CN88102155A - 为在气相中进行非均相反应而使催化床中获得最佳气体分布的装置 - Google Patents

为在气相中进行非均相反应而使催化床中获得最佳气体分布的装置 Download PDF

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CN88102155A
CN88102155A CN88102155.5A CN88102155A CN88102155A CN 88102155 A CN88102155 A CN 88102155A CN 88102155 A CN88102155 A CN 88102155A CN 88102155 A CN88102155 A CN 88102155A
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catalytic bed
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CN1015154B (zh
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阿姆伯托·扎迪
吉奥尔吉奥·帕格尼
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Casale SA
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
    • B01J8/02—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds
    • B01J8/04—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds the fluid passing successively through two or more beds
    • B01J8/0403—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds the fluid passing successively through two or more beds the fluid flow within the beds being predominantly horizontal
    • B01J8/0407—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds the fluid passing successively through two or more beds the fluid flow within the beds being predominantly horizontal through two or more cylindrical annular shaped beds
    • B01J8/0415—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds the fluid passing successively through two or more beds the fluid flow within the beds being predominantly horizontal through two or more cylindrical annular shaped beds the beds being superimposed one above the other
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
    • B01J8/02—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds
    • B01J8/04—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds the fluid passing successively through two or more beds
    • B01J8/0446—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds the fluid passing successively through two or more beds the flow within the beds being predominantly vertical
    • B01J8/0461—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds the fluid passing successively through two or more beds the flow within the beds being predominantly vertical in two or more cylindrical annular shaped beds
    • B01J8/0469—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds the fluid passing successively through two or more beds the flow within the beds being predominantly vertical in two or more cylindrical annular shaped beds the beds being superimposed one above the other
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01C—AMMONIA; CYANOGEN; COMPOUNDS THEREOF
    • C01C1/00—Ammonia; Compounds thereof
    • C01C1/02—Preparation, purification or separation of ammonia
    • C01C1/04—Preparation of ammonia by synthesis in the gas phase
    • C01C1/0405—Preparation of ammonia by synthesis in the gas phase from N2 and H2 in presence of a catalyst
    • C01C1/0417—Preparation of ammonia by synthesis in the gas phase from N2 and H2 in presence of a catalyst characterised by the synthesis reactor, e.g. arrangement of catalyst beds and heat exchangers in the reactor
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
    • Y02P20/52—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using catalysts, e.g. selective catalysts

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  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
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Abstract

一种在合成塔中进行非均相反应时，使催化床中合成气体获得最佳分布的装置。该装置由一个内部带有催化剂的圆筒形压力容器构成，在催化剂筐中，催化剂至少放置在两个床层上，每个催化床都有两个相互同轴，并与压力容器同轴的气体可通过的圆筒形壁。气体以径向或轴向流入和流出催化床，并通过进口和出口气体收集器进行分布。本装置的特征是，有一组分布器，一个作为催化床的进口分布器，另一个作为出口分布器。

Description

本发明是关于在催化转换器中进行非均相反应时，使催化床内合成气获得最佳分布的装置。该装置由一个装有催化剂内部筐的圆筒形压力容器构成，在催化剂筐内，催化剂放置在至少两个床层上。每个催化床都有两个气体可通过的圆筒形隔壁，它们相互同轴，并与压力容器同轴，气体以径向或轴向流进或流出催化床，并通过进口或出口气体收集器进行分布。
本发明尤其涉及一种具有很厚催化剂床层特别是气体压降相当大的催化床。（例如0.15÷0.6kg/cm2）。
众所周知，在进行气相反应时，为了使催化剂得到最高的效率和利用率，同时获得高的反应产率，使催化床中合成气体均匀分布是非常重要的。
对于在催化床中，特别是在具有径向气流的催化转换器中的气体分布装置，在许多专利中都有过描述。甚至在最近的专利申请中，就有关于在气体压降低的催化床中获得最佳合成气体分布的装置。（例如：0.015kg/cm2）
在装有催化剂的内部筐的圆筒形压力容器所构成的催化转换器中，催化剂放置在至少两个床层上，每个床都有两个可使气体通过的圆筒形壁，它们相互同轴，并与压力容器同轴。气体以径向或轴向流入和流出催化床，并由进口和出口气体收集器进行分布。每个收集器一般可以由几种方式构成：一个与压力容器同轴的中心导管，管壁可使气体通过，该管壁也是催化床的内壁（如英国专利No    1352550中图1所示气体向内流动的进口收集器）;或由可使气体通过的圆筒形壁与无孔壁之间的空间构成（如上述英国专利No    1352550中图1所示出口气体收集器）;或由可使气体通过的双层壁构成，其中之一的壁具有较宽的直接接触或通过催化床的催化金属网支撑体的截面。（如：英国专利No    1118750（4）中图5所示），另一壁39上示出了另一截面40，对气体来说，显然没有前一个截面大，因此，肯定会产生至少与催化床本身的气体压降相等的集中气体压降。采取这一结构是为了沿床的轴向产生均匀的气体分布。
实际上，目前较通常使用的径向催化转换器中的催化床的适用的分布器，如上所述，进口收集器是由可通过气体的双层壁构成，内壁37更靠近催化床。（如英国专利1118750附图5所示），外壁39具有较小的气体流过截面，其上产生相当大的气体压降，（比在催化床上的气体压降要大几倍）。为了使从分布器外壁（由此减少分布器外壁截面）的且与分布器壁平行的，以高速来的气体。这必须采用如上述专利权项13所描述的那些特殊装置，来避免对可通过气体的内壁产生直接的碰撞，而造成气体在床上分布不均匀及催化剂被损坏。
通常，在上述的催化转换器中，出口收集器上不产生任何集中的气体压降，而气体在催化床上的均匀分布允许进口收集器的外壁上产生高一些的气体压降。由于分布收集器具有上述结构，一般要求床的顶部气密性要高，并能承受不同的压力，以避免一部分气体不通过床而流走。
本发明的目的是提供一个在气相中进行合成反应时，使合成气体在催化床内进行分布的装置。催化床具有很厚床层且本身的气体压降相当大。这种装置可为催化床提供均匀适宜的气体分布，从而获得高产率，克服上述到目前为止已知或使用的装置所具有的缺点。
本装置的特征在于，有一组分布器，一个作为催化床的气体进口分布器，另一个作为出口分布器。每个分布器都有两个可使气体通过的圆筒形壁，它们相互同轴，并与压力容器同轴，更靠近催化床的分布器壁有最大的截面（气体较易通过）。而每个分布器的另一个壁有如下结构：（a）在气体进口分布器上，最靠近催化剂的壁有较小的截面，但总是高一些，这样就限制了通过该壁的气体压降，使其在百分率上与催化床本身的气体压降相等（最好低于90%）。（b）在气体出口分布器上，该壁也有较窄的截面，气体较低的渗透性，从而产生了与进口分布器上至少相等的气体压降。
本发明所述装置适用于具有径向气体流动催化床的催化转换器，具体来说，也就是径向催化床（轴向一径向催化床，参见美国专利4372920和4405562）。该装置由一组分布器构成，一个作为催化床气体进口分布器，另一个作为出口分布器，每个分布器是两个气体可通过的圆筒形壁，它们相互同轴，并与压力容器同轴。最靠近催化床的分布器壁最大的截面，（气体较易渗透），另一个分布器另一壁有如下结构：（a）在进口分布器上，该壁相对于催化剂附近的壁，有较小的截面，但总是高一些，从而限制通过该壁的气体压降相等（最好低于90%）。（b）在气体出口分布器上，该壁也有较窄的截面，（气体较低的渗透性）从而产生一个与进口分布器上至少相等的气体压降。
为了更好地了解本发明的主题，下面举例进行说明（此例并不对特征进行限定），为清楚起见，还附有图1，该图是一个示意的局部纵向剖面图。
图1中，L1和L2为一组环形床，在床Q中为气体是串联流动，气体Q在无孔圆筒形壁PA内，以径向向内流动，每一个床都是这样构成的：（a）一组分布器，即由两个气体可通过的同轴圆筒形壁PC1和PC2组成的气体进口，且PC2比PC1更易渗透气体，由两个气体可通过的同轴圆筒形壁PC3和PC4所组成的气体的一个出口，分布器PC4比PC3更易通过气体。（b）一个封闭低座FC，它安装在出口分布器的壁PC3（如（a）中所述）和封闭的外壁PA之间限定的空间内。
出口收集器的壁（PC3和PC4），在小的TM区域通常是不允许气体通过的，TM在PC3和PC4的上端（也就是圆筒形壁的封闭区）。
图1是有两个催化床的一套装置，在床中气体Q的主要部分以径向流入，即在分布器上可通过大部分气体，而剩余的小部分气体Q以轴向在两个分布器之间的开口端流入催化床。但这小部分气体不能从分布器上的小的TM区域通过。
实施例：
如图1所示，在具有径向气体流动的两个催化床中进行合成氨反应时，要考虑以下操作条件：
1、使用合适的无定形小颗粒催化剂，直径为1.5÷3mm;
2、在催化床中的气体压降为0.15kg/cm2;
3、在进口分布器壁PC1上的气体压降为-0.005kg/cm2/4（在进口分布器壁PC2上的气体压降忽略不计）;
4、在出口分布器壁PC3上的气体压降为0.01kg/cm2（在壁PC4上的气体压降忽略不计）。

Claims (1)

1、一种在催化转换器中进行非均相反应时使催化床中合成气体获得最佳分布的装置，该装置由一个装有催化剂内部筐的圆筒形压力容器构成，催化剂至少放置在两个床层中，每个催化床都有两个相互同轴，并与压力容器同轴的圆筒形壁气体可通过的壁，并以径向或轴向流入或流出催化床，由进口和出口气体收集器进行分布，其特征在于：有一组分布器，一个作为催化床进口分布器，另一个作为出口分布器，每个分布器都有两个可使气体通过的圆筒形壁，它们相互同轴，并与压力容器同轴，最靠近催化床的分布器的壁具有最大的截面(气体较易通过)，而每个分布器的另一壁具有如下结构：(a)在进口气体分布器上，相对于最靠近催化剂的壁，有较小的截面。但总是高一些，从而限制通过该壁的气体压降，使其在百分率上与催化床本身的气体压降相等(最好低于90%)。(b)在气体出口分布器上，有较窄的截面，较低的渗透性，从而产生一个与进口分布器至少相等的气体压降。
CN88102155A 1987-03-25 1988-03-25 为在气相中进行非均相反应而使催化床中获得最佳气体分布的装置 Expired CN1015154B (zh)

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