CN216133944U

CN216133944U - Safety structure of large-capacity battery

Info

Publication number: CN216133944U
Application number: CN202121795103.3U
Authority: CN
Inventors: 郑高锋; 雷政军; 翟腾飞; 刘毅; 张三学
Original assignee: Shaanxi Olympus Power Energy Co Ltd
Current assignee: Shaanxi Olympus Power Energy Co Ltd
Priority date: 2021-08-03
Filing date: 2021-08-03
Publication date: 2022-03-25
Anticipated expiration: 2031-08-03

Abstract

The application discloses a safety structure of a large-capacity battery, which comprises a battery main body, wherein a pressure relief port is arranged on the battery main body, and the safety structure also comprises a cooling cavity for cooling combustible substances generated by the thermal runaway battery and an adsorption cavity for adsorbing harmful substances; the cooling cavity is connected with the pressure relief port, and the pressure relief port is sealed and isolated from the cooling cavity through a pressure relief film. The cooling material in this application cooling chamber cools down the material of putting of spouting for spout the solid particle in putting the material and blocked, the condensation is again carried out to gasified electrolyte, can't condense gaseous state material, the adsorption material that the adsorption cavity was filled adsorbs combustible gas, liquid and the solid matter of process cooling chamber cooling, the material that makes follow-up discharge port discharge has incombustibility, thereby secondary disasters such as explosion, firing that the battery leads to because of thermal runaway have been avoided.

Description

Safety structure of large-capacity battery

Technical Field

The application belongs to the technical field of batteries, and particularly relates to a safety structure of a high-capacity battery and the high-capacity battery.

Background

The lithium battery is a novel battery with high specific energy, high voltage, long service life, no harm to the environment and no memory, the lithium battery with the traditional structure can generate a large amount of heat in the working process, and the heat conductivity of the lithium battery material is poor, so the heat inside the lithium battery with the structure can be rapidly accumulated, the temperature of the lithium battery is too high, the performance of the lithium battery can be further reduced or thermal runaway can be caused, and dangerous consequences such as combustion or explosion can be caused seriously.

The safety structure of the lithium battery is provided with the modes of improving the heat dissipation performance, cooling the battery and the like, and the modes of arranging a pressure relief port, collecting an air bag and the like are provided. The improvement of the heat dissipation performance of the battery and the cooling of the battery are safety measures in advance of the battery, and the arrangement of the pressure relief port and the collection air bag is a safety remedy for the real thermal runaway of the battery. When the pressure relief port is opened due to thermal runaway of the lithium battery, electrolyte, positive and negative electrode materials and other substances in the lithium battery are sprayed into the environment along with high temperature in the battery, the substances, particularly the electrolyte, are extremely combustible substances, the temperature is higher than the self-ignition point of the electrolyte when the electrolyte is sprayed out, the electrolyte and the self-ignition point can be immediately combusted in the air, and other substances near the battery are ignited, so that secondary damage is caused. Generally, a fire caused by thermal runaway of a lithium battery is difficult to extinguish, and the fire can only wait for combustible substances in the battery to burn out, so that once the thermal runaway of the battery occurs, the main problem to be solved by the safety structure is to reduce the degree of secondary damage.

Patent CN109088109A discloses a safety battery, which comprises a battery assembly and an air bag, wherein a collecting air bag is arranged outside a pressure relief port, and gas generated when the battery is in thermal runaway is collected and then diluted by more inert gas, so that the mixed gas is incombustible. On one hand, the high-temperature gas sprayed out of the pressure relief port of the battery has higher requirements on the temperature resistance of the collecting air bag, on the other hand, once the large-capacity battery is thermally out of control, the amount of the gas released by the large-capacity battery is very large, and after the large-capacity battery is diluted by inert gas with the volume being several times that of the large-capacity battery, the volume of the air bag is very large. Therefore, the collecting and diluting mode is not suitable for large-capacity batteries and is only suitable for batteries with smaller capacity.

Patents CN203225319U/cn201420537958, x/CN201521093352.2/CN 108417757 a and the like provide an adsorption structure and an adsorbent, which are all used for directly adsorbing high-temperature substances sprayed out of a battery and lack a cooling link. When a general adsorbent such as activated carbon, molecular sieve and the like adsorbs, the adsorption effect is worse as the temperature of the adsorbed substance is higher, for example, the adsorption temperature of the activated carbon to the gas substance is below 50 ℃, and the temperature of the sprayed gas is generally higher than 300 ℃ when the battery is in thermal runaway, and at this temperature, the activated carbon loses the adsorption function to the gas substance and has the desorption function to the adsorbed substance, although the adsorbent can absorb gasified electrolyte at this temperature, combustible gas substances such as hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane and the like generated when the battery is in thermal runaway cannot be adsorbed, and these substances still have the danger of explosion when the battery is in thermal runaway, so that the temperature reduction treatment of various substances required to be sprayed by the battery before adsorption is a precondition.

Patent 102934278A discloses a battery and a battery system, which has a cooling step before the battery thermal runaway material is adsorbed, but it uses a heat sink or heat radiator to cool the battery thermal runaway material sprayed out from the battery, and such a cooling method uses another system to cool the battery system, which inevitably makes the battery system complicated and increases the cost. While other patents with cooling links, such as CN204271170U/CN 105977521 a/CN 111640891 a, have the purpose of reducing the temperature of the battery during thermal runaway because the cooling materials are either compounds capable of decomposing to generate gas to absorb heat or compounds capable of gasifying to generate gas to absorb heat, but a large amount of gas generated by the cooling materials and gas released during thermal runaway of the battery are simultaneously discharged outwards in a short time, and accidents such as explosion can also be caused. Furthermore, with such cooling materials, the subsequent use of adsorbent material, if provided, would be so large that it would be impractical to achieve the desired purpose of adsorbing the combustible gas.

SUMMERY OF THE UTILITY MODEL

In order to solve the technical problem, the technical scheme adopted by the application is as follows:

the embodiment of the application provides a safety structure of a large-capacity battery, which comprises a battery main body, wherein a pressure relief port is arranged on the battery main body, and the safety structure also comprises a cooling cavity for cooling combustible substances generated by the thermal runaway battery and an adsorption cavity for adsorbing harmful substances; the cooling cavity is connected with the pressure relief port, and the pressure relief port is sealed and isolated from the cooling cavity through a pressure relief film. The cooling cavity is communicated with the adsorption cavity, and a porous partition plate is arranged between the cooling cavity and the adsorption cavity.

Further, in the embodiment that this application provided, cooling chamber and absorption chamber can set up outside the battery, and the combustible substance that battery thermal runaway produced passes through the pressure release mouth and spouts the battery main part and get into the cooling chamber of battery outside.

Further, in the embodiment provided by the application, the cooling cavity and the adsorption cavity can also be arranged at the center of the battery, and combustible substances generated by thermal runaway of the battery enter the cooling cavity at the center of the battery through the pressure relief port.

Further, in the embodiments provided herein, the porous separator is one of a porous metal mesh, a porous metal plate, and an inorganic fiber mesh.

Further, in the embodiments provided in the present application, an exhaust port is provided on the adsorption chamber. And a damp-proof film or a sealing film is arranged on the exhaust port. The outside of the exhaust port is connected with an exhaust pipeline or an air bag.

Further, in the embodiments provided herein, the pressure relief film is a metal diaphragm. The cooling cavity is filled with one or a combination of a plurality of ceramic balls, honeycomb ceramic pieces and graphite rods. The ceramic balls and the honeycomb ceramic sheet are made of silicon carbide.

The adsorption cavity is filled with one or a combination of more of activated carbon, porous silicon dioxide, molecular sieve, porous ceramic and adsorption resin.

The beneficial effect of this application lies in:

1. when the battery takes place thermal runaway and leads to the pressure release mouth to open, when the inside various materials of battery outwards spout put, at first reach the cooling chamber, cooling material through in the cooling chamber cools down the material of putting of spouting, make partial solid particle in the material of putting of spouting and gasified electrolyte recondenstion, and cool down gaseous state material and for the follow-up combustible gas who spouts in the material adsorbs the creation condition, and because this application all adopts physics refrigerated material to cool down spun material when battery thermal runaway, this type of material cooling effect is better, stable in nature, more importantly no gas production, quantity and adsorption load greatly reduced when consequently making subsequent adsorption material adsorb.

2. The adsorption material filled in the adsorption cavity adsorbs the cooled combustible gas, liquid and solid substances in the cooling cavity, so that the quantity and total quantity of the combustible gas discharged to the environment are greatly reduced. The temperature of combustible gas in the gas discharged after passing through the cooling cavity and the adsorption cavity can be reduced to be below the self-ignition point of the gas, and the concentration of the gas is reduced to be below the explosion limit of the gas. And under the appropriate combination of the cooling material and the adsorbing material, less gas discharged into the environment can achieve the colorless, tasteless and non-combustible effect, thereby avoiding secondary disasters such as explosion, ignition and the like caused by thermal runaway of the battery and reducing the pollution to the environment. Additional advantages, objects, and features of the application will be set forth in part in the description which follows and in part will become apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art upon examination of the following or may be learned from practice of the application.

Drawings

In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present application or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present application, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without creative efforts.

Fig. 1 is an overall structural view of a safety structure of a cylindrical large-capacity battery according to embodiment 1 of the present application.

Fig. 2 is an overall configuration diagram of a safety structure of a prismatic large-capacity battery according to embodiment 2 of the present application.

Fig. 3 is an overall configuration diagram of a safety structure of a prismatic large-capacity battery according to embodiment 3 of the present application.

Fig. 4 is an overall sectional view of a safety structure of a cylindrical large-capacity battery according to embodiment 4 of the present application.

Fig. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the structure of the center post of the cylindrical large-capacity battery in embodiment 4 of the present application.

Description of the labeling: a positive electrode post 11/21/31/41; a negative electrode post 12/22/32/42; a battery body 13/25/35/45; a pressure relief vent 14/24/34/44; a pressure relief membrane 15/23/33/43; a cooling chamber 16/26/36/46; a porous separator 17/27/37/47; an adsorption chamber 18/28/38/48; a discharge port 19/29/39/49; a discharge conduit 310; a detonation initiating hole 410; winding type battery cell 411.

Detailed Description

The present application will now be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, whereby one skilled in the art can, with reference to the description, make an implementation. It will be understood that terms such as "having," "including," and "comprising," as used herein, do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other elements or groups thereof.

The technical solution of the present application will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.

As shown in fig. 1 to 3, an embodiment of the present application provides a safety structure of a large-capacity battery, including a battery main body, where the battery main body is provided with a pressure relief port, and further includes a cooling chamber for cooling down combustible substances generated by a thermal runaway battery, and an adsorption chamber for adsorbing harmful substances; the cooling cavity is connected with the pressure relief port, and the pressure relief port is sealed and isolated from the cooling cavity through a pressure relief film. The cooling cavity is communicated with the adsorption cavity, and a porous partition plate is arranged between the cooling cavity and the adsorption cavity.

Further, in the embodiments provided herein, the pressure relief film is a metal diaphragm. The cooling cavity is filled with one or a combination of a plurality of ceramic balls, honeycomb ceramic pieces and graphite rods. The ceramic balls and the honeycomb ceramic sheet are made of silicon carbide. The adsorption cavity is filled with one or a combination of more of activated carbon, porous silicon dioxide, molecular sieve, porous ceramic and adsorption resin.

Example 1

As shown in fig. 1, a safety structure of a cylindrical large-capacity battery, as shown in fig. 1, comprises a cooling chamber 16 and an adsorption chamber 18, wherein a positive electrode 11 of a large-capacity battery 13, a negative electrode 12 are located on the same side of the top surface of the battery, a pressure relief opening 14 is located on a bottom surface shell of the cylindrical battery, the pressure relief opening 14 seals the battery into a closed structure through a pressure relief film 15, the cooling chamber 16 is arranged at the bottom of the battery 13 and is close to the outer side of the pressure relief opening 14An adsorption cavity 18 is arranged at the lower part of the cooling cavity 16, a porous metal plate 17 is arranged between the cooling cavity 16 and the adsorption cavity 18, and a discharge port 19 is arranged at the lower part of the adsorption cavity. Filling the cooling chamber

The adsorption cavity is filled with X13 type molecular sieve balls, and a moisture-proof film is adhered to the discharge port at the bottommost part.

When the pressure relief opening is opened due to thermal runaway of the battery, high-temperature substances inside the battery can enter the cooling cavity through the pressure relief opening, and are cooled by the ceramic balls in the cooling cavity, so that part of solid particles in the sprayed substances and gasified electrolyte are condensed again, and combustible gas and liquid in the sprayed substances are adsorbed to create conditions subsequently. On the other hand, various substances passing through the cooling cavity enter the adsorption cavity after being cooled, most of combustible gas is adsorbed by the molecular sieve adsorbent in the adsorption cavity to all liquid, and small molecular gas which is not adsorbed, such as nitrogen, nitrogen dioxide and the like, is discharged through the exhaust port. Various substances generated after the thermal runaway of the battery are cooled, adsorbed and then discharged without causing the dangers of explosion, ignition and the like.

Example 2

As shown in fig. 2, a safety structure of a square large-capacity battery, as shown in fig. 2, comprises a cooling chamber 26 and an adsorption chamber 28, wherein a positive electrode 21 of a large-capacity battery 25, a negative electrode 22 is located on the same side of the top surface of the battery, a pressure relief opening 24 is located on the upper portion of a side shell of the square battery, the pressure relief opening 24 seals the battery into a closed structure through a pressure relief film 25, the cooling chamber 26 is arranged on the outer side of the upper portion of the side surface of the battery, which is close to the pressure relief opening 24, the adsorption chamber 28 is arranged on the lower portion of the cooling chamber 26, a porous fiber mesh 27 is arranged between the cooling chamber 26 and the adsorption chamber 28, and a discharge opening 29 is arranged on the lower portion of the adsorption chamber. The cooling cavity is filled with a honeycomb ceramic body, the adsorption cavity is filled with cylindrical active carbon granules, and a sealing film is adhered to a discharge port at the bottom.

Example 3

As shown in fig. 3, a safety structure of a square large-capacity battery, as shown in fig. 3, the safety structure comprises a cooling cavity 36 and an adsorption cavity 38, wherein a positive electrode 31 of a large-capacity battery 35, a negative electrode 32 is located on the same side of the top surface of the battery, the positive electrode and the negative electrode are led out from the side surface of the cooling cavity through a pole adapter, a pressure relief port 34 is located on the same side of the square battery as the positive electrode and the negative electrode, the battery is sealed into a closed structure through a pressure relief film 33 by the pressure relief port, the cooling cavity 36 is arranged on the outer side of the top surface of the battery close to the pressure relief port 34, the upper part of the cooling cavity is provided with the adsorption cavity 38, a metal mesh 37 is arranged between the cooling cavity 36 and the adsorption cavity 38, the upper part of the adsorption cavity is provided with a discharge port 39, an exhaust pipe 310 is installed on the discharge port, the port of the exhaust pipe is arranged in a safety area far away from combustible substances, and the port of the exhaust pipe is plugged. The cooling cavity is filled with graphite rods, and the adsorption cavity is filled with activated carbon powder.

Example 4

As shown in fig. 4 and 5, a safety structure of a cylindrical large-capacity battery includes a positive electrode 41, a negative electrode 42, and a wound electric core 411 of the cylindrical large-capacity battery 45. The safety structure is arranged on a central column of the cylindrical battery, and an explosion-leading hole 410, a pressure relief opening 44, a cooling cavity 46, a porous fiber net 47, an adsorption cavity 48 and a discharge opening 49 are arranged on a lower net in sequence. The pressure relief hole 44 seals the battery into a closed structure through the pressure relief film 43, the cooling cavity 46 is arranged at the upper part of the pressure relief hole of the central column, which is close to the outer side of the pressure relief hole 44, the adsorption cavity 48 is arranged at the upper part of the cooling cavity 46, a porous fiber net 47 is arranged between the cooling cavity 46 and the adsorption cavity 48, and the discharge hole 49 is arranged at the upper part of the adsorption cavity. The cooling cavity is filled with a honeycomb ceramic body, the adsorption cavity is filled with cylindrical active carbon granules, and a sealing film is adhered to a discharge port in the upper part of the central column.

When the battery generates thermal runaway and leads to the increase of the internal pressure of the battery core, the pressure relief port at the bottom of the center column is opened, high-temperature substances inside the battery can enter the cooling cavity from the pressure relief port after passing through the explosion guide hole at the lower part, and the temperature of the high-temperature substances is reduced by the ceramic balls in the cooling cavity, so that partial solid particles in the sprayed substances and gasified electrolyte are condensed again, and combustible gas and liquid in the subsequent sprayed substances are adsorbed to create conditions. On the other hand, various substances passing through the cooling cavity enter the adsorption cavity after being cooled, most of combustible gas is adsorbed by the molecular sieve adsorbent in the adsorption cavity to all liquid, and small molecular gas which is not adsorbed, such as nitrogen, nitrogen dioxide and the like, is discharged through the exhaust port. Various substances generated after the thermal runaway of the battery are cooled, adsorbed and then discharged without causing the dangers of explosion, ignition and the like.

Although the embodiments of the present application have been disclosed above, they are not limited to the applications listed in the description and the embodiments. It can be applied in all kinds of fields suitable for the present application. Additional modifications will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the application is not limited to the specific details and illustrations shown and described herein, without departing from the general concept defined by the claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A safety structure of a large-capacity battery comprises a battery main body, wherein a pressure relief port is formed in the battery main body, and the safety structure is characterized by further comprising a cooling cavity and an adsorption cavity, wherein the cooling cavity is used for cooling combustible substances generated by a thermal runaway battery, and the adsorption cavity is used for adsorbing harmful substances;

the cooling cavity is connected with the pressure relief port, and the pressure relief port is sealed and isolated from the cooling cavity through a pressure relief film.

2. A safety structure of a large capacity battery as defined in claim 1, wherein said cooling chamber is communicated with said adsorption chamber, and a porous partition plate is provided between said cooling chamber and said adsorption chamber.

3. A safety structure of a large capacity battery as set forth in claim 2, wherein said porous separator is one of a porous metal mesh, a porous metal plate, and an inorganic fiber mesh.

4. A safety structure of a large-capacity battery according to claim 2, wherein said adsorption chamber is provided with an air vent.

5. A safety structure of a large-capacity battery according to claim 4, wherein a moisture-proof film is provided on said air outlet, or a sealing film.

6. A safety structure of a large capacity battery as defined in claim 5, wherein said air discharge port is externally connected to an air discharge duct, or an air bag.

7. A safety structure of a large-capacity battery as set forth in claim 1, wherein said pressure-releasing film is a metal diaphragm.

8. A safety structure of a large-capacity battery as defined in claim 2, wherein said cooling chamber is filled with one or more of ceramic balls, honeycomb ceramic sheets, porous ceramics, metallic materials, and graphite rods.

9. A safety structure of a large-capacity battery as set forth in claim 8, wherein the ceramic balls, the honeycomb ceramic sheets and the porous ceramic have a composition of silicon carbide.

10. A safety structure of a large capacity battery as defined in claim 2, wherein said adsorption chamber is filled with one or more of activated carbon, porous silica, molecular sieve, porous ceramic, and adsorption resin.