CS211435B1 - Optimum fertilization with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a method of fertilization for the purpose of increasing the overall level of plant production. The purpose of the invention is to determine the optimal doses and thus the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of industrial fertilizers, or to adjust the ratio of nutrients of already applied doses of fertilizers so that their nutrients are used more effectively by plants. This is achieved by a method that indicates how to use a set of indicators that, in their complex, allow to determine the nutrient that is at a minimum in the evaluated complex of factors. At the same time, they allow to determine the dose of fertilizers needed to increase its yield level to the level of yield levels of other main nutrients, including fertilizer nutrients that are available for fertilization of a given crop. The method of determining the need for fertilization based on the concept of yield levels allows to determine the optimal amount of necessary basic nutrients according to the useful directions of crops and according to the content of nutrients in a given soil. The determination of nutrient doses for propagating crops can also be carried out in another specified way. The method according to the invention can be used for fertilization in plant production, i.e. in agriculture, horticulture, etc.

Description

The invention relates to an optimal method of fertilizing with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in order to increase the overall level of plant production by increasing the efficiency of the use of all nutrient sources by plants and reducing the negative impact of fertilization on the quality of their products and the overall environment to a minimum. It is a solution to the technical problem of the basic issue of plant production technology, i.e. how many kg.ha" ¹ of individual nutrients of industrial (mostly mineral) fertilizers need to be added to a given soil so that, from the point of view of the needs of the cultivated crops, the doses of farm (organic) fertilizers used are well supplemented with nutrients and together create the prerequisites for increasing the yield per hectare of given crops by fertilization and for increasing soil fertility.

Previous fertilization methods were based on the principle of the so-called nutrient balance. This means that they used the norms of average intake of basic nutrients, i.e. nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, determined by chemical plant analyses, which are extracted from the soil by plants at a certain yield. In order to avoid a loss of nutrients in the soil, these methods recommended replacing the expected amount of intake with fertilizer. When using agrochemical soil analyses, two methods are essentially used. The first of them recommends adjusting the dose (calculated according to the expected consumption for the planned yields) according to the supply of accessible nutrients in the soil.

When the nutrient supply is low, its dose is increased, when it is high, it is reduced. The second method is based on certain levels of nutrients in the soil, which the authors claim ensure a certain yield per hectare of given crops. At the same time, the term nutrient level in the soil more reasonably means the supply of kg.ha ^-1 of accessible nutrients in the soil and nutrients supplied in fertilizers, and I do not distinguish between the different nutritional values of a kilogram of individual nutrients from these different sources. The latest fertilization system tries to saturate the soil with phosphorus, potassium, and possibly also magnesium and calcium to the so-called ecological production level, given in mg of nutrient per kilogram of soil, and to optimize nitrogen doses based on inorganic plant analyses.

The criteria for groups of soil saturation with individual nutrients differ according to the grain size composition of the soil, while others differ according to the site units. The advantage of this progressive fertilization system is a single spreading of fertilizer doses corresponding to 2 to 4 crops of the crop rotation. For all existing methods, an insurmountable obstacle to increasing the efficiency and utilization of all nutrient sources is the fact that the productivity of any nutrient expressed by the increase in the crop yield per hectare, which corresponds to a kilogram of nutrients of used industrial fertilizers, e.g., per 1 kg of ií (+ PK), depends on its ratio to other nutrients and other vegetation factors in the environment.

Another obstacle is that the adjustment of the inappropriate ratio of nutrients in the plant, in the form of treatment, is not comparable to preventive measures. The efficiency of nutrient use already affects the initial development of the growth. Further progress is hampered by the lack of knowledge of the unit of measurement of the nutritional value of the assessed content of nutrients from individual sources; i.e. a unit of measurement that allows for the comparison of the same mass (kg.ha ^-1 ) of a given nutrient from their individual sources, i.e. e.g. nutrients determined by agrochemical soil analysis, or the same nutrient released gradually from an applied dose of organic fertilizers or supplied in mineral fertilizers.

It is a unit of measurement that would allow comparing the nutritional value of a certain content of individual nutrients and other vegetation factors from the point of view of crops with different needs. This fact is reflected in the fact that, with the changing amount of individual vegetation factors in the environment, it has not yet been possible to determine which nutrient is present in a smaller proportion than other nutrients from the point of view of the needs of given crops, or even in a minimum or in a harmful maximum, reducing the efficiency of the use of all vegetation factors in a given crop.

At the same time, it was not possible to systematically determine the dose of fertilizer nutrients needed to bring this missing nutrient in the soil to the level of nutrients contained in sufficient quantities (for a given goal) or at least to a better level, thereby increasing the efficiency of using all nutrient sources.

AND

The above disadvantages are eliminated by the optimal method of fertilization with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), according to the invention, based on the norms of the average intake of these basic nutrients N,

Ρ, K”(extracted by crops from the soil to produce a certain mass of t.ha ^- 'the main product of the given crop with an appropriate amount of roots and by-products).

The essence of the method according to the invention is that when fertilizing a given crop, at least 30 kg.ha ^- ' of water-soluble nitrogen and the optimal dose in kg.ha ^{- '} of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of primary fertilizers are applied to the soil, determined by multiplying the difference between the ^expected increase in the yield of the main product of the given crop, expected with the effective use of fertilizer nutrients available for the given crop, or the ^real increase in the yield planned for the given crop from fertilization, and/or its real yield per ^hectare , and between the yield levels of basic nutrient sources, i.e. organic fertilizers, or already used mineral fertilizers and/or nutrients from old soil strength, the norm of the need for nutrients of mineral fertilizers and a ton of the main product of the given crop for those nutrients whose yield level in the evaluated sources is less than the required number of t.ha ^- ' of the main product of the given crop, with the tlm that for fertilizer nutrients for propagating crops, the yield levels of basic nutrients are equalized to the ratio of 100 N ; ^! 'θθ K, while for crops intended for feeding, table purposes or industrial processing, the dose of nitrogen fertilizers is increased. as needed, up to the limit ratio of yield levels of 167 N : 100 P : 100 K and on soil poorly supplied with phosphorus, the dose of phosphorus fertilizers will also be increased at the same time as the dose of nitrogen fertilizers, while maintaining the equality of the yield levels of the two basic nutrients, as needed, up to the limit ratio of yield levels of 167 N : 167 P : 100 K, even in those cases where only the ratio of fertilizer nutrients available for the given crops is adjusted, with the proviso that the permitted deviations from all the stated yield level ratios can range within + 20% of the yield, but in the interest of the stability of the yield increase obtained by fertilization, it is necessary to ensure that the ratio of yield levels of the two main nutrients is as close as possible to the ratio of 100 : 100, while the optimization of fertilization will be carried out by transforming the norms of average withdrawal kg.ha ^- ' of basic nutrients, the determined coefficients of need and/or percentages of use of individual nutrient sources, to the norms of need kg.ha ^- ' of basic nutrients for the production of the required weight t.ha ^- ' of the main product of the given crop and/or to yield levels for determining the minimum nutrient and optimal doses of basic nutrients for given conditions.

The essence of the invention further consists in that when fertilizing propagating crops, at least 30 kg.ha' of water-soluble nitrogen and an optimal dose kg.ha ^- ' of basic nutrients of industrial fertilizers are applied to the soil, determined in such a way that from a hundred times the average withdrawal kg.ha ^- ' of individual basic nutrients by increasing the yield per hectare planned for a given crop from fertilization and/or the planned yield per hectare, the product of the content of the given nutrient with the percentage of its use from the relevant source, e.g. from the applied dose of organic fertilizers or industrial fertilizers and/or nutrients of old soil strength, is subtracted, and the difference, expressed in kg.ha ^- ' of the given nutrient, is divided by the percentage of use of this nutrient from mineral fertilizers.

The basic unit of the optimal method of fertilization with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium according to the invention is the yield level (ν _χ ). It is the average production capacity of a certain nutrient source, with its harmonious ratio with other basic nutrients and with a harmonious or close relationship between the total nutrient supply and other vegetation factors, expressed in t.ha ^- ' expected yield (or t.ha ^- ' increase in yield by fertilization) of the main product of the given crop.

It is determined by the ratio (Η _χ : ΝΡ _χ ν _χ ) of the evaluated weight kg.ha' of a given nutrient source (Η _χ ) and the normative requirement (ΗΡ _χ ), expressed in kg of this nutrient source per ton of the main product of the given crop. This normative requirement for a certain nutrient source (ΝΡ _χ ) is given by the product (NS_ . KP_ and NP_) of the normative average withdrawal of the relevant nutrient (NS_), expressed in kg táXXX X _— · to nutrients extracted from the soil by a given crop to produce a certain weight t.ha of its main product (i.e. t.ha ^- ', for which the normative requirement kg.ha ^- ' of the given nutrient is determined) and the coefficient of the requirement for the given nutrient source (ΚΡ _χ )·

The coefficients of need for individual nutrient sources are a hundred times (only in the case of the coefficients of need for soil nitrogen according to Pázler and potassium according to Sehaehtschabel, a tenth) the reciprocal value of the average percentage degree of utilization of a given nutrient source by plants, with a harmonious or close relationship between the total nutrient supply and other vegetation factors for a given crop. The determined percentages of utilization of individual nutrient sources therefore also allow the determination of the norms of need and yield levels of given nutrient sources for a given crop from the norms of average withdrawal. The norms of average withdrawal of basic nutrients (extracted by a given crop from the soil for a certain mass of t.ha ^- ' hectare yield of the main product with the corresponding amount of roots and by-products) are determined by chemical analyses and are given in the literature.

For example, the average intake standards for essential nutrients per ton of winter wheat grain from 1 ha are 30 kg of nitrogen (N), 5.23 kg of phosphorus (P), and 19.92 kg of potassium (K), while the average intake standards for essential nutrients per ton of potatoes are 5 kg of nitrogen, 0.872 kg of phosphorus, and 6.64 kg of potassium. In general, if there is a significant change in the variety assortment or in the growing conditions (coastal or inland climate, etc.), it must be checked whether the known average intake standards for essential nutrients have changed.

By transforming the above norms of average intake of essential nutrients i(NS _x ), coefficients of need of individual nutrient sources (£Ρ _χ ) into norms of need of essential nutrients per ton of the main product of the given crops ( ^ΜΙ> χ ), according to the equation (NS _X . ΚΡ _χ = ΝΡ _χ ), it is determined that the norms of need of essential nutrients per ton of winter wheat grain are:

a) 83 kg N (30 kg N/t x 2.77 = 83 kg N/t), 35 kg P (5.23 kg P/t x 6.66 = 35 kg P/t) and kg K (19.92 kg K/t x 4.16 = 83 kg K/t) of pure mineral nutrients per ton of winter wheat grain. The ratio of these requirements per ton of winter wheat grain, i.e. the ratio

N : P : Κ = i : 0.42 : 1, is the harmonious ratio of nutrients of mineral fertilizers for winter wheat;

b) 50 kg N (30 kg N x 1.66 = 50 kg N), 35 kg P and 83 kg £ of pure nutrients, released gradually from organic fertilizers. The ratio of these norms of nutrient requirements of organic fertilizers per ton of winter wheat grain, i.e. the ratio N : P : Κ = 1 : 0.7 : 1.66, is the harmonious ratio of nutrients of organic fertilizers for winter wheat;

c) 20 kg N (30 kg N/t x 0.6666 = 20 kg N), 11.7 kg P (5.23 kg P x 2.2425 = 11.7 kg P) and 14.2 kg K (19.92 kg K x 0.7138 = 14.2 kg K) of nutrients of the old soil strength, the ratio of which, i.e. the ratio N : P : K = 1 : 0.58 : 0.71, is the harmonious ratio of soil nutrients for winter wheat.

When transforming the norms of average intake of basic nutrients determined by the percentages of utilization into the norms of need for individual nutrient sources, the procedure is as follows: one hundred times the norm of average intake kg of a given nutrient is divided by the percentages of utilization of its source and the obtained proportion is expressed in kg of the respective nutrient, the norm of its need per ton.ha ^-1 of the main product of the given crop corresponding to the tons.ha of the norm of average intake, from which this norm of need was determined. In this way, for example, it is found that the norms of need for basic nutrients per ton of potatoes are:

a) 13.8 kg N (ΣΛζ·-^^,.,1_00 ₌ , _{3>8 kg kg p (} 0,^2Jg; g/t. ,,x ,100 _{= 5>8 kg p/t) 0}

27.6 kg K (&'Č4 Λ OO, a. 27.6 kg K) of pure nutrients of mineral fertilizers. The ratio of these norms of need per ton of potatoes, i.e. the ratio N : P : Κ » 1 : 0.42 : 2.00, is a harmonious ratio of nutrients of mineral fertilizers for potatoes.

b) 8.3 kg H (ž-^g^x.uo _{= 8>3 kg H)( 5(8 kg p (} OLU^Eg*-,lQ0 _{= 5>8 kg p) and}

27.6 kg K (Ž« ⁶ 4 kR .K.x_i,0Q = 27.6 kg K) of nutrients released gradually from organic fertilizers.

The ratio of these standards of need per ton of potatoes for organic fertilizer nutrients, i.e. the ratio

211435 4

N : F i Κ = 1 : 0.7 í 3.3, is the harmonious ratio of nutrients of organic fertilizers for potatoes;

c) 3.33 kg N ( ⁵ · ^jgó^- ² · = 3.33 kg N), 1.96 kg P (^ ¹ ¾¾ ¹ ^ ¹⁰⁰ = 1.96 kg F) and

4.74 kg K (^'^41 °0 and 4.74 kg K) of old soil strength nutrients. The ratio of these requirements per ton of potatoes for old soil strength nutrients, i.e. the ratio N : P : X = 1 : 0.58 : 1.42, is the harmonious ratio of old soil strength nutrients for potatoes.

"1 — 1"

Optimal doses kg.ha of basic nutrients of industrial fertilizers for a certain number of t.ha of planned increase in hectare yield of the propagation stand of a given fertilization crop are determined by multiplying this number of tons per ha of the main product of the given crop by the standard of need for basic nutrients of mineral fertilizers per 1 ton of the main product of the respective crop. However, doses kg.ha” ^' of a mixture of industrial fertilizers composed in a harmonious ratio of nutrients of mineral fertilizers for a given crop and graded according to the amount of fertilizers (which are available for the given crops) and, if possible, so that the doses of ready nutrients are the greater, the more unfavorable the current weather is for the initial growth of plants and the use of nutrients from organic matter in the soil.

in «.1

The possibility of gradation of doses kg.ha. of fertilizers, composed in a harmonious ratio of nutrients for a given crop (i.e. in the ratio of the norms of need for individual nutrients to the same number of t.ha”’ of the main product of a given crop for each of these nutrients) according to the amount of fertilizers available for a given crop, enables the feasibility of this method of fertilization in wider practice. At the same time, it is the simplest method of fertilization for propagating crops, included without organic fertilization after non-legume precursor crops.

In the case of including a crop (e.g. wheat) after leguminous preceding crops (legumes, clover or alfalfa), it is assumed that the increase in the yield level of nitrogen used in this method to the ratio of yield levels of 167 N: 100 P and 100 X will provide nitrogen from this leguminous preceding crop.

It is therefore the simplest effective method of fertilizing crops intended for consumption purposes (e.g. wheat for baking purposes). This means that it is an effective method of fertilizing crops of that useful direction, when included after a non-legume previous crop (cereal, organically fertilized rapeseed, etc.), the dose of nitrogen fertilizers would be increased (by increasing the dose kg N.ha ^- ', which corresponds to the harmonic ratio N : P : X number of mineral fertilizers for the given crop, i.e. in the case of oz. wheat the ratio'100 N : 42 F : 100 X).

On soil with a phosphorus deficiency, while increasing the dose of nitrogen fertilizers (according to the need and possibilities in the given conditions), the dose of phosphorus would also increase (compared to the basic dose composed in a harmonious ratio of nutrients of mineral fertilizers) in a harmonious ratio of N: P (e.g. in the case of oz. wheat in the ratio of 1 kg N: 0.42 kg P). With organomineral fertilization (i.e. when adding organic fertilizers to the fertilized crop or to its previous crop), further optimization of fertilization consists in increasing (compared to the dose kg.ha”’ composed in a harmonious ratio of nutrients of mineral fertilizers for the given crop) the dose kg.ha”’ (share) of that nutrient, which is low in terms of the needs of the respective crop (or the useful direction of its cultivation) in the used dose of organic fertilizers and/or in the old soil strength, or in both of these sources of nutrients.

This optimization of kg.ha ^doses of basic nutrients of industrial fertilizers, on soils with medium to good potassium reserves, is best done by balancing the yield levels of at least two basic nutrients. For example, by adding a dose of 33.2 kg P to a dose of 100 kg N + 4.2 kg P + 200 kg K.ha'' (composed in a harmonious ratio of mineral fertilizer nutrients for potatoes and graded, up to the stated doses of kg.ha ^- ' basic nutrients, according to the amount of fertilizers available) to balance the effects of nitrogen (used by half-ploughed potatoes from a dose of 35 t.ha ^- ' manure). The total dose of δ. ž. industrial fertilizers in the given example will therefore be: 100 kg N + 75.2 kg P + 200 kg £. In the event that the dose of nitrogen fertilizers were to be increased above 100 kg N.ha ^- ', the dose of phosphorus fertilizers would have to be increased at the same time. This dose increase would have to be carried out in a harmonious ratio of the relevant mineral fertilizer nutrients (for potatoes, i.e. in a ratio of 1 kg N : 0.42 kg P) so that the yield levels of these of the two essential nutrients remained balanced.

Where the fertilizer supply does not allow the use of such a high dose of phosphorus fertilizers and it seems expedient to increase the dose of nitrogen fertilizers (above the stated dose of 100 kg N.ha ^- '), it is necessary to add phosphorus to the basic dose of 42 kg P at least to balance the yield level of potassium (used by semi-early potatoes from the dose of 35 t.ha ^- ' of manure applied to these potatoes).

This is to increase the basic dose of phosphorus by 11.8 kg P, i.e. to a total dose of 100 kg N + + 53.8 kg P + 200 kg K. Without reliable soil analysis not only for the content of P and K, but also N (or where the results of the analysis of partial samples from the same plot fluctuate greatly), the increase in the dose of nitrogen fertilizers is limited to the ratio of yield levels 167 N : 100 P ! 100 £ and in the case of a simultaneous increase in the dose of phosphorus fertilizers with nitrogen, to the ratio of yield levels .67 N : 167 P : 100 £..

The yield levels of individual sources of basic nutrients are determined either by the procedure according to the above equation (Η _χ : ΝΡ _χ = ν _χ ), or directly from the average withdrawal norms. When transforming the average withdrawal norms by the determined percentages of utilization of individual nutrient sources into yield levels, the procedure is as follows: the product of kg.ha ^-1 of the nutrient source and the percentage of its utilization from this source is divided by a hundred times the average withdrawal norm of the respective nutrient per ton of the main product of the given crop and the proportion is expressed by the yield level, given in tons.ha ^- ' of the main product of the given crop, corresponding to the expected yield (in the case of fertilizers, the yield increase) from kg.ha ^-1 of the nutrient of the evaluated source.

For example, with a content of 61 kg of nitrogen (N), 54 kg of phosphorus (P) and 104 kg of potassium (K) in 1 ha of soil (according to agrochemical soil analysis), using the percentages of nutrient utilization of old soil strength and the norms of average withdrawal of 5 kg of N, 0.872 kg of Pa and 6.64 kg of K of pure nutrients per 1 ton of potatoes, the following yield levels are found: . .

Nutrient The nutrient content of the soil creates the conditions for yield Example of calculating soil nutrient yield levels (old soil strengths) (Η _χ ) . -<V nutrient kg.ha ^- ' potato t.ha ^- ' N 61 18.3 61 kg N x 150% , . , -1 . 5 kg N x 100 ” ^t,iia potatoes P 54 27.6 54 kg P x 44.59 % _ m e + ,, -1 0.872 kg W x 10Ó t· ^{130 brQ} “ ^boron £ 104 21.9 104 kg Κ x 140.08 % _ π _th -1 _hrHmh - _T 6.64 kg Κ x 100 - ¹ ' ^{3 t} ' ^l ' ^u

Average yield level of soil nutrients » 22.6 t.ha ^- ' potatoes

When evaluating the participation of yield levels of basic nutrients in the formation of the yield of a given crop, it is assumed that the yield of a given crop (or the increase in yield per hectare, corresponding to the evaluated dose of fertilizer nutrients) is given by the arithmetic mean of the yield levels of all vegetation factors modified by the yield coefficient, which is determined by the mutual ratio of the yield levels of individual vegetation factors. If the yield level is limited by a lack of basic nutrients (N, P, K), the yield per hectare (in the case of fertilizers, the corresponding increase in yield) can be determined from the yield levels of these three basic nutrients and their mutual relationships, including the relationships of individual sources of these nutrients.

Where the yield levels of other vegetation factors (water, temperature, etc.), which are in a harmonious or close relationship, are greater than the yield levels of a given nutrient content in the soil, the yield (or increase in t.ha ^- ' yield) of the main product of a given crop may be identical to the highest yield level of a nutrient irreplaceable by other vegetation factors (most often nitrogen or phosphorus).

These are conditions included in the so-called intensive agrotechnology, i.e. a complex that, in addition to purposeful agrotechnical interventions, also includes weather conditions favorable for the given crop, a ratio of nutrients in the old soil strength approaching the harmonious ratio of soil nutrients for the given crop, and a sufficiently high dose of kg.ha ^- ' ready nutrients of industrial fertilizers (minimum 30 kg.ha ^- ' water-soluble nitrogen) so that nutrients from organic matter in the soil can be released in time, i.e. nutrients that the optimal method of fertilization takes into account in the overall balance, but which should be released only during the vegetation of the fertilized crop.

In the given example, the arithmetic ratio of the yield levels of the basic nutrients of the given soil, i.e. the average yield level of the soil nutrients, is 22.6 t.ha ' of potatoes. The comparison of the yield levels of the basic nutrients shows the missing nutrient, i.e. the nutrient whose yield level is lower than the yield levels of other nutrients, to whose level the missing nutrient must be added to the soil in fertilizers. For the comparison of yield levels, the required optimal dose of the nutrient of industrial fertilizers is determined by multiplying the difference t.ha ^- ' between the compared yield levels, the norm of the need per ton of the main product of the given crop for that nutrient of mineral fertilizers whose yield level is lower.

An overview of the yield levels of individual nutrients in our example shows that, from the point of view of the needs of potatoes in a given soil, the nutrient in minimum is nitrogen (N), whose yield level (18.3 t. .ha ^- ') is the lowest. The optimal dose kg.ha ^- ' of nitrogen from industrial fertilizers, needed to increase the lowest yield level of nitrogen (18.3 t.ha ^- ') to the level of the closest higher yield level of potassium (21.9 t.ha“'), in the given example is 50 kg N.ha ^- '.

It is determined by multiplying the difference (3.6 t.ha ^- ') between the compared yield levels (21.9 t.ha"' to 18.3 t.ha"' = 3.6 t.ha"') by the norm of need per ton of the main product of the given crop for that nutrient of mineral fertilizers whose yield level is lower (3.6 t.ha' potatoes x 13.8 kg N/t » 49.7 kg N.ha"'), i.e. in the given example by the norm of need of 13.8 kg N of mineral fertilizers per 1 ton of potatoes.

By incorporating this dose of 50 kg N.ha"' into the given soil, the expected potato yield would increase to 23.8 t.ha"' (3 ¹¹ + ž7.i6..,.+.-2119. = 23.8 t.ha ^-1 ) with average agricultural technology, up to

-1 » ^J · -1 27.6 t.ha under intensive agrotechnology. To equalize the nitrogen yield level (18.3 t.ha of potatoes) to the phosphorus yield level (27.6 t.ha of potatoes), the required nitrogen dose is determined by multiplying the difference 9.3 t.ha of potatoes by the equalized yield levels —1 ~t —1

27 _r 6 t.ha - 18.3 t.ha = 9.3 t.ha of potatoes) the normative requirement of 13.8 kg of nitrogen mineral fertilizers per ton,ha”' of potatoes and in the case of a given soil is 128 kg N.ha”' (9.3 t.ha“' xx 13.8 kg N/t = 128 kg N.ha“').

The yield level of nutrients of the given soil and this dose of 28 kg N.ha”' of industrial fertilizers would increase to 25.7 t.ha ^- ' potatoes (SXxŠ_±_SX*á_±_2ii2 = 25.7 t.ha' with average agrotechnology, and to 27.6 t.ha of potatoes with intensive agrotechnology. With the fact that the probability of achieving a yield of 27.6 t.ha”' of table potatoes (assumed on the given soil with intensive agrotechnology) with a dose of 28 kg N.ha”' would increase, compared to a dose of 50 kg N.ha”', especially in year 3 with a wet and cold spring.

For the propagation of seed potatoes, the yield levels of the element of the given soil should be equalized to the ratio of yield levels H : P : K - 100 : 100 : 100. This means that in addition to the already mentioned optimal dose of 128 kg N.hs ^- ' (to-equalize the lower yield level of nitrogen = 18.3 t.ha ^_! - to the level of the highest yield level of phosphorus = = 27.6 t.ha ^-5 ), the given soil should also be applied with an optimal dose of 157 kg K/ha of pure nutrients from industrial fertilizers.

This optimal dose of potassium is determined by multiplying the difference of 5.7 t/ha (27.6 t/ha -21.9 t/ha = 5.7 t/ha), between the highest yield level of phosphorus (27.6 t/ha) and the lower yield level of potassium (21.9 t/ha), by the norm of need of 27.6 kg of potassium of mineral fertilizers per 1 ton of potatoes (5.7 t/ha x 27.6 kg'K/t = 15*7 K/ha). Where the content kg/ha of all three basic nutrients in the ^old soil strength is not known (where the results of agrochemical analyses of a larger number of soil samples from the same plot fluctuate strongly) only the yield levels of nutrients of organic fertilizers and industrial fertilizers are equal.

The procedure is similar to the example of balancing the yield levels of soil nutrients. For propagating crops, the ratio of the yield levels of basic fertilizer nutrients is balanced to a ratio as close as possible to the ratio Κ; Ρ: K = 100: 100: 100, with the proviso that at least 30 kg/ha of water-soluble nitrogen is always applied to the soil. For crops intended for feeding, consumption purposes or industrial processing, the dose of nitrogen fertilizers is increased up to the limit ratio of the yield levels of basic fertilizer nutrients Ν: Ρ: K = 167 with 100 100.

On soil with a low phosphorus supply, the dose of phosphorus fertilizers is increased simultaneously with the dose of nitrogen fertilizers up to the limit ratio of yield levels Ν : Ρ : K = 167 : 167 : 100. On soil with a low phosphorus supply but a good potassium supply, this simultaneous increase in the dose of nitrogen fertilizers and phosphorus fertilizers is carried out even for propagating crops, with the proviso that the dose of nitrogen fertilizers used for propagating crops will always be lower than the dose of nitrogen fertilizers used for crops intended for feeding or consumption purposes under the same conditions.

In optimal conditions for the use of nitrogen from organic matter in the soil, the optimal doses of kg/ha of basic nutrients of industrial fertilizers (Hx _ffl ) for the planned increase in hectare yield can be determined by subtracting from the hundredth of the average kg intake of individual basic nutrients by the planned increase in t/ha yield of the given crop (N8x) the product of kg/ha of the respective nutrient released from the used dose of organic fertilizers (Ηχ _θ ) with the percentage of its utilization (SA) and the difference, expressed in kg/ha of the given nutrient, is divided by the percentage of its utilization from mineral fertilizers (S5 m), i.e. the equation is used:

(KSx . 190) - (Se. . » ₀ ) ® « m

For example, when determining the optimal dose kg/ha of basic nutrients of industrial fertilizers for a planned increase in the hectare yield of seed _potatoes by 10 t/ha, 50 kg N, then 8.72 kg P and then 66.4 kg K of the norms of the average withdrawal of these nutrients by a planned increase in yield by 10 t/ha are gradually added to the equation for Ν3 χ. For Ηχθ, 61.3 kg N, then 9.5 kg P and then 101.7 kg K of nutrients released from a dose of 35 t/ha of manure applied to semi-early potatoes are gradually added.

The calculation determines that to increase the yield per hectare of seed potatoes from the yield of 14 t/ha (achieved on average in the previous five years at an average dose of 50 kg N/ha of pure nutrients from industrial fertilizers) to a yield of 24 t/ha, i.e. to increase the yield per hectare by 10 t of potatoes, it is necessary to increase the dose of industrial fertilizers used so far by 37 kg N, kg P and 175 kg K of pure nutrients, i.e. to a total dose of 87 kg N, 49 kg P and 175 kg K of pure nutrients from industrial fertilizers even if s®. starts to apply 35 t/ha of manure to the semi-early potatoes.

When determining the optimal dose of kg/ha of basic nutrients of industrial fertilizers to achieve the planned yield per hectare of the propagation stand of a given crop, the procedure is based on β

similar equations as in the previous example, with the difference that from the hundredth of the average intake kg/ha of the given nutrient, the planned yield t/ha of the given crop, the product of the content kg/ha of the respective nutrient in the soil with the percentage of its use (Hx _p .%p) is subtracted. The equation is therefore expanded as follows:

(NSx . 100) - /(Hx- . %o) + (Hxp .

Hx = -.--2--_

For example, when determining the optimal dose of basic nutrients of industrial fertilizers for a planned yield of 40 t.ha”’ of potatoes on soil with a content of 115.56 kg N, 51.18 kg P and 107.9 kg K per ha”’ of nutrients, determined by agrochemical soil analysis, with 35 kg N 5.45 kg P and 58.1 kg K č. ž. (released from a dose of 25 t/ha of manure for potatoes in the associated planting area), it is found by substituting into this equation that the optimal doses of basic nutrients of industrial fertilizers in the given example are: 15.72 kg N, 74.94 kg P and 418.79 kg K č. ž. per ha”’.

The disadvantage of this method is that it does not allow further optimization of the determined dose of industrial fertilizer nutrients, even though it is obvious at first glance that the calculated dose of 15.72 kg N.ha”' can only be sufficient on soil with optimal conditions for the release of nitrogen from organic matter in the soil. Therefore, in the given example and for propagation crops, the already illustrated method of converting soil nutrients and manure nutrients to yield levels (Vx _p or Vx _Q ) must be used.

Instead of the already stated percentages of utilization of individual Nutrient sources, it is possible to use the already established norms of need (NPx) of the respective nutrient sources. In doing so, it is found that the yield levels of soil nutrients in the given example are: 34.67 t.ha”’ tubers, for the production of which 115.56 kg N in the soil is assumed (115.56 kg N ha : 3.33 kg N t = 34.67 t/ha), further 26.18 t tubers, for the production of which 51.18 kg P contained in the soil is assumed (51.18 kg P ha : 1.955 kg P t = 26.18 t/ha), and 22.76 t tubers, for the production of which 107.9 hg K contained in the soil is assumed (107.9 kg K ha : 4.74 kg K t = 22.76 t.ha”’).

To these nutrient yield levels determined by agrochemical soil nutrient analysis (VXp), the yield levels of 35 kg N + 5.45 kg P + 58.1 kg K of nutrients released from a dose of 25 t.ha”' manure applied to potatoes (Vx' _o ), which are: 4.27 t ha potatoes in the case of nitrogen (35 kg N ha : 8.3 kg N t = 4.20 t.ha'), 0.94 t ha potatoes in the case of phosphorus * (5.45 kg P ha : 5.8 kg P t = 0.94 t/ha) and 2.11 t ha potatoes in the case of potassium (58.1 kg K. .ha“' and 27.6 kg K t ='2.11 t.ha”').

The sums of the yield levels of the same nutrients from these two basic sources, i.e. 38.8 t.ha”’ potatoes in the case of nitrogen, 27.12 t.ha’ potatoes in the case of phosphorus and 24.87 t.ha’ potatoes in the case of potassium, are subtracted from the planned yield per hectare (PV) of 40 t of potatoes. The difference indicates the number of t.ha”’ potatoes whose production needs to be ensured by fertilizing with the relevant nutrient of mineral fertilizers, i.e. 1.13 t in the case of nitrogen, 12.88 t in the case of phosphorus and 15.13 t in the case of potassium.

By multiplying this number of tons of potatoes by the kg.ha' weight of the norms for the need for missing nutrients of mineral fertilizers (i.e. in the given example 13.8 kg N, 5.8 kg P and 27.6 kg K per 1 ton of potatoes), the optimal doses of these nutrients of industrial fertilizers that must be applied to the given soil to increase the yield levels of soil nutrients and manure to the planned yield level are determined.

In this case, the optimal doses of 15.6 kg N + 74.7 kg P + 417.6 K of industrial fertilizers for the planned gross yield of 40 t/ha of seed potatoes were determined in this way.

This hectare dose of pure nutrients was applied in the form of a mixture of ammonium sulfate, superphosphate and potassium sulfate during soil loosening before planting potatoes. The Sparber variety achieved a yield of 41.2 t.ha”’ and the Maritta variety achieved a yield of 39.5 t.ha’ of potatoes with above-average seedling yield. This is an example of determining the optimal doses of basic nutrients of industrial fertilizers for the planned hectare yield (PV) for optimal conditions for the release of nitrogen from organic matter in the soil.

The procedure for determining the doses (H) of individual nutrients N. or P or K (x) in a given case can be represented by the equation Hx = (PV - /Vx _p + νχθ/ί.ΝΡ^. When compiling optimal doses of industrial fertilizer nutrients for soil with only average conditions for the release of nitrogen from organic matter in the soil, the procedure is similar to that used when using yield levels (Vx _p or Vx _Q ) in the previous example. Then, the yield levels of nutrients of the determined doses of industrial fertilizers and the yield levels of the same nutrients from the used dose of organic fertilizers must be combined.

In the given example, this sum determines the following yield levels of basic nutrients of organic and industrial fertilizers (Vx _+ffl ): 5.33 t.ha" ¹ potatoes, for the production of which 35 kg N from the applied dose of manure and 15.6 kg N of industrial fertilizers are assumed, further 13.82 t.ha" ¹ potatoes, for the production of which 5.45 kg P from manure and 74.71 kg P of industrial fertilizers are assumed, and 17.24 t.ha" ¹ potatoes, for the production of which 58.1 kg K from manure and 417.64 kg K-ha ^-1 of industrial fertilizers are assumed.

The determination of the increased nitrogen dose of industrial fertilizers, for only average conditions for the use of nitrogen from organic matter in the soil, is carried out by increasing the nitrogen yield level of organic fertilizers (i.e. in the given example 4.2 t.ha" ¹ potatoes, for the production of which 35 kg of nitrogen released from the used dose of manure is assumed) to the level of the closest higher yield level of the second main nutrient of organic and mineral fertilizers (in the given example i.e. phosphorus yield level = 13.82 t.ha" ¹ potatoes).

The product of the difference between these yield levels (expressed in tons of the expected part of the hectare yield of the main product of the given crop) and the norm of nitrogen requirement of mineral fertilizers per ton of the main product of the given crop (in this case 13.8 kg of nitrogen per ton of potatoes) gives the number of kg.ha" ^{1 of} pure nitrogen nutrients of the increased dose of nitrogen fertilizers (in this example 9.62 t of potatoes x 13.8 kg N t = 133 kg N). The total optimal doses of basic nutrients of industrial fertilizers for potatoes in the given conditions are 133 kg N + 74.7 kg P + 417.6 kg K.

The yield levels of the total nutrient supply (i.e. soil nutrients, manure and industrial fertilizers) in the case of phosphorus and potassium are equal to the planned hectare yield of 40 t.ha ^-1 potatoes. While the yield level of nitrogen of the total nutrient supply was increased to 48.49 t.ha" ¹ potatoes (because the yield level of nitrogen of manure and industrial fertilizers was increased to the level closest to the higher yield level of phosphorus, i.e. from the original 5.33 t/ha to 13.82 t.ha" ¹ potatoes), because it concerns soil with only average conditions for the release of nitrogen from organic matter.

When determining the optimal doses of industrial fertilizers for the planned hectare yield in below-average conditions for the release of nitrogen from the soil, the procedure is similar. The difference is that for calculating the nitrogen dose, the difference t.ha ^-1 between the yield level of manure nitrogen (which in the given example is 4.2 t/ha of potatoes) and the yield level of the third basic nutrient of organic and industrial fertilizers (in the given example, the yield level of potassium, i.e. 17.24 t.ha” ¹ potatoes) is taken. This means that in the given example, the total nitrogen dose of industrial fertilizers would be 180 kg K ha (/17.24 t - 4.2 t/ . 13.8 kg N t).

When determining the optimal dose of individual nutrients of industrial fertilizers to increase the per hectare yield planned for a given crop from fertilization, the equation Hx^ = = (PZV - Vx _Q ) . NPx _m i where Hx^ is the dose kg.ha" ¹ (H) of nitrogen, or phosphorus or potassium (x) of industrial fertilizers (m); PZV = tons.ha"' ^{1 of} the planned increase in the yield of the main product of the given crop; Nx _Q = t.ha" ¹ of the yield level of the relevant nutrient from organic fertilizers; = standard requirement kg.ha" ¹ of the relevant nutrient of mineral fertilizers per ton of the main product of the given crop.

In the event that, in addition to organic fertilizers (or instead of them), a part of the nutrients of industrial fertilizers has already been incorporated into the soil, the Yield levels of the already used doses of kg.ha” ¹ nutrients of industrial fertilizers (Vx^) must also be subtracted from the t.ha” ¹ increase in hectare yield (PZV), so the equation can also have the form Hx _m = (PZV - /Vx _Q + Vx _ffl /) . NPx^. If the yield level of the minimum dose of 30 kg ha of water-soluble nitrogen is substituted into the above equation after Vx _ffl , we obtain the optimal doses of nutrients of industrial fertilizers for propagating crops, i.e. doses at which the ratio of the yield levels of fertilizers nutrients will be equal to the ratio 100 N : 100 P : 100 K.

In this way, i.e. through yield levels, the determined doses of industrial fertilizers can be further adjusted (in contrast to the already mentioned method of calculation through the percentage of use of individual nutrient sources) to doses of industrial fertilizers according to the planned economic use of the given crop. The optimal doses of industrial fertilizer nutrients for crops intended for feeding or for table purposes or for industrial processing are distinguished from the optimal doses of industrial fertilizer nutrients for propagating crops by increasing the dose of nitrogen fertilizers, with the proviso that this increase in the dose of nitrogen fertilizers in conditions without soil analysis for the content of N, P, K (or where the results of soil analysis of partial samples fluctuate greatly) is carried out as needed, but only up to the limit ratio of yield levels of 167 li : 100 P : : 100 K.

Further, on soils with a low phosphorus supply, the dose of phosphorus fertilizers will be increased simultaneously with the dose of nitrogen fertilizers, while maintaining equal yield levels of these two basic nutrients and increasing the doses of both types of fertilizers as needed up to the limit ratio of 167 N: 167 P t 100 K, with the proviso that on soils with a high potassium content, this will also be done for propagating crops.

For example, when fertilizing for a planned yield increase of 7.35 t.ha”’ of potatoes and achieving yield levels of 61.25 kg N + 9.52 kg P and 101.67 kg K released from a dose of 35 t.h©’ of manure (applied to semi-early potatoes), it may happen that there is zero nitrogen requirement. The yield levels of manure nutrients in the given example are 7.35 t/ha of potatoes, for the production of which 61.25 kg N released from manure is assumed (61.25 kg N : 8.33 kg N t = 7.35 t.ha’);

1.64 t/ha of potatoes, for the production of which 9.52 kg of P from manure is required (9.52 kg of P:

.' 5.8 kg P t = 1.64 t), and 3.68 t/ha of potatoes, for the production of which 101.67 kg K from manure is required (101.67 kg K : 27.6 kg K t = 3.68 t).

By substituting these yield levels of manure nutrients for Vx _Q into the above equation, it is obtained that to increase the yield per hectare by 7.35 t.ha"' of potatoes, planned from fertilization (PZV), it is necessary to apply 33.1 kg P + 101.2 kg K.ha ^- ' n. ž. of industrial fertilizers to the soil. In this case, however, it is also necessary to apply at least 30 kg.ha"' of water-soluble nitrogen to the propagation crops, without which even the nitrogen, which is expected to be released from manure, would not be released in time.

In the given example, it is necessary to balance the yield level of 2.17 t.ha’ of potatoes, these 30 kg of nitrogen from industrial fertilizers (30 kg N : 13.8 kg N t ® 2.17 t), with the addition of 12.6 kg P (2.17 t . 5.8 kg P t = 12.6 kg P), to balance the yield levels of .. nitrogen and phosphorus. The total dose of nutrients from industrial fertilizers to the propagation potatoes in the given example would be 30 kg H + 45.7 kg P + 101.2 kg K.ha’.

For potatoes of other uses, it would be sufficient to increase the dose of nitrogen up to the ratio of yield levels of 167 N : 100 P with 100 K, i.e. to a dose of 68 kg N.ha ¹ (/7.35 . 0.67/ » 13.8 kg N - = 67.9 kg N). On soil with a small phosphorus reserve, however, it would be expedient to simultaneously increase the dose of phosphorus fertilizers to the ratio of yield levels of 167 H : 167 P : 100 K, i.e. by 28.6 kg P (/7.35 t . 0.67/ . 5.8 kg P t = 28.6 kg P).

The total optimal dose of industrial fertilizers in the given example would be 68 kg N + + 61.7 kg P * 101.2 kg K.ha”’. On soil with a small phosphorus supply and a good potassium supply, it could also be used for seed potatoes, as a supplement to the dose of 35 t.ha’ of manure. Determining the optimal doses of industrial fertilizers for the given conditions (including the amount of manure available) can be done without the planned increase in yield (PSV).

It is only necessary to adhere to the principle of equality of yield levels of the two main nutrients of mineral and organic fertilizers. In doing so, it is possible to base the fertilizer dose on a harmonic η

'«.1 the ratio of nutrients of mineral fertilizers for a given crop. The dose kg.ha of nutrients composed in this harmonious ratio can be: increased according to the amount of fertilizers available, with the basic dose of phosphorus fertilizers thus determined then being increased by the additions of phosphorus necessary to balance the effects of nitrogen or at least potassium utilized by the given crop from the dose of organic fertilizers used, and thus the yield level of phosphorus of organic and mineral fertilizers is compared with the yield level of nitrogen, or at least with the yield level of potassium.

When balancing the yield levels of all three basic nutrients by supplementing organic fertilizers with nutrients from mineral fertilizers (as in the example of supplementing a dose of 33.1 kg P + + 101.2 kg K C. ž. of industrial fertilizers, to a dose of 35 t.ha ^-1 of manure applied to potatoes), a dose of industrial fertilizers can be added to this balancing dose of nutrients, composed in a harmonious ratio of mineral fertilizer nutrients for a given crop and graded according to the amount of fertilizers available and the ability of crops to utilize them. This will achieve the optimal dose of basic nutrients from industrial fertilizers for propagating crops.

By multiplying the yield level of potassium of this total dose of organic and mineral fertilizers by 1.67, the yield level of nitrogen is obtained, up to which it is possible to increase the dose of nitrogen fertilizers, and possibly also phosphorus fertilizers, according to the rules valid for other useful directions of the given crop. However, it must be taken into account that the condition for the effective use of high doses of nitrogen is that the growth can physiologically mature.

This means that its assimilation apparatus (green leaves) is not destroyed by diseases, pests, frost or harvest. This limitation, with the limitation of planned hectare yields or the increase of yields planned from fertilization to real yields under given conditions, determines that doses of industrial fertilizers cannot be increased indefinitely.

The advantages of the optimal method of fertilization with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium lie in the fact that the relationship between the applied fertilizer and the corresponding increase in yield (see the nutrient requirements per t/ha of the main product of the given crop) systematically determined in this way (and therefore verifiable in production) is a fundamental element of scientific management of plant nutrition and planning of agricultural production. They also lie in the versatile technological applicability of the method according to the invention. This allows determining the optimal doses of basic nutrients of industrial fertilizers for constantly changing production conditions, and thus increasing the efficiency of the use of production resources available for increasing agricultural production.

Increasing the efficiency of using all nutrient sources (according to the invention) is manifested by increasing the productivity of industrial fertilizers' nutrients by up to 77% (the degree of increase in nutrient productivity varies according to the degree of disharmony of the nutrient ratio, which in control, i.e. existing, fertilization methods changes randomly, according to changing production conditions). The higher effect of the method according to the invention is further manifested by limiting the mostly negative impact of fertilization on the quality of agricultural products (reducing the dry matter and starch content, which usually accompanies a more substantial increase in the yield per hectare of crops by fertilization) and the overall environment to a minimum.

The harmonic ratio of soil nutrients determined according to the invention for individual crops (e.g. the harmonic ratio of nutrients N : F : K = 1 : 0.58 : 0.71 for winter wheat, in contrast to the harmonic ratio of nutrients íí : Ρ : Κ = 1 : 0.58 and 1.42 for potatoes) will significantly contribute to improving their quality and to the possibility of using economically advantageous parameters of narrow specialization of plant production. The dynamic foundation of the optimal method of fertilization with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on the application of the law of physiological relationships, together with a system of possibilities for verifying the validity of assumptions (e.g. the relationship between the applied kg/ha of fertilizer nutrients and the corresponding increase in the yield per hectare of a given crop), provides real possibilities for further dynamic development of the overall concept of the optimal fertilization method by involving and controlling the effectiveness of other biogenic elements and other vegetation factors (tied to the determination of their average withdrawal norms and the coefficients of need of their individual sources, determining their norm of need).

Claims (2)

1. Optimal method of fertilization with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium based on the normative mean of taking these basic nutrients by the given crops from the soil, characterized in that at least 30 kg.ha ^{-1 of} water-soluble nitrogen and optimal dose kg.ha are incorporated into the soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of fertilizers, as determined by multiplying the t.ha 'difference, between the t.ha''increase in yield foreseen by the effective use of the nutrients available for the crops, or t.ha' the real increase in yield for a given crop from fertilization and / or its real hectare yield and between t.ha 'yield levels of the basic nutrient sources, ie organic fertilizers, or already used mineral fertilizers and / or old soil force nutrients, the normative requirement of mineral fertilizer nutrients per tonne the main product of a given crop for those nutrients whose yield level is in the assessed sources less than the required number of t / ha of the main product of the crop, with nutrient fertilizer nutrient yields equal to 100 N: 100 P: 100 K, while for feed, table, or for industrial processing, the rate of nitrogen fertilizers will be increased as needed, up to a yield ratio of 167 N: 100 P. · £ 100 and, on land poorly supplied with phosphorus, the rate of phosphorus fertilizers will increase simultaneously with the rate of nitrogen fertilizers levels of two basic nutrients, up to the limit ratio of yield levels, as needed, 67 N: 167 P! 100 K, even in those cases where only the ratio of fertilizer nutrients available for the crop is adjusted, with deviations from all the yield ratio ratios ae being within + 20%, while optimizing Fertilization is carried out by transforming the mean consumption standards of kg.ha 'of basic nutrients, the identified coefficients of need and / or the percentages of utilization of the individual nutrient sources, into normative requirements of kg.ha' of basic nutrients for producing or up to yield levels for the determination of nutrients at minimum and optimal doses of essential nutrients for a given condition. 2. The optimum nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization method according to claim 1, characterized in that at least 30 kg.ha 'of water-soluble nitrogen and optimum doses of kg.ha' 'of the basic nutrients of industrial fertilizers determined in the fertilizer are that the product of the nutrient content plus the percentage of its utilization from the relevant source, eg from the injected dose of organic matter, is deducted from 100 times the mean consumption of kg.ha '' of the basic nutrients by increasing the yield per hectare planned for the crop from fertilization and / or planned hectare yield fertilizers or even industrial fertilizers and / or nutrients of old soil strength, and the difference, expressed in kg.ha ”'of a given nutrient, is divided by the percentage use of this nutrient from mineral fertilizers.