CS207691B2 - Admixture to the fodder stuff - Google Patents

Abstract

A feed supplement for monogastric animals comprises chopped green forage with an addition of from 1 to 5% by weight of at least one organic acid having a preserving action and/or at least one salt thereof, e.g. formic, acetic, propionic or benzoic acid, Na, Ca or Al formate, Na, Ca or NH4 propionate or NH4 isobutyrate. NaOH (to digest fibre), inorganic acids and NaHSO3 may also be added. The addition overcomes disadvantages (concerned with digestibility, acceptability, storage, preservation, nutrient and microorganism content and use in automatic feeders) of fresh green forage and silage therefrom in the feeding of pigs, particularly for fattening, and of poultry.

Description

The present invention provides a feed additive for monngasters based on sliced or ground green feed with the addition of an organic preservative acid, a preservative organic acid salt or a mixture of these acids with salts, and a process for making these feed additives.

It is known that fresh, undried green feed, such as grass or alfalfa, is fed practically exclusively to ruminants. On the other hand, animals with one stomach need a qualitatively different feed. For example, pigs are not able to take advantage of the larger amounts of raw fiber feed. On the other hand, there are considerable objections to the decomposition of the raw fibers of fresh feed with sodium hydroxide, as it is known that ¢ 4 must be demanded with protein breakdown. Until now, the decomposition of raw fibers has only been recommended for straw, which after decomposition must then be regarded as pure carbohydrate feed, so proteins must be added when feeding such processed straw (see K. Nehring, Animal Nutrition and Feeding Textbook / Lehrbuch der Tiereroahrirng und Futtermittelkunde /, 7th edition, 1961, p. 410, published by Neumann, Raadbbuu).

Fresh green fodder and silage produced from it are used for feeding pigs, for example, when feeding sows at the beginning of pregnancy. However, fresh green fodder and silage have not been used until now in pig fattening farms for the following shortcomings:

(a) Feeding pigs need a highly endured tub and a highly digestible feedstuff; normal green feed, however, has only an intermediate content of energy and protein.

(b) Feeding pigs may only leave relatively small amounts of dry matter from the comminuted green fodder.

(c) Fresh green fodder would have to be fed daily from May to October, as it is very difficult to store.

. (d) With a growing vegetation period, the nutrient content of green fodder changes from day to day. Therefore, during the daily harvest, feed animals cannot always be supplied according to existing nutrient requirements.

e) Fresh green feed cannot be well preserved. So far, only silage has been considered as a possible preservation procedure, but 20 to 45% of the nutrient content is lost; this loss can be reduced by up to 15% by the targeted use of silage agents. In addition, the removal of the sifting glands would create today unsolvable problems.

f) Fresh, ensiled green fodder in the uncut or unmilled state is very difficult to feed in automatic feeding facilities, or it is not possible at all.

(g) Fresh and ensiled green fodder, which is often contaminated, is characterized by a significant attack by micro-organisms, which have an adverse effect on the weight gains of growing pigs.

It has now been found that the feed additives based on green feed do not exhibit the above drawbacks when the green feed is cut or comminuted and mixed with 1 to 5% by weight of a preservative organic acid, a preservative organic salt or a mixture of these acids and / or salts.

The addition of organic acids with a preservative effect or the addition of their salts reduces the harvest to 3-4 mowings per year with a relatively constant nutrient content, prevents the growth of microorganisms and preserves the cut or pulverized green feed, without the deficiencies heard during silage.

The disadvantages that have hitherto been in the way of feeding green fodder can be overcome by adding, for example, propionic acid.

Deimycin can be reduced to 3 to 4 mowings per year, while the nutrient content remains relatively constant. Preservation with organic acids or their salts is feasible without problems. The feed is not characterized by attack by microorganisms and is generally applicable. In addition, the energy content of green fodder is greatly increased by the addition of organic acids such as propionic acids; raw fiber-rich components may be omitted from the batch. Due to the slurry, the feed can be well fed.

Surprisingly, the feed additives according to the invention are even taken up by piglets in the range of up to about 25 kg per day. Further, it is surprising that the dry matter of the feed ration may consist of large proportions of feed additives according to the invention.

Fresh green feed has only an intermediate content of energy and protein, but a relatively high content of digestible raw protein. The lysine content in alfalfa or grass on pastures in Germany is 4 to 5 times greater than in barley.

The addition of, for example, propionic acid greatly increases the energy content of green fodder.

With a total nutrient content of propionic acid of 1200 g / kg, the energy content of ground and preserved feed, based on 1 kg of dry matter, is increased from 540 g to about 650 g of total nutrients. (K. Nehring, Animal Nutrition and Feeding Textbook / Lehrbuch der Tiernahäuιng und Fltteamlttel.ksnde), 7 · eds., 1961, p. 220, published by Neumaarn, Raeeeeu.

Suitable organic acids with a preservative effect are aliphatic carboxylic acids having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, preferably formic, acetic and propionic acids, in particular propionic acid and benzoic acid. Salts of these acids, such as alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts, aluminum salts, ammonium salts, especially sodium formate, calcium formate, aluminum formate, sodium propionate, calcium propionate, ammonium propionate, ammonium isobutyrate.

Preservatives may be added to the comminuted green fodder alone or in admixture, with mixtures of said acids, mixtures of said salts or mixtures of said acids and salts being suitable. The amount of preservative used depends on the expected storage time and the temperature at which the feed additive will be stored. As a rule, it is sufficient to add 1 to 5% by weight, based on green fodder, of one of these acids or of one of these salts or mixtures. Suitably, from 1.5 to 3% by weight of formic acid or salts thereof, from 2 to 4% by weight of acetic acid or benzoic acid or salts thereof, from 1 to 2.5% by weight of propionic acid or salts thereof and from 1 to 2% by weight are used. % of amorate isobutyrate.

The feed additives according to the invention are obtained when the green feed is mown in a relatively young, low woody state and immediately or only after it has faded. The green feed thus obtained practically without loss is cut or pulverized by means of a suitable technique, optionally up to slurry C (ozoistainer) and 1 to 5% by weight of preservative is added thereto, the preservative being mixed in the feed as homogeneously as possible.

The green fodder suitable for the production of the feed additive according to the invention are grass, alfalfa, beet rape and meeipodal crops such as fodder, turnips, mustard, fodder mustard, summer rape and fodder cabbage. The preferred green fodder is grass. The use of beet root for this purpose is not very important today, as it is partially plowed after the beet harvest.

For example, cutters are commonly used to cut green fodder, which are typically used to cut sugar beet bulbs. For the production of the feed additive according to the invention, it is sufficient, for example, when using grass, to cut it into grass fibers of several centimeters in length.

The digestibility of organic matter, such as canned grass, pulverized is greater than that of hay of the same origin.

Digestibility of organic matter on mashed grass and hay:

feed processed organic matter digestibility (in%)

grass porridge 1 wt. % propionic acid 74.4 grass porridge 2 wt. % propionic acid 71, 8 grass porridge 4 hmoO. % propiic acid. onové 63.3 hay - 69.7

The test method uses cellulose-degrading microorganisms. As these microorganisms become less active with increasing propionic acid content in the nutrient substrate, products containing propanoic acid appear less digestible than feeds that do not contain organic acids. Thus, it can be explained that, with increasing propionic acid content, the grass porridge tested decreases the digestibility value.

In order to reduce the raw fiber content of the green feed, sodium hydroxide can be added to the comminuted green feed prior to the addition of the acid or preservative acid mixture, thereby decomposing the raw fibers. Addition of 0.5 to 2.5% by weight of sodium hydroxide based on the green feed is sufficient for such decomposition, the sodium hydroxide being expediently added in the form of sodium hydroxide. 50¾ sodium hydroxide solution is very suitable.

The decomposition of the raw fibers is conveniently carried out at room temperature for a minute to 24 hours. Then, an acid or a mixture of acids suitable for preservation is added to neutralize the sodium hydroxide solution until the pH reaches < 7. The amount of preservative in excess of that required to neutralize the sodium hydroxide liquor is governed, as mentioned above, by the expected storage time of the feed additive and the storage temperature. Optionally, the organic acids used to preserve the green feed may also be used in a mixture with hydrochloric acid or phosphoric acid to neutralize the caustic soda and to preserve the comminuted green fodder, and the proportion of organic acids may not be less than the amount required for preservation.

Surprisingly, sodium hydroxide treatment does not lead to degradation of the amino acids contained in the green feed. As can be seen from the following table, the content of lysine and methionine in propionic acid-preserved grass mash is the same within the analytical error limits, whether or not the slurry has been pre-treated with sodium hydroxide solution. The sodium bisulfite content appears to have a beneficial effect on amino acid stability by preventing oxidation processes.

Amino acid content in grams of amino acid / 16 g N:

fodder lysine grass mash, processed mass. % of propionic acid5.75 grass mash, processed wt. % propionic acid + 2 wt. % 50% caustic soda6,31 + 0,5 wt. % sodium bisulfite hay from the same starting material as grass mash5,14

content methionine- sulfoxide *) hydrolyzate ⁺ ) 1, 82 - 0.26 1.68 0.51 1.08

both methionine forms are equally physiologically usable

Another advantage of degradation with sodium hydroxide is that the digestibility of organic matter or protein fraction can be increased. In particular, the digestibility of proteins increases with increasing addition of sodium hydroxide. The results obtained in in vitro tests are summarized in the table below.

2076 ^ 1

Digestibility of organic or protein fraction:

grass · mash, processed digestibility of organic matter or protein fractions (microbiological (pepine test +) test ⁺⁺ )

3 wt. % propionic acid + 0.7 wt. % caustic soda (50%) 66.2 43.2 3 hmoo. % propionic acid + 2 wt. % caustic soda (50%) 66.4 51, 6 3 wt. % propionic acid + 5 wt. % caustic soda (50%) 74.3 67.2

Why. Intern. Gress nd ^ k ⁿ r., 8th, readin ^ An ^{even lie,} 19 ^60, pp. 533-53 ^7-Verband Deutscher Untersuc ^h un ^g s - und Forschun ⁿ sszs ^{with Altena} flanges used methods (Methodenbuch, Vol. 3 , Chemical Feed Research (Die chemische Unnersuchung von Fitteriniiteln), 1976, published by Neumann, Berlin

The comminuted and preserved green feed, optionally prior to preservation with caustic soda, can be stored in containers without losses, for example in ground pits lined with foils, even for a short or longer period, depending on the addition of the preservative. This feed can be withdrawn from the container by means of a suitable take-off device or even manually and fed to a feed station mixer from where it is pumped with the other components of the feed rations into the feed troughs. The pulverized consistency pulverized green feed can be fed without difficulty through a liquid feed feeding device.

Feed additives according to the invention can be fed with ions, for example pigs and poultry. They are particularly suitable as feed for piglets and fattening pigs.

Piglets exhibit very intense growth in the weight range of about 10 to 25 kg when high-grade feed is added. The feed additives whose feed value is to be determined can be particularly well tested on such animals, since they react immediately with a lower weight gain, when the total feed contains poorly or only moderately enforceable feed in a high proportion. In this way, the value of the pig feeds to be examined can be safely shifted, in particular from the total or daily weight gain recorded during the piglet experiment.

The following examples illustrate the invention.

Example 1

Use piglets ^with propionic canned grass line, possibly pre-treated with caustic soda, piglets

To perform the fattening experiment, 60 piglets are kept in a fully dampened pigshed. At the start of the experiment days, the average animal mortality was approximately 12 kg. 5 feed groups of 12 animals are formed, with the individual groups receiving differently formulated feed during the 11 days of the experiment:

1. First feed group (positive tonSrolα):

2. Second feeding group:

3. Third feeding group:

dose consists of barley + protein ^ пое ^^ Ш dose consists of barley + protein concentrate + canned grass mash dose consists of barley + protein concentrate + dehydrated and canned grass mash

4. Fourth feeding group: dose loss 5. Fifth feeding group: dose (negative control) loss

consisting of barley + protein concentrate + hay consisting of barley + protein concentrate (without canned grass mash)

The grass pulp contains 2% by weight propionic acid or 2% by weight 50% sodium hydroxide + 2% by weight propionic acid. Hay comes from the same starting material as grass mash.

The aim of the dosage formulation is to administer equally large amounts of nutrients to all test animals. Only the fifth feed group receives a lower nutrient allocation (negative control).

The doses for piglets of feed groups 2, 3 and 4 consist of 8.3% in the first 7 days and 16.7% of the canned grass pulp in the following 4 days; on the other hand, the same proportion of barley and protein concentrate (ratio 5: 1) is taken from the batch.

The nutrient content of canned mash used in rations and expressed as a percentage of dry matter, has the following composition (determined by the Weender analysis procedure *):

grass, (dried hay) grass, tinned % propionic acid grass distributed 2 wt. % 50% caustic soda and canned 2 wt. % propionic acid

Crude protein 18.6 16.4 15.2 Crude fat 2.8 2.9 2.2 raw fibers 29.6 29.0 23.9 Crude ash 10.5 8.7 19.6 bezdusíkaté extracting substances 38.7 43.3 39.1

o ⁺ ) Verband deutscher Landwirtschaftl. Untersuchungs- und Forschungsanstalten, Methodenbuch, Vol. 3, Chemical Investigation of Feed (Die chemische Untersuchung von Futtermitteln, 1976, published by Neumann, Berlin)

The results of the experiments are summarized in the following table:

feeding groups weight gain in g / animal and day use of feed, dry matter relative to after 7 days after another 4 in the first in others (8.3% of the days 7 days takes- 4 days lasts- (canned grass) trial (16.7% consisted of canned grass) attempt attempt

positive con- 460 415 1: 1.63 1: 1.81 trola canned grass porridge 490 454 1: 1.53 1: 1.65 canned and decomposed grass porridge 470 492 1: 1.60 1: 1.52 hay 490 311 1: 1.53 1: 2.41 negative control 420 258 1: 1.79 1: 2.91

There was no decrease in growth after feeding rations, which consisted of 8.3% of the conserved grass.

With a doubling of the proportion of canned grass in the feed ration to 16.6%, only animals in the feed group 4 (hay) experienced a strong decrease in growth; the best increment is achieved in animals whose feed ration consists of 16.6% of staggered and preserved grass.

* 7

Even the higher proportions of grass and hay in the ration were not impaired by the health and well-being of the piglets. The feces had a stiff consistency;

The results of the experiment show that grass porridge, preserved by propionic acid and possibly pre-decomposed with caustic soda, receives the piglets with taste. even with higher proportions in feed rations, this porridge does not cause any digestive problems, while dried grass (hay) can only be added to the piglet feed in a smaller proportion. Piglets can receive up to 1.25 kg of propionic acid-preserved grass porridge per day.

Example 2

Use of ground beet seed, preserved by propionic acid, piglets

To conduct the fattening experiment, 59 piglets are kept in a fully climate-controlled shed. The average animal mortality at the start of the experiment is approximately 12 kg. Five feed groups were formed, each having 12 or 11 animals, each of which received a differently constituted feed for 14 days.

1. First feeding group (positive control):

2. Second feeding group

3. Third feeding group:

4. Fourth feeding group ':

5. Fifth feeding group (negative control) · Dose consisting of barley + protein concentrate Dose consisting of barley + protein concentrate + coarsely ground, canned beet root Dose consisting of barley + protein concentrate + finely ground, canned beet root dose consists of barley + protein concentrate + ensiled beet rind dose consists of barley + protein concentrate (without canned beet rind)

The pulverized beet root contains an additive of 1% by weight propionic. The feed mixture consisting of barley + protein concentrate is adjusted to a crude protein content of approximately 18%. It also contains vitamins, substances and trace elements.

The aim of the formulation is to administer equally large amounts of nutrients to all test animals. Only feed group 5 · receives a lower nutrient allocation (negative console).

The nutrient content of the feed during each feeding phase is shown in the table below.

feeding groups dose in g / day administration of nutrients in g / day % of dry matter, replaced by beet dry matter barley protein concentrate Beetroot dry matter digestible proteins total nutrients 1. first feed group 1 week 400 100 ALIGN! - 72 350 - Week 2 525 175 - 113 488 ' - Week 3 700 225 - 152 650 - 4. week 900 250 - 173 803 - 2. second feed group 1 week 355 100 ALIGN! 45 73 353 ю, 3 Week 2 415 175 110 114 494 17.8 Week 3 535 225 165 155 650 20.1 4. week 670 250 230 176 814 22.5

feeding groups dose in g / day administration of nutrients in g / day % dry matter, Barley protein dry matter digestible overall replaced by dry matter beet concentration proteins nutrients beet beet rush

3. the third feed group 1 week 355 100 ALIGN! 45 73 353 10.3 Week 2 415 175 110 114 494 17.3 Week 3 535 225 165 155 656 20.1 4. week 670 250 230 176 814 22.5 4. the fourth feed group 1 week 355 100 ALIGN! 45 72 336 10.3 Week 2 415 175 110 1 11 452 17.8 Week 3 535 225 165 149 591 20, 1 4. week 5. Fifth feed 670 250 230 170 729 22.5 group 1 week 355 100 ALIGN! - 69 318 - Week 2 415 175 - 104 409 - Week 3 535 225 - 136 527 - 4. week 670 250 - 155 640 -

As can be seen in the following table, feed groups 2 and 3, which receive a ground beet propionic acid-protected beet skin, show comparable weight gains as a positive control group. The differences in the mass increments due to the degree of pulverization of the beet rash are very slight. A comparatively small weight gain when feeding silage beet beetroot (feed group 4) is noticeable. The negative control group shows almost the same increments as the group that receives silage beet root.

Results of hmomonnotic control

group 1st feed group 2. feeding group 3. feeding group 4. feeding group 5th feeding group number of animals 12 12 11 12 12 the average weight of one animal in kg at the beginning of the experiment 11.3 11.4 11.4 11.3 11, 4 at the end of the experiment 24.5 24.2 24.1 19.2 22.1 average increments per animal in kg in the first experimental week 1, 84 2.08 2.40 2.02 1.58 in the second experimental week 3.22 3.20 2.83 2.87 2.34 in the third experimental week 3.73 3.39 3.65 3.22 3.15 in the fourth experimental week 4.44 4.16 4.04 - 3.61 ^ поиш ^ и! increments 13.23 12.83 12.92 8.11 10.68 average daily increments during doing the experiment in grams 472 458 461 386 381

The results of the experiments show that the comminuted propionic acid-preserved beet peas tolerate and utilize piglets in the range of 12-25 kg in the weight range of 12-25 kg. Up to 22% of the dry matter of the feed can be infused with the dry matter of beet rape without affecting the health of the piglets.

Example 3

Use of ground beet seed, preserved by propionic acid, feed pigs

2-pigs with an average weight of approximately 25 kg at the start of the experiment are kept in a fully air-conditioned shed. The animals are first fed a feed mixture consisting of barley and the protein end of an oat for 14 days. Two groups of 12 and 11 animals are then formed. A group of 12 animals continued to receive barley + white pellets during the experiment, whereas a group of 11 animals received a beet seed cell to which 1.7 was added as an additive. % by weight of propionic acid.

The nutrient content of the feed used is 1 kg:

barley: 78 g of dietary protein and

712 g total nutrient protein endPrice: 460 g dietary protein and

650 g of total beet nutrients with 1.7 wt.% - 11.4 g of protein and propionic acid: 92.4 g of total nutrients (including 20.4 g of total nutrients, in addition to the propionic acid additive)

The average dry matter content of the ground beet beet ground is 13.3% ·

Motto and composition the feed ration is shown in the following table: days attempt control group experimental group barley + proteinaceous barley + proteinaceous + pulverized koi ^ <^ c ^ r ^ ni ^ i ^ 't concentrate, beet beetle (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) 1. - 7. 0.90 0.3 0.780 + 0.3 + 1.0 8. - 17. 1.00 0.3 0.820 4- 0.3 + 1.5 13. - 25. 1.10 + 0.3 0,860 + 0.3 + 2,0 26. - 28. 1.30 + 0.3 1, 000 + 0.3 + 2.5 29. - 32. 1, 40 + 0.3 1,100 4 · 0.3 + 2.5 33. - 42. 1, 50 + 0.3 1,140 + 0.3 + 3.0 43. - 50. 1, 65 0.3 1, 230 4- 0.3 + 3.5 51. - 58 1.80 + 0.3 1,320 4- 0.3 + 4.0 59. - 66. 2.00 + 0.3 1,460 + 0.3 + 4,5 67. - 73. 2.20 + 0.3 1, 600 + 0.3 + 2,0 74. - 81. 2.30 + 0.3 1,580 + 0.3 + 6.0 82. - 86. 2.40 + 0.3 1,620 + 0.3 + 6.5 87. - 92. 2.60 4- 0.3 1,820 + 0.3 4- 6.5 93. - 98. 2.70 + 0.3 1, 860 + 0.3 + 7.0 99. -105. 2.80 + 0.3 1, 960 + 0.3 + 7.0

The following table shows that feed pigs in the weight range of 25 to 100 kg and tolerate the propioic acid-preserved ground beet pulp, added in exchange for barley.

Weight control results:

group mean weight of one animal at the beginning of the experiment mean weight of one animal at the end of the experiment total average increment of one animal average increment of one animal per day (105 experimental days)

experimental group control group 25.3 kg 25,5 kg 87.9 kg 90,8 kg 62.6 kg 65.3 kg 596 g 621 g

Claims (5)

1. A feed additive for monogastres based on green fodder, characterized in that it contains chopped or comminuted green fodder with the addition of 1 to 5% by weight of a preservative organic acid, a preservative organic acid salt or a mixture thereof. . Feed additive according to Claim 1, characterized in that it contains 1 to 5% by weight of a C 1 -C 4 aliphatic carboxylic acid, a salt of the carboxylic acid or a mixture of these acids and / or salts. Feed additive according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains propionic acid or salts of propionic acid or mixtures of propionic acid and / or salts thereof as the aliphatic carboxylic acid. 4. The feed additive according to claim 1, wherein the green feed is chopped or ground grass or beet rind. 5. A process for the preparation of a feed additive for monogastres based on green feed, characterized in that the green feed is chopped or comminuted or mixed with 0.5 to 2.5% by weight of sodium hydroxide, based on the amount of green feed, whereupon 1 to 5% by weight, based on the weight of green feed, of a preservative organic acid or of a mixture of preservative organic acids, is added thereto.