting line for the separation of Drahtgewöllen 16 be kept. This embodiment variant basically opens up the possibility of removing further contaminants.

The optionally held separation stage for the removal of casts is followed by a classification stage according to the invention 8th with division of the material flow in two streams. Preferably, the separation of the streams takes place according to their grain size at a boundary grain size above 8 mm. Both classifiers and classifiers can be used as classifiers. When using a separator, the separating cut can be adjusted by varying the classifying air. In the case of the use of a Siebapparates customization options are given by replacing the Siebbeläge.

Due to the flow separation with a classifying section above 8 mm, the amount of material or the number of individual pieces in the coarse material is significantly reduced, so that taking into account the dimensions of the parts and in view of a significantly reduced particle number separation of the particles is technically feasible and useful. For the purpose of singling the coarse material by means of Schüttelrinne o.ä. on a conveyor belt 9 given up. The coarse material is primarily composed of plastics and non-ferrous metals.

The material-selective sorting out of these recyclables is carried out according to the invention automatically by means of sensors. The rapid identification of both plastics and metals by means of specific sensors is state of the art. After a characteristic feature of the invention, that is on the conveyor belt 9 First coarse material is first passed by one or more metal sensors, which determine apart from the identification of the substance at the same time the position on the tape. The separation of the recognized parts is preferably carried out by pneumatically operated discharge devices. The discharge can be carried out both on the belt and after the particles have been discharged, the identified parts being separated in flight by means of pneumatic ejectors.

The full Separation of the parts to be separated is a mandatory requirement for a substance-selective Separation, since all Parts are detected individually by the sensor or the sensor system have to. For this it is necessary the material as evenly as possible over the Give up band distributed.

By belt speeds of preferably 3 m / s or greater, not only the throughput is increased, but at the same time caused by inertial and adhesive effects drifting (separation) of the parts on the belt. In this context, it should be noted that compared to the manual sorting, the belt speeds can be significantly increased because the sensory recognition in conjunction with a mostly computer-aided evaluation of the measurement signals do not represent the material throughput limiting factors.

The separated metal parts are according to a further characterizing feature of the invention a separator for non-ferrous metals (NE) 12 fed and separated into a fraction consisting of coarse aluminum particles and a non-ferrous metal mixture. For the purpose of removing at least one type of plastic, the coarse material stream freed from the metal parts is attached to one or more specific plastic sensors 10 bypasses. The separated type of plastic may be, for example, PVC or contaminated, bromine-containing plastics. The latter plastics are to be selectively recorded in accordance with EC Directive 2002/96 / EC. The separation of the PVC fraction, however, is required in an orientation to an energetic utilization of a plastic mixed fraction, since due to the requirements for limiting the chlorine input only largely chlorine-free fuels can be supplied to a recycling plant. In principle, according to the invention, depending on the task and the marketing possibilities of the pure plastic types, several superordinate types of plastic (polyolefins such as PP, PE) as well as individual types of plastic can be sorted out using specific sensors.

According to the invention, the identification, localization and removal of plastics is analogous to the sorting of metals. In the technical embodiment, a series circuit of specific sensors can be made for the selective detection and removal of multiple types of plastic. The removal of metals and plastics can continue either one-stage ( 17 ), ie take place on a conveyor belt or there are two separate sorting belts ( 9 . 10 ) held.

The from the first flow distribution 8th The resulting effluent stream generally constitutes a mixed fraction which is neither marketable nor directly storable in compliance with the allocation values of the Waste Deposit Ordinance. According to a characteristic feature of the invention, the fine material flow is by means of classification 11 divided into two streams. In the case of the preference for setting the classification cut to 2 mm, the flow of less than 2 mm (pass when using a sieve) is primarily made of heavy, brittle materials such as glass or ceramic. In the fraction greater than 2 mm, apart from mineral constituents, also appreciable contents of finely divided iron (Fe) and non-ferrous metals (NE) may be present, so that a more extensive treatment 13 preferably using Fe and NE separators is useful.

Due to the bans on substances from 1 June 2006, which inter alia prohibit the use of cadmium, lead, mercury and polybrominated biphenyls in electrical appliances, it can be assumed that, in view of a significant reduction in the inventory of harmful substances in the appliances, it will be much easier to dispose of contaminated waste in future in accordance with the embodiment in 1 can be designed.

Against this background, according to the in 2 illustrated embodiment of the invention, the removal 15 of any pollutants and impurities after comminution 14 of the material to be treated. The comminution can preferably be single-stage 14 or optionally two-stage with pre- and post-shredding.

Claims (11)

Process for the digestion and separation of pretreated and partially decomposed composite-containing material mixtures, in particular electrical and electronic scrap according to the type of material, characterized in that the entire material stream is crushed in two stages in a first treatment step in a single stage or using cascaded apparatus that either between the crushing stages or in the further course of treatment by providing at least one sorting path a removal of visually and / or detected using detectors contaminated parts and / or contaminants is that the iron-metal-containing materials are separated from the crushed material flow, that after separation of ferrous metal-containing substances is a separation of stainless steel parts, that the stream of material freed of substances containing stainless steel is fed to a separator for the discharge of light materials such as lint, foils, wood chips or the like ird, that the material flow freed of light materials is classified and thereby divided into a coarse material flow and a fine material flow, that the coarse material flow is fed onto a conveyor belt and bypasses at least one metal detector which identifies and locates the metal parts that the identified and localized metal parts from the coarse material flow be removed that the coarse material freed from metal parts is then passed past at least one sensor for the location and identification of plastic parts, that at least one predetermined type of plastic is removed from the freed of metal parts Grobgutstrom that the fine material stream is classified and divided into two streams of different grain size. Method according to claim 1, characterized that the classifying section of the distribution of material flow in one Coarse and fine material flow is carried out at a grain size of 8 mm or greater. Method according to claims 1 and 2, characterized that the classifying section of the further division of the fine material flow in two streams at a grain size of 2 mm takes place. Process according to Claims 1 to 3, characterized that immediately after the one- or two-stage Shredding contaminated parts and / or contaminants be removed. Method according to claims 1 to 4, characterized that immediately after separation of the lightweight materials polluted Parts and / or contaminants be removed. Method according to claims 1 to 5, characterized that after separation of the lightweight materials and before splitting the material flow in a coarse and fine stream wire barrel is removed. Method according to claims 1 to 6, characterized that the metal parts removed from the coarse material flow to a separator for non-ferrous metals supplied become. Method according to claims 1 to 7, characterized that the separate removal of metal parts and plastics either single-stage within a sorting line or two-stage with two in Series switched sorting lines takes place. Method according to claims 1 to 8, characterized that using specific detectors different plastic containing Materials separated by varieties or specific parent genera be removed. Plant for carrying out the method according to one the claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the system at least one Shredder, a sorting line for the removal of contaminated pollutants Substances and other contaminants, a separator for Ferromagnetic substances, a device for separating stainless steel Parts, an air classifier for the separation of lightweight materials, at least a classifier for separating the streams according to the grain size, at least one equipped with detectors sorting line for the separate removal of Metal parts and plastics includes. Plant according to claim 10, characterized that either a sorting line or a mechanical separator for the Separation of wire helices is held up.