CN2657137Y - Solar optokinetic instrument - Google Patents

Abstract

The utility model relates to an instrument of observing the apparent motion of the sun or a heliograph, which is provided with a solar sphere that is a stimulation of the sun, a half hour circle, a fixing knob of the half hour circle, an earth sphere, a six hour circle and a celestial axis, a solar time disk, a ground disk, a latitudes scale semicircle, a rotating axis, and a latitudes fixing knob. The outer side of the six hour circle is similar to the twenty four solar terms scales and has date scales of the solar calendar within. The lower part of one end of the half hour circle is connected with a rotating device that comprises an electric motor and a driving device and is connected with a half hour circle sleeve axis and the electric motor respectively. The above mentioned can be provided directly, continuously, rapidly and vividly, using the simple operating method. Practice has proved that the instrument is in concordance with theoretical data within a certain error range, ignoring the influencing factors like nutation, perturbation, precession, atmospheric refraction and so on. The new instrument solves the demonstration problem of abstract solar diurnal apparent motion, and has practical significance of breaking through the difficulties in geography teaching, enhancing the ability of space imagination of students, and popularizing astronomical knowledge.

Description

Sun apparent motion instrument

(1) technical field

The utility model relates to a kind of uranology instrument, and especially a kind of instrument or day of observing apparent motion of the sun resembles.

(2) background technology

Solar radiation is the main power of decision earth atmosphere, water, vital movement variation, is the basic power source that the mankind depend on for existence, develop, and it is with human closely bound up.Since the dawn of human civilization, human just it has been carried out unremitting exploration, also created in a large number instruments, as day Gui, corona, armillary sphere, abridged armilla, astronomical globe, three-globe instrument etc. about motion of celestial body.They all are very successful, but also have some problems, and for example, armillary sphere is a theoretical foundation with " theory of sphere-heavens ", and this instrument is very heavy, complicated, are difficult for popularizing, and are mainly used in the situation of observation motion of celestial body.Three-globe instrument be with the sun be object of reference demonstrate day,, month moving law.Astronomical globe is to be the moving law that object of reference is demonstrated celestial body with the earth.In China's astronomical instrument, " elephant " refers to perform the instrument of celestial body apparent motion phenomenon on the sky sphere, for example: " celestial globe ", " muddy astronomical phenomena ", " the water transport instrument resembles platform " etc.

Yet, observer's motion on the relative earth of the sun, the apparent motion of the sun just is more directly perceived, important motion of celestial body phenomenon.The apparent motion of the relative earth of the sun determined the time space distribution of the sun to terrestrial radiation, determined the division of the earth five bands and the formation in the four seasons, and it and weather and human lives are closely bound up.All geography teaching materials, magazine and interrelated data, in explanation because during the caused apparent motion of the sun rule of the revolution of the earth and rotation, always will be with a large amount of pictures, illustration, wall chart, even the computer courseware illustrates and explains.The figure on this plane, the spatial relationship that can express is limited, and is comparatively abstract, is elusive if there is not stronger space imagining ability.Is it the obstacle that people further probe into, learn, and is a big difficult point of student's studying the geography, astronomic knowledge why? mainly be exactly to lack image, demonstration instrument intuitively.

Guide toy when the CN2093683U patent provides a kind of corona to survey, principle when adopting corona to survey is made up of disk, pin, compass and corresponding time scale, and compass can move in a deep-slotted chip breaker, to adjust the summer time and the time difference of winter time.The CN86202713U patent disclosure sunshine is reflexed to a kind of reflective type solar tracker of solar collector at a distance.This system comprises: a reverberator that is contained on the assembly of being with driving device, and driving device makes reverberator rotate around two axles, so that the change in location of the compensation sun on short transverse and level orientation; A sensor device is used in reference to the sun, and produces the control signal for driving device, makes reverberator corresponding to solar motion, makes light always reflex to gatherer, and the while sensing apparatus is passive movement also, follows the tracks of the sun.The inventor provides a kind of method with simple, skill, novelty in the CN02291168.5 patented claim, intuitively, the image, continuously, dynamically demonstrate any latitude, season on the earth, the diurnal motion rule of the sun, determine the different apparent places of the sun constantly, and relevant geographical knowledge, problem (as altitude of the sun, length round the clock) or the like are described with this, to geographical teaching, universal astronomic knowledge has the sun diurnal motion demonstrator of use and reference value.It is provided with the sun spheroid that is used for simulated solar, half circle (or the hour circle, or declination circle, be used to drive the rotation of the sun spheroid of simulated solar, be rotating semicircle shape, it passes the sun spheroid centre of sphere, the centre of sphere can move on the half circle and the location), half circle fixed knob (is positioned on the hour circle axle sleeve, be used to control the rotation and the location of half circle), the ground ball (is used to simulate the earth, small ball of equipment in the spheroid, by small ball the earth is attracted the center of circle at the ground level disk), (six hour circles are simultaneously eastern excessively again by south pole and north pole for six hour circles and celestial axis, the great circle that the west is 2, celestial axis, celestial axis is the line of north pole and south pole, it shaft length is made as and is equivalent to a day radius of a ball, the one end is fixed in six hour circle inboards and is equivalent to the north pole place, and the celestial axis other end points to the ground level circle disk center.It was marked with for the 24 solar term scale and the Spring Equinox six hour circles, the Autumnal Equinox equinox, the Spring Equinox, the Autumnal Equinox, equinox was in horizontal direction all the time, the inclination angle of its diameter vertical with horizontal diameter (celestial axis) can be rotation shaft regulated by the multiaxis sheet, can locate), sun hour indicator (is located at six hour circles outside of axle upper end and half circle junction, sun hour indicator is provided with the standard hour indicator and the mean solar time dish of concentric, mean sun hour indicator is marked with 24 small time takings, 12 middle day position, 6 o'clock in six hour circle positions), the ground level disk (is used to represent observer place latitude ground level, can remain horizontal level, circle centre position is provided with the steel ball that kicker magnet is used for holding the earth.Periphery has 360 ° of scales, and mark E, W, S, the N cardinal points, E, point below in W side's is an axle sleeve, place the horizontal ramuscule axle of six hour circles place, the available transparent body such as organic glass plate are made), latitude scale half-turn (is fixed in the N of ground level disk, below, S place, its whole center of gravity plays the weight effect under fulcrum, the latitude pointer of south pole can be indicated the latitude of observer's ground level of living on the latitude scale half-turn and six hour circles), (rotating shaft can be made as the location that the multiaxis chip is used for six hour circles in rotating shaft, termination six hour circles on it, the upper end of the following termination support of rotating shaft, the following termination base of support) and latitude fixed knob (being used for regulating and fixed rotating shaft).Referring to Fig. 1,2, sun spheroid 1 is located on the half circle 2, and semisphere magnet 3 is used for and will represents the pointer 4 of sunray direction to inhale at sun spheroid 1.The half circle 2 and six hour circles 7, sun hour indicator 8 are fixed on the celestial axis 9 by axle sleeve 5 and half circle fixture 6.Ground ball 10 can be inhaled in the center of circle of ground level disk 11 by kicker magnet, and latitude scale half-turn 12 is fixed in south, the Bei Jichu of ground level disk, locates the latitude pointer by P ' and can read latitude value, and the ground level disk is in visual level orientation.Latitude fixed knob 13 is used for tense-lax adjusting, positioning rotating shaft 14, but the height of regulated at will latitude.Referring to Fig. 5, the multiaxis slice structure is adopted in rotating shaft 14, and an end of fixing with six hour circles 7 is 3 sheets, and an end that is connected with support 15 is 4 sheets.Support 15 is fixed on the base 16.

There are following two shortcomings in above-mentioned sun diurnal motion demonstrator:

1) has only 24 solar term scales on six hour circles, though accurately, be to use inconvenience.This is because common people do not remember solar term, and only remembers the Gregorian calendar date, and especially concerning the foreigner, the only a few people has the notion of 24 solar term especially.

2) diurnal motion of half astragal moving " sun " needs to use manual mode, must stir the hour circle with hand on one side during demonstration, on one side explanation.

(3) summary of the invention

The purpose of this utility model is to provide a kind of improved diurnal motion that can reflect the sun at the problem of above-mentioned demonstrator existence, can reflect the sun apparent motion instrument of the annual apparent motion of the sun again, or resembles day.

The utility model is provided with the sun spheroid that is used for simulated solar, half circle (or the hour circle, or declination circle, be used to drive the rotation of the sun spheroid of simulated solar, be rotating semicircle shape, it passes the sun spheroid centre of sphere, the centre of sphere can move on the half circle and the location), half circle fixed knob (is positioned on the hour circle axle sleeve, be used to control the rotation and the location of half circle), the ground ball (is used to simulate the earth, small ball of equipment in the spheroid, by small ball the earth is attracted the center of circle at the ground level disk), (six hour circles are simultaneously eastern excessively again by south pole and north pole for six hour circles and celestial axis, the great circle that the west is 2, celestial axis, celestial axis is the line of north pole and south pole, it shaft length is made as and is equivalent to a day radius of a ball, the one end is fixed in six hour circle inboards and is equivalent to the north pole place, and the celestial axis other end points to the ground level circle disk center.It was marked with for the 24 solar term scale and the Spring Equinox six hour circles, the Autumnal Equinox equinox, the Spring Equinox, the Autumnal Equinox, equinox was in horizontal direction all the time, the inclination angle of its diameter vertical with horizontal diameter (celestial axis) can be rotation shaft regulated by the multiaxis sheet, can locate), sun hour indicator (is located at six hour circles outside of axle upper end and hour circle junction, sun hour indicator is provided with the standard hour indicator and the mean solar time dish of concentric, mean sun hour indicator is marked with 24 small time takings, 12 middle day position, 6 o'clock in six hour circle positions), the ground level disk (is used to represent observer place latitude ground level, can remain horizontal level, circle centre position is provided with the steel ball that kicker magnet is used for holding the earth.Periphery has 360 ° of scales, and mark E, W, S, the N cardinal points, E, point below in W side's is an axle sleeve, place the horizontal ramuscule axle of six hour circles place, the available transparent body such as organic glass plate are made), latitude scale half-turn (is fixed in the N of ground level disk, below, S place, its whole center of gravity plays the weight effect under fulcrum, the latitude pointer of south pole can be indicated the latitude of observer's ground level of living on the latitude scale half-turn and six hour circles), (rotating shaft can be made as the location that the multiaxis chip is used for six hour circles in rotating shaft, termination six hour circles on it, the upper end of the following termination support of rotating shaft, the following termination base of support) and latitude fixed knob (being used for regulating and fixed rotating shaft).

(promptly be equivalent in the scope of the 24 solar term scales outside) be provided with Gregorian calendar date calibration (still keeping original 24 solar term scales) in said six hour circles outside; Moving device is switched through in an end bottom at the half circle, and wheelwork comprises motor and gearing, and gearing connects half snare axle and motor respectively.Gearing comprises driving wheel group and driving-belt, and motor is connected with driving wheel group respectively with the half circle; Gearing also can be the speed reduction unit that has arrangement of clutch, and motor rotary shaft drives the half circle through the speed reduction unit that has arrangement of clutch and the sun rotates, and sun sense of rotation is from the east orientation west.When employing is manual, the clutch coupling in removable underdrive band or the operation speed reduction unit.

On the position of the set corresponding solar declination of Gregorian calendar date calibration in six hour circles outsides, can per ten days a scale.

The screw thread of said half circle fixed knob is vertical chord of contact, establishes profiled spacer between axle sleeve and half circle.Half circle fixed knob is screwed on, profiled spacer can only move axially so again, and is fixing or loosen hour circle axle sheet and can not rotate with the axle sheet.

The utility model can have been set up compass, semicircular protractor, so that measure sun altitude and position angle.

Description of use of the present utility model is as follows:

1, demonstrate any latitude, the sun diurnal motion track of any solar term comprises polar day phenomenon at polar night.

2, demonstrate any latitude, any solar term, the sun apparent place in any moment, altitude of the sun, and solar noon sun height.

3, demonstrate any latitude, any solar term, the sunrise sunset moment of one day, the angle in the length and the sun and due east, west round the clock.(position angle that the sun haunts).

The annual apparent motion of the sun, five bands are divided, and the four seasons form, and can be demonstrated by the utility model.

Purple Mountain Observatory goes through and calculates the chamber, and all issue Solar watch, sunrise sunset timetable then to the whole nation every year, the numerical value of this form record 0h day heart apparent declination α every day, apparent declination δ, apparent latitude λ and time difference η.Though form can provide the numerical value of particular moment, ad-hoc location exactly.If will obtain the numerical value of this locality (certain longitude, certain latitude, certain constantly) sun apparent place, then must look into local latitude, same day solar declination and solar hour angle, calculate by 3 trigonometric equation simultaneous and a series of interpolation by proportional parts and obtain, very trouble.

The utility model can provide foregoing directly perceived with simple and clear method of operating, continuous, three-dimensional, rapidly, visually.Confirm through practice, the utility model in certain error range with gross data quite coincide (not considering nutating, perturbation, precession of the equinoxes astronomical refraction or the like influence factor), solved the demonstration problem of abstract sun diurnal motion, to breaking through the difficult point of geographical teaching, the space imagining ability and the universal astronomic knowledge that improve the student have realistic meaning.

(4) description of drawings

Fig. 1 is the structural representation of CN0229168.5 patented claim.

Fig. 2 is the structure side view of CN0229168.5 patented claim.

Fig. 3 is a part-structure synoptic diagram of the present utility model.

Fig. 4 is a part-structure side view of the present utility model.

Fig. 5 is a wheelwork structural representation of the present utility model.

Fig. 6 is six hour circle Gregorian calendar date calibration synoptic diagram of the present utility model.

(5) embodiment

The utility model has been done improvement at Fig. 1 on 2 the basis, and referring to Fig. 3～6, said six hour circles 7 outsides (promptly in being equivalent to 24 solar term scales outside scope) are provided with Gregorian calendar date calibration (still keeping original 24 solar term scales); Moving device is switched through in an end bottom at half circle 2, and wheelwork comprises motor 17 and gearing, and gearing connects half snare axle and motor respectively.Gearing comprises driving wheel group (18,19) and driving-belt 20, and motor 17 is connected with driving wheel group respectively with half circle 2; Gearing also can be the speed reduction unit that has arrangement of clutch, and motor rotary shaft drives the half circle through the speed reduction unit that has arrangement of clutch and the sun rotates, and sun sense of rotation is from the east orientation west.When employing is manual, the clutch coupling in removable underdrive band or the operation speed reduction unit.

On the position of the set corresponding solar declination of Gregorian calendar date calibration in six hour circles outsides, can per ten days a scale.

The screw thread of said hour circle fixed knob can be vertical chord of contact, establishes profiled spacer between axle sleeve and half circle.Hour circle fixed knob is screwed on, profiled spacer can only move axially so again, and is fixing or loosen hour circle axle sheet and can not rotate with the axle sheet.

The six rounded hour circles 7 are marked with corresponding 24 solar term, represent with round dot, and 24 solar term scale value (solar declination) δ and corresponding solar term see table 1 for details on six hour circles.Since the Spring Equinox, the sun moves on ecliptic, and ecliptic longitude is every 15 ° of solar term.The computing formula of the corresponding solar declination δ of each solar term: Sin δ=Sin α Sin λ, δ-declination wherein, λ-ecliptic longitude, α-yellow red angle, α=23 ° 26 ', Sin α=0.3977, Sin δ=0.3977 Sin α.

Table 1

λ	Sinλ	Sinδ	δ	Corresponding solar term
								δ＞0		δ＜0
				0	0	0	0					The Spring Equinox 0		The Autumnal Equinox 12
15°	0.2588	0.1029	5.91°					Clear and bright 1	White Dew 11	Cold Dew 13	The Waking of Insects (3rd solar term) 23
				30°	0.5000	0.1989	11.47°					Grain rains 2	The Limit of Heat 10	The Frost's Descent 14	Rainwater 22
45°	0.7071	0.2812	16.33°					The Beginning of summer 3	The beginning of autumn 9	The Beginning of Winter 15	The beginning of spring 21
				60°	0.8660	0.3444	20.18°					Grain Full 4	Great Heat 8	Slight snow 16	Great Cold 20
75°	0.9695	0.3856	22.68°					Grain in Ear 5	Slight Heat 7	Heavy snow 17	Slight Cold 19
				90°	1.0000	0.3977	23.43°						The Summer Solstice 6		Winter Solstice 18

Using method brief introduction of the present utility model is as follows:

1, allow the N of ground level disk point to the north, regulate the latitude fixed knob, make celestial axis PP ' and horizontal direction angle equal local latitude (can read from the intersection point of celestial axis and semicircle latitude graduated ring), the ground level disk is horizontal.The position at observer place corresponding on the earth is inhaled on the magnet below the ground level disk, and make the earth earth's axis parallel with celestial axis, then the ground level disk of level is promptly represented the ground level at observer place.

2, rotate sun spheroid slightly, loosening back moves on to solar term scale position corresponding on six hour circles along the hour circle, rotating bead again can be fixed on " sun " on the hour circle, rotate the hour circle then and can demonstrate the apparent motion of certain solar term sun, rotation direction is from the east orientation west, and the movement locus of " sun " is the apparent motion of the sun track during rotation.

3, adjust hour circle fixing button, rotate the hour circle to the corresponding time scale of corresponding hour indicator.The position of " sun " is exactly the apparent place of this moment sun at this moment.

4, the semisphere ferromagnet is inhaled on " sun ", made the light arrow points geoid centre of sphere 0, metal wire is the light that the sun incides the observer.Can measure any time altitude of the sun with protractor.

When 5, the hour circle goes on the meridian circle (upper transit), can measure the solar noon sun height with protractor.

6, regulate PP ' direction and equal another latitude, can demonstrate apparent motion of the sun situation on another latitude, as the equator, the north and south tropic, north and south polar circle, the polar day phenomenon at polar night of south poles etc.

7, rotate the hour circle,, look into dial scale when corresponding, sunrise sunset moment as can be known, thereby the length round the clock of judgement when " sun " during from ground level disk " risings " or " declines ".

8, " sun " of regulating the hour circle can further be demonstrated the apparent motion of the sun situation of different solar terms on the different latitude to corresponding solar term scale.

On the position of side corresponding to solar declination of six hour circles, add and carve the Gregorian calendar date, per ten days a scale.To look into the declination and the value of the 1st day sun of every month upper, middle and lower ten days in the Solar watch in 2003.As February 1, February 11, February 21, March 1 etc.Method is: calculate in the scale ratio after looking into the declination value, June 22 Summer Solstice, declination was maximum 23.6 °, and long 11.2mm is referring to table 2.All the other dates can be estimated with method of interpolation.At six hour circle respective outer positions mark date calibration; Its advantage is: very convenient, and be ignorant of or forget " solar term " if any the people, then press the Gregorian calendar and determine to get final product.Though this way is not accurate enough, 24 solar term stationkeeping, and the Gregorian calendar date does not have the fixed position on astronomy, one, two day variation is arranged every year, for qualitative demonstration instrument, enough fully.(note closelyer in solstices, two fen day is thinner.The left and right sides half-turn that is engraved on six hour circles upper and lower half a year respectively is outer) can carve in theory 1 year 365 days, but understand for easy, only carve 36 lattice (1 scale of per ten days).

Table 2 Solar watch declination in 2003 value (choosing is plucked)

Date	Declination δ	Date	Declination δ
				?1.1	?-23°3.2’	7.1	+23°09.1’
?1.11	?-21°?54.1’	7.11	+22°11.3’
				?1.21	?-20°02.5’	7.21	+20°35.6’
?2.1	?-17°16.7’	8.1	+18°25.3’
				?2.11	?-14°13.8’	8.11	+15°27.3’
?2.21	?-10°47.3’	8.21	+12°19.5’
				?3.1	?-7°49.6’	9.1	+8°52.2’
?3.11	?-3°57.7’	9.11	+4°48.0’
				?3.21	?-0°01’	9.21	+0°57.2’
?4.1	?+4°17.7’	10.1	-2°56.4’
				?4.11	?+8°05.0’	10.11	-6°46.8’
?4.21	?+11°38.6’	10.21	-10°28.0’
				?5.1	?+14°53.1’	11.1	-14°13.4’
?5.11	?+17°43.1’	11.11	-17°14.5’
				?5.21	?+20°03.3’	11.21	-19°46.2’
?6.1	?+20°58.0’	12.1	-21°42.1’
				?6.11	?+23°02.4’	12.11	-22°56.6’
?6.21	?+23°26.3’	12.21	-23°26.0’
				?6.22	+ 23 ° of 26.4 ' Summer Solstice	12.22	-23 ° of 26.4 ' Winter Solstice

(being engraved on right half-turn) (being engraved on left half-turn)

Annotate: Gregorian calendar date and 24 solar term scales all have the error a couple of days every year, but do not influence the effect of demonstration.

Rotate by the motor drives half circle and the sun.Can use the 220V autosynchronous motor, 5r/min sees from north to clockwise rotate.With belt or gear drive, rotating ratio 5: 1.The sun rotates 1r/min around celestial axis like this, and enough time explanations are arranged.The fixed position of motor is provided with outside multiaxis sheet or the rotating shaft moving axis sheet.Power switch can place on the base, and lead is drawn in support.

Claims (5)

1, sun apparent motion instrument, be provided with the sun spheroid that is used for simulated solar, half circle, half circle fixed knob, ball, six hour circles and celestial axis, sun hour indicator, ground level disk, latitude scale half-turn, rotating shaft and latitude fixed knob, it is characterized in that in said six hour circles outside is equivalent to 24 solar term scales outside scope, being provided with Gregorian calendar date calibration; Moving device is switched through in an end bottom at the half circle, and wheelwork comprises motor and gearing, and gearing connects half snare axle and motor respectively.

2, sun apparent motion instrument as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that gearing comprises driving wheel group and driving-belt, and motor is connected with driving wheel group respectively with the half circle.

3, sun apparent motion instrument as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that gearing is the speed reduction unit that has arrangement of clutch, and the motor rotary shaft tape splicing has the speed reduction unit of arrangement of clutch.

4, sun apparent motion instrument as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that on the position of the set corresponding solar declination of Gregorian calendar date calibration in six hour circles outsides, can per ten days a scale.

5, sun apparent motion instrument as claimed in claim 1, the screw thread that it is characterized in that said half circle fixed knob is vertical chord of contact, establishes profiled spacer between axle sleeve and half circle.

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