DD157341A5 - METHOD FOR THE EVALUATION OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS OF ANIMALS AND EQUIPMENT FOR IMPLEMENTATION - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to the processing technology of livestock waste and provides anaerobic digestion of manure, which is carried out under constant agitation, separation of the fermented mass into liquid and solid fractions, which are used as Duengung, and biogas development. According to the invention, the manure is subjected to a decompression treatment prior to the anaerobic digestion, which is carried out under controlled negative pressure generation. The biogas and other nitrogen and carbon containing components produced as a result of anaerobic digestion are used as tropical elements of the culture medium in the aerobic process, where they undergo processing by means of prototrophic bacteria. The biomass of the latter is disintegrated and used as feed. The resulting after processing by means of the prototrophic bacteria gas mixture is used as an energy carrier in the anaerobic digestion system, while the fermented mass is precipitated prior to separation into fractions by a mineral-organic suspension. In the device for implementing this method, according to the invention, the storage tank / 9 / via the means / 10 / for taking out the biogas and the cleaning unit / 12 / is connected to the aerobic microbiological reactor / 13 /, which is a device / 25 / for disintegration the biomass, a concentrator / 24 / biomass, a pipeline / 26 / for the discharge of biogas processed into the A / 6 / heating system, a fermentation tank / 5 /, while the anaerobic tank / 4 / A / 11 / automatic regulation device and controlling the intensity of the fermentation process. The invention allows for an accelerated bioconversion cycle of feeds in livestock farming complexes.

Description

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Process for the exploitation of life activity products of animals and plant for execution. ·.

Field of application of the invention

The invention relates to a method for processing waste Viehhaltungs such as manure, plant residues and mixtures thereof and a plant for the execution of the same.

The method of the invention can be used in the field of processing organic waste of agricultural production, preferably in livestock farming and animal breeding farms, as well as in other artificial ecosystems with closed bioconversion cycle of nutrients and energy.

Characteristic of the known technical solutions

In practice, there are a number of technological processes related to the processing of organic waste. These include such related processes as dung composting, aerobic microbiological processing, application of manure effluents for irrigation of fields, methane fermentation, processing by fly maggots, application for fertilizer and / or animal feed after special biochemical treatment, and others.

The main demands placed on these processes under production conditions include the production of processing products (fertilizers) of the required quality with minimal losses of fertilizer properties of manure, minimal expenditure of time and funds per end product.

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Ness.

The quality of the processed products produced is characterized by the degree of maintenance of that fertilizing potential contained in the starting manure and by the perfection of conversion of the nutrients contained therein into the feed product (vegetable, microbial or other protein-containing biomass).

In order to obtain the maximum height of this characteristic at the required process speed, losses of nitrogen and organic substances, which are unavoidable in their uncontrolled decomposition inevitably accompanied by intensive dispersion of volatile decomposition substances of organic matter in the form of nitrogen and carbon containing gases, must be minimized in which rapid and sufficiently economical conversion of the organic manure mass into the putter must be ensured.

The known methods for processing of life-activity products of animals each have a different, maximum achievable speed and efficiency and the products obtained meet the sanitary-zootechnischen requirements to varying degrees · However, none of them fully meets the requirements of intensive livestock, economy today and nature conservation. As a result, manure and manure drains remain a major source of soil contamination and of the air and water basin in the site zone of larger livestock farms and animal breeding farms.

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The lack of acceptable technological solutions in the field of manure processing hinders the development of animal husbandry on an industrial basis and does not allow to intensify the production of animal products in accordance with the modern requirements of the economy, zoological hygiene and environmental protection.

Concrete advantages and disadvantages of the known methods are apparent from the example of modern processing technologies of livestock waste used in larger animal husbandry complexes and animal breeding farms.

One of the main methods of processing the liquid manure is its use as an organic fertilizer. In this regard, the most common operation in its preparation for incorporation into the soil has until recently been its storage in a lagoon system and subsequent introduction into the ground by irrigation or sprinkling. The lagoons are mostly designed as open settling ponds, in which a biological decomposition of part of the liquid manure or manure occurs with the recovery of organic fertilizer suitable for fertilization.

In these lagoons the liquid manure remains for a fairly long time (about 100 days), is aerated by means of fixed or floating turbines, and the solid manure fraction settling on the lagoon floor is cleaned up once every two or three years , but extensive manure slaughtering processes are characterized by high losses of nutrients, _{and the} ammoniacal nitrogen emissions reach 90 % of their initial content in a normal aerobic lagoon.

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Because the aerobic fermentation already at a temperature. stops by +18, the lagoons become easy stores of manure drains during the winter months. The lagoons are also unsatisfactory in sanitary-hygienic terms due to the port existence of Salmonella at the mentioned temperature during the entire storage period »

The lagoon process is sometimes combined with treatment in a system of oxidation trenches. In the oxidation trenches, which are located under the slatted floor of livestock housing, are aerators, d, h. rotating rotors are arranged with blades that stir the slurry, saturate with oxygen, and convey through a channel. The aerobic decomposition also occurs in the winter season in this process, although the process speed is low, the system of oxidation trenches requires high capital investments and leads to high losses of nutrients from the manure. The operational disadvantages of this method include rapid wear of aeration devices and excessive foaming, with the foam sometimes being able to enter the livestock room. Since it is known that there are no safe methods for controlling foam formation under these conditions, the mentioned disadvantage is serious and problematic. Finally, it must be said that the density of population characteristic of developed countries is a major disadvantage of all varieties of manure lagoon processing, including the risk of contamination of groundwater, especially in light soils, strong odor development in spring and unavoidable use of larger land.

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Other methods of manure processing, which provide for the use of manure exclusively for fertilization purposes, are based on its separation into solid and liquid fractions. The nutrient richest solid part is rented, then dried or composted, after which it is introduced into the soil »

Overall, the separation into fractions, dimensions and performance of the equipment allows to reduce the liquid processing time, to use it in one circulation cycle, reducing the total water requirement. However, this technology has so far only limited distribution, as it requires significant floor space to ensure the risk-free use of larger amounts of liquid manure by its direct introduction into the ground ·

Moreover, as the present results of agrochemical studies confirm, the losses of nitrogen and organics during biothermal treatment in composting exceed in most cases 30 % of their content in the solid fraction, that is, they are large enough. The nitrogen losses in the direct introduction of the liquid manure phase into the soil reach 95 % of its initial content .

In recent years, the method of aerobic manure processing for fertilization in overground tower storage was widespread, this is unlike the Lagunenverfahren the liquid manure from the livestock room not immediately transported into a memory. First, it enters one or more containers equipped with aerators, where it remains for 7 to 10 days. Decomposed under aerating conditions

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the microorganisms intensively set organic substances and increase the temperature up to 42 to 65 ^° C. This results in the disinfection of the mixture, after which the liquid manure is transported into the storage tank.

The transport of the manure to the field and the placing in the ground is carried out by means of large tank cysterns: equipped with pumps and devices for bringing in manure under the ground. This method makes it possible to reduce the treatment time of manure to 7 days, ie it is the most intensive of all described methods, however, the losses of nutrients from the manures remain high (the ammonium nitrogen is almost completely lost in the aeration stage), and the organic substances are lost by 50 to 55 % as a result of the biothermal decomposition. "The method of anaerobic digestion (methane fermentation) of the manure in closed containers is most economical in terms of maintaining the fertilising potential of the animal manure and ensuring a certain level of depletion.

In the existing Paul containers, manure is kept for 25 to 28 days at a temperature of 56 ⁰ C, after which it is transported to the pond or transported to a storage facility ». ,

A disadvantage of this process is its high energy intensity, which is associated with the necessary maintenance of the "thermophilic operating condition" in the reactor, which leads to considerable energy expenditure in the fermentation exposure mentioned or for consumption of the greater part of the developed methane-containing gas to heat the Paulbehälters. As a result, the losses of orga-

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nical substances with almost complete preservation of ammoniacal nitrogen in the form of the burnt Bioga'aes 30 to 40 %. ,:

However, ^requires: the method considered to Realieierung same high initial capital investments and is therefore unprofitable "at low speeds of the anaerobic processing in the control

Another group of livestock waste recycling technologies requires their processing to yield not only organic fertilizers but also feedstuffs. The direct processing of the manure to feed, excluding the plant breeding stage, makes it possible to significantly shorten the traditional bioconversion cycle of nutrients (which is two to three years under natural conditions), ensuring their return to feed within a few days.

Due to the special features of the digestive tract of the animals, up to 40 % of the protein in the feed is obtained from the feed ration. In the stable dung of the cattle, for example, the so-called "single cell" protein from the rumen microorganisms is contained. a more valuable protein than the "vegetable protein of the feed contains.

Therefore, a number of processing methods are directed to the recovery of the protein component directly from the manure for use in the animal feed livestock, and the processes underlying the mentioned manure processing techniques allow them to be classified as heat-physical, thermochemical and biochemical Single or multi-stage filtration · harmful

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Divide fabrics. The best-known 'technology which realizes the heat-physical methods of obtaining the undigested protein from the manure, is the so-called ¹¹ C ere co-Pro ζ ESS. "

The basic principle of this method is as follows: the manure obtained on the farm is diluted with water up to 80 % moisture and separated after passing through three separators in three fractions · the fibrous fraction (C ^ product undigested vegetable residues) is ensiled and presented to the bull calves in fattening as fodder. The liquid fraction is evaporated, dried and granulated. The product obtained in this way (C ₂ ) contains up to 30 % protein, 4 % fat, 25% ash and is fed in granulated form to pigs and chickens.

The ashes obtained during the separation and feed elements not taken up by the animals are used as manure (C., Product). The process allows industrial recovery in a relatively short time (up to 6 days) from the manure of undigested nutrients with a high degree of sterilization of the product, relatively low energy input and moderate environmental contamination. However, in no single country have the medical control authorities given their permission to use the products obtained in this way as feed in general. This is explained by the fact that harmful substances (mycotoxins, heavy metals, pesticides, etc.) are not completely derived from the feed cycle during this processing procedure and are stored in the animal's organism. As a result, after three to five recirculations, this leads to disease of the animals (liver cirrhosis) - and impaired

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accordingly the consumption properties of the products »-

In addition, organic matter is almost completely absent in the CU product used as manure, which is why the manure potential of manure for field production is almost completely lost.

^L. *. '

As an example of the thermochemical method for obtaining petties from the manure of manure, the so-called "Wittingham process" is used. According to this technology, manure collected from the open mast surface is diluted with water up to 85 % moisture, after passing a settling aerator where heavy precipitates ( Sand, etc.), the manure effluents are separated in a centrifuge, the majority of the nutrients (especially the whites and fats) remaining in the liquid fraction, which is then treated with ferric chloride to precipitate a flake-like precipitate. The produced precipitate is leached out, dried and processed into granules containing from 30 to 50 % crude protein. "The solid manure fraction is hydrolyzed with alkali to produce a product corresponding in energy to the molasses.

The advantages of this method, apart from those of the thermophyalcal processing method, include the possibility of accelerated inclusion in the animal feed cycle, in addition to the undigested substances, in addition to some mineral elements from the manure.

Due to the same drawbacks as in the thermophyalcal processing method ("Cereco process"), the thermochemical "Wittingham process" has found no use ".

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An example of biochemical single-stage filtration of farmyard manure when processed into feed is the "Bellami Process", a technological process for recovering the biomass of thermophilic bacteria on the housing substrate.

The principle of this technology is the aerobic decomposition of the chemically treated manure pulp as well as soluble nutrients with specific bacteria capable of cleaving cellulose and lignin. The process takes place in a succession of fermenters, to which oxygen is added to intensify the process and in which a constant optimum temperature is maintained.

The recovered biomass suspension is collected, filtered off and dried to the consistency of a soft powder.

The product contains up to 55 % crude protein. The process makes it possible to process more than 95 % of the starting waste amount.

The application of the manure processing methods with the one-stage filtration of harmful substances makes it possible to achieve a high yield of protein-containing products from the manure with a rather high protein content.

However, the protein product produced in the one-stage processing of the housing by bacteria contains all the harmful substances of the parent stallion (mycotoxins, pesticides, heavy metals, etc.) contained in the solid residue of the culture medium (i.e., in manure). Is to

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also the processing process by means of thermophilic bacteria in itself very energy-intensive,. : ..

The finest biologic filtration of harmful substances in processing manure into feed ensures biological multi-step processes such as traditional field farming, biological ponds, biological fish farming ponds and more. · -

However, the previously known processes of biological purification are practically uncontrollable, require large areas (field, ponds, lagoons), are highly dependent on climatic and weather conditions, can be a pollution source of the environment and groundwater. In many cases, the process required to produce protein is increased (in general, crops are harvested once a year, and fish farming takes a few months). "Thus, the modern processes of multi-stage bilographic filtration are widely used in Systems of intensive animal breeding conceivably unsuitable.

In addition to the technologies described above, there are known attempts to produce the protein feed using manure processing products obtained in manure processing in accordance with generally used aerobic purification technologies which are not specifically oriented towards the production of feed from manure.

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As is known, as a result of the aerobic microbiological manure processing, the nutrients thereof are converted into the protein of single-cell bacteria and infusoria, which precipitate on dying on the bottom of the digester in the form of the so-called Belebtechlamm. The investigations have revealed that the activated sludge contains over 42 % protein. The concentration of the dry substance in the activated sludge does not exceed 6%. The processing technologies of activated sludge in protein feed additives provide for its concentration, comminution, heat sterilization and subsequent drying,

<'.-. '·.

Use of this method of recovering egg whites from manure allows to increase reasonably the profitability of such expensive cleaning equipment as digesters. However, the method has significant disadvantages:

1, Since the dry matter in the initial activated sludge does not contain more than 6%, complex, energy-intensive equipment is required to concentrate it

2, The process of heat sterilization can be performed at extremely low exposure (of the order of a few tenths of a second) with high heat energy concentration (the so-called "thermal shock"), otherwise decompose together with the helminth eggs and other pathogens to be destroyed also amino acids and Proteins of the protozoa, which make up the activated sludge, which lowers its feed value. The equipment for these operations is also quite costly and unreliable in operation,.

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3. The product obtained by this technology is not free from the harmful substances of raw manure.

Object of the invention

The object of the invention is the elimination of the mentioned disadvantages »

Statement of the invention

The invention has for its object to provide a method for the utilization of livestock waste by their two-stage microbial processing, the first stage in the form of an anaerobic decomposition process of the organic material to form gaseous precipitates, the second stage but in the form of an aerobic synthesis process of the protein Utilization of gaseous effluents originated in the first stage and realized by livestock operations as nutrient elements of second stage protein synthesis microorganisms which, for certain parameters of these processes, maximize the inclusion of all nutrients contained in manure into the putter cycle of the agricultural production, as well as to create a plant for the realization of this method, whose execution is characterized by simple and reliable construction and a high performance and economic ensured.

This object is achieved in that in the process. for the exploitation of animal life products derived from the anaerobic digestion of manure, carried out with continuous stirring, the separation of the fermented mass into liquid and solid fractions used for fertilization and the development of biogas

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According to the invention, the manure is subjected to a decompression treatment prior to anaerobic digestion, the anaerobic digestion under controlled pressure generation and the resulting biogas and other nitrogen and carbon containing components separated from the ejected air mass of the cattle holding spaces and from the liquid manure fraction as trophic elements of the culture medium in the aerobic process in which they are processed by prototrophic bacteria. The biomass of the latter is desihtegrated and used as feed, the gas mixture leaving after processing by prototrophic bacteria being used as energy carrier in the anaerobic digestion system the fermented mass is precipitated before separation into fractions by means of a mineral-organic suspension.

To improve the comminution and dispersion of manure and to accelerate the initiation of the process of anaerobic manure fermentation, and the subsequent intensification of the same, the decompression treatment of manure is suitably durqh its saturation

with gas under a pressure of 50 to 120 kp / cm with subsequent pressure drop to 0 to 1200 mm WS performed.

To avoid saturation of the slurry mass subjected to decompression treatment with oxygen, which is an inhibitor of the anaerobic process, biogas may be used as the gas for saturating the dung mass.

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To accelerate the discharge of the gaseous metabolism products from the culturing medium of methane bacteria, the negative pressure in the fermentation chamber is conveniently maintained in the range of O to 1200 mm WC and the mass is cyclically stirred, each cycle starting from the moment a vacuum of 100 - 900 mm WS is reached.

To ensure the biosynthesis of bi white, methane-oxidizing microorganisms, preferably of the following types, can be used in the process:

Methilococcus capsulatusi:

Methilosinus trichosporium

Methilosinus sporium.

To increase the intensity of the process of protein biosynthesis, the aerobic process is conveniently carried out at 'overpressure of the' gas mixture and the following culturing operation is maintained:

Temperature of the culture medium 30 to 45 ⁰ C acidity (pH). 5.5 to 7.0

Pressure of the oxygen-containing gas 1.1 to 40 kp / cm ² / at a)

Carbonic acid content * up to 30%.

To intensify the process of separating the fermented mass into liquid and solid fractions, and to balance the composition of the recovered solid organic fertilizer with respect to the main fertilizer components (nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium), the precipitant used may be a suspension of the following composition:

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Monoammonium phosphate / M ^ H ₂ PO./ 5 to 15% potassium chloride / GaCl _2/5 to 15%

Solvent (liquid manure fraction) - the remainder, wherein the YqIumenverhältnis of suspension and liase to be precipitated in the range of 1: 1 to 2: 2 can be selected. \

The object is further achieved in that in the Yienhaltungsabfall utilization plant comprising an anaerobic microbial reactor including a fermentation and storage tank provided with a heating system and devices for feeding manure and removing the fermented mass , the last of which is connected to a means for separating the fermented Hasse in solid and liquid fractions, while the storage container has means for removal and purification of the biogas, according to the invention the storage container connected via the means for biogas removal and a purification unit with an aerobic microbiological reactor with a biomass disintegrator, a concentrator, a discharge line of the processed biogas to the fermentation tank heating system, while the anaerobic microbiological reactor is an automatic control and monitoring device the intensity of the fermentation process

Conveniently, the means for automatic control and monitoring of the intensity of the fermentation process

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provided with a means for maintaining the predetermined negative pressure in the storage tank and a counter of the amount of biogas, which interact during the maintenance of the fermentation intensity.

The means for maintaining the predetermined Uriterdruckes is suitably designed in the form of a bellows pump, which consists of a power chamber, a bellows, a clock generator, a pressure plate, a pneumatic comparison element and compressed air valves, two of which with the bellows, the storage container and the gas container, but the remainder are connected to the power chamber, the pressure plate and the pneumatic comparison element whose one input to the bellows, whose other input is connected to the pressure plate, the counter of the amount of biogas is connected to the connected to the Druckluftventi-len clock generator *

To increase the working reliability and simple design with guaranteed required accuracy of manure in the manure feed to the reactor means for manure and removal of the fermented mass expediently in the design of at least three non-communicating air chambers with them einmontierten in one and a Output section of an elastic material line carried out, which are connected by means of nozzles, and provided with a pneumatic pulse generator whose output with

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the chamber of the Eingangsabschnittea directly, with the chambers of the input and intermediate section but via time delay elements is connected.

The basic principle of the present invention consists in the following.

Based on the investigations and theoretical justifications of the processes of microbial processing of organic substrates, it has been found that their intensity depends on the susceptibility of the substrate for microbiological decomposition (homogeneity, lack of competing flora, low level of oxidation and reduction potential) as well as the conditions of supply of the trophic elements to the culture medium and the conditions of withdrawal of metabolism products from the same. »

It is known that in each cubic centimeter of treated manure for manure, there are about 6 billion different microorganisms, including, in addition to the methane bacteria responsible for the anaerobic digestion process, a significant portion of the microbes that are useless for the process, which compete with the working population around the common substrate. This results in a significant slowdown in the normal process of methane fermentation, which is two to three days compared to control (in the absence of competition).

The influence of the counteracting population on the speed of acceleration of the process is through a following

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Characterizes the equation that describes the change in the size of the working population (y) in time (t):

(dy / dt) = r - ky - pz (1)

where it means:

r, k and ρ - positive constants that correspond to the specific growth conditions of the population that exists in this medium}

ζ - * size of the competing population,

From Equation (1) it follows that the elimination of the competing population (z = 0) under otherwise equal conditions increases the rate of increase of the number of methanogenic bacteria and thus the rate of the actual methane permeabilization process.

It has also been found through experimental studies that the performance of the decompression treatment of the material, which ensures its sterilization prior to delivery to the culture medium, can ensure a reduction of exposure of the manure fermentation process of the manure by at least two days.

It has also been found that the speed of the organic waste decomposition process can be limited not only by the existence of competing populations of microorganisms, but also by storage in the culture medium of metabolism products.

These include mainly methane and carbon dioxide ·

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Theoretically, it has been proven that the character of the inhibitory influence of metabolites on the growth rate (/ μ) of the working population is determined by the following relationship:

., / umax. kp> s _(o >.

Γ * U ₃ + S) Up + P ₂ ) » ^u;

in it mean:

ρ - concentration of inhibitory metabolism products in the medium}

K ·. Constant, which characterizes the concentration of exchange products at / U (p) = ^ Ug;

Kg - constant that characterizes the substrate concentration at M (q \ - '° j

S - concentration of the organic part of the substrate (manure or other waste),

It follows from this equation that in order to increase the process intensity under otherwise identical conditions, the expression (K "+ P-d) i stands on the right in the connoisseur,

P yy.

reduced, d, h. a permanent derivation of metabolism products from the culture medium must be ensured »

It has been found by research that this can be achieved by conducting the process at reduced pressure in a gas vessel in the range of 100 to 900 mm V / S, with the total fermenting mass being stirred in volume »

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Because the fermented mass that results from anaerobic microbiological silage processing is a stable colloidal solution when appropriately precipitated for subsequent separation into solid and liquid fractions.

The investigations carried out have established that coagulation of the fermented mass by electrolytes most suitable for this purpose, which does not contaminate the soil, precipitates well and increases the fertilizer value of the manure. For coagulation by means of electrolytes it is necessary that their concentration has a certain value (Coagulation threshold, mmol in g / 1) given by the following relationship

D ³

, A ♦ e. · Z

in it mean:

O - proportionality factor j '

D - dielectric constant of the precipitated medium (40 to 80 for the fermented mass) \

k - Boltzmannsehe constant

e - electron charge j

T - temperature ° Kj 0

A- constant of Yan-der-Waals attraction;

Z - charge size of the dominant ion,

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So, the pressure increase in the cultivation system einee of procedures for the increase in concentration of the substrate (CH., Og) in the culture liquid. Since the process intensity on the concentration of the substrate (CH., O ₂₎ is dependent, the pressure increase in the Kultivierungseystem one of the effective Method for increasing the process performance

According to the invention, the biogas developed in the anaerobic digestion of manure must be utilized in the bacterial biomass in the aerobic process of intensive fermentation.

Starting from Henry's law: Pa = Sx, where S is the Henry's constant, Pa - partial compressive stress above the liquid and χ the concentration of the methane-containing gas in the liquid. The concentration of the dry matter in the culture medium and the productivity of the process depend almost linearly on the pressure at which the cultivation process takes place. With this in mind, it has been found by experimental investigations that the aerobic process of microbiological oxidation of the biogas is expediently at a pressure the gas phase in the fermenter is guided from 1.1 to 40 kp / cm (ata)

The above-mentioned main rules (1), (2), (3 ·) are a method for processing life-living products of animals to obtain organic-mineral fertilizers and feed whites, and high-performance plants for anaerobic processing of organic wastes

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on an industrial basis. According to the invention, to precipitate the hardened mass, a suspension is used which consists of 5 to 15% monoammonium phosphate, 15 % potassium chloride and solvent, using a liquid fraction which is added to the mass to be precipitated at a volumetric ratio of 1 ϊ 1 to 2 s 2 is introduced

Following the execution of the above-mentioned operation, an economical livestock waste recycling process is realized, which is carried out on the basis of controlled microbiological processes, which proceed at a higher rate and ensure a higher recovery efficiency of animal livestock waste than the known methods.

Execution of the process is possible only in a plant in which the required process parameters are met. The practical conversion factor of life - product from animal to putter, under which the ratio of the amount of nutrients and their decomposition products present in the living waste of The volume of these substances converted into a putter which satisfies all zoosanitary requirements is, for systems with a working chamber volume of not more than 20 m, 0.9

The experiments carried out have shown that in the application of the method according to the invention for the utilization of life activity products of animals, the production of

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This will also ensure a higher degree of inclusion of the nutrients contained in the life-cycle products of animals into the feed cycle of agricultural production.

The conversion of the nutrients from the manure to feed through its use in agriculture is very slow (in two to three years since the moment of bringing the manure into the ground) »The inventive method allows the protein feed after ein'bis two days after feeding the manure for treatment.

Calculated on one ton of absolutely dry manure, over 60 kg of protein can be obtained from the products of anaerobic processing. This means that from the manure of a fattening facility for 10,000 large cattle about 600 tonnes of protein per year (about 1.7 tonnes of protein per day) can be produced without sacrificing quality and reducing the production volume of organic fertilizers.

The experiments carried out on the animals of the biweiß and vitamin concentrate obtained from the biomass of methane-oxidizing bacteria have not produced any negative consequences of the feeding of this product.

The application effect of the biweiß and vitamin concentrate of microbial origin as feed additive is the effect

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the similar application of known protein and Vitaminzusatzen the same concentration similar.

The technology proposed according to the invention makes it possible to carry out an accelerated cycle of bioconversion of feeds parallel to the traditional way of regenerating them in field production at the livestock farm, which provides real possibilities of designing livestock complexes as waste-free operations meeting all requirements of environmental protection »

embodiment

For a better understanding of the basic idea of the invention, the patent specification drawings of the technological scheme of the method and the concrete embodiment of the devices according to the invention are shown in FIG.

Pig «1ί Technological scheme of the process for the utilization of life activity products of animalsJ

Fig. 2: Scheme of the device for metered manure supply;

3: schematic representation of the construction of the device for decompression treatment of manure 5 ·

FIG. 4: Scheme of the device for automatic regulation and control of the intensity of the fermentation process of the manure

Fig. 5: Scheme of the technological series for dewatering the * fermented manure j

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Fig. Βϊ Explanation of the precipitation intensity of the fermented mass without treatment (curves 1, 2, 3) and when treating the treated mass by an IT, P, Ca-containing suspension (curves 1, 2, 3).

The devices shown in the drawings (Pig * 2, 3, 5 »6 and 7) belong to the construction of the plant (Pig, 1) for carrying out the method according to the invention, the • a metered manure supply device 1, a comminution homogenizer 2, a device 3 for decorapression treatment, an anaerobic microbiological reactor 4 "which includes a fermentation vessel 5, which is equipped with a heating system 6, a device for removal 7 and recirculation 8 of the fermented mass ι and a storage container 9 containing a means for removal of the biogas 10, a device 11 for automatic regulation and control of the intensity of the fermentation process and a cleaning unit 12 is equipped. The latter is connected to an aerobic microbiological reactor 13, whose inlet via a concentrator-sterilizer 14 is also connected to a ventilation system 15 of a livestock room 16 and equipped with an arbiter 17 of mineral components. The output of the anaerobic microbiological reactor 4 is connected to a separator 18 of the fermented mass in liquid 19 and solid fraction 20 equipped with a device 21 for preparing the precipitating board and a system 22 for recirculating the liquid manure fraction.

The output of the aerobic microbiological reactor 13 is mixed with a concentrator 24 (thickener) of the biomass.

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The latter is connected to a device 25 for disintegrating the same. Here, a pipeline 26 for exhaust gases of the aerobic microbiological reactor 13 with the heating system 6 of the anaerobic. Reactor 4 connected via a cleaning device 27 »a pipe 28 for supplying de ti oxidizing agent with the source of the oxygen-containing gas, as which air from a compressor 29 or oxygen from a pressure bottle 30 is used · '

The scheme of the metered-mist feed device 1 is shown in Pig * 2.

According to this scheme, the device 1 consists of a sealed housing in which portions of the elastic material conduit, namely an input portion 31, an intermediate portion 32 and an end portion 33 are enclosed, which are made of rubber tube or rubber tube, for example. The sealed housing is divided by diaphragms 36 with nozzles in three compressed air chambers corresponding to the aforementioned sections of the material line.

These compressed air chambers are connected via delay lines 34 and 35, which consist of switched according to the repetition scheme relay and a throttle 37 with a pulse generator 38. The variable throttle 37 ensures the variation of the repetition frequency of pulses,

The device 3 together with the anaerobic microbiological reactor 4 is shown schematically in Pig, FIG. It consists of an inlet valve 39 »a decompression chamber 40, which is equipped with a pressure gauge 41,

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a drain valve 42 connected to an injector 43.

Here, a gas line 44 of the decompression chamber 40 with the aid of valves 45 and 46 with a compressed gas source 47 i at the moment of starting the system) or with a means 48 for gas compression in normal operation connected;

The device 11 for automatically controlling and controlling the intensity of the manure spill process is shown in Pig. 4 schematically shows and contains: a means for maintaining the predetermined negative pressure in the storage tank 9 by forcibly diverting the resulting during fermentation biogas from the storage tank 9 »is executed in the form of a controlled bellows pump, the chamber from a bellows 50, a force 51» a pressure plate 52, from compressed air valves 53 »54» 55 and 56 and consisting of a pulse generator 57 with a trigger 58; an adjustable throttle 59 »a compressed air tank 60, a compressed air valve 61, a comparison element 62, whose one input to an adjuster 63 of the maximum UnteMrucks, the second input but is connected to a bellows 50 which is connected via a valve 55 to a gas tank 64 while the output is connected to the force chamber 51 via the compressed air valve}, a counter 65 of the amount of the derived biogas, which consists of a magnetically controlled contact 66, an electropneumatic transducer 67 and a numeral indicator 68.

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The means for precipitating the hardened mass is. in Pig. It consists of a unit 69 for preparing the precipitation suspension with a regulator 70 of the suspension feed, a device 22 for recirculating the liquid manure fraction, a coagulator 71 equipped with a stirrer 72, a precipitation chamber 73, a granulation burner 74 and from metering devices 21 and 23e

The installation described above and the facilities belonging to it operate in the following way:

the stable manure is supplied from the livestock holding space 16 (Pig, 1) to the comminution homogenizer 2 by means of the metered manure feed device 1 (Pig 1, 2), where it is comminuted to particles of a size exceeding 1 to 2 mm, and thereby converted into a homogeneous mass · After the comminution homogenizer, the manure enters the device 3 for decompression treatment which causes the husking of microorganisms of competing groups and helminth eggs to break. The biologically active substances which are deposited in the treated manure mass accelerate the process of methane fermentation in the fermentation tank 5 of the anaerobic reactor 4 into which the decompression treatment-treated manure is injected and an active acid containing the working association of methane bacteria is introduced. The process is conducted at a temperature of 50 to 56 ° C, a pH of 6.5 to 7 _tons at a negative pressure in the storage tank 9 maintained in the range of 0 to / -1200 / mm V / S. '

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During the methane fermentation in the fermentation tank 5 finds. intensive conversion of organic matter accompanied by the transfer of volatile (predominantly ammoniacal) nitrogen species into a stable ammonium form and the development of biogas containing 65 % methane (CH.) and 35 % carbon dioxide ( SOg) exists.

The fermented mass is discharged by means of the device 7 for removing the same from the fermentation tank 5 and fed to the separator 18, in which also passes the precipitation suspension, which consists of the liquid manure fraction 19 and a coagulant, as which a fertilizer possessing mineral components are used , namely 5 to 15% monoammonium phosphate (NH.HgPO,) and the same amount of calcium chloride (CaCIp). In this case, the precipitation suspension is mixed with the precipitated fermented mass at its volume ratio of Ί: to 2: 2. As a result, the precipitation rate increases dozens of times compared with the natural standoff and the energy expenditure for the separation of the solid fraction 20 accordingly decreases.

The biogas developed during the manure fermentation is taken from the storage vessel 9 by means of a biogas removal means 10 controlled by the unit 11 belonging to the construction of the means for controlling and controlling the methane fermentation process (Pig.1, 4).

Thereafter, the biogas passes through the purification unit 12 and enters into the aerobic microbiological reactor 13, the • water, sources of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and microelements (with the aid of the allocator 17),

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acid-containing gas-air and / or oxygen from the pressure bottle 28 or from the compressor 29 as well as nitrogen- and carbon-containing gases are fed, which have been adsorbed in the device 14 from the ventilation outlets of the livestock room: 16.

As a producer of proteins, a mixed culture of microorganisms of the following types is used:

Methilococcus capsulatusj ^:.

Methilosinus trichosporium. Methilosinus sporium ·

Optional methilotrophic organisms belonging to the mixed culture of microorganisms and capable of assimilating methane homologues belong to the species Flävobacterium gasotypicum,.

The aerobic cultivation process is carried out at a temperature from 36 to 50 ⁰ G, wherein pH of the culture medium in the range of 4FO to 6.0, the concentration des'Ammoniakstickstoffes in the range of 50 to 150 mg / 1, of phosphorus in the range of 50 to 100 mg / 1 is maintained ·

The cultivation process is conducted at a gas pressure higher than the atmospheric pressure and in the. Range of 1.1 to 40 kp / cm. The recirculated gas mixture is passed through a purifier 27 where it is freed from excess carbon dioxide, maintaining the carbon dioxide content at a constant level. The continuous culture of the mixed culture is carried out at a dilution coefficient of 0.15 to 0.25 h of microorganisms passes from the stage of cultivation in the aerobic reactor 13 into the

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Direction 24 for pre-thickening, where a decrease in the pressure takes place, whereby the dissolved gases in the culture medium from the liquid phase and partially from the microorganisms are desorbed itself »This takes place as a result of high pressure drop the rupture of the shells of a part of the bacteria to be cultivated. As a result of this, the biological substances contained in the cells pass into the culture medium which, after preliminary thickening in the device 24, partially returns to the aerobic reactor 13 and is used to stimulate the growth of microorganisms.

The carbon dioxide absorbed at the stage of purification (in the device 27), which has been developed during the biosynthesis, and the accompanying components of the processed gas phase from the cultivation stage in the reactor 13 and the gas desorbed in the thickener (concentrator) 24 are mixed with the mixed atmospheric air and burned in the heating system of the heat exchanger 6, through which by means of the means 8 for recirculation, the fermented mass is passed with a periodicity that is dependent on the change in temperature in the fermentation tank ·

The biomass recovered from methane oxidizing microorganisms, thickened to a concentration of 180 to 200 kg ACB / m, is fed to the disintegrator 25, where the bacterial envelopes are destroyed, after which the concentrate produced is directed into a puttering compartment 75 where it enters the Putter as protein supplement, mainly in the liquid state, is introduced »

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The operation of original equipment, which is part of the construction of the plant, is by Pig, 2, 3, 4

and FIG. 5 explains. ,

In Pig. 2 shows a device for metered manure feed. It is used both for supplying the manure to the fermentation vessel 5 and for removing it from the same of the fermented mass, feeding the pilitrate into the precipitation device 18 and pumping the mass to be fermented through the heat exchanger 6.

The device works in the following way.

The conveyed or metered medium (liquid manure, Kulturflüasigkeit or Piltrat) fills the gates 31, 32 and 33 of the material line, after which the compressed air effect, which arises at the output of the pulse generator 38, the end portion 33 of the material line is compressed, whereby the outlet of conveyed medium is prevented.

In the next instant, the material line entrance section 31 is obstructed at the exit of the delay line 35 by the action of the compressed air, and the entire volume of the medium to be conveyed that has filled the elastic material line is now locked in the intermediate section 32. Thereafter, 38 UuIl occurs at the output of the pulse generator, the end portion is opened, but the intermediate portion 32, which is controlled via the delay line 36, is compressed, wherein the medium enclosed in it is ejected in the direction of the end portion 33, which is then under the Effect of a next-compressed air pulse it is compressed at the output of the pulse generator 38, where-

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at the said medium volume from the device is conveyed. Since then the pressure in the pneumatic chambers of the sections 31 j 32 and 33 drops again, the latter, unlocked, so that they are now prepared for a next Füllungszyklua the elastic material line through the medium to be transported (to be dosed).

According to the invention, the manure is subjected to a decompression treatment prior to entry into the anaerobic microbiological reactor 4, which aims to increase the susceptibility of this coarse-disintegrated medium to microbial decomposition and the delivery of an accompanying microflora which has an inhibiting effect on the development of the working population of methane Bacteria exerts.

According to the scheme in Pig. 3, the manure is supplied through the inlet valve 39 to the decompression chamber 40, and biogas is supplied from the pipe 44. The latter "forms during the methane fermentation in the container 5 and is pressed by means of a high-pressure pump 48 through the valve 45 in the pipe 44 and through the valve 4β in a storage bottle 47, for storing the biogas excess and to ensure the work of the decompression 40th when the anaerobic reactor is started, if the biogas is not yet developed «

Upon reaching the decompression chamber of a biogas pressure equal to 50 to 120 kp / cm, the valve is closed, the drain valve 42 'is opened, whereby the gas and liquid mixture is injected through an injector 43 into the fermentation tank 5 of the anaerobic reactor.

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As a result of the abrupt pressure drop v / ground the microorganisms and plant particles at the moment of exit from the destroyed Decompressionskammer, making the susceptibility of the Ausgängssubstrats (output Mists) is considerably increased by the microorganisms for the A _r beitspopulation introduced processing ·

• The control and control of the process of anaerobic digestion by means of the device 11 whose schematic diagram is shown in Pig · .4 · With the help of this device, automatic maintenance of such a negative pressure in the anaerobic reactor is ensured, in which the process intensity is maximum associated with the process intensity a quantity of biogas which is developed in a unit of time ·

The device works in the following way. The mass to be fermented is supplied cyclically to the fermentation vessel 5, in which conditions are created which are necessary for ensuring the life activity of the methane bacteria. As the biogas produced by these bacteria progresses from the mass to be fermented, it is released by a compressed air valve 54 As a result, with simultaneous agitation of the mass to be fermented, an intensive discharge of gaseous metabolism products takes place, i.e., a compressed air reservoir 50 of variable volume. Methane bacteria, in the form of a methane-containing gas when the pressure in the fermentation tank is reduced from O to / -1200 / mmWS. This leads to a significant increase in the intensity of the fermentation process. The vacuum over the mass to be fermented is adjusted by a vacuum adjuster 63, which is connected to one of the compartments of a comparison element 62. In this way, a proportional air

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consumption from the force chamber 51 of the means 8 (Fig. 1) for forcibly diverting the resulting biogas from the fermentation tank 5 under valcuum conditions at a prescribed vacuum level in the bellows 50 achieved depending on the influx of biogas.

When taking the upper end position through the bellows 50, which corresponds to "completely pulling it with biogas.", When the contacts of a magnetically controlled transmitter 66 respond, the circuit of an electropneumatic transducer 67 and a digit indicator 68 turns on Trigger 58 of a clock generator 57 is switched With pressure increase to a height equal to the high pressure, the trigger 58 is switched over at the same time, the compressed air valves 53, 54, 55, 56 and 61. The pressure required for deformation of the bellows 50 air pressure passes from the pressure plate 52 in the Power chamber 51 · The biogas from the bellows 50 is discharged through the compressed air valve 55 la a gas container 64. At this moment the DrucklUftventil 56 prevents the supply of excess pressure to Vergleichselement 16, the compressed air valve 54 but the rear supply of biogas to the storage tank 9. When Transition of the bellows 50 au When the upper end position is in the lower position, the contacts of the magnetically controlled encoder 66 are disconnected, the electro-pneumatic converter 67 is switched to the initial state, with "0" appearing at its output.

After a period equal to the filling time of the DRAWER tank 60 and the discharge time of the bladder 50, the trigger 58 is switched to the normal position, whereby the control chamber of the compressed air valves ·. 53 »54» 55 »56 and 61 connected to the atmosphere.

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In the force chamber 51, the set pressure is stored, the storage container 9 is connected to the bellows 50, the force chamber 51 with the comparison element 62 and the compressed air tank 60 to the atmosphere. The pipeline connecting the bellows 50 and the gas tank 64 is disconnected. Furthermore, the cycle is repeated.

The time of complete emptying of the bellows 50 is set by the variable throttle 59.

•

The present facility allows to increase the intensity of the process of anaerobic manure processing by means of intensive dissipation of products of bacterial metabolism in the form of biogas bubbles, which emerge from the liquid to be fermented with pressure decrease over it from 0 to / -1200 / mm WS.

In addition, this facility allows for accurate automatic control of the intensity of the fermentation process »

Anaerobic manure processing gives a fermented mass that has the form of a colloidal solution. In order to ensure highly productive dewatering of the same, the precipitation of organic colloids is necessary, in the course of which the application of existing precipitation processes by metal-containing coagulants is impracticable because of their expense and the contamination risk of the soil and groundwater by harmful compounds.

Therefore, the author instead of the metal-containing coagulants use a Ausfällsuspension consisting of mineral fertilizers, and · Although monoammonium phosphate (HH.HpPO.-) - 10% and calcium chloride (CaCl ₂₎ or lime - 10% - is. As liquid

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Phase of the dispersion medium liquid mist fraction is used, which is detached from the manure during the separation, is. Here, the precipitation solution in a ratio of 1: 1 or 2:. 2 (two volumes of the liquid phase per two parts of manure) introduced into the manure, which has a temperature of 50 to 55 ⁰ G (this is the manure temperature at the outlet of the digester), followed by intensive stirring, followed by 10 to 15 minutes let stand and during this time a rapid separation of the mixture into fractions in the ratio of 1: 1 achieved.

The liquid fraction flows off and the heel comes into mechanical separation. ,

After treatment of the manure by this method, the filtration time is reduced by a factor of 10 and more, resulting in an organic-mineral complex fertilizer balanced to IT, P, Ca. An embodiment of the present method is illustrated by a scheme (Fig. 5). According to this scheme, the fermented manure mass, which has a temperature of 55 ⁰ C, passes from the fermentation tank 5 in a coagulation chamber 71, which is equipped with a stirrer 72 and in which by a locking device 70, the previously prepared precipitation suspension in the ratio of 1: 1 or 2: 2 (two solution parts per two mist pieces) is supplied. The prepared in this way liquid manure reaches the precipitation chamber 73, where its intense separation takes place in liquid fraction and paragraph; the heel is fed to a means 74 for dewatering and granulation thereof and a portion of the liquid fraction is fed via the conduit 22 to a precipitation suspension preparation chamber 69 into which the dosing means 21 also deliver monoammonium phosphate (UH ₁ HgPO 4). 5 to 15% and calcium chloride

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(CaCl ₂ ) or lime - 5 to 15 % . - be supplied.

To me the occasion, when no PiItrat of the liquid manure of manure is won. "" Is used as dispersion medium normal technological water "

The execution of the present method, by shortening the time required for the separation of manure in fractions, allows the working line of the separator to be increased more than 10 times. In this case, suspended particles are virtually completely absent in the liquid manure fraction. In Fig. 6, the curves 1, 2, 3, 4 depict dependencies of the natural sedimentation of the liquid manure of manure:

, 1 - Frischmist}

2 - fermented stable manure}

3 - fresh manure in the mixture with the precipitation solution}

4- fermented manure in a mixture with the precipitation solution.

For the construction of the curves 60 ml.des to be examined stable manure were filled into the measuring cylinder, and after certain periods, the volume of the resulting paragraph was registered (in% of the total volume), From the cited dependencies can be seen that precipitation of 20 % of In the case of fresh manure, about 50 hours were required, with the fermented manure not practically segregating. After mixing the fresh or the fermented manure with the precipitation solution, 50 % of the heels are formed in 10 to 12 minutes, after which the increase in volume ceases, ie Speed of the natural. Settling increases nearly 300 times, with the liquid

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Phase has yellowish color and is lacking in floating particles, while in fresh dung the liquid phase has dark color and in the upper part there is a crust consisting of floating particles. The curves 1, 2, 3 »4 give dependencies of the filtration rate of the same volume (60 ml) of the stable manure to be examined under other identical conditions (temperature, negative pressure, filtration surface, filter paper), which shows that the fermented manure is practically not while the fresh manure was filtered off in H 60 % 60 % and the filtration was complete. For filtration of the same types of manure mixed with the precipitating solution v / aren 50-60 sec was required, ie the filtration rate increased in proportion to the speed of natural settling *

The filtrate obtained from the fermented mass of the liquid manure does not require decontamination, which makes it possible to introduce it by means of irrigation systems or plants for sub-soil introduction.

The solid manure fraction, which in this case is produced in the form of capsule granules with a shell of mineral components, constitutes an organic-mineral complex fertilizer which is introduced into the soil by means of known scatterers intended for the mineral fertilizers or locally in the topical application of plants In practice, there is no need for the development of special machinery intended exclusively for the dispersion of organic fertilizers. The economic benefit

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effect from the application of the present process is produced thanks to a considerable increase of yield, increasing the working performance of the separation devices (which ensures a significant. · reduction of the effort for the processing of 1 ton of manure) and thanks to the reduction in the required for the scattering of organic fertilizers machines _v parks ,

Claims (11)

227030 3 -42- 7.4.1981 58 589/13 Claim for invention 1 A method for the utilization of animal life products in anaerobic digestion of farmyard manure, which is carried out with continuous stirring, in the separation of the fermented mass into liquid and solid fractions used as fertilizer, and in the biogas development, characterized in that the manure is subjected to decompression treatment prior to the anaerobic digestion and the anaerobic digestion is conducted with controlled negative pressure generation., while the resulting biogas and other nitrogen and Sohlenstoffenthaltende components after their exit from the expelled air masses of the animal husbandry rooms and from the liquid manure fraction be used as trophic elements of the culture medium in the aerobic process in which they are subjected to processing by means of prototrophic bacteriaj the biomass of these latter is disintegrated and used as a putter, which after processing by the protot rophen bacteria outgoing gas mixture is used as energy source in the system of anaerobic digestion, while the fermented mass "precipitated before separation into fractions by a mineral-organic suspension, 2 _% method according to item 1, characterized in that the decompression treatment of manure by the Saturation with gas under a pressure of 50 to 120 kp / cm with subsequent decrease in pressure down to O - / -1200) mm Ws. 3. The method according to item 2, characterized in that biogas is used to saturate the dung mass, which is developed during the anaerobic stable manure processing. 3 0 3 -43- 7: 4,1981. 58 589/13 4. The method according to item 1, characterized in that the negative pressure in the fermentation chamber (5) in the range of O to / -1200 / mm WS is maintained and each Umührührzyklus starts from the moment a negative pressure of / -10O / to / -900 / mm WS is reached. 5. The method according to item 1, characterized in that the prototrophic bacteria used in the aerobic process consist of obligate and optional microorganisms of the following types: Methilococcus capsulatus
Methilosinus trichosporium
Methilosinus sporium. 6. The method according to item 1, characterized in that the aerobic process of Biomassehherstellung is performed under an overpressure of the gas mixture, being maintained: Temperature of the culture medium 30 to 45 C Acidity 5.5 to 70 Pressure of the oxygen containing     ' Gases 1.1 to 40 kp / cm (at a) _ Carbonic acid content up to 30 % · 7 »Method according to item 1, characterized in that a suspension of the following composition is used to precipitate the hardened mass: 227030 3 -44- 7 * 4.1981 58 589/13 Monoammonium phosphate (M ^ Ho PO ^) 5 to 15% * Calcium chloride (GaCl ₂ ) 5 to 15% Solvent (liquid manure fraction) the remainder, wherein the mixing of the suspension with the precipitate mass is carried out at a volume ratio of 1: 1 or 2 ι 2 *. The installation for carrying out the method according to item 1, which contains an anaerobic microbiological reactor containing a fermentation and storage tank equipped with a heating system and equipment for feeding manure and removing the hardened mass, the latter of which is connected to a means for separating the fermented mass into solid and liquid fractions, while the storage container has means for removal and purification of biogas, characterized in that the storage container (9) via a means (10) for biogas removal and a cleaning unit (12 ) is connected to an aerobic microbiological reactor (13) having a Biomassendesintegrator (25), a concentrator (24) _t a pipe (26) for discharging the processed biogas in a system (6) for heating the fermentation container (5), while the anaerobic microbiological reactor (4) means (11) for autom atical regulation and control of the intensity of the fermentation process » Installation according to item 8, characterized in that the means (11) for automatically controlling and checking the intensity of the fermentation process comprise means (49) for maintaining the predetermined negative pressure in the storage tank (9) and a counter (65) of the biological storage unit. 30 3 -45- 7.4.1981 58 589/13 quantity of gas which cooperate during the maintenance of the given intensity 10 «system according to item 9, characterized in that the means (49) for maintaining the predetermined negative pressure in the form of a bellows pump is made up of a force chamber (51), a bellows (50), a clock generator (57)» a pressure plate (63) »consists of a pneumatic comparison element (62) and of compressed air valves (53, 54, 55, 56, 61), two of which with the bellows (50), the storage container (9) and the gas container (64) but other with the power chamber (51), the pressure plate (52) and the pneumatic comparison element (62) are connected, whose one input to the bellows (50), the other input but connected to the pressure plate (63), wherein the Biogasmengenz counter (65) is connected to the clock generator (57) which is coupled to the compressed air valves (53, 54, 55, 56, 61), 11, installation according to item 8, characterized in that the means (1, 7) for manure supply and removal of the fermented mass at least three non-communicating compressed air chambers with them einmontierten an input section (31), an intermediate section (32) and * an output section (33) of a. elastic material line, which are connected by means of connecting pieces (36), and a pneumatic pulse generator (37) whose output with the chamber of Ausgangsabs, chnittes (33) directly, with the chambers of the input portion (31) and the intermediate portion (32) but connected via time delay elements (34) and (35).