CN214281255U - High-voltage AC/DC voltage converter and high-voltage AC/DC voltage conversion system - Google Patents
High-voltage AC/DC voltage converter and high-voltage AC/DC voltage conversion system Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The utility model provides a high-voltage AC/DC voltage converter and a high-voltage AC/DC voltage conversion system, which relate to the technical field of signal processing, wherein the high-voltage AC/DC voltage converter comprises a current-limiting and voltage-dividing module, a signal amplification module with high isolation performance, a first signal regulating module and a second signal regulating module; the current limiting and voltage dividing module carries out current limiting and voltage dividing operations on the high-voltage signal, then carries out preset signal isolation amplification (including differential amplification and isolation amplification with high isolation performance) operations through the signal amplification module, and outputs the signal after differential isolation amplification; the first signal regulating module is used for carrying out first signal regulating operation on the signals subjected to differential isolation amplification and outputting the signals; and the second signal adjusting module performs filtering processing and second signal adjusting processing on the signals subjected to differential isolation amplification and outputs the signals. The utility model provides high conversion precision, promoted keep apart withstand voltage level, reduced input current (input power consumption) and reduced the volume and the weight of product.
Description
Technical Field
The utility model belongs to the technical field of the signal processing technique and specifically relates to a high pressure alternating current-direct current voltage converter and high pressure alternating current-direct current voltage conversion system are related to.
Background
When carrying out 600MW and above generator excitation system rotor overvoltage protection test tests, various provinces of electric power science research institutes and electric power debugging unit all need carry out high-speed record ripples to rotor voltage, however, when testing, all face the excitation system rotor voltage and probably reach or exceed 3000V's high voltage test problem, various data recording equipment can not directly be inserted to such high voltage, the equipment that adopts usually at present is traditional hall voltage sensor, however, traditional hall voltage sensor usually has the problem that the conversion precision is poor, input current is big (also input power consumption is high), volume and weight are big.
SUMMERY OF THE UTILITY MODEL
An object of the utility model is to provide a high pressure AC/DC voltage converter and high pressure AC/DC voltage conversion system has promoted the conversion precision, has promoted and has kept apart withstand voltage level, has reduced input current (input consumption) to the volume and the weight of product have been reduced.
In a first aspect, the present invention provides a high voltage ac/dc voltage converter, which includes a current limiting and voltage dividing module and a signal amplifying module with high isolation performance, which are connected in sequence; the first signal adjusting module and the second signal adjusting module are respectively connected with the signal amplifying module with high isolation performance;
the current limiting and voltage dividing module is used for carrying out current limiting and voltage dividing operations on externally input high-voltage signals to obtain low-voltage signals after current limiting and voltage dividing;
the signal amplification module with high isolation performance is used for carrying out preset signal amplification operation on the low-voltage signal and outputting a signal after differential isolation amplification; the signal amplification operation comprises a differential amplification operation and an isolation amplification operation with high isolation performance;
the first signal regulating module is used for directly carrying out first signal regulating operation on the signals subjected to differential isolation amplification and outputting the signals;
the second signal adjusting module is used for filtering the signals after differential isolation and amplification, and performing second signal adjusting processing on the signals after filtering processing and outputting the signals.
In an alternative embodiment, the current limiting and voltage dividing module includes a plurality of resistors;
the resistors are used for carrying out current limiting and voltage dividing on the input external signals in a preset connection mode; the external signal comprises two input ranges of direct current +/-1000V range or +/-4000V range.
In an alternative embodiment, the signal amplification module with high isolation performance comprises a differential input submodule and an isolation amplification submodule;
the differential input sub-module comprises an amplifier for a differential instrument and a signal amplification assembly which are connected with each other; the amplifier for the difference instrument is connected with the current limiting and voltage dividing module; the signal amplification assembly is connected with the isolation amplification submodule;
the isolation amplification sub-module comprises a high-voltage isolation amplifier and a differential amplification component which are connected with each other; the high-voltage isolation amplifier is respectively connected with the amplifier for the difference meter and the current limiting and voltage dividing module.
In an alternative embodiment, the high voltage isolation amplifier is an AMC1301 type isolation amplifier.
In an optional embodiment, the first signal conditioning module includes a first signal zeroing submodule, a first operational amplification submodule, and a first power amplification submodule, which are connected in sequence; the first signal zero setting submodule is connected with the isolation amplification submodule;
the first signal zero-setting submodule is used for adjusting the final output voltage to 0 when the external input signal is zero;
the first operational amplifier submodule is used for adjusting the proportional relation between the final output and the final input;
the first power amplification sub-module is used for improving output load capacity.
In an optional embodiment, the second signal conditioning module includes a low-pass filtering submodule, a second signal zeroing submodule, a second operational amplification submodule, and a second power amplification submodule, which are connected in sequence; and the low-pass filtering submodule is connected with the isolation amplifying submodule.
In an alternative embodiment, the low pass filter sub-module is a fourth order butterworth low pass filter.
In an alternative embodiment, the high-voltage AC/DC voltage converter further comprises a power supply module with high isolation performance; the power supply module with high isolation performance comprises a miniaturized high-power-density AC/DC main power supply module, a DC/DC isolation power supply module with high isolation performance and at least one filter capacitor;
the power supply module with high isolation performance is used for supplying power to each module of the high-voltage alternating current-direct current voltage converter.
In an optional embodiment, the whole shell of the high-voltage AC/DC voltage converter is made of engineering plastics; all internal wiring adopts silica gel high-voltage wires with the insulation level of 10 kV.
In a second aspect, the present invention provides a high voltage ac/dc voltage converting system with high isolation performance, which includes the high voltage ac/dc voltage converter of any one of the foregoing embodiments.
The utility model provides a high pressure AC/DC voltage converter and high pressure AC/DC voltage conversion system, high pressure AC/DC voltage converter are including the current-limiting and voltage division module that connect gradually and the signal amplification module of high isolation performance to and the first signal conditioning module and the second signal conditioning module of being connected with the signal amplification module of high isolation performance respectively. The current limiting and voltage dividing module carries out current limiting and voltage dividing operations on externally input high-voltage signals to obtain low-voltage signals after current limiting and voltage dividing, then preset signal isolation amplification operations (including differential amplification operations and high isolation performance isolation amplification operations) are carried out on the low-voltage signals through the signal amplification module with high isolation performance, and signals after differential isolation amplification are output. The high-voltage alternating-current and direct-current voltage converter improves conversion precision, improves isolation voltage-resisting level, reduces input current (input power consumption), and reduces the size and weight of a product.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the embodiments or the technical solutions in the prior art will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are some embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to these drawings without creative efforts.
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a high-voltage ac/dc voltage converter according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a specific high-voltage ac/dc voltage converter according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 3(a) is a schematic diagram of an input panel of a high-voltage ac/dc voltage converter according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 3(b) is a schematic diagram of an output panel of a high-voltage ac/dc voltage converter according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a high-voltage ac/dc voltage conversion system according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Icon: 10-current limiting and voltage dividing module; 20-a signal amplification module with high isolation performance; 30-a first signal conditioning module; 40-a second signal conditioning module; 100-high voltage ac-dc voltage converter.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some, but not all, embodiments of the present invention. The components of embodiments of the present invention, as generally described and illustrated in the figures herein, may be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations.
Thus, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention, presented in the accompanying drawings, is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, as claimed, but is merely representative of selected embodiments of the invention. Based on the embodiments in the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by a person skilled in the art without creative efforts belong to the protection scope of the present invention.
It should be noted that: like reference numbers and letters refer to like items in the following figures, and thus, once an item is defined in one figure, it need not be further defined and explained in subsequent figures.
In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that the terms "first", "second", and the like are used only for distinguishing the description, and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.
In the description of the present invention, it should also be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified or limited, the terms "disposed," "mounted," "connected," and "connected" are to be construed broadly, e.g., as meaning either a fixed connection, a removable connection, or an integral connection; can be mechanically or electrically connected; they may be connected directly or indirectly through intervening media, or they may be interconnected between two elements. The specific meaning of the above terms in the present invention can be understood in specific cases to those skilled in the art.
Some embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. The embodiments described below and the features of the embodiments can be combined with each other without conflict.
Considering that there is not very good convenient means for the rotor voltage test of the excitation system that is too high at present, for example, some occasions will adopt the hall voltage sensor to realize the isolation conversion of the high voltage, but the hall voltage sensor has the following disadvantages:
(1) the volume and the weight are larger: in general, a hall voltage sensor having a withstand voltage of 6kV or more has a volume of 120mm 60mm 35mm or more and a weight of about 1 kg.
(2) The input current is large and the power consumption is high: the requirement on the input current is high, the rated value of the input current is 20mA generally, and for the test of high voltage, the high input power consumption is meant, for example, the current is limited to 20mA at the rated input voltage of 4000V, and the power consumption of an input loop is 80W, so that the high power consumption is a great test for any instrument and the current-limiting resistance of the input loop, and the final result is that a large amount of high-power resistors with large volume are needed, and the whole volume is further increased.
(3) The conversion precision is poor: the conversion precision of the Hall voltage sensor is generally lower than 0.5 level, the temperature drift is large, the power consumption of an input loop is large, the temperature rise of an input current-limiting resistor is large, the whole temperature rise is also large, the temperature drift of the Hall voltage sensor is aggravated, and the final conversion precision is extremely poor.
Based on this, the embodiment of the utility model provides a high pressure alternating current-direct current voltage converter and voltage transformation system has promoted the conversion precision, has promoted the withstand voltage level of isolation, has reduced input current (input power consumption) to the volume and the weight of product have been reduced.
For convenience of understanding, first, a detailed description is made on a high voltage ac/dc voltage converter 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention, referring to a schematic structural diagram of a high voltage ac/dc voltage converter 100 shown in fig. 1, the high voltage ac/dc voltage converter 100 includes a current limiting and voltage dividing module 10 and a signal amplifying module 20 with high isolation performance, which are connected in sequence, and a first signal conditioning module 30 and a second signal conditioning module, which are connected to the signal amplifying module 20 with high isolation performance, respectively. Specifically, the method comprises the following steps:
the current limiting and voltage dividing module 10 is configured to perform current limiting and voltage dividing operations on an externally input high voltage signal to obtain a low voltage signal after current limiting and voltage dividing, where the externally input high voltage signal may include two input ranges of dc ± 1000V and ± 4000V, and since the input voltage is higher, the current limiting and voltage dividing operations are performed on the input high voltage signal through the current limiting and voltage dividing module 10.
The high-isolation signal amplification module 20 is configured to perform a preset signal isolation amplification operation on the low-voltage signal, and output a signal after differential isolation amplification, where the signal amplification operation includes a differential amplification operation and a high-isolation amplification operation.
The first signal conditioning module 30 is configured to perform a first signal conditioning operation on the differentially isolated and amplified signal and output the signal, and in an embodiment, the first conditioning module may include a signal zeroing circuit, an operational amplifier circuit, and a power amplifier circuit, and may perform the zeroing operation on the differentially isolated and amplified signal through the signal zeroing circuit first, and then perform the operational amplification and the power amplification operation.
The second signal conditioning module 40 is configured to perform filtering processing on the amplified differential signal, perform second signal conditioning processing on the filtered signal, and output the processed signal. In one embodiment, the second signal conditioning module 40 may include an active low-pass filtering loop, a signal zeroing circuit, an operational amplifying circuit, and a power amplifying circuit.
That is, the first signal conditioning module 30 is a non-filtering output portion signal processing and power amplifying circuit, and the second signal conditioning module 40 is a filtered output portion signal processing and power amplifying circuit.
The embodiment of the utility model provides a high pressure alternating current-direct current voltage converter has promoted the conversion precision, has promoted the withstand voltage level of isolation, has reduced input current (input power consumption) to the volume and the weight of product have been reduced.
For the convenience of understanding, the embodiment of the present invention provides a specific schematic diagram of a high voltage dc converter with high isolation performance, and referring to fig. 2, the current limiting and voltage dividing module includes a plurality of resistors, and the plurality of resistors are used for current limiting and voltage dividing of an input external signal through a preset connection manner; the external signal includes two input ranges of direct current +/-1000V or +/-4000V, and the proper input jack (range) can be selected according to different tests.
In one embodiment, the number of the current limiting and voltage dividing modules may be 5, referring to the current limiting and voltage dividing part in fig. 2, the 5 resistors are R0 and R1 to R4, respectively, and when the input voltage is 4000V, the output voltage at R0 is 1.111V. In order to reduce the occupied area of a current limiting and voltage dividing loop and improve the voltage dividing precision and stability, the 4 resistors R1-R4 can adopt HPVR5 type precision resistor networks with small volume (28mm 12mm 4mm), high precision (better than 0.05%), low temperature coefficient (better than 25PPM), high resistance (respectively 13.5M and 4.5M) and high working voltage capability (normal working voltage 3000V and short-time overvoltage 6000V), and R0 adopts 0.5WEE resistors with precision and temperature drift consistent with that of R1-R4. Through the selection of the models from R0 to R4, the voltage division accuracy of the current limiting and voltage dividing loop of the current limiting and voltage dividing module of the embodiment can reach more than 0.1%. And because of adopting advanced high-quality components, the input loop is very simple, the maximum power consumption in the full scale is controlled within 0.5W, and the volume of the input loop is greatly reduced.
Referring to fig. 2, the signal amplification module with high isolation performance includes a differential input submodule and an isolation amplification submodule (i.e., a differential input portion and an isolation amplification portion in fig. 2), where the differential input submodule includes a differential amplifier and a signal amplification component (i.e., a signal amplification circuit) connected to each other, where the differential amplifier is connected to the current limiting and voltage dividing module, and in practical applications, may be connected to the resistor R0. The signal amplification assembly is connected with an isolation amplification sub-module, such as a high voltage isolation amplifier which may be connected with the isolation amplification sub-module.
Based on the above, it can be understood that the isolation amplification sub-module includes a high-voltage isolation amplifier and a differential amplification component (i.e., a differential amplification circuit) connected to each other, wherein the high-voltage isolation amplifier is connected to the differential instrument amplifier and the current limiting and voltage dividing module, respectively.
In one embodiment, the high voltage isolation amplifier may be an AMC1301 type isolation amplifier, the divided and differentially amplified signal is input to the input of the isolation amplifier AMC1301 of the isolation amplification sub-module, and the AMC1301 isolates and amplifies the signal by 8 times and outputs the signal in a differential signal mode. The AMC1301 type isolation amplifier requires the input voltage to be within +/-250 mV, so a signal amplifying circuit with the amplification factor of 0.2 is added after the output stage of the differential amplifier for instruments, and finally, when the voltage of +/-4000V is input externally, the input voltage of the isolation amplifier is +/-222.2 mV.
In addition, the high-voltage isolation amplifier AMC1301 has the advantages of extremely small volume and weight, extremely small input current (extremely low input power consumption), high conversion precision and high isolation voltage-resistant level up to DC7000V, and the safe isolation conversion of high-voltage signals up to 4000V on site can be realized through the combination of the high-voltage isolation amplifier AMC1301 and a DC/DC isolation power supply module G0512S-1WR2 with the isolation voltage-resistant level up to DC6000V and AC4200V, and the signal conversion precision reaches 0.2%.
In an implementation manner, the present embodiment employs two modules, namely, a first signal conditioning module (i.e., no filtering output) and a second signal conditioning module (i.e., with low-pass filtering output), so that a user can freely select which signal to use according to different requirements of a specific test, and the use is more convenient.
The first signal adjusting module comprises a first signal zeroing submodule, a first operational amplification submodule and a first power amplification submodule which are connected in sequence; the first signal zero setting submodule is connected with the isolation amplification submodule;
because the signal processing circuit (such as the current limiting and voltage dividing module and the signal amplifying module) has a certain zero offset, a first-stage zeroing circuit (namely, a first signal zeroing submodule) is arranged behind the isolation amplifying submodule to adjust the first signal adjusting submodule, and the final output voltage can be adjusted to be 0 when the external input signal is zero.
The first operational amplifier submodule is used for adjusting the proportional relation between the final output and the input, and the rated output (the output when the input is rated) can be adjusted to 10V in the embodiment, so that the overall conversion precision can be better than 0.2%.
In order to improve the output load capacity, in this embodiment, a power amplification circuit (also referred to as an output loop) is added to the first signal conditioning module (also referred to as an output loop) to amplify the output load capacity, so that the load capacity of ± 10V and 0.1A can be realized, and the OPA551 has a short-circuit self-protection function, so that the high-voltage ac/dc voltage converter of this embodiment can be prevented from being damaged by an output short circuit. In practical applications, the OPA551 may be used by the first power amplification sub-module.
The second signal adjusting module comprises a low-pass filtering submodule, a second signal zeroing submodule, a second operational amplification submodule and a second power amplification submodule which are connected in sequence; and the low-pass filtering submodule is connected with the isolation amplifying submodule. Because the voltage of the generator rotor during normal operation is triangular wave (pulse type direct current signal) output by three-phase controllable full-wave rectification, in order to obtain a real direct current voltage signal and achieve a better filtering effect, the low-pass filtering submodule of the embodiment can be a fourth-order butterworth low-pass filter, such as a 4-order butterworth low-pass filter with a cut-off frequency of 100Hz, and in practical application, the filtering effect is excellent and the delay time is less than 5 mS.
The functions of the second signal zeroing submodule, the second operational amplifier submodule and the second power amplifier submodule are referred to the first signal zeroing submodule, the first operational amplifier submodule and the first power amplifier submodule, which are not described herein again.
In addition, the high-isolation high-voltage direct-current voltage converter of the embodiment further includes a power supply module (also referred to as a power supply system) with high isolation performance, and the power supply module with high isolation performance includes a miniaturized high-power-density AC/DC main power supply module, a high-isolation DC/DC isolation power supply module, and at least one filter capacitor. In practical application, the miniaturized high-power-density AC/DC main power supply module can adopt an LH15-10A15 type switching power supply, and the DC/DC isolation power supply module with high isolation performance can adopt a G0512S-1WR2 miniature power supply module with the withstand voltage of DC 6000V. The power supply module with high isolation performance is used for supplying power to each module of the high-voltage alternating-current and direct-current voltage converter, after an alternating-current 220V power supply is input into the main power supply module, a direct-current power supply of +/-15V is output, the power supply module supplies power to operational amplifier devices such as a secondary circuit of a high-voltage-resistant linear optical coupler, a signal amplification circuit, a zero setting circuit, a low-pass filter circuit and the like and a DC/DC isolation power supply module, and an output power supply (DC +/-12V) of the DC/DC isolation power supply module supplies power to a differential input circuit and a primary circuit of the high-voltage-resistant isolation amplifier.
In order to solve the voltage withstanding problem between the wiring terminal and the internal wiring of the instrument, the shell of the high-voltage AC/DC voltage converter is made of engineering plastics, and all internal wiring is made of silica gel high-voltage wires with the insulation level of 10kV, so that the insulation problem between the instrument and the ground is well solved, and the use safety is thoroughly guaranteed.
In addition, this embodiment further provides an input panel and an output panel of the high-voltage ac/dc voltage converter, as shown in fig. 3(a) and 3(b), the input panel sets 4 input terminals of two levels of 4kV and 1kV for inputting the rotor voltage UFD, and the output panel sets two LEMO aviation sockets and instrument power input sockets for outputting the rotor voltage without filtering output and the rotor voltage after filtering.
The utility model provides a high pressure alternating current-direct current voltage conversion system, see the structural schematic diagram of a high pressure alternating current-direct current voltage conversion system that figure 4 is shown, this high pressure alternating current-direct current voltage conversion system includes the high pressure alternating current-direct current voltage converter of any one of the aforesaid embodiment.
The embodiment of the utility model provides a high pressure alternating current-direct current voltage transformation system owing to contain above-mentioned embodiment's high pressure alternating current-direct current voltage converter, has consequently promoted the conversion precision, has promoted the withstand voltage level of isolation, has reduced input current (input power consumption) to the volume and the weight of product have been reduced.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, and not to limit the same; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some or all of the technical features may be equivalently replaced; such modifications and substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A high-voltage AC/DC voltage converter is characterized by comprising a current limiting and voltage dividing module and a signal amplifying module with high isolation performance which are sequentially connected; the first signal adjusting module and the second signal adjusting module are respectively connected with the signal amplifying module with high isolation performance;
the current limiting and voltage dividing module is used for carrying out current limiting and voltage dividing operations on externally input high-voltage signals to obtain low-voltage signals after current limiting and voltage dividing;
the signal amplification module with high isolation performance is used for carrying out preset signal isolation amplification operation on the low-voltage signal and outputting a signal after differential isolation amplification; the signal amplification operation comprises a differential amplification operation and an isolation amplification operation with high isolation performance;
the first signal regulating module is used for directly carrying out first signal regulating operation on the signals subjected to differential isolation amplification and outputting the signals;
and the second signal conditioning module is used for filtering the signal after differential isolation and amplification, and performing second signal conditioning processing on the signal after filtering and outputting the signal.
2. The high voltage ac-dc voltage converter according to claim 1, wherein the current limiting and voltage dividing module comprises a plurality of resistors;
the resistors are used for carrying out current limiting and voltage dividing on the input external signals in a preset connection mode; the external signal comprises two input ranges of direct current +/-1000V range or +/-4000V range.
3. The high voltage ac-dc voltage converter according to claim 1, wherein the high isolation performance signal amplification module comprises a differential input sub-module and an isolation amplification sub-module;
the differential input submodule comprises an amplifier for a differential instrument and a signal amplification assembly which are connected with each other; the amplifier for the differential instrument is connected with the current limiting and voltage dividing module; the signal amplification assembly is connected with the isolation amplification submodule;
the isolation amplification sub-module comprises a high-voltage isolation amplifier and a differential amplification component which are connected with each other; the high-voltage isolation amplifier is respectively connected with the amplifier for the difference meter and the current limiting and voltage dividing module.
4. The high voltage ac-dc voltage converter according to claim 3, wherein the high voltage isolation amplifier is an AMC1301 type isolation amplifier.
5. The high voltage AC-DC voltage converter according to claim 3, wherein the first signal conditioning module comprises a first signal zeroing submodule, a first operational amplification submodule and a first power amplification submodule which are connected in sequence; the first signal zero setting submodule is connected with the isolation amplification submodule;
the first signal zero-setting submodule is used for adjusting the final output voltage to be 0 when the external input signal is zero;
the first operational amplifier submodule is used for adjusting the proportional relation between the final output and the final input;
the first power amplification sub-module is used for improving output load capacity.
6. The high voltage AC-DC voltage converter according to claim 3, wherein the second signal conditioning module comprises a low pass filter sub-module, a second signal zeroing sub-module, a second operational amplifier sub-module and a second power amplifier sub-module which are connected in sequence; and the low-pass filtering submodule is connected with the isolation amplifying submodule.
7. The high voltage ac-dc voltage converter according to claim 6, wherein said low pass filter sub-module is a fourth order butterworth low pass filter.
8. The high voltage ac-dc voltage converter according to claim 1, further comprising a power supply module with high isolation performance; the power supply module with high isolation performance comprises a miniaturized high-power-density AC/DC main power supply module, a DC/DC isolation power supply module with high isolation performance and at least one filter capacitor;
and the power supply module with high isolation performance is used for supplying power to each module of the high-voltage alternating-current and direct-current voltage converter.
9. The converter according to any of claims 1-8, wherein the whole casing of the converter is made of engineering plastics; all internal wiring adopts silica gel high-voltage wires with the insulation level of 10 kV.
10. A high voltage ac/dc voltage conversion system, characterized in that it comprises a high voltage ac/dc voltage converter according to any of claims 1-9.
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